Instructor’s and Solutions Manual to accompany Mechanics of Materials Fourth Edition Volume I, Chapters 1-6 Ferdinand P. Beer Late of Lehigh University E. Russell Johnston, Jr. University of Connecticut John T. DeWolf University of Connecticut Prepared by Dean P. Updike Lehigh Cniversiny PROVRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL ‘This Maral i the proprietary propenty of The MeGiraw-1sill Companies, Inc. McGraw-Hill’) and protected by eupyright and other state ‘and federal laws. By opening and using this Macual the user agrees t the following estictions, and ifthe cecipien: does not agree . these resuictions, the Manual should be pramptly returned wnopenes to MeGraw-1tll: his Manual is being provided only to authorized [professors and instructors for use in preparing for the chises using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of ¢his ‘Manual ir permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, juted in any form or by any means, electronic or vtherwive, without the prior written permission of the MeGraw. ve ify Higher Education Bosten Burr Ridge, IL Dubuaue, [A Madison, #1 New York SariFrancisoo St. Lovia Bangkok Bogetd Caracas Kuola Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Mian Montweal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sycney Taipel Toronto.TABLE OF CONTENTS: To the Instructor .. Description of Material Contained in Mechanics of Materials, £* edition. Table I : List of Topics Covered in ‘of Materials, 4" edition xvi Table IT: Classification and Description of Problems.. xviii ‘Table HII: Sample Assignment Schedule (50% of Problems in SI Units and 50% in U.S. Customary Units). -xKVi ‘Table LV: Sample Assignment Schedule (75% of Problems in SI Units and 25% in U.S. Customary Units) avi Problem Solutions xixtext for the various loading conditions encountered, Thus, students are presented at a2. early stage with a method of solution that combines the analysis of deformations with the conventional analysis of forces used in statics, and will have become thoroughly famifiar with it by the end of the course. The concept of plastic deformation is also introduced in Chap. 2, where it is applied to the analysis of members under axial loading, while problems involving the plastic deformation of circular shafis and of prismatic beams are considered in optional sections of Chaps. 3 and 4, respectively. On the other hand, while the concept of siress ata point is introduced in Chap. 1, the discussion of the transformation of stresses is delayed until Chap. 7, aller students have discovered. for themselves the need for special techniques, such as Mohr's circle. In this edition, shear and bending-moment diagrams are introduced at the beginning of Chap. 5 and applied immediately to the design of beams in that chapter and ia the next ‘A brief description, chapter by chapter, of the topics included in the text will be found in the following pages. I is hoped that this, material will help instructors oxganize their courses to best fit the needs of their students. The authors of Mechanics of Materials, 4/e, wish to thank Professor Dean P. Updike of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics at Lehigh University for having written the problem solutions contained in this Manual. E. Russeli Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolfTO THE INSTRUCTOR: As indicated in its preface, Mechanics of Materials is designed for the first course in mechanics of materials - or strength of materials - offered to engineering students in the sophomore or junior year. However, because of the large numer of optional scetions that have been included and the maturity of approach that has been achieved, this fext can also be used to teach a more advanced course. The text has been divided into units, each corresponding to a well-defined topic and consisting of one or several theory sections followed by sample problems and a large number of problems to be assigned. In order to accommodate courses of varying craphiases, considerably more material has been ‘included than can be covered effectively in a single three-credit-hour course. To assist the instructors in making up a schedule of signments that best Gits their classes, the various topics presented in the text have been Hsted in Table 1 and both a :inimum and a maximum number of periods to be spent on cach topic have been suggested. Topics have been divided into three categories: core topics that will probably be covered in every course; additional topics that can be selected to complement this core to form courses of various emphases; and finally topics that can be used with more advanced students, The problems have been grouped according to the portions of material they illustrate and have been arranged in order of increasing difficulty, with problems requiring special attention indicated by asterisks. The instructor's attention is called 10 the fact that problems have been arranged in groups of six or more, all problems of the same group being closely related. This means that the instructor will easily find additional problems to amplify a particular point that has been brought up in the discussion of a problem assigned for homework. Since half of the problems are stated in SI units and halin U.S. customary units, it also means that the instructor hay the choice of assigning problems using SL units and problems using ULS. customary units in whatever proportion is found to be most desirable for a given class. Yo assist in the preparation of homework assignments Table If provides a brief description of all groups of problems and a classification of the problems in each group according to the xunits used, It should also be noted that answers toall problems with a number set in roman type are given at the end of the teat, while problems with a number set in ilalic are not. Jn Table I six altemative lists of possible assignments have been suggested. Four of these lists consist of problems whose answers are given, al the end of the text, and two of problems whose answers are nol, Half of the problems in each list are stated in SI units and half in U.S. customary units. Kor those instructors who wish ta omphasize the use of SI units, four additional lists of problems have beri given in Table 1V, in which 75% of the problems use SI units. Since the lists in Tables II and TV cover the entire text, instructors will want to select those groups af sections that are best suited to the course they wish to teach. For a typical one-semester course consisting of 42 class meetings and including four quizzes, as many as 38 of the 46 available ‘groups can be selected. Since the approach used in this text differs in a number of respects from the approach used in other books, the instructor is advised to read the preface to Mechanics of Materials, in which the authors have outlined their general philosophy. Attention is particulmly called to the fact that statically indeterminate problems are first discussed in Chapter 2 and are considered throughout thetext for the various loading conditions encountered. Thus, students are presented at an early stage with a method of solution that combines the analysis of deformations with the conventional analysis of Forces used in statics, and will have become thoroughly familiar with it by the end of the course. The concept of plastic deformation is also introduced in Chap. 2, where itis applied to the analysis of members under axial loading, while problems involving the plastic deformation of circular shafts and of prismatic beams are considered in optional sections of Chaps. 3 and 4, respectively. On the other hand, while the concept of siress al point is introduced in Chap. 1, the discussion of the transformation of stresses is delayed until Chap. 7, afler siudents have discovered for themselves the need fur special techniques, such as Mohr's circle. In this edition, shear and bending-moment diagrams are introduced at the beginning of Chap. 5 and applicd immediately to the design of beams in that chapter and in the next, A brief description, chapter by chapter, of the topics included in the text will be found in the following pages. It is hoped that this material will help instructors organize their courses to best fit the needs of their students, The authors of Mechanics of Materials, #e, wish to thank Professor Dean P, Updike of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanies at Lehigh University for having written the problem solutions contained in this Manual. E, Russell Johnston, Jr, John T, DeWolfDESCRIPTION OF THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN " MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Chapter 1 Introduction — Concept of Stress The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept of stress. After @ short review of Statics in Sec, 1.2 emphasizing the use of free-body diagrams, Secs. 13 through 1.7 discuss normal stresses under an axial loading, shearing stresses — with applivations to pins and bolts in single and double shear ~ aud bearing stresses, Section 1.4 introduees the concepts of analysis and design, while Sec. 1.5 emphasizes the fact that stresses are inherently statically indeterminate and that, at this point, normal stresses under an axial Toading can only be assumed to be uniformly distributed. Moreover, such an assumption requires thet the axial loading be centri. Section 1.8 is devoted to the application of these concepts to the analysis of a simple structure, Section, 1.9 describes how students should approach the solution of a problem in mechanics of materials, and Sec. 1.10 discusses the numerical accuracy to be expected in such a solution, Problems included in the first lesson also serve as areview of the methods of analysis of teusses, Irames, and mechanisms learned in staties, Section 1.11 discusses the determination of normai and shearing stresses on oblique planes under an axial loading, while See. 1.12 introduces the components of stress under general loading conditions. This section emphasizes the fact that the components of the shearing stresses exerted on perpendicular planes, such as r,, and 2, , must be equal. It also introduces the students to the concept of transformation of stress. However, the study of the computational techniques associated with the transformation of stress al a point is delayed # edition until Chap. 7, afler students have discovered for themselves the need for such techniques. Section 1.13 is devoted to design considerations, Tt introduces the concepts of ultimate load, ultimate stress, and factor of safety. Tt also discusses the reasons for the use of factors of safety in engineering practice. The section ends with an optional presentation of an alternative method of design, Load and Resistance Factor Design. _ Chapter 2 vil Stress and Strain ~ Axial Loading This chapter is devoted to the analysis, and design of members under a centric axial loading, Sections 2.1 and 2.2 introduce the concept of normal strain, while Sec, 2.3 describes the general properties of the stress-sttain diagrams of ductile and brittle materials and defines the yield strength, ultimate strength, and breaking swength of a material. Seetion 2.4, which is optional, defines true stress and true straiv. Section 2.5 introduces Hooke's law, the modulus of elasticity, and the proportional limit of a material. It defines as isotropic those materials whose mechanical properties are independent of the direction considered and as anisotropic those whose mechanical properties depend upon that direction, Among the latter are fiher-reinforced composite materials, which are described in this section. Section 2.6 discusses the elastic and the plastic behavior of a material and defines its elastic limit, while Sec. 2.7 is devoted to fatigue and the behavior of materials under repeated loadings. The first lesson of Chap. 2 ends with Sec. 2.8, which shows how Hooke's law can be used to determine the deformation of a rod ofuniform or variable cross section under one or several loads, and introduces the concept of relative displacement. Secction 2.9 discusses stoticully indeterminate problems involving members under an axial load. As indicated in the preface of the text and in the introduction to this manual, the authors belicve it is important to intreduce the students at an carly stage to the concept of statical indeterminacy and to show ‘them how the analysis of deformations can be used in the solution of problems that cannot be solved by the methods of statics alone. It will also help them realize that stresses, being statically indeterminate, can be computed only by considering the corresponding distribution of strains. Section 2.10 discusses the thermal expansion of rods and shows how to determine stresses in statically indeterminate members subjected to temperature changes. Section 2.11 introduces the concept of Jateral strain for an isotropic material and defines Poisson's ratio. Section 2.12 discusses the mudtiaxial loading of a structural element and derives the generalized Hooke's law for such a foading. Since this derivation is based on the application of the principle of superposition, this principle is also introduced in See. 2.12, and. the conditions under which it can be used are clearly slated. Section 2.13 is optional. It discusses the change in volume of a material under a multiaxial loading and defines the dilatation and the bulk modulus or modulus of compression of a given material. Section 2.14 introduces the concept of shearing strain. It should be noted that the authors define the shearing strain as the change in the angle formed by the faces of the element ‘of material considered, and not as the angle through which one of these faces rotates. Hooke's law for shearing stress and strain and the modulus of rigidity are also introduced in this section, as well as the generalized Hooke’s Jerw fora homogencous, isotropic material under the most general stress conditions, Section 2.15 points out that strains, just as stresses, depend upon the orientation of the planes considered. It alse establishes the fact that the constants &, v, and G are not independent from each other and derives Eq, (2.43), which expresses the relation among these three constants. Section 2.16, which is oplional, extends the stress-strain relationships to fiber-reinforced composite materials. The relations obtained are expressed by Eas. (2.45) and (2.47) and involve three different values of the modulus of elasticity and six different values of Poisson's ratio, Scetion 2.17 discusses the distribution of the normal stresses under a centric axial loading and shows that this distribution depends upon the manner in which the loads are applied. However, except in the immediate vicinity of the points of application of the loads, the distribution of stresses can be assumed uniform. This result verifies Saint-Venant’s principle. Section 2.18 discusses siress concentrations near circular holes and fillets in flat bars under axial loading, Section 2.19 is devoted to the plastic deformation of members under centric axial loads and introduces the concept of an edastoplastic ‘material, As stated in the preface of the text, the authors believe that students should be exposed to the conecpt of plastic deformation in the first course in mechanics of materials, if only to ket them realize the limitations of the assumption of a linear stress-strain relation in engineering applications. By introducing this concept early in the course in connection with axial loading, rather than later with torsion or bending, one makes it easier for the students to understand and accept it, For the same reason, residual stresses are discussed in Sec. 2.20 in connection with axial loading. Towever, since some instructors may not want to include the coneept. of residual stresses in an elementary course, this section is optional and can be omittedwithout any prejudice to the understanding of the rest of the text. Chapter 3 Torsion Section 3.1 introduces this type of loading, while Sec. 3.2 establishes the relation that must be satisfied, on the basis of statics, by the shearing stresses in a given seetion of a shaft subjected to a torque. This condition, however, does not suffice to determine the stresses, and one must analyze the deformations which occurin the shaft. This is done in Sec. 3.3, where it is proved that the distribution of shearing strains in a circular shaft is linear. It should be noted that the discussion presented in Sec, 3.3 is based solcly con the assumption of rigid end plates, rather than onarbitrary and gratuitous assumptions regarding the deformations ofa shaft, The results obtained in this and the following sections clearly depend upon the vatidity of this assumption, but can be extended to other loading conditions through the application of Saint-Venant’s principle. Section 3.4 is devoted to the analysis of the shearing stresses in the elastic range and Presents the derivation of the elastic torsion formulas for circular shafts. The section ends ‘with remarks on the transformation of stresses in torsion and the comparison between the failures of ductile and brittle materiais in torsion. The formuta for the angle of peist of shall in the elastic range is derived in Sev. 3.5. This section also contains various applications involving the twisting of single and ‘gear-connected shafis. Section 3.6 deals with the solution of problems involving statically indeterminate shafts. Section 3.7 is devoted to the design of transmission shafts and begins with the determination of the torque requied to transmit a given power at a given speed, both in SI and US. customary units, Note that the effect of bending on the design of transmission shafts will be discussed in Sec. 8.3, which is optional Section 3.8 discusses stress concentrations at fillets in circular shafts. Sections 3.9 through 3.15 deal with the plastic deformations and residual stresses in circular shafts and are optional. Since a similar presentation of the plastic deformations and residual stresses of members in pure bending is given in Chap. 4, the instructor may decide (© include only one of these presentations in the course, Section 3.9 deseribes the general method for the determination of the torque corresponding to a given maximum shearing stress in a shaft made ofa material with a nonlinear stress-strain diagram, while Sevs, 3.10 and 3.11 deal, respectively, with the deformations and the residual stresses in shafts made of an dlastoplastic material. Sections 3.12 and 3.13 are also optional, They are devoted, respectively, to the torsion of solid members and thin-walled hollow shafis of noncircular section. Chapter 4 Pure Bending Section 4.1 defines this type of loading and shows how the results obtained in the following sections can be applied to the analysis of other types of loading as well, namely, eccentric axial Joadings and transverse loadings. Section 4.2 establishes the relation that must be satisfied, on the basis of statics, by the normal stresses in 2 given section of a member subjected to pure bending. This condition, however, does not suffice to determine the stresses, and ‘one must analyze the deformations that occur in the member. This is done in See. 4.3, where it is proved that the distribution of normal stresses in a symmetric member in pure bending is linear. It should be noted that no assumption is made in this discussion regarding the deformations of the member, except that the couples should beapplied