Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
NOR
EVALUATION
1. ATTENDANCE ++10.0%
2. QUIZ 1 ( 5TH WEEK)...20.0% 3. 4. QUIZ 3 (13TH W )..........35.0%(20+15 ) 5. GROUP ASSINGMENT..35.0%
TOTAL.100.0%
EXECUTION
1. Form group of 8-10 ( select leader )
2. Written assignment submitted by the 13th
week. 3. Initiate oral presentation on the 14th week. 4. Some choice of topics are given in the text book.
OBJECTIVES
1. ROLE OF AGRIC. IN CIVILIZATION:C3
2. RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT =
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE.:A3
3. IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD
ETC.ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMNT:P2
OBJEKTIF
CIVILIZATION ( PERANAN )
ECONOMY (KEPENTINGAN )
SUSTAINABILITY (PENGURUSAN )
REVOLUTION
ECONOMICS
BASIC RESOURCES
SYNOPSIS
Explores the evolution of agriculture from beginning to its present status as a planned and managed activities, driven by economic and technological advancement. Modern agriculture is presented as a science, an art and a business encompassing its role and impact on resource management and human development ..incorporates Malaysian agriculture scenarios.
IMPORTANCE
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION ( Malaysia )
1. R&D : New agric. Industries New products. New markets Intergrated agroforestry. 2. Human Resources: Agric. Scientists + Profesional managers. 3. Roles: Govt.=environment; Public sector=facilitate; States= land matters; and Private sectors= enterprises/ engines
DEFINITION
Agriculture is the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life , including food, fibers,
forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services. Farming = Arts & Science + Business Subjects= agro + hort + genetics + protection + soil + husbandry + etc+ Packaging + processing + marketting etc.
IMPORTANCE
1. EMPLOYMENT. 2. SURVIVAL. 3. RAW MATERIALS ( INDUSTRIAL ). 4.FOOD SECURITY / STABILITY. 5. INCOMES THRU. TRANSFORMATION OF AGRIC. WASTES. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( negative )
NO CIVILIZATION WITHOUT AGRICULTURE
=Vegetable farming: @ Organic @ Hydroponic = Aquaculture = Livestock NEW PRODUCTS & FURTURE INDUSTRIES
UTILIZATION OF.
VALUES, CUSTOMS, TABOOS.. N0MADIC & SEDENTRY AGRIC. INFLUENCE OF RELIGIONS INFLUENCE OF LIFESTYLES
increased many times more + improvement in agric. Practices + rapid rise in mechanization + speed and scale + efficiency + quality improved. 3. Beginning of Green Revolution ( 1940s and 1960s )
UTILISATION OF HUMANBIOTECHNOLOGY
Started with Human and Animal
labour + Tools and machinery + information technology + innovative technologies ( eg: remote sensing + precision farming ) +genetic engineering etc.
MODERN AGRICULTURE:
1. Scale: Intensive & massive 2. Machinery & chemicals : extensive 3. Use of high yielding vars.: widespread 4. Employment : knowledge & skills 5. Approach : Industrial & efficient mgt. 6. Professionalism : no taboos.
NOMADIC ( Characteristics ) 1. Short term 2. Virgin soil / hill slopes 3. Customs & taboos 4. Yield: poor 5. Fertilizer : minimal 6. Disrupt ecosystem eg: flood 7. Biodiversity lost thru. clearing
INFLUENCE OF
RELIGIONS = Islam, christians & Hindu
LIFESTYLES : 1. Valentines Day 2. Convocations 3. Mothers Dayetc. 4. Increase in polpulation = more output.
CIRI-CIRI
HASIL TINGGI & RESISTANT KIMIA & BIOAGEN
PERTANIAN PERSIS
MIKANISASI & OTOMASI BIOTEKNOLOGI ENAKMEN & SKIM
CAUSAL FACTORS
Agric. Revolution began with Green Rev. 1. Limitation of fertile land. 2. Labour shortage 3. Balance of trade 4. Population increase 5. Need for diversity of products 6. Trend towards environmental-friendly 7. Technological advances.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. High yield & resistant
2. Usage of chemicals & bioagents 3. Precision agriculture 4. Innovations in Mechanisation/ Automatn 5. Agric. Biotechnology 6. Agric. Enactments and Schemes.
SUMBER ASAS
IKLIM AIR TANAH SUMBER MANUSIA
PERSEKITARAN
ZON ARGOEKOLOGI IMPAK IKLIM PENCEMARAN
ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES: (1) TUNDRA (2) GRASSLAND (3) DESERTS (4) TROPICS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: (1) GLOBAL WARMING (2) DESERTIFICATION IMPACT OF POLLUTION:(1) ACID RAIN (2) HEAVY METALS
BIODIVERSITY. THREE ASPECTS= (1) GENETIC (2) SPECIES (3) ECOSYSTEM/ HABITAT. SIGNIFICANCE: (1) HEATHY FUNCTIONING (2) ECONOMIC BENEFITS (3) AESTHETICS.
MODERN CULTIVARS (5) ADVANCE BREEDING LINES (6) GENES FROM OTHER SPECIES.
EXTINCTION.
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT. Chapter 8 = INNOVATION AND CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE. Chapter 9 = APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA.
1. PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT) 2. PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR ( ENVIROMENTAL CONSERVATION) 3. FAEDAH SOSIO-POLITIK ( SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS ) 4. PERANCANGAN & KEPUTUSAN ( PLANNING & DECISION MAKING )
SA: INTRODUCTION
1.CAPABILITY / KEUPAYAAN
2. CHARACTERISTICS/ SIFAT 3. MODELS & APPROACHES 4. SYSTEMS/ SISTEM 5.PRACTICES /AMALAN 6. OBJECTIVES/ OBJEKTIF
CAPABILITY: SUSTAINABLE DESCRIBES: FARMING SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND USEFULNESS TO SOCIETY INDEFINITELY
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. RESOURCE-CONSERVING 2. SOCIALLY-SUPPORTIVE 3. COMMERCIALLY COMPETITIVE 4. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
MODELS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MODEL : (1) POSITIVES= FOOD ABUNDANT AND CHEAP (2) NEGATIVES= SOIL DEGRADATION + WATER DEGRADATION + REDUCED BIODIVERSITY + DEPENDANCE ON OIL +
MORE LAND AREAS FOR FEWER FARMERS+ CRIPPLING RURAL COMMUNITIES + ETC. ( EXTRACTIVE !!)
PROMOTES BIODIVERSITY (2)RECYCLES PLANT-NUTRIENTS (3)PROTECTS SOILS FROM EROSION (4) CONSERVE & PROTECT WATER (5)USES MINIMUM TILLAGE (6) INTEGRATES CROPS&LIVESTOCK (7) + PROFITABLE + GOOD QUALITYOFLIFE
SS PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES:
1) FAMILY-SCALE FARM 2) NICHES IN LOCAL MARKET 3) CHALLENGE: EVOLUTION OF NEW
FARMERS & NEW MARKETS ????? GOALS: CONTINUING HEALTH OF THE LAND AND PEOPLE OBJECTIVES= THREE (3)
SS OBJECTIVES
SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
1) ECONOMIC PROFIT is necessary 2) INCOME OPPORTUNITIES: 2.1= ALTERNATIVES CROPS 2.2= MIXED CROPS 2.3= INTEGRATING PLANTS & LIVESTOCKS 2.4= CONTRACT FARMING 2.5= NICHES/ SPECIALITY/GREEN ETC.
FERTILIZER DECREASES
MINERAL CYCLE
ENERGY FLOW
WATER CYCLE
CYCLICAL ) ILLUSTRATION:
MEAT
POULTRY
CORN
SUN
WATER CYCLE
ILLUSTRATION
CLOUD RAIN
MINERAL CYCLE:
ILLUSTRATION
CROPS ANIMALS MANURE
SOIL
ABOVE & BELOW GROUND: 1.1= NUMBER DIVERSITY 1.2= GENETIC DIVERSITY 1.3= HABITAT DIVERSITY ( GREATER DIVERSITY= STABILITY )
INSECTICIDE =DECREASE
MONITORING-CONTROLLINGREPLANNING.
CONTRIBUTION..
INTRODUCTION:
SYSTEM: DUALISTIC
PLANTATION 40 HA.+ SINGLE CROP MGT: SYSTEMATIC MODERN TECH HIRED LABOUR
SMALLHOLDER 0.4 4 HA. MIXED & MONO. PRODUCTION LOW LIMITED TECH. MGT: DISORGANISED
PURPOSES
1. From EXPORT EARNINGS to: 2. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING FOR
NAP PROGRAMS:
EXPAND FOOD PRODUCTION
(1)TOIMPROVE THE FOOD TRADE BALANCE (2) INCREASE EXPORT (3) SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR LOCAL DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES
AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ?
1. OVERALL INCREASE FROM USD 4496 MILLION (1995 ) TO USD 5531 MILLION ( 2005 )
LAND UTILIZATION ?
INCREASED FROM ABOUT 5.7 MILLION HA
( 1995 ) TO ABOUT 6.3 MILLION HA ( 2005 ) OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN SABAH & SARAWAK THE MAIN REASON.
FOOD COMMODITIES ?
SELF-SUFFICIENT IN:(2005 ) FRUITS PORK POULTRY EGGS
1. OIL PALM: Yield= 35-40t. ffb/ha/yr. 2. RUBBER : Yield= >3500 kilo/ha/yr. 3. COCOA : reduction in acrage 4. PADI : 70% SS. Yield: 3.8-5 (10 ) tons/ha. 5. LIVESTOCK:Cattle/buffaloes/goats/poultry.. 6. FISHERIES: 60% of animal protein 7. HORTICULTURES:banana/pineapple/duku/ orchids/ mushrooms etc. etc. 8. BIOAGENTS: Biological control. 9. PRECISION AGRICULTURE: specific mgt.
FUTURE CHALLENGES
1. LABOUR : Dire shortage 2. PRICE: Output price increase; Market price elastic & problematic. 3. CROP CHOICE: Plantation preferred, Food crop few. 4. AGRIC TECHNOLOGY: Unrealized= tissue culture/embryo man/ robotics/ advanced processing & packaging syst. 5. RESOURCES: Compete with industry/ residential/ recreational/ wildlife/ catchments etc.
EXTENSION SERVICES/ PENDIDIKAN, R&D DAN PEGEMBANGAN 3. LEGISLATION , POLICY AND STANDARDS / PERUNDANGAN & PIAWAIAN
POLICY=NAP
based industries/ private sector/ sustainability/ biodiversity/ conservation. NAP3= 1998-2010: Agroforestry approach & Product-based approach ( market demand, upstream/downstream, and niche marketting ).
INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
1.New products & future industries = biotechnology products.. 2. Reducing labour : reduce acrage + less labour crops + controlled enviroment farming + Laboursaving tech. R&D. 3. Maximisind land resource use: agro forestry entr. + intergration + technology intensive mixed farming. 4. Increase farm income: value added + waste & by product usage.
1b= Medium term : Marketing infra ( wholesale & farmers markets), food crop estates, postharvest loss, incubators ,Halal hub,Brand names & cheaper raw m.
1c = Long term : perennials, ruminants, new products, human res.,import subs., & R&D.
Implementation:
1. Public-private sector coordinating
council. 2. High level planning & implementing committee. 3. Agric. Related institution reviewed & rationalised. 4. Resources & manpower allocated.
EDUCATION R&D EXTENSION UNIV., COLLEGES PUBLIC SECTOR TOT FROM MARDI VOC, INST., & BY DOA, MADA, TRAININGS. PRIVATE SRCTOR KADA, LKIM ETC.
R&D INSTITUTIONS
1. Public Sector = MARDI + MCB + MPOB + MRB + FOA + FAMA + LKIM + MADA + KADA + FRIM + FELDA + MARDEC + VRI.
2. Private Sector = OPRS, Applied Agric. Research Sdn. Bhd., FELDA Tun Razak Agric.
Services Sdn. Bhd.,United Plantation, Guthrie Research., Agric. Chemical (M).,KLK & Boustead., DUPONT. Sime Darby EBOR.
CODEX STANDARDS
STANDARDS
3.
4.
5.
6.
GAP = GOOD AGRICULRAL PRACTICES BMP = BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES SLAM = SKEMA AKREDITASI LADANG Malaysia. SOM = SIJIL PERLADANGAN ORGANIC GFP = GOOD FUMUGATION PRACTICES HACCP = HAZZARD ANA. CRI. CON. PT.