Adsl 2

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Li ni u
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu v thng tin ang pht trin nh v bo trn th gii ni chung cng nh ti Vit Nam ni ring, c bit l nhu cu v dch v bng rng. p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng cc nh khai thc v cung cp dch v vin thng a ra nhiu gii php khc nhau. Mi gii php u c u im v nhc im ring tu thuc vo tng iu kin c th. Trong khi vic cp quang ho hon ton mng vin thng cha thc hin c v gi thnh cc thit b quang vn cn cao th cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (xDSL) l mt gii php hp l. Trn th gii nhiu nc p dng cng ngh ny v thu c thnh cng ng k. Vit Nam cng ngh xDSL cng c trin khai trong nhng nm gn y v cng thu c nhng thnh cng nht nh v mt kinh t cng nh gii php mng v p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng (nm 2003 tng s thu bao bng rng trn th gii l 60 triu thu bao n nm 2005 t ti 107 triu thu bao). Tuy nhin, do nhng gii hn nht nh c bit l v mt cng ngh nn tc truyn s liu vn cn thp cha p ng c ht nhng nhu cu ca khch hng. Chnh v vy, nhu cu t ra trong nhng nm tip theo l p dng cc cng ngh mi nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng c bit l nhu cu v dch v bng rng. Trong khi cng ngh ADSL/ADSL2+ c th cho php cung cp tc ng xung ln ti 8Mbps v 25Mbps tng ng v ADSL2/ADSL2+ c chun ho bi ITU, c pht trin bi nhiu hng cung cp thit b trn th gii. Th cc cng ngh ny l s la chn hp l c th p dng vo mng vin thng nhm p ng c cc dch v bng rng hin ti v trong tng lai. Nhm mc ch nghin cu cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ v a ra xut kh nng ng dng cng ngh ny trn mng vin thng ca Vit Nam, em chn ti CNG NGH ADSL2+ V KH NNG NG DNG. Ni dung ca n bao gm: Chng I: Mng PSTN v NGN. Chng II: H cng ngh xDSL. Chng III: Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+. Chng IV: Kh nng ng dng cng ngh ADSL2+
Ng Vn Nguyn _ D2001VT
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Li ni u
Tuy nhin, do cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+ cn mi m v cn hn ch v trnh , thi gian cng nh nhng s liu cn thit nn trong qu trnh lm n khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy em rt mong nhn c s ch dn ca cc thy c gio v ng gp kin ca cc bn. Em xin chn thnh cm n! H ng, ngy 20 thng 10 nm2005 Sinh Vin thc hin n Ng Vn Nguyn
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Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U.......................................................................................................... i MC LC............................................................................................................... iii DANH SCH HNH V........................................................................................vi DANH SCH CC BNG BIU.......................................................................viii THUT NG VIT TT......................................................................................ix ................................................................................................................................. xi CHNG I MNG VIN THNG V S PHT TRIN ............................12 CA MNG TRUY NHP..................................................................................12 1.1 Mng PSTN v NGN....................................................................................12 1.1.1 Mng PSTN............................................................................................12 1.1.2 NGN....................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Qu trnh pht trin ca mng truy nhp ln xDSL.......................................17 1.2.1 Nhng vn ca mng truy nhp truyn thng....................................18 1.2.2 Mnh truy nhp di quan im ca ITU-T..........................................19 1.2.2.1 nh ngha.......................................................................................19 1.2.2.2 Cc giao din ca mng truy nhp...................................................19 1.2.2.3 Mng truy nhp ngy nay................................................................20 1.3 Cc cng ngh truy nhp khc......................................................................22 1.3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp s dng cp ng.................................................22 1.3.2 Cng ngh truy nhp s dng cp si quang..........................................24 1.3.3 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn...............................................................24 CHNG II H CNG NGH xDSL...............................................................27 2.1 Tng quan......................................................................................................27 2.2 Phn loi........................................................................................................27 2.3 u nhc im ca xDSL.............................................................................30 2.4 Tnh hnh pht trin xDSL trn th gii........................................................31 CHNG III CNG NGH ADSL2, ADSL2+.................................................37 3.1 ADSL............................................................................................................ 37 3.1.1 Gii thiu chung v ADSL.....................................................................37 3.1.2 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL...............................................38 3.1.3 K thut truyn dn trong ADSL ..........................................................39 3.1.4 Cc phng php iu ch trong ADSL ...............................................40
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3.1.5 Ghp knh..............................................................................................44 3.1.6 Cu trc khung v siu khung ...............................................................47 3.1.7 Hiu nng ca ADSL.............................................................................51 3.1.8 Sa li trong ADSL ..............................................................................52 3.2 Cng ngh ADSL2........................................................................................52 3.2.1 Cc m hnh tham chiu ........................................................................52 3.2.1.1 M hnh chc nng ATU.................................................................52 3.1.1.2 M hnh tham chiu giao thc khch hng......................................54 3.2.1.3 M hnh tham chiu qun l ...........................................................54 3.2.2 Mt s tnh nng mi ca ADSL2.........................................................55 3.2.2.1 Cc tnh nng lin quan n ng dng.............................................55 3.2.2.2 Cc tnh nng lin quan n PMS-TC.............................................59 3.2.2.3 Cc tnh nng lin quan n PMD...................................................61 3.2.3 Kt lun v cng ngh ADSL2 .............................................................71 3.3 Cng ngh ADSL2+......................................................................................72 3.3.1 Mt s tnh nng mi ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2...............................72 3.3.2 Mt s tnh nng mi ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL.................................78 3.3.3 Kt lun v cng ngh ADSL2+............................................................79 3.4 Kt lun......................................................................................................... 80 CHNG IV KH NNG NG DNG CNG NGH ADSL2+ .................82 4.1 Trin khai cc dch v yu cu tc cao.....................................................82 4.1.1 Truy nhp Internet tc cao................................................................82 4.1.2 Truyn hnh theo yu cu ......................................................................83 4.1.3 Truyn s liu.........................................................................................86 4.1.4 Hi ngh truyn hnh .............................................................................86 4.1.5 Truyn hnh v pht thanh .....................................................................87 4.1.6 Hc tp t xa..........................................................................................87 4.1.7 Chi Game tng tc trn mng ...........................................................87 4.1.8 Cha bnh t xa ....................................................................................87 4.1.9 Lm vic ti nh ....................................................................................88 4.1.10 Mua hng qua mng ............................................................................88 4.2 Trnh nh hng ca nhiu xuyn m..........................................................88 4.3 Kh nng nng cp ADSL2+ t ADSL.........................................................89
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4.3.1 Cu trc chung ca mng ADSL2+.......................................................89 4.3.2 Thit b u cui pha nh cung cp.......................................................90 4.3.3 Thit b pha khch hng........................................................................91 KT LUN............................................................................................................ 93 TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................94
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DANH SCH HNH V

Hnh 1.1 M hnh mng vin thng hin i.......................................................13 Hnh 1.2 Cu trc mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng...............................18 Hnh 1.3 Kt ni mng truy nhp vi cc thc th mng khc.........................19 Hnh 2.1 B cung cp mch vng thu bao s xDSL..........................................27 Hnh 2.2 T l thu bao bng rng ti cc khu vc trn th gii......................33 Hnh 2.3 T l thu bao xDSL ti cc khu vc trn th gii..............................35 Hnh 3.1 M hnh tham chiu ADSL...................................................................38 Hnh 3.2 ADSL s dng k thut ghp knh theo tn s...................................39 Hnh 3.3 ADSL s dng k thut trit ph ting vng.......................................39 Hnh 3.4 V d v h thng QAM truyn 4 bit trn 1 k hiu............................40 Hnh 3.5 Chm im QAM16 v QAM4 trn cng h trc to vi cng mc nng lng.............................................................................................................. 41 Hnh 3.6 S khi b iu ch QAM................................................................42 Hnh 3.7 S khi b gii iu ch QAM.........................................................42 Hnh 3.8 S iu ch DMT n gin...............................................................43 Hnh 3.9 Cu trc siu khung ADSL...................................................................48 Hnh 3.10 Khung d liu ng nhanh...............................................................49 Hnh 3.11 nh dng byte ng b ng nhanh cn gi l (fats byte)........49 Hnh 3.12 To khung ng xen..........................................................................50 Hnh 3.13 nh dng byte ng b ng xen cn gi l sync byte..............50 Hnh 3.14 M t chc nng ATU.........................................................................52 Hnh 3.15 M hnh tham chiu giao thc khch hng.......................................54 Hnh 3.16 M hnh tham chiu giao thc qun l...............................................55 Hnh 3.17 M hnh ng dng dch v s liu......................................................56 Hnh 3.18 CVoDSL s dng cc knh t bng tn lp vt l truyn cc ng thoi TDM..................................................................................................57 Hnh 3.19 CVoDSL khng ng gi s liu thoi nh VoIP v VoATM..........57 Hnh 3.20 Ghp nhiu ng dy in thoi tng tc s liu..................58 Hnh 3.21 Chc nng ca IMA pha thu v pha pht.......................................58 Hnh 3.22 Minh ha cu trc khung vi hai khung mang mt ng..............59 Hnh 3.23 Minh ha cu trc khung vi hai ng v hai khung....................60 Hnh 3.24 nh hng gia cc i dy bn vi nhau trong cng mt cp.......62
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Hnh 3.25 Tng quan qu trnh khi to.............................................................63 Hnh 3.26 Cc ch cng sut L0, L2 v L3.....................................................65 Hnh 3.27 Biu minh ho qu trnh vo L2....................................................67 Hnh 3.28 Biu minh ho th tc vo ra L2...................................................69 Hnh 3.29 H thng ADSL2 ci thin khong cch so vi ADSL......................72 Hnh 3.30 Bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2+..................................................73 Hnh 3.31 Tc s liu ng xung ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2.................74 Hnh 3.32 ADSL2+ c th c s dng gim xuyn m..............................75 Hnh 3.33 Ghp hai ng ADSL2+....................................................................75 Hnh 3.34 Cu trc c bn ca vic ghp hai ng ADSL2+..........................76 Hnh 3.35 Ngn xp giao thc cho vic ghp ADSL2+.......................................77 Hnh 3.36 Khong cch v tc t c ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL............79 Hnh 3.37 Tc ng xung ca ADSL2+......................................................79 Hnh 3.38 V d v dch v v khong cch m cng ngh ADSL2+ c th h tr............................................................................................................................ 80 Hnh 4.1 Cu trc mng ADSL2+........................................................................90 Hnh 4.2 T chc nh cung cp dch v...............................................................90 Hnh 4.4 B nh tuyn NT Router......................................................................92
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DANH SCH CC BNG BIU

Bng 2.1 Cc c trng ca h cng ngh xDSL................................................28 Bng 2.2 Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao bng rng trn th gii.......................32 Bng 2.3 Nhng quc gia c s thu bao bng rng ln nht trn th gii......33 Bng 2.4 Cc quc gia c t l thu bao bng rng trn 10% trong tng ng dy in thoi......................................................................................................... 33 Bng 2.5 Cc quc gia c t l thu bao xDSL trn 20% trong tng ng dy in thoi................................................................................................................ 35 Bng 2.6 Cc quc gia t trn 1 triu thu bao xDSL......................................36 Bng 3.1 Tc knh mang..................................................................................44 Bng 3.2 Gii hn trn ca tc ti tin.............................................................44 Bng 3.3 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti..............45 Bng 3.4 Cc knh h tr cho lung 2Mbps.......................................................45 Bng 3.5 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti (E1)......46 Bng 3.6 Vng m mc nh cho cc vng truyn ti (T1)..............................50 Bng 3.7 Vng mc nh cho cc lp truyn ti (E1).........................................51 Bng 3.8 Tc ti a ca ADSL........................................................................51 Bng 4.1 Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao Internet ti Vit Nam.........................83 Bng 4.2 Bng gi dch v trong m hnh cung cp dch v..............................84 Bng 4.3 Bng tng hp kt qu m hnh dch v..............................................85
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THUT NG VIT TT
AAL5 ADSL ANST AOC ATM ATU-C ATU-R BRI CAP CDMA CO CO CPE CRC DLC DMT DSL EC EOC ETSI FDM FEC FEXT GSM HDSL ATM Adaptation Layer 5 Asymmetric DSL American National Lp thch ng ATM5 ng dy thu bao s khng
i xng Standards Vin Quc Gia M Knh mo u Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b Khi truyn dn ADSL pha tng i Khi truyn dn ADSL pha
Institute ADSL Overhead Channel Asynchronous Tranfer Mode ADSL Transmission Unit-CO ADSL Transmission Unit-Rmote Basic Rate Interface Carrierless Amplitude
thu bao Giao din tc c s Phase Phng php khuych i sng mang a truy nhp phn chia theo m Trm trung tm Trung tm chuyn mch Thit b truyn thng c nhn Kim tra d theo chu k H thng truyn dn s trn
modulation Code Division Multiple Access Central Office Central Office Customer Premises Equipment Cyclical Redundancy Check Digital Loop Carrier Discrete Multiple
mch vng thu bao Tone iu ch a tn ri rc ng dy thu bao s Trit ting vng Knh vn hnh c nh Vin Chun k thut Chu u Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s Sa li trc Nhiu u xa H thng truyn thng di ng ton cu ng dy thu bao s tc
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modulation Digital Subscriber Line Echo Cancelling Embedded Operations Channel European Technical Standards Institute Frequency Division Multiplexing Forward Error Correction Par and Crosstalk Global System for Mobile communication High bit rate DSL
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HDTV HPF IB IP ISDN ITU ITU-T LPF MPS-TC NEXT NGN NT OAN ONT ONU PHY PMD PMS-TC POTS PPP PSTN PT QAM QoS RF RFI RFI S/N SDH SDSL
bit cao High Difintion Television Truyn hnh trung thc cao High Pass Filter B lc thng cao Indicator Bit Bit ch th Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet Integrated Services Digital Mng s a dch v Network International Telecommunications Union ITU-Telecommunication sector Lin minh vin thng quc t Tiu ban vin thng ca Lin
minh vin thng quc t Low Pass Filter B lc thng thp Management Potocol Specific- Lp giao thc qu l c th Transmission Convergence Near End Crosstalk Next Genemation Network Network Termination Optical Access Network Optical Line Terminal Optical Network Unit Physical layer Physical Media Dependent Physical Media Specific-TC -hi t truyn dn Xuyn m u gn Mng th h sau Kt cui mng Mng truy nhp quang Thit b u cui ng quang Khi mng quang Lp vt l Lp truyn thng vt l Lp truyn thng vt l c th-
hi t truyn dn Plain Old Teliphone Service Dch v thoi truyn thng Point to Point Protocol Giao thc im-im Public Switch Telephone Mng in thoi chuyn mch Network Remote Terminal Quaratude cng cng Thit b u cui xa Amplitude iu ch bin cu phng Cht lng dch v Tn s v tuyn Nhiu tn s v tuyn Nhiu tn s v tuyn T s tn hiu trn tp m H thng phn cp s ng b Mch vng thu bao s mt i
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Modullation Quality of Service Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Interference Radio Frequency Interference Signal to Noise ratio Synchronous Digital Hierrachy Sigle pair DSL
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SRA TC TE TMN VDSL VoD xDSL DSLAM
Seamless Rate Adaption Transmission Convergence Termination Equipment Telecom Management Network Very high speed DSL Video onDemand Digital Subcriber Line DSL Access Multiplexer
si Thch ng tc lin tc Hi t truyn dn Thit b u cui Mng qun l vin thng ng dy thu bao s tc rt Truyn hnh theo yu cu H cng ngh DSL B ghp knh truy nhp ADSL2+
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Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy
CHNG I MNG VIN THNG V S PHT TRIN CA MNG TRUY NHP

1.1 Mng PSTN v NGN
1.1.1 Mng PSTN Sau hn 120 nm sau khi my in thoi c pht minh, mng in thoi c trin khai rng khp trn ton th gii. Nhu cu ca con ngi l khng c gii hn v do cc nh cung cp dch v phi khng ngng pht trin dch v cng nh c s h tng vin thng p ng mt cch tt nht cc yu cu ca khch hng. Cc cng ty in thoi c mt khi lng u t khng l vo mng in thoi. Ban u, cc thit k ch yu c tnh ton dnh cho dch v thoi. Nhng trong thi gian gn y, cng vi s bng n ca Internet trn ton cu rt nhiu dch v mi ra i. Cc dch v ny ni chung l c yu cu v rng bng tn ngy cng ln v khng i xng. Do n yu cu mt c s h tng phi c nng cp v hin i ho c th cung cp c cc dch v ny ti mi khch hng mi ni, mi lc. Hnh 1.1 di y m t mt mng vin thng in thoi in hnh. Trong mng ny, cc thit b thu bao c kt ni ti cc tng i ni ht thng qua mt mch vng ng dy thu bao. N c kt cui ti tng i ti gi phi dy chnh MDF. Cc tng i c kt ni vi nhau qua mng lin i (Inter-CO network). Vi cc tin b ca cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH, hu nh cc mng lin i c quang ho ton din v m bo p ng c nhu cu cung cp cc dch v tc cao cho cc thu bao. N c th m bo phc v cho tc s liu ng trc ln ti hng chc Gbt. Trong mng ny, cc thit b thu bao c kt ni ti cc tng i ni ht thng qua mt mch vng ng dy thu bao. N c kt cui ti tng i ti gi phi dy chnh MDF. Cc tng i c kt ni vi nhau qua mng lin i (Inter-CO network). Vi cc tin b ca cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH, hu nh cc mng lin i c quang ho ton din v m bo p ng c nhu cu cung cp cc dch v tc cao cho cc thu bao. N c th m bo phc v cho tc s liu ng trc ln ti hng chc Gbt.
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Mng cung cp cc dch v

Cc mng cung cp dch v
Mng truy nhp CO DLC
Inter-CO Network CO
CO
H thng truyn dn
Chuyn mch thoi
H thng DLC MDF
Hnh 1.1 M hnh mng vin thng hin i Tuy nhin, khi nhn gc mng truy nhp vn li hon ton khc. Hin nay c trn mt t ng dy thu bao trong mng in thoi PSTN trn ton th gii. Trong , hn 95% l cp xon i dnh cho dch v thoi thun tu v chim mt t l ln trong vn u t vo c s h tng ca cc nh cung cp dch v. Nhng h thng ny li c mt s hn ch lm nh hng rt ln n kh nng cung cp cc dch v truyn s liu-l cc nhu cu gn nh thit yu hin nay. 1.1.2 NGN Khi nim mng th h sau NGN c xut hin vo cui nhng nm 90 i mt vi mt s vn ni ln trong vin thng c c tnh ha bi rt nhiu nhn t: m ca cnh tranh gia cc nh khai thc trn ton cu trn c s bi b nhng quy nh lc hu v th trng, khai thc lu lng d liu c s dng trong Internet, nhu cu mnh m ca khch hng v cc dch v a phng tin, cng vi s gia tng nhu cu ca ngi s dng di ng. N l khi nim mi c cc nh thit k mng s dng cho vic minh ha quan im ca h i vi mng vin thng trong tng lai.
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Ti thi im u tin trong chu k nghin cu trong nm 2000, khi nim NGN vn cn rt m nht v ti hi ngh v IP Network and mediacom nm 2001 ti Geneva c mt phin hp dnh ring cho vic chuyn dch n NGN. Cc quan im khc nhau v NGN c trnh by v ti bui hi tho cui cng pht hin ra rng rt kh t c s hiu bit thng nht v NGN. Trong phin hp ca nhm nghin cu SG 13 ti Caracas trong vng mt thng, cc vn v NGN c tho lun tr li. Rt nhiu vn c gii quyt nhng mt cu hi ni bt m ra c hi cho nhm nghin cu SG, c hi hp tc vi nhng hot ng ca ITU (Hip hi vin thng quc t) trong khun kh d n mi ca ITU. Nhng do mt s vn cha t n chn mui nn vic trin khai d n b tr hon li n phin hp ca SG 13 ln sau. Ngoi ra, cn rt nhiu quan im khc v NGN c biu din bi cc nh khai thc, nh sn xut v nh cung cp dch v, mong mun tin n mt hiu bit chung v NGN v thit lp tiu chun cho NGN. l nguyn nhn v sao ITU quyt nh bt u qu trnh tiu chun ha v NGN theo m hnh d n do nhm nghin cu SG 13 chun b. D n mi ny cng s tha hng nhng thnh qu t d n GII hin c ca ITU bi v NGN c nhn nhn nh l thc hin GII. Ti cuc hp ca SG 13 vo thng ging nm 2002, vn NGN li mt ln na c cp n. c bit, cc tho lun ti Q12/13 tp trung vo mi quan h gia c s h tng thng tin ton cu v NGN. Cc hiu bit chung u nhn nhn rng NGN l vic thc hin c th ca cc khi nim c nh ngha trong GII. Ngoi ra, nhng nhu cu cp thit t th trng i hi cc tiu chun cho mc tiu ngn hn i vi NGN cn phi c xc nh. Ti cng thi im, Vin Tiu Chun Vin Thng Chu u (ETSI) cng thnh lp nhm nghin cu NGN vi nhim v phi xut chin lc chun ha ca h trong lnh vc NGN. Hn na, nhng vn lin quan n NGN u t c nht tr cao trong lnh vc hp tc tiu chun ton cu GSC ni hp tc ca cc t chc tiu chun SDO. Trong bn tng kt nghin cu vo thng 11 nm 2001, nhm a ra 4 khuyn ngh:
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+ Khuyn ngh 1: ETSI GA c mi ghi nhn nh ngha di y ca NGN. nh ngha ny s c tc dng nh hng mi hnh ng do ETSI tin hnh trn lnh vc ny. NGN l mng c phn chia thnh cc lp v cc mt phng, s dng cc giao din m nhm a ra cho cc nh khai thc mng v cung cp mt nn tng thng tin kin to, trin khai v qun l cc dch v, bao gm c cc dch v c v cc dch v mi trong tng lai. + Khuyn ngh 2: ETSI s m nhim vai tr tin phong trong qu trnh thc y vic cng c chun ha NGN nhng vic tin ti mt d n i tc ton cu n nht khng phi l mt mc tiu thch hp. + Khuyn ngh 3: ETSI cn tin ti tham gia vo mt tp hp cc quan h c lp nhng c lin quan n nhau bao hm c lnh vc chun NGN. + Khuyn ngh 4: c th t ETSI ln v tr hng u trong qu trnh chun ha NGN i u trong vic chun ha NGN nh vo vic c mt trung khu chuyn mn hng mnh v tp trung, ngi ta s mi GA yu cu y ban ETSI tin hnh khn cp/ngay lp tc vic kim im li cu trc TB v cc trnh t hot ng nhm m bo rng ETSI sn sng p ng cc thch thc ca NGN. Hot ng ca NGN tin hnh i vi cc vn cu trc v giao thc cn tp trung vo: Nghin cu xem xt vic s dng cc cng ngh m hnh tham kho chung da trn kt qu TIPHON, gp phn xc nh cc chun b sung cn cho vic h tr c dch v thit lp truyn thng tun theo NGN trong mt phm vi ca mt nh iu hnh hoc gia cc phm vi nh iu hnh khc nhau. Xc nh cc chc nng lin kt hot ng h tr cc thit b u cui ang tn ti (khng nhn bit NGN). C bit, cn xc nh m t lp trung k cho megaco/H.248 v BICC. Xc nh r cch thc theo dch v kt cui (end-to-end), tnh linh ng ca ngi dng v iu khin cuc gi c th c h tr qua cc mng hn hp.
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Xc nh chc nng ca cc u cui nhn bit NGN theo c ch cp nht phn mm, tnh trng d tha v s tin trin ca cc u cui gim chi ph, tha thun v qun l phin bn, mc tiu hng ti trin khai. Cc i tc chnh cho mi cng vic phi hp vi ETSI bao gm: 3GPP, ATMF, ITU-T, (SG11, 13 v 16), T1S1, IETF (sip, megaco), MSF v ISC. Hot ng NGN tin hnh trn QoS kt cui cn tp trung vo: Hon thnh vic xc nh lp QoS kt cui cho thoi. Xc nh mt khung xc nh lp QoS a phng tin kt cui mi v phng php ng k cc lp QoS ca tng thnh phn truyn thng. nh r cch thc s dng c ch QoS lp di nhm t c QoS lp trn trong phm vi mng. iu khin QoS cc lp di lin vng. Nhn thc ca ngi s dng cui v QoS. Cc i tc ch cht trong hot ng lin kt vi ETSI l ATMF, IETF, ITU-T cng vi nhiu din n truyn thng a phng tin khc. Hot ng NGN tin hnh trn nn dch v cn tp trung vo: Xc nh cc cu trc iu khin dch v bao gm c OSA, API v nhng kha cnh proxy. Nng cp cc c ch nhm h tr s cung cp dch v qua nhiu mng gm c chuyn vng dch v v kt ni dch v. Pht trin cc c ch nhm h tr hin din ca ngi s dng v iu khin ca ngi s dng i vi h s v tu bin dch v. Tc ng ca tnh linh ng ngi s dng i vi cc nn dch v. Hot ng NGN tin hnh trn qun l mng cn tp trung vo:
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Nng cao ton b cu trc qun l mng li v xc nh cc giao thc v dch v qun l mng c bn ph hp vi yu cu NGN (li, cht lng, qun l khch hng, cc, qun l lu lng v nh tuyn). a vo v p dng cc khi nim cu trc v cng ngh mi. Hot ng NGN tin hnh trn lnh vc ngn chn, xm nhp, nghe ln hp php cn tp trung vo: Xc nh cc giao thc chuyn giao truyn dn da trn mng gi mi gia mng mc tiu v c quan thc thi php lut. Nng cp thng tin lin quan n xm nhp, ngn chn hin c nhm a vo cc thnh t d liu mi bao hm c cc dng bo hiu v a phng tin. Vn bo mt ca NGN tp trung vo: Pht trin cu trc bo mt phc hp cho NGN. Thm na, nhm bo mt NGN ny s lp ra cc nguyn tc ch o hot ng bo mt trong NGN (vic bo mt trong vn hnh, hot ng NGN). Pht trin cc giao thc bo mt c th NGN v cc API.
1.2 Qu trnh pht trin ca mng truy nhp ln xDSL

in thoi c nh khoa hc ngi M Alexander Graham Bell pht minh t nm 1876. Tuy nhin, phi khong t nm 1890 mng in thoi mi bt u c trin khai tng i rng ri. Cng vi s xut hin ca mng thoi cng cng PSTN l s t ph ca cc phng tin thng tin lin lc thi by gi. Nh vy, c th coi mng truy nhp ra i vo khong nm 1890. Trong sut nhiu thp k u th k 20 mng truy nhp khng c s thay i ng k no, mc d mng chuyn mch thc hin bc tin di t tng i nhn cng n cc tng i c in v tng i in t. Mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng c m t trn Hnh 1.2. LE Tng i ni ht
MDF backbone
T/ hp cp distribution Inlead
Thu bao
Mng truy nhp
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n tt nghip i hc nhp
Hnh 1.2 Cu trc mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng Mng truy nhp nm gia tng i ni ht v thit b u cui ca khch hng, thc hin chc nng truyn dn tn hiu. Tt c cc dch v khch hng c th s dng c xc nh bi tng i ni ht (chnh l nt dch v). Mng truy nhp c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong mng vin thng v l phn t quyt nh trong mng th h sau NGN. Mng truy nhp l phn ln nht ca bt k mng vin thng no, thng tri di trn vng a l rng ln. Theo nh gi ca nhiu chuyn gia, chi ph xy dng mng truy nhp chim t nht l mt na chi ph xy dng ton b mng vin thng. Mng truy nhp trc tip kt ni hng nghn, thm ch hng chc, hng trm nghn thu bao vi mng chuyn mch. l con ng duy nht cung cp cc dch v tch hp nh thoi v d liu. Cht lng v hiu nng ca mng truy nhp nh hng trc tip n kh nng cung cp dch v ca ton b mng vin thng. 1.2.1 Nhng vn ca mng truy nhp truyn thng Sau nhiu thp k gn nh khng c s thay i ng k no trong cu trc cng nh cng ngh, mng truy nhp thu bao ang chuyn mnh mnh m trong nhiu nm gn y. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc cng ngh v dch v vin thng, nhng tn ti trong mng truy nhp truyn thng ngy cng tr nn su sc hn. Cc vn ny c th tm phn loi nh sau: + Th nht, vi s pht trin ca cc mch tch hp v cng ngh my tnh, ch mt tng i duy nht cng c kh nng cung cp dch v cho thu bao trong mt vng rt rng ln. Th nhng vng ph sng, hay bn knh hot ng ca mng truy nhp truyn thng tng i hn ch, thng di 5 km. iu ny hon ton khng ph hp vi chin lc pht trin mng l gim s lng, ng thi tng dung lng v m rng vng hot ng ca tng i. + Th hai, mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng s dng ch yu l tn hiu tng t vi gii tn hp. y l iu cn tr vic s ho, m rng bng thng v tch hp dch v. + Th ba, theo phng phc truy nhp truyn thng, mi thu bao cn c mt lng kh ln cp ng kt ni vi tng i. Tnh trung bnh mi thu bao c
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khong 3km cp ng. Hn na bao gi cp gc cng c lp t nhiu hn nhu cu thc t d phng. Nh vy tnh ra mi thu bao c t nht mt i cp cho ring mnh nhng hiu sut s dng li rt thp, do lu lng pht sinh ca phn ln thu bao tng i thp. V vy mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng c chi ph u t cao, phc tp trong duy tr bo dng v km hiu qu trong s dng. 1.2.2 Mnh truy nhp di quan im ca ITU-T 1.2.2.1 nh ngha Theo cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T, mng truy nhp hin i c nh ngha nh trn Hnh 1.3. Theo mng truy nhp l mt chui cc thc th truyn dn gia SNI v UNI. Mng truy nhp chu trch nhim truyn ti cc dch v vin thng. Giao din iu khin v qun l mng l Q3.
Q Thc th mng PST N ISDN DDN ... UNI Giao din ngi s dng mng Mng truy nhp POTS ISDN V.24 V.35 Leased SNI Giao din nt dch v ...
Thu bao
Hnh 1.3 Kt ni mng truy nhp vi cc thc th mng khc Thit b u cui ca khch hng c kt ni vi mng truy nhp qua UNI, cn mng truy nhp kt ni vi nt dch v (SN) thng qua SNI. V nguyn tc khng c gii hn no v loi v dung lng ca UNI hay SNI. Mng truy nhp v nt dch v u c kt ni vi h thng TMN qua giao din Q3. gii quyt cc vn tn ti trong mng truy nhp truyn thng, mt trong nhng gii php hp l l a thit b ghp knh v truyn dn vo mng truy nhp. 1.2.2.2 Cc giao din ca mng truy nhp a. Giao din nt dch v:
Ng Vn Nguyn _ D2001VT 19
n tt nghip i hc nhp
L giao din mt ct dch v ca mng truy nhp. Kt ni vi tng i SNI cung cp cho thu bao cc dch v c th. V d tng i c th kt ni vi mng truy nhp qua giao din V5. Giao din V5 cung cp chun chung kt ni thu bao s ti tng i s ni ht. Gii php ny c th mang li hiu qu cao do cho php kt hp h thng truyn dn thu bao v tit kim card thu bao tng i. Hn na phng thc kt ni ny cng thc y vic pht trin cc dch v bng rng. b. Giao din ngi s dng mng: y l giao din pha khch hng ca mng truy nhp. UNI phi h tr nhiu dch v khc nhau, nh thoi tng t, ISDN bng hp v bng rng v dch v leased line s hay tng t... c. Giao din qun l: Thit b mng truy nhp phi cung cp giao din qun l c th iu khin mt cch hiu qu ton b mng truy nhp. Giao din ny cn phi ph hp vi giao thc Q3 c th truy nhp mng TMN trong tng lai v hon ton tng thch vi cc h thng qun l mng m thit b do nhiu nh sn xut cung cp. Hin nay phn nhiu cc nh cung cp thit b s dng giao din qun l ca ring mnh thay v dng chun Q3. 1.2.2.3 Mng truy nhp ngy nay S thay i ca c cu dch v l yu t then cht nh hng n s pht trin ca mng truy nhp. Khch hng yu cu khng ch l cc dch v thoi/fax truyn thng, m c cc dch v s tch hp, thm ch c truyn hnh k thut s phn gii cao. Mng truy nhp truyn thng r rng cha sn sng p ng cc nhu cu dch v ny. T nhng nm 90 mng truy nhp tr thnh tm im ch ca mi ngi. Th trng mng truy nhp thc s m ca. Cng vi nhng chnh sch t do ho th trng vin thng ca phn ln cc quc gia trn th gii, cuc cnh tranh trong mng truy nhp ngy cng gay gt. Cc cng ngh v thit b truy nhp lin tip ra i vi tc chng mt, thm ch nhiu dng sn phm cha kp thng mi ho tr nn li thi.
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Nhn t kha cnh mi trng truyn dn, mng truy nhp c th chia thnh hai loi ln, c dy v khng dy (v tuyn). Mng c dy c th l mng cp ng, mng cp quang, mng cp ng trc hay mng lai ghp. Mng khng dy bao gm mng v tuyn c nh v mng di ng. D nhin khng th tn ti mt cng ngh no p ng c tt c mi yu cu ca mi ng dng trong tt c cc trng hp. iu c ngha rng mng truy nhp hin i s l mt thc th mng phc tp, c s phi hp hot ng ca nhiu cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau, phc v nhiu loi khch hng khc nhau trong khu vc rng ln v khng ng nht. Mng truy nhp quang (OAN) l mng truy nhp s dng phng thc truyn dn quang. Ni chung thut ng ny ch cc mng trong lin lc quang c s dng gia thu bao v tng i. Cc thnh phn ch cht ca mng truy nhp quang l kt cui ng dn quang (OLT) v khi mng quang (ONU). Chc nng chnh ca chng l thc hin chuyn i cc giao thc bo hiu gia SNI v UNI trong ton b mng truy nhp. Ngi ta phn bit ba loi hnh truy nhp quang chnh: Fiber to the curb (FTTC), Fiber to the building (FTTB), Fiber to the home (FTTH) v fiber to the office (FTTO). Cho ti nay trn th gii c mt khi lng rt ln cp ng c trin khai. Theo mt s nghin cu v mng truy nhp, hin nay cp ng vn l mi trng truyn dn chnh trong mng truy nhp, chim ti khong 94%. Vic tn dng c s h tng rt ln ny l rt cn thit v c li. Cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao k thut s (xDSL) chnh l gii php cho vn ny. Ngoi cc cng ngh truy nhp c dy, cc phng thc truy nhp v tuyn cng pht trin rt mnh. Cc mng di ng GSM, CDMA c ti hng trm triu thu bao trn khp th gii. Cc phng thc truy nhp v tuyn c nh cng ngy cng tr nn thng dng hn, do nhng li th ca n khi trin khai cc khu vc c a hnh him tr hay c c s h tng vin thng km pht trin. cc th ln dch v v tuyn c nh cng pht trin, c bit khi nh khai thc cn tip cn th trng mt cch nhanh nht. Kt lun: Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc cng ngh v dch v vin thng th pht trin mng truy nhp ln xDSL l mt gii php cha kho khc phc nhng
n tt nghip i hc nhp
tn ti ca mng truy nhp truyn thng. Chng II, s nghin cu k v h cng ngh xDSL v nhng u nhc im cng nh hn ch ca chng.
1.3 Cc cng ngh truy nhp khc

1.3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp s dng cp ng y l cng ngh truy nhp tn ti lu i nht, xut hin t nhng nm u ca lch s my tnh. Cng ngh truy nhp s dng cp ng u tin phi k n cng ngh truy nhp qua modem bng thoi ra i t nhng nm 50. Modem ny tip nhn d liu ca my tnh, chuyn sang dng d liu ca ng thoi ri truyn trn i dy cp ng trong di bng tn 4Khz. Ngy nay, modem bng thoi t ti tc 28.8Kbps hoc 33.6Kbps v y l tc chm trn ca truyn d liu tng t. modem ny t tc 56Kbps ngi ta s dng k thut a thng d liu s t cc ngun d liu (cc ISP chng hn) n b gii m pha thu bao m khng qua giai on m ho loi b nhiu lng t. Tuy nhin tc chiu pht vn l 33.6Kbps hay khi hai ngi s dng dng modem 56Kbps truyn s liu th khng th t tc 56Kbps m ch l 33.6Kbps. Vi khong cch cng xa th kh nng gp tng i tng t cng ln nn tc thc t lc ny ch t 28.8Kbps. Ngay c khi mi vic u tt p th tc 55,6Kbps vn l khim tn d l tin b cui cng ca modem tng t. n nm 1977, mng s a dch v ISDN ln u tin c CCITT cp n v sau c trin khai nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Cng ngh ISDN cung cp thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy thu bao k thut s vi giao tip c s BRI (2B+D) tc 144Kbps. Tc ny qu l l tng so vi modem bng thoi. Tuy nhin, vn ln nht ca ISDN sau gn 20 nm pht trin l n khng p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng. D sao, IDSN vn khng phi l dch v t ng 128Kbps m n ch l hai knh 64Kbps ring bit, mun t c tc 128Kbps th phi mua thm b thch ng u cui nhp 2 knh ny li m thit b ny kh t. ISDN cng khng phi l cng ngh dnh ring cho thu bao m ton b tng i cng phi lp t thit b ISDN nh: Tng i phi s dng k thut chuyn mch s cng vi cc phn cng v phn mm nng cp cung cp cc dch v ISDN m vic ny cng rt tn km. Hn na, cc dch v ISDN c gi ph thuc vo ng di trong khi modem dial-up ch quay s n mt ISP ni ht
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v tn cc ph thu bao ni ht hng thng cn min ph vn chuyn qua Internet. Ti khi Web v cng ngh Internet bng n, ISDN vi lng thng tin khng l, thi gian chim dng lu th mng PSTN thng xy ra tc nghn. Cng ngy ISDN cng tr nn khng li thot mt phn do ISDN khng theo kp nhu cu ca khch hng mt phn do vi vn u t ban u qu ln, gi thnh thit b cao ko theo chi ph v cc s dng dch v ISDN cao. Cng ngh truy nhp T1/E1 s dng i cp ng truyn dch v T1/E1 vi tc 1.544Mbps hay 2.048Mbps l bc pht trin mi vi tc ng ngc nhin. t c tc ny, cng ngh T1/E1 cn c nhng yu cu k thut c bit nh cn chuyn i ng dy thu bao tng t sang s, s dng k thut iu ch AMI T1 v HDB3 E1 v cn s dng b lp trung gian do khong cch truyn ngn cng vi chi ph bo dng thit b ng dy cao nn cc thu bao cng cao. S xut hin ca h cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL mang li cho i dy ng kh nng truyn ti d liu vi tc vt tri. H cng ngh ny bt u t tc 144Kbps ca IDSL, pht trin ti 1.5 n 2Mbps vi HDSL, 8Mbps vi ADSL v by gi l 52Mbps vi VDSL. Chnh vic tn dng c s h tng cp ng sn c truyn ti thng tin s bng rng nh: thng tin s liu, hnh nh, m thanh...p ng c nhu cu v thi gian thc, v tc cng vi kh nng cung cp dch v ngy cng phong ph theo s pht trin ca cc phin bn mi nh ADSL2, HDSL2 thc y cng ngh xDSL ngy cng pht trin rng khng ch phm vi quc gia m trn ton th gii. Xut hin sau xDSL, vo nm 1990, v ch ng sau xDSL l cng ngh truy nhp modem cp. y l cng ngh cho php cp truy xut thng tin tc cao n cc server t xa nh Internet server hay VoD server qua mng truyn hnh cp (Cp ng trc) vi tc thay i ph thuc vo h thng modem cp, kin trc mng cp ng trc v lu lng trn modem. Tc theo chiu xung c th ln n 27Mbps. Tuy nhin, y l dung lng tng cng ca mi ngi chia ra do cu trc mng dng nhnh, thng th dung lng ca mt thu bao ch t 1-3Mbps. chiu ln c th t c 10Mbps nhng thng l 1-2.5Mbps. u im ca modem cp l tn dng c mng truyn hnh cp sn c nn gim chi ph, cc linh kin tn s cao cn thit cho hot ng ca modem cp tr nn rt r v
n tt nghip i hc nhp
c bn i tr. Nhng cng do lm vic tn s cao v c n 90% cp i trong nh m cc cp ny thng c lp t vi v, cu th nn d gy nhiu cho tivi v cc thit b khc, gii php y l cn phi i li dy nh. Hn na do vic s dng chung cc knh ng ln nn d gy tc nghn. Cc nh khai thc mng cp ng trc ang tin hnh ci tin h tng mng cp bng cch a thm mng cp quang vo mng cp ng trc thay truyn dn tng t bng truyn dn s c gi l mng lai ghp HFC: Mng HFC cung cp gn 100 knh truyn dn tc cao (6MHz) cho mi knh phn phi cc lung video tng t, s ti ngi s dng v c th m rng cc dch v bng rng nh modem cp. Tuy nhin do ng truyn HFC l chung nn bng thng kh dng cho mi knh khi c nhiu ngi s dng khng cao bng DSL. 1.3.2 Cng ngh truy nhp s dng cp si quang Cp quang c nhiu u im mnh hn so vi cp ng nh si cp quang cho php truyn tn hiu c c ly xa hn, kh nng chng nhiu v xuyn m tt, bng tn truyn dn rt ln m bo cho vic cung cp cc dch v bng rng ti khch hng Mng cp quang chnh l ch cui cng ca cc nh qun l mng Vin thng m rng cc dch v bng hp sang cc dch v bng rng. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng mt mng truy nhp cp quang i hi vn u t ban u rt ln, trong khi mng cp ng ni ht vn cha s dng ht khu hao. Hn na, nhu cu s dng ca mi thu bao hin nay vn cha tn dng ht kh nng ca cp quang nn s gy lng ph. Gii php y l lp t cp quang ti tn cm dn c hay ti cc to nh, cc tr s c quan ln ri t y s s dng cp ng truyn tn hiu ti tng thu bao. Vic tn ti i dy cp ng on cui ny cng l mt trong nhng yu t thc y xDSL pht trin v xDSL hon ton c th cung cp cc gii php truy nhp cho cc dch v tc cao t cc khi ONU ca cu trc mng truy nhp ni trn. Nh vy, cng ngh xDSL l gii php trung gian hu hiu cung cp dch v ti khch hng trc khi c th quang ho mng truy nhp. 1.3.3 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu loi khc nhau. Cng ngh dch v phn phi a im a knh MMDS l hn hp ca cc dch v video v truyn s liu tc cao (chiu xung ln ti 54Mbps). H thng ny cho php cc nh cung
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cp dch v xa khng c c s h tng c th cung cp cc truy nhp hiu qu ti khch hng. MMDS ang c iu kin thun li pht trin do ngy nay th trng in thoi khng dy v in thoi di ng ang c ch trng. Tuy nhin, do cng tn hiu rt tht thng v phi thc hin tm nhn thng nn vng ph sng b gii hn. Hn na, MMDS s dng h thng v cng ngh mi nn cn c thi gian mng n nh. Dch v phn phi a im ni ht LMDS hay h thng truyn hnh t bo gn ging h thng MMDS, n hot ng di tn 27.5GHz -29.5GHz. V mt l thuyt, LMDS ph sng mt vng vi nhiu t bo nn trnh c tm nhn thng ca MMDS, cc t bo ln cn s dng cng mt tn s nhng phn cc khc nhau, cc vng ti c ph sng bng trm tip vn hay cc b phn x sng th ng. Vi kch thc t bo nh LMDS gy kh khn trong vic trin khai cho cc vng ngoi nhng vi my pht cng sut nh hn v vng ph t bo nn c th gi gi thnh u t mc thp. Cng ngh truy nhp qua v tinh c u im v tm ph sng rng, khng b nh hng bi khong cch cng nh cc iu kin a l, tc truyn dn cao (C th ln ti 23Mbps) nhng tr lan truyn ln, cc dch v d thng tin v tinh c th b my bay v cc v tinh thp hn che khut, tui th ca v tinh c hn v c xc nh bng lng nhin liu m n mang theo, vic cp php v qun l tn s li phc tp. Hn na, gi ca h thng thng tin v tinh cao nn cng ngh ny vn cha th c ph dng. Mch vng thu bao v tuyn WLL hay thng tin di ng ni vng cng l mt gii php c s dng nhiu ni trn th gii v ang c pht trin ti Vit Nam. Cng ngh ny c pht trin nh mt phng thc b tr cho cc h thng mng cp thu bao, m rng mng in thoi cng cng. Mc d kh nng truyn tc cao khng bng so vi cp ng v chi ph cao hn nhng WLL c nhiu u im trong cc trng hp cn gii quyt nhanh gn v a hnh phc tp. So vi cp ng v cp quang th h thng truy nhp v tuyn chu nh hng ca mi trng truyn dn khc nghit hn.
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Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL
CHNG II H CNG NGH xDSL

2.1 Tng quan
C nhiu gii php gii quyt tc nghn gy ra do hn ch v bng tn v cc loi lu lng khc (chng hn kch thc bt ln, tc cao, a phng tin) trn cc mch vng ni ht. Thc t, cc vn ny khng ch xy ra vi mng truy nhp m m rng ti c mng trung k (mng li) v thm ch ti c cc chuyn mch trung tm. Mt trong cc gii php cha kho l h cng ngh da trn cp ng c sn ca cc ng dy in thoi-h cng ngh xDSL (x Dgital Subscriber Line), vi x biu th cho cc k thut khc nhau. xDSL l t dng ch cc cng ngh cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu s tc cao trn i dy cp in thoi thng thng. Cc cng ngh ny ch yu c s dng trong mng truy nhp cung cp dch v tc cao ti nh khch hng. xDSL khng phi l mt cng ngh gii php cung cp dch v hon chnh (end-to-end) m ch l cng ngh v truyn dn, bao gm 2 modem DSL c chc nng iu ch, chuyn i tn hiu ng dy c ni vi nhau bng i dy cp ng. Hnh 2.1 B cung cp mch vng thu bao s xDSL. Modem DSL Modem DSL Mang/ngun cung cp dch v
Ngi s dng
xDSL
Hnh 2.1 B cung cp mch vng thu bao s xDSL
2.2 Phn loi

xDSL l t dng ch cc cng ngh cho php tn dng min tn s cao truyn tn hiu s tc cao trn i dy cp in thoi thng thng. xDSL l h cng ngh ng dy thu bao s gm nhiu cng ngh, vi x thay cho cc k t: A, H, V, I, S... C th phn bit da vo: tc , khong cch
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truyn dn, v c ng dng vo cc dch v khc nhau. C th s dng k thut truyn i xng vi tc truyn hai hng nh nhau, in hnh l HDSL v SDSL v tuyn khng i xng vi ng xung c tc cao hn ng ln in hnh l ADSL v VDSL. Cc c trng ca h cng ngh xDSL c cho trong Bng 2.1. Bng 2.1 Cc c trng ca h cng ngh xDSL Tn HDSL/ HDSL2 SDSL ADSL Gii thch Tc d liu Ch hot ng Ch thch High data rate 1.544Mbps i xng S dng 2 i dy. DSL Single line DSL Asymmetric DSL RADSL 16 ti 640Kbps ng ln Rate Adaptive 1.5 ti 8Mbps ng xung DSL 16 ti 640Mbps ng ln 2.048Mbps 768Kbps 1.5 ti 8Mbps i xng i xng ng xung HDSL2 s dng 1 i dy S dng 1 i dy. S dng 1 i dy; max 18ft S dng 1 i dy, nhng c th tng thch tc vi cc iu kin ng CDSL Consumer DSL IDSL IDSL DSL 16 ti 128Kbps ng ln Ging nh i xng BRI VDSL Very high data DSL 1.6 ti 6Mbps ng ln ISDL 13 ti 52Mbps ng xung Ti 1Mbps ng xung dy S dng 1 i dy nhng khng cn thit b xa ti nh. S dng mt i dy Tc d liu cao; chiu di cc i 1 ti 4.5 Kft
Di y ch gii thiu qua v c im v ng dng ca cc cng ngh c cho trong bng trn:
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+ HDSL/HDSL2-High bit rate DSl. HDSL chy vi tc 1.544Mbps (Tc T1) vng Bc M v chy vi tc 2.048Mbps (Tc E1) hu ht cc nc cn li. C 2 tc ny l i xng (Tc cho c ng ln v ng xung). HDSl lc u vi tc 1.544Mbps s dng 2 i dy v chiu di ti a cp l 15,000ft (khong 2,8 dm). HDSL tc 2.048Mbps cn 3 i dy vi cng chiu di cp ti a nh trn. Cc phin bn HDSL mi nht c gi l HDSL2, s dng ch 1 i dy v y l cng ngh ang c mong i s c chun ho nhiu hn na cho php cc nh sn xut thit b cng phi hp hot ng. + SDSL-Symmetric (or Single pair) DSL. Nu mc ch ca cng ngh xDSL l ti s dng mch vng ni ht, th c l s tt hn khi ch s dng mt i dy, chnh l cc mch vng tng t c sn. SDSL ch s dng mt i nhng chiu di ti a ca cp l 10,000ft (nh hn 2 dm). Tuy nhin, tc l ging nh HDSL. SDSL thng c cung cp chy vi tc 768Kbps bng vic s dng cp dy n HDSL. HDSL2 c th lm c nhng ci ging nh SDSL lm thm ch cn tt hn na do ngi ta hy vng SDSL s b thay th bi HDSL2 + ADSL- Asymmetric DSL. SDSL ch s dng mt dy, nhng yu cu h tr tc song hng b hn ch bi khong cch. ADSL tha nhn bn cht i xng ca nhiu dch v bng rng, ng thi m rng chiu di ti a ca cp l 18,000ft (khong 3,4 dm). + RADSL-Rate-Adaptive DSL. Thng thng khi thit b c lp t th mt s tiu chun ti thiu cho cc iu kin phi c p ng cho php thit b hot ng vi tc nh trc. iu ny cng ng cho cc cng ngh trc y, nh l sng mang T hay ISDL. RADSL l s k tha ca ADSL bng vic s dng m ho a tn ri rc (DMT), n c tng thch thc s vi s thay i cc iu kin trn ng dy v iu chnh tc cho mi hng tng ti a tc trn mi ng dy ring bit. + CDSL-Consumer DSL. Mc d c quan h tng i cht ch vi ADSL v RADSL, CDSL vn c nhng im khc bit tng thch vi cc i tng phc v ca n. CDSL c phn khim tn hn v mt tc v khong cch so vi ADSL/RADSL, nhng ngc li n cng c u im nht nh. Vi CDSL khng cn lo lng v cc thit b u xa nh b phn tch (spliter) nh khch hng.
n tt nghip i hc
Chc nng ca b phn tch l cho php cc dch v v cc kiu thit b khc ang tn ti, chng hn nh my fax, tip tc hot ng nh trc y. + IDSL-ISDL DSL. K thut s dng cc knh 2B+D thng thng ca giao din tc c bn (BRI) ISDL, c tc 144Kbps v khng chy qua cc chuyn mch thoi ISDL m chy ti cc thit b xDSL. ISDL cng chy trn mt i dy dn, v chiu ti a l 18,000Kft nh ca ADSL. + VDSL-Very high speed DSL. L thnh phn mi nht ca h xDSL, VDSL c coi nh l mc tiu cui cng ca k thut xDSL, tc c th t cao nht nhng b hn ch v tc ti a trong khong 1.000 n 4.500ft trn i dy cp ng xon i. y khng phi l vn ca VDSL. VDSL ang mong i s c mt b ngun nui si ti cc im 1000 ti 4.500ft v n c xu hng c s dng truyn cc t bo ATM. y khng phi l chc nng c th c la chn m l mt khuyn ngh bt buc s dng.
2.3 u nhc im ca xDSL

a.u im ca cc h cng ngh xDSL l: + Cng ngh xDSL c kim nghim vi nhiu triu line hot ng trn khp th gii, Chu , Hn Quc l nc c mt thu bao l cao nht. + xDSL l h cng ngh c chun ho bi ITU-T. + S dng h thng cp ng c trin khai rt rng khp ca cc nh khai thc. + Trong iu kin thun li, u t cho mng xDSL khng ln i vi nh khai thc. b.Nhng thch thc ca cng ngh ny l: + Kh khn khi trin khai mng li, do mng truy nhp khng ng b. + Chm sc khch hng, tnh cc. + Trin khai cc dch v ra tng. + Hn ch bi khong cch v nhng h thng tp chung th bao cng ngh c trin khai. + Trin vng doanh thu tng i tt vi cc nh khai thc ch o, c c s h tng vin thng rng khp nh VNTP, nhng s rt kh khn cho cc nh khai thc
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n tt nghip i hc
khc cnh tranh. iu ny c kim nghim trn th trng vin thng M. Trong nhng nm qua nhiu nh khai thc lin tc thua l v phi ng ca. Cng ngh xDSL hng ti th trng chnh l t nhn v cc doanh nghip va/nh. Dch v ny c th khng thch hp vi nhiu doanh nghip ln, do cht lng dch v khng phi thng xuyn c bo m. D kin nm 2005 M s c 18,5 triu line hot ng (FCC). Trong mt vi nm ti Vit Nam con s thu bao ADSL s ln ti hng nghn. Ti Vit Nam, nhng vn v cht lng cp, cht lng u ni trong mng truy nhp cng nh mt s thit b tp chung thu bao gm nhiu chng loi khc nhau, s dng cc cng ngh khc nhau l nhng yu t k thut quan trng cn lu khi pht trin thu bao xDSL.
2.4 Tnh hnh pht trin xDSL trn th gii

Vi xu th pht trin dch v bng rng nh hin nay, s lng thu bao xDSL trn th gii ang pht trin vi tc rt nhanh di y l tng hp v tnh hnh pht trin xDSL trn th gii (theo www.ADSL.com). Tng s thu bao bng rng ton cu t ti 175 triu, so vi 151 triu vo nm cui thng 12 nm 2004. Trong thu bao xDSL chim 65,2% trong tng s cc thu bao bng rng. Tng s thu bao xDSL ton cu t ti mc 115 triu, so vi 97 triu vo cui thng 12 2004. S lng cc thu bao bng rng khc t ti 61,4 triu, so vi 54,5 triu vo cui thng 12 nm 2004. Tng trong 6 thng ca nm 2005: + Tng s thu bao bng rng tng 24,5 triu trong : Tng s thu bao xDSL tng 17,7 triu. Nhng thu bao bng rng khc tng 6,8 triu. Trong 12 thng t qu 2 nm 2004, thu bao xDSL tng 51%. Lin minh Chu u l th trng bng rng ln nht cng l khu vc c s lng thu bao xDSL ln nht th gii. V c s lng thu bao xDSL chim 81% trong tng s cc thu bao truy nhp bng rng. Trong khu vc M La Tinh v
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n tt nghip i hc
Trung ng v Chu Phi, xDSL chim d tng ng 83% v 79,56% trong tng s cc thu bao bng rng. Bng 2.2 Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao bng rng trn th gii Khu vc Tng s thu bao Q2 2005 Tng s thu bao xDSL Q2 2005 T l % trong ton b bng rng Chu Thi bnh dng Nhng nc Chu u khc M La Tinh Trung ng v Chu Phi Bc M Nam v ng Chu Ton b lin minh Chu u Ton Cu 47.501.671 38.485.655 81,02% 65,15% 9.016.016 61.450.068 18,98% 34,85% 32.868.500 22.331.500 67.94% 10.537.000 32,06% 40.613.395 3.602.474 5.258.830 2.212.466 44.287.940 27.088.587 2.014.074 4.364.569 1.760.242 18.850.581 66,77% 55,91% 83,00% 79,56% 42,56% 13.524.808 1.588.400 894.261 452.224 25.437.359 33,30% 44.09% 17,00% 20,44% 57,44% Tng s khc Q2 2005 T l % ca nhng bng rng khc trong ton b bng rng
ca xDSL bng rng
176.345.276 114.895.208
+ M vn l quc gia c tng s thu bao bng rng ln nht th gii vi mc: 38.200.981 thu bao. + Trung Quc chim v tr th hai vi mc 30.843.000 thu bao v l quc gia c s lng xDSL ln nht th gii vi mc 21.230.000 thu bao. + Th ba l Nht bn vi mc 20.650.500 thu bao bng rng.
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27%
1 2 3 4 5 23% 6 7
19%
25%
2% 1% 3%
Hnh 2.2 T l thu bao bng rng ti cc khu vc trn th gii (Vi cc vng t 1-7 tng vi cc vng trong bng 2.2) Bng 2.3 Nhng quc gia c s thu bao bng rng ln nht trn th gii V tr Quc Gia Tng s bng rng Q2 2005 1 M 38.200.981 2 Trung Quc 30.843.000 3 Nht Bn 20.650.500 4 Hn Quc 12..260.915 5 Php 8.323.000 6 Anh 7.961.938 7 c 7.878.497 8 Canada 6.086.959 9 Italy 5.460.555 10 Ty Ban Nha 4.094.017 11 i Loan 4.025.000 12 H Lan 3.566.566 13 Brazil 2.562.157 14 c 2.117.300 t nht mt trong mi ngi c mt kt ni bng rng trong 16 quc gia (ch c nhng quc gia vi hn mt triu kt ni bng rng). Bng 2.4 Cc quc gia c t l thu bao bng rng trn 10% trong tng ng dy in thoi V tr 1 2 Quc Gia Hn Quc Hng Kng Tng s thm nhp bng rng ca dn s 25,58 22,94
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
H Lan an Bn Mch Thu S Canada i Loan B Israel Thu in Nht Bn Php Anh M c Ty Ban Nha
21,90 21,47 20,13 19,19 17,81 17,58 16,47 16,38 16,18 13,89 13,71 13,14 10,62 10,00
+ Mi hai quc gia vi hn mt triu thu bao xDSL t c qu 14% s thm nhp ng dy in thoi. + Nm quc gia t c hn 20% s thm nhp xDSL ca ng dy in thoi.
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Bng 2.5 Cc quc gia c t l thu bao xDSL trn 20% trong tng ng dy in thoi V tr Q2 2005 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hn Quc i Loan Php B H Lan Nht Bn Italy Ty Ban Nha Anh Quc c Canada c Quc Gia Thu bao xDSL Q2 2005 6.678.107 3.360.000 7.803.000 1.149.350 2.147.000 14.168.000 5.135.000 3.271.771 5.698.000 1.586.000 2.921.259 7.800.000 S thm nhp ng dy in thoi Q2 2005 28,71 25,65 22,95 22,39 21,47 19,91 18,71 17,49 16,21 14,98 14,63 14,52
+ Mi nm quc gia c hn mt triu thu bao xDSL. + Trung Quc l Quc Gia t ti hn 20 triu thu bao xDSL.
33%
1 2 3 4 5
19%
6 24% 7
16%
2% 2% 4%
Hnh 2.3 T l thu bao xDSL ti cc khu vc trn th gii (Vi cc vng t 1-7 tng vi cc vng trong bng 2.2)
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Bng 2.6 Cc quc gia t trn 1 triu thu bao xDSL V tr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Quc Gia Trung Quc M Nht Bn Php c Hn Quc Anh Quc Italy i Loan Ty Ban Nha Canada Brazil H Lan c B Thu bao xDSL Q2 2005 21.230.000 15.929.322 14.168.000 7.803.000 7.800.000 6.678.107 5.691.000 5.135.000 3.360.000 3.271.771 2.291.259 2.400.957 2.147.000 1.586.000 1.149.350
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Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+
CHNG III CNG NGH ADSL2, ADSL2+

3.1 ADSL
3.1.1 Gii thiu chung v ADSL Mng in thoi ch l mng cung cp cc truy nhp c ly gn ti cc khch hng. S lng cc thu bao in thoi trn ton th gii vo khong 700 triu (1999). T c im ny, mng truy nhp in thoi bao gm cc i dy xon ng c thit k truyn tn hiu tng t. Tuy nhin, cc nh k thut sau pht hin ra rng c th truyn d liu qua cng knh thoi. T nhng modem u tin ch c th truyn vi tc 75bps, k thut ny c pht trin n mc nhng modem khng h t c th truyn vi tc gn 56Kbps. K thut modem cui cng cng t ti gii hn ca n. V bn trong mng thoi m ho cc kt ni ti tc 64Kbps nn nhng s pht trin cao hn tc modem hay cc kt ni quay s l khng th thc tin. Tuy nhin, gii hn ny c th li dng bi cc h thng chuyn mch v cc thit b lin i, cc i dy cp ng c dung lng cao hn cha tng c sn xut trc . ISDL l h thng u tin khai thc nhng c im . ISDL truyn vi tc 144Kbps (2B+D) mi hng trc tip qua mt i dy xon vi khong cch trn 600m. Ti h thng tng i trung tm, lung 144Kbps c chia thnh cc knh chuyn mch 64Kbps (2 knh B) v knh bo hiu 16Kbps (knh D). Cc k s xc nh cch thc quay ti cng mt u cui vi 2 knh v kt hp chng to thnh mt kt ni 128Kbps. Tuy nhin, do nhu cu v tc truy nhp ngy cng cao ca cc dch v mi nh trang Web, Video v Multimedia. Cc cng ty in thoi mt ln na nghin cu i dy cp ng xem liu chng cn kh nng no khai thc khng? ADSL l mt gii php cho cu hi ny. Bng thng analog ca i dy cp xon ng v c bn th lin quan n di ca n. Phn ln cc mch vng thu bao c di nh hn 4Km v c bng thng analog s dng vo khong 1Mhz. Cc mch vng ngn hn thm ch c dung lng cao hn. Vic khai thc bng thng ny c thc hin nh nhng tin b tin b trong k thut x l tn hiu s. Nhn ra cc khch hng c nhu cu tc download cao hn tc upload d liu, ADSL dnh phn ln bng thng ca mch vng thu bao cho knh
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download. Ph thuc vo di ca mch vng ny, ADSL c th t tc download ti 7Mbps v upload ti vi trm Kbps. ADSL thc hin vic ny ng thi gi li 3Kbps thp cho dch v thoi thng thng. 3.1.2 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL Chun ITU G.922.1 a ra m hnh cc khi chc nng ca h thng ADSL nh trn Hnh 3.1.
A N
Broatband network
V-C
T/R N T
P H Y
T/S
CPE
P H Y
ATU-C
ATU-R
Home networ k
CPE
U-C 2
hpf
U-R 2
hpf
DSL
Customer spremise Wireing
Narrowband network
GSTN or ISDN
ipf
U-C
U-R
ifp
Splitte C
Splitte R
Telephone set voiceiband modem or ISDL terminal
CP Wirring carries POTS or IDSL service
Hnh 3.1 M hnh tham chiu ADSL + ATU-C: Khi thu pht ADSL pha mng. + ATU-R: Khi thu pht ADSL pha khch hng. + AN: Nt truy nhp mng. + HPF v LPF: B lc thng cao v b lc thng thp. + CPE: Thit b ca khch hng. Ngi s dng c th la chn vic s dng ng thi dch v thoi POTS bng cch thm b tch (Splitter) R ti pha thu bao, khi tng i PSTN cn c b tch C. Cc giao din trong m hnh tham chiu: + V-C: Giao din gia im truy nhp v mng bng rng. + U-C: Giao din gia ng dy v b chia pha tng i. + U-C2: Giao din gia b chia v ATU-C. + U-R: Giao din gia ng dy v b chia pha khch hng.
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+ U-R2: Giao din gia b chia v ATU-R. + T-R: Giao din gia ATU-R v lp chuyn mch (ATM, STM hoc gi). + T/S: Giao din gia kt cui mng vi CPE. n gin, cc giao din U-C v U-R, T-R v T-S c gi chung l giao din U v giao din T. 3.1.3 K thut truyn dn trong ADSL ADSL c th s dng k ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM) hoc k thut trit ph ting vng (EC). Vi k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, di tn ln c tch bit vi di tn xung bi mt di bo v Hnh 3.2. V vy trnh c xuyn m. FDM Upstream Downstream
POTS Frequency 1 MHz
Hnh 3.2 ADSL s dng k thut ghp knh theo tn s Vi k thut xo ting vng, di tn hng ln nm trong di tn hng xung Hnh 3.3. Nh vy, s dng k thut xo ting vng cho hiu sut bng tn cao hn nhng k thut ny gy ra xuyn m, do n i hi vic x l tn hiu s phc tp hn. Echo Cancellation Downstream Upstream
POTS Frequency 1 MHz
Hnh 3.3 ADSL s dng k thut trit ph ting vng Do khng b nh hng t xuyn m ti trm trung tm (CO) nn k thut FDM cho cht lng hng ln tt hn nhiu so vi k thut EC, nhng bng tn
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hng xung ca k thut EC ln hn so vi k thut FDM nn cht lng hng xung ca k thut EC tt hn ca k thut FDM c bit i vi ng dy c khong cch ngn. 3.1.4 Cc phng php iu ch trong ADSL C 3 phng php iu ch c s dng trong ADSL l: + Phng php iu ch bin cu phng (QAM). + Phng php iu ch CAP. + Phng php iu ch tn s ri rc (DMT). Di y s nghin cu tng phng php c th. a. Phng php iu ch bin cu phng (QAM): QAM l phng thc iu ch s dng mt sng hnh sin v mt sng hnh cosin cng m tn s truyn tn hiu. Hai sng trn c truyn trn cng mt knh. Bin ca hai sng ny (k c du) c s dng truyn bit thng tin. Sau y l mt v d n gin v QAM truyn thng tin 4 bit trn cng mt k hiu Hnh 3.4.
chiu ln chm im
Xc nh chm im
Xc nh dng sng
Tm im gn nht
Bn bt vo
truyn v thu c trn knh
Bn bt ra
Hnh 3.4 V d v h thng QAM truyn 4 bit trn 1 k hiu. Bn bt tn hiu c nh x ln 16 im trn mt phng pha bin thnh mt chm im. Gi tr x v y ca mi im tng ng vi bin ca sng sin v cosin c truyn ln knh. C pha pht v pha thu u bit trc php nh x t
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t hp bt thnh cc im. Sau khi cc tn hiu sin v cosin c truyn trn knh, pha thu khi phc li bin ca mi tn hiu (s dng qu trnh cn bng v x l tn hiu). Bin ca cc tn hiu ny c chiu ln chm im ng nht vi chm im pha pht. Thng thng, nhiu v mo tn hiu trn knh v trn cc thit b in t lm cho cc im b chiu sai lch so vi v tr cc im trn chm im. My thu s la chn im no trn chm im c v tr gn nht so vi im va thu c. Nu nhiu qu ln th im gn nht vi im thu c s khc vi v tr ban u ca im pht, gy ra li. V d trn c gi l QAM16 do chm im c 16 v tr. S v tr tu thuc s bt trn mt k hiu. Chng hn nu l 2 bt/k hiu th phng php iu ch trn gi l QAM4. Hnh 3.5 Minh ho chm im ca QAM4 trn cng h trc to vi QAM16. Gi s nng lng trung bnh ca tn hiu trong hai phng php iu ch l nh nhau. Lu rng khong cch gia cc im ca QAM4 ln hn khong cch gia cc im ca QAM16. Do nu xt trn cng mt knh truyn th nhiu d tc ng vo QAM16 hn, tc l QAM16 i hi t s S/N cao hn QAM4 hay khong cch truyn ca QAM16 nh hn QAM4. Tng qut c th thy rng QAM c bc cng ln th i hi cng sut pht cng ln v khong cch truyn cng nh.
im QAM16 im QAM4
Hnh 3.5 Chm im QAM16 v QAM4 trn cng h trc to vi cng mc nng lng Hnh 3.6 l s khi ca b iu ch. Dng d liu t ngi s dng i vo b iu ch. Ti y d liu c chia thnh hai na, c iu ch thnh hai phn
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trc giao vi nhau ri c t hp thnh tn hiu cu phng v truyn trn knh truyn dn. iu c ngha l cc tn hiu cu phng l t hp ca hai tn hiu xut pht t cng mt ngun nhng c lm lch pha nhau 90 0.
Cosin wave generator
Set of bits input
Find (x, y) value
x x value value y value

Sin wave generator
I branch Q branch Output waveform
Hnh 3.6 S khi b iu ch QAM Hnh 3.7 l mt dng ca b gii iu ch QAM, u vo ca b gii iu ch l tn hiu thu c trn knh truyn v tn hiu u ra c chiu ln chm im ca my thu. Cosin wave generator I branch Received waveform A
Intergrate
Q branch
Find Closet point
Intergrate
Sin wave generator Hnh 3.7 S khi b gii iu ch QAM b. Phng php iu ch CAP : Phng php iu ch pha v bin khng s dng sng mang ny da trn phng php iu ch QAM. B thu ca phng php iu ch QAM yu cu tn hiu ti phi c ph v pha ging nh ph v pha ca tn hiu truyn dn. Do cc
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tn hiu truyn trn ng dy in thoi thng thng khng m bo c yu cu ny nn b iu ch ca ADSL phi lp thm b iu chnh thch hp b phn mo ca tn hiu truyn dn. iu ch CAP khng s dng kt hp trc ti trc giao bng kt hp sin v cosin. Vic iu ch c thc hin bng cch s dng b lc thng di hai na dng d liu. Cc bt cng mt lc m ho vo mt k hiu (symbol) v qua b lc, kt qu ng pha v lch pha s biu din bng n v symbol. Tn hiu c tng hp li i qua b chuyn i A/D, b lc v n phn x l trc khi n b gii m. B lc pha u thu v b phn x l l mt phn ca b cn bng, iu chnh. c. Phng php iu ch a tn ri rc (DMT): iu ch DMT l k thut iu ch a sng mang. DMT chia ph tn thnh cc knh 4KHz. Cc bt trong mi knh c iu ch bng k thut QAM v c t trong cc sng mang. Trong h thng ADSL, bng tn t trm trung tm xung thu bao c chia thnh 256 knh v bng tn t thu bao ln trm trung tm c chia lm 32 knh, mi knh c th mang mt s lng bt khc nhau ph thuc vo cht lng ca tng knh. Input bits
Amplitude
Gennerate wave Ang cosin Wave at f1
Input bits
Amplitude
Gennerate wave Ang cosin Wave at f2
Output wavefom
Input bits
Amplitude
Gennerate wave Ang cosin Wave at fn
Hnh 3.8 S iu ch DMT n gin Phng php iu ch DMT c nhiu u im ni bt. Nh ta bit mng in thoi c cht lng v chiu di dy khc nhau, cht lng tn hiu truyn trn
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mng ny chu nh hng ca cc loi nhiu nh xuyn m, tn hiu radio AM DMT khc phc vn ny bng cch s dng cc phn ph c suy hao v nhiu nh. DMT thc hin kim tra ng dy xc nh xem di tn s no c th c s dng v bao nhiu bt c th truyn trong mi knh. Knh c S/N ln truyn c nhiu bt hn cc knh c S/N nh. i vi knh tt (S/N ln) DMT thc hin tng s im trong chm im. 3.1.5 Ghp knh Chui bit trong cc khung ADSL c th chia ti a thnh 7 knh ti tin ti cng mt thi im. Cc knh ny c chia thnh 2 lp chnh: n hng v song hng. Ch rng, cc knh ti tin ny l cc knh logic v chui bit t tt c cc knh c truyn ng thi trn ng truyn ADSL m khng phi s dng bng tn ring. Bt k knh ti no cng c th c lp trnh mang tc l bi s ca tc 32Kbps (Bng 3.1). i vi nhng tc khng phi l bi s ca 32Kbps th phi s dng n cc bit ph trong phn mo u ca khung ADSL. Bng 3.1 Tc knh mang Knh mang AS0 AS1 AS2 AS3 LS0 LS1 LS2 H s nhn ti a 192 144 96 48 20 20 20 Tc cao nht h tr (Kbps) 6144 4608 3072 1536 640 640 640
a.Truyn ti n hng t trm trung tm ti khch hng: ADSL cho php to ti a bn knh ti tin t trm trung tm ti khch hng. Bn knh ti tin ny ch c nhin v mang chui bit ti khch hng v c k hiu t AS0 ti AS3. Cc knh ny thit lp trn c s bi s ca knh tc 1.536Mbps truyn tc c bn T1 (Bng 3.2).
Bng 3.2 Gii hn trn ca tc ti tin

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Knh con AS0 AS1 AS2 AS3
Tc knh con n0 x 1,536 Mbps n1 x 1,536 Mbps n2 x 1,536 Mbps n3 x 1,536 Mbps
Gi tr ca nhng n0 = 0,1,2,3 hoc 4 n1 = 0,1,2 hoc 3 n2 = 0,1 hoc 2 n3 = 0 hoc 1
S knh con ln nht c th hot ng ti bt c thi im no v s lng ti a knh ti tin c th truyn ng thi trong h thng ADSL tu thuc vo lp truyn ti. Din n ADSL a ra 4 lp truyn ti (Bng 3.3) c nh s t 1 n. Trong bng ny lp 1 v lp 4 l bt buc cn lp 2 v lp 3 l tu chn. Bng 3.3 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti Lp truyn ti Knh ti n hng Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) Knh ti la chn (Mbps) 1 6,114 1,356 3,072 4,608 6,114 4 (AS0,AS1, AS2,AS3) 640 576 384 160 C(64) 3 (LS0,LS1, LS2) 2 4,608 1,356 3,072 4,608 3 (AS0,AS1 ,AS2) 608 3 3,072 1,356 3,072 4 1,536 1,356
S lng knh ln nht
2 (AS0,AS1)
1 (AS0)
Knh ti song hng Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) Knh ti la chn (Mbps)
608
608
S lng knh ln nht
384 160 C(64) 2 (LS0,LS1) hay (LS0,LS2)
384 160 C(64) 2 (LS0,LS1) hay (LS0,LS2)
160 C(64) 2 (LS0,LS2)
ADSL cng xy dng cu trc 2Mbps truyn tc c bn E1 tuy nhin ch c 3 knh ti: AS0, AS, AS2 (Bng 3.4) h tr s dng lung 2Mbps. Bng 3.4 Cc knh h tr cho lung 2Mbps
45
n tt nghip i hc
Knh con AS0 AS1 AS2
Tc knh con n0 x 2,408 Mbps n1 x 2,408 Mbps n2 x 2,408 Mbps
Gi tr ca nhn n0 = 0,1,2 hoc 3 n1 = 0,1 hoc 2 n2 = 0 hoc 1
Vi cu trc 2Mbps, lp truyn ti c nh s t 2M-1 n 2M-3 (Bng 3.5). Chc nng ca tt c cc lp u tu chn. Bng 3.5 Cc phng n la chn knh mang cho cc lp truyn ti (E1) Lp truyn ti Knh ti n hng Dung lng ln nht (Mbps) Knh ti la chn (Mbps) 2M-1 6,114 2,048 4,096 6,114 3 2M-2 4,608 2,048 4,096 2 (AS0,AS1) 608 2M-3 2,048 2,048
S lng knh ln nht (AS0,AS1,AS2) Knh ti song hng Dung lng ln 640 nht (Mbps) Knh ti la chn 576 384 (Mbps) 160 C(64) S lng knh 3 ln nht (LS0,LS1,LS2)
1 (AS0) 176
384 160 C(64) 2 (LS0,LS1) hay (LS0,LS2)
160 C(64) 2 (LS0,LS1) hay (LS0,LS2)
b. Truyn ti song hng: C ba knh truyn ti song hng c th truyn trn giao din ADSL. Mt trong s l knh iu khin bt buc (gi l knh C). Knh C mang cc bn tin bo hiu cho vic la chn dch v v thit lp cuc gi. Tt c bo hiu t ngi s dng-mng cho cc knh ti n hng ti khch hng c ti t y. Tuy
46
n tt nghip i hc
nhin, knh C cng c th c s dng mang bo hiu cho knh song hng nu c yu cu. Bn cch knh C, h thng ADSL c th mang hai knh ti song hng tu chn LS1 hot ng tc 160Kbps v LS2 hot ng tc 384Kbps hoc 576Kbps. Cc phng n la chn knh mang i vi cc knh song hng c trnh by trong cc Bng 3.3 v Bng 3.5 trn. c.Phn mo u: K thut ADSL cng s dng phn mo u trong cu trc knh nh cc phng thc truyn dn khc. Phn mo u thc hin nhiu chc nng khc nhau trong qu trnh ti tin. Mt trong s cc chc nng ca phn mo u l ng b cc knh ti thit b ADSL hai u ng truyn c th nhn bit cu trc cc knh (AS v LS), tc ca cc knh, v tr ca cc bit trong khung. Cc chc nng khc ca phn mo u bao gm: Knh nghip v chung (EOC), knh iu khin nghip v (OCC) ti cu hnh, thch ng tc t xa v pht hin li qua vic kim tra CRC (kim tra phn d chu k), mt s bit s dng cho khai thc, qun l, v bo dng (OMC), s khc dng sa li trc (FEC). 3.1.6 Cu trc khung v siu khung Trong ADSL, mt siu khung bao gm mt dy 68 khung ADSL lin tip. Trong s mt vi khung c chc nng c bit. V d, khung 0 v 1 mang thng tin iu khin li (CRC) v cc bit ch th s dng cho qun l ng truyn. Ngoi ra, cc bit ch th khc c cha trong khung 34 v 35. Mt khung ng b c bit
Khung Khung Khung Khung Khung Khung khng nng ngKhung b ng b 0 mang tin 1 theo sau 2 siu khung m 34 nhn chc 35 66 cho siu 67 khung. Ib0-7 crc 0-7 trong siu Mt khung Trong byte nhanh byte v ng b
Khung
Siu khung (17 ms)
ADSL c chu Trong k 17 ms (Hnh 3.9). Trong

byte byte
Ib8-15
Ib16-23
Ib= (bit ch th) Cc byte NF
Khng dng hoc d liu mc bit
B m khung d liu (68/69x250s)
B m d liu nhanh
Fast byte
B m d liu xen
Cc byte FEC
Byte d liu
Byte d liu xen
1 byte KF byte khung d liu ghp, im Cc _ byte NF Ng Vn Nguyn D2001VT u ra FEC (im C) hoc khung d liu u vo m ho chm im (im C) RF byte Cc byte NF
47 Khung d liu u vo m ho chm im (C)
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.9 Cu trc siu khung ADSL Mt khung ADSL c chu k 250s v chia thnh 2 phn chnh: phn s liu nhanh v phn s liu xen. a.phn s liu nhanh: S liu nhanh c chn vo trong ng dn u tin ca khung. Byte u tin gi l fast byte v mang chc nng CRC v mt s bit ch th cn thit. Cc byte d liu t b m lin tc c chn tip sau fast byte. Cc byte cho mi knh mang theo yu cu nh (Hnh 3.10 v Hnh 3.11). Nu knh mang no khng dng th s khng c d liu chn vo tng ng. Nu nh khng c d liu no c gi i, th khung ch cha fast byte. Phn b m d liu nhanh kt thc bng cc byte cha thng tin ng b (AEX v LEX) v m sa li FEC. Mi siu khung ADSL dnh 8 bit cho CRC (crc0-crc7), 24 bit ch th (ib0-ib23) dnh cho chc nng OAM. Fast byte ca khung 0 c dng cho cc bit CRC, ca khung 1, 34, 35 dng bit ch th ib, cc khung cn li ti bit cu hnh (EOC) v bit iu khin ng b (SC) cho vic xc nh cu trc knh ti v ng b. Phn s liu nhanh c cu trc kim sot li n gin c dng truyn cc d liu yu cu tr nh v chp nhn li nh tn hiu Video, Audio. u ra FEC (im B) hoc khung d liu u vo m ho chm im C) Cc byte(im K
Ghp khung d liu im (A)
Byte ng b
F
AS0
AS1
AS2
AS3
L0
LS1
LS2
AEX
LEX
Cc byte FEC
Byte 1
Byte BF (AS0)
Byte BF (AS0)
Byte BF (AS1)
Byte BF (AS2)
Byte BF (AS3)
Byte BF (LS1)
Byte BF (LS2)
Byte AF
Byte LF
48
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.10 Khung d liu ng nhanh

msb
Frames 0, 1
crc7 crc6 crc5 crc4 crc3 crc2 crc1
lsb
crc0
msb
ib7 ib6 ib5 ib4 ib3 ib2 ib1
lsb
ib0
Frames 34, 35
ib15
ib14
ib13
ib12
ib11
ib10
ib9
ib8
ib23
ib22
ib21
ib20
ib19
ib18
ib17
ib16
Frames 2-23, 36-67
eoc
Synch Control
eoc6
eoc5
eoc4
eoc3
eoc2
eoc1
r1
eoc13
eoc12
eoc11
eoc10
eoc9
eoc8
eoc7
sc7
sc6
sc5
sc4
sc3
sc2
sc1
sc7
sc6
sc5
sc4
sc3
sc2
sc1
1 bit
8 bits
Trong cc khung bit7=msb v bit8=lsb Hnh 3.11 nh dng byte ng b ng nhanh cn gi l (fats byte) Phn s liu nhanh c chn vo sau khung s liu nhanh. u tin n c tp hp theo khun dng ging nh khung s liu nhanh. Byte ng b trong khung 0 mang cc bit kim tra CRC. Trong cc khung khc t 1 n 67, byte ng b s mang thng tin iu khin SC cho cc knh mang thng tin knh iu khin mo u ADSL2 (AOC) (Hnh 3.12 v Hnh 3.13).
Ghp khung d liu im (A)

Byte ng b
Cc byte KI
AS3
AS0
AS1
AS2
L0
LS1
LS2
AEX
LEX
Byte 1
Byte BI (AS0)
Byte BI (AS0)
Byte BI (AS1)
Byte BI (AS2)
Byte BI (AS3)
Byte BI (LS1)
Byte BI (LS2)
Byte AI
Byte LI
Cc byte KI
Ghp khung d liu #0
Cc byte KI
Ghp khung d liu #1
Cc byte K1
Ghp khung d liu # S-1
Cc byte R1 Cc byte FEC
Khung d liu u ra FEC # 0
Khung d liu u ra FEC #1
Khung d liu u ra FEC # S-1 Cc byte NI
Cc byte NI Cc byte NI _ D2001VT Ng Vn Nguyn
49
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 3.12 To khung ng xen
msb
Frame 0
crc7 crc6 crc5 crc4 crc3 crc2 crc1 crc0
Nu tn hiu c ch Synch th chn vo hng i Control

Frames 1-16
sc7
sc6
sc5
sc4
sc3
sc2
sc1
sc0
Nu tn hiu khng c ch th chn vo hng i
aoc
aoc7
aoc6
aoc5
aoc4
aoc3
aoc2
aoc1
aoc0
Hnh 3.13 nh dng byte ng b ng xen cn gi l sync byte Phn t to nn siu khung l cc khung ADSL. Cu trc s byte mc nh trong khung ADSL c trnh by trong Bng 3.6. Tuy nhin, cc gi tr mc nh c th thay i.
Bng 3.6 Vng m mc nh cho cc vng truyn ti (T1) Tn hiu AS0 AS1 AS2 AS3 LS0 LS1 LS2 Phn m nh tuyn d liu Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4 96 96 48 0 96 48 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phn m d liu nhanh Lp 1 Lp 2 Lp 3 Lp 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 12 12 12 0
50
n tt nghip i hc
Trn y nu ra nhng nt chnh ca cu trc khung v siu khung ca ADSL. Nh trn Bng 3.6, cu trc mc nh cho lp truyn ti th nht l 96byte AS0 v AS1 cho mi khung ADSL. V c 8 bit trong mt byte v 4000 khung ADSL c truyn i trong mt giy nn tc bit trn AS0 v AS1 l 3,072Mbps. Tng t nh trn, cc dch v tc da trn chun 2,048Mbps cng c quy nh kch c mc nh ca vng m cho lp truyn ti 2M (Bng 3.7) Bng 3.7 Vng mc nh cho cc lp truyn ti (E1) Tn hiu AS0 AS1 AS2 LS0 LS1 LS2 Phn m nh tuyn d liu xen Phn m d liu nhanh Lp 2M-1 Lp 2M-2 Lp 2M-3 Lp 2M-1 Lp 2M-2 Lp 2M-3 64 64 64 0 0 0 64 64 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 12 12 0
Cc knh AS0, AS1 v AS2 gi 64 byte trong mi khung trn lp truyn ti 2M-1. Nh vy s c ba knh ti tin t trm trung tm xung thu bao hot ng tc 2,048Mbps. 3.1.7 Hiu nng ca ADSL H thng ADSL ny cung cp mt bng thng khng i xng ti nh thu bao. chiu download (ti nh thu bao), bng thng ca n c th ti 7Mbps trong khi hng upload ti a khong 640Kbp. Nhn chung, tc d liu ti a ca ADSL ph thuc vo khong cch, kch thc dy v nhiu. Bng 3.8 Tc ti a ca ADSL Khong cch 18.000 FEC 13.500 FEC 12.000 FEC Loi cp (AWG) 24 26 24 Tc download (Mbps) 1.7 1.7 6.8 Tc upload (Mbps) 176 176 640
51
n tt nghip i hc
3.1.8 Sa li trong ADSL tng BER hay tng hiu nng ca h thng, tc l tng dung lng ti tc bit cho trc, sa li trc (FEC) c p dng. ANSI xc nh r vic s dng m ho Reed Solomon kt hp vi chn. Cng c th la chn vic s dng m ho Trelis nhng c th lm gim BER hay SNR. Ngi ta thc hin phn bit d liu nhy cm i vi tr, cho cc ng dng nh hi ngh truyn hnh hay cc phin TCP/IP, d liu khng nhy cm i vi tr v d nh Video theo yu cu (VOD). D liu nhy cm vi tr khng c chn v c truyn trong khong thi gian nh hn 2ms (mt chiu). D liu khng nhy cm vi tr c chn n c th chng li tt hn nhiu tc ng. Tiu chun ANST cho php truyn dn ng thi d liu nhy v khng nhy i vi tr. 3.2 Cng ngh ADSL2 3.2.1 Cc m hnh tham chiu 3.2.1.1 M hnh chc nng ATU Hnh 3.1 m t cc khi chc nng v giao din ca ATU- v AUT-R. l cc khi chc nng c bn nht ca ATU-C v ATU-R. Chc nng c iu khin bi h thng qun l ca nh khai thc (EMS hoc NMS) khng c m t trong Hnh 3.14.
PDM PMD PMS-TC
PMS-TC
c
TPS-TC#0
I/F Giao din ng dng I/F
PDM
Giao din OAM NTR
ATU-C MPS-TC
ATU-R MPS-TC
Giao din OAM NTR
TPS-TC #0
R
I/F /F I Giao din ng dng
TPSTC #0 TPS-
TPS-TC#1
TPS-TC #1
I/F
Hnh 3.14 M t chc nng ATU

TC #1
52
n tt nghip i hc
Cc chc nng c bn ca lp truyn thng vt l (PMD) bao gm to v khi phc nh thi k hiu, m ha v gii m, iu ch v gii iu ch, trit ting vng (nu c s dng), cn bng ng dy, khi to tuyn, ghp v tch tiu lp vt l (to siu khung). Ngoi ra, lp PMD c c th-hi t truyn dn (PMSTC). Lp PMS-TC thc hin cc chc nng to khung v ng b khung, hiu hiu chnh li hng pht, pht hin li, chc nng m ho ngu nhin v gii m ngu nhin. Ngoi ra lp PMS-TC cn cung cp knh tiu mang cc bn tin iu khin c to ra trong cc lp giao thc truyn ti c th-hi t truyn dn (TPS-TC), PMS-TC hoc PMD cng nh cc bn tin c to ra ti giao din qun l. Lp PMS-TC c kt ni vi lp TPS-TC qua giao din v trong ATU-R tng ng. Lp TPS-TC l c th ng dng v bao gm s thch ng ca s liu giao din khch hng v tn hiu iu khin vi giao din s liu ng b (cn ng b) ca TPS-TC. Ngoi ra, lp TPS-TC c th to ra hoc thu cc bn tin iu khin qua knh tiu ca lp PMS-TC. Lp TPS-TC lin lc cc khi giao din qua giao din R v C. Tu thuc vo ng dng c th m lp TPS-TC c th c yu cu h tr mt hoc nhiu knh s liu ca ngi s dng v cc giao din kt hp. Lp giao thc qun l c th-hi t truyn dn (MPS-TC) cung cp cc th tc qun l ATU. Chc nng MPC-TC lin lc vi cc chc nng lp cao hn trong lp qun l c m t trong ITU-T G.997.1 [04] (V d, h thng qun l phn t, iu khin CO-MIB). Thng tin qun l c trao i gia cc chc nng MPS-TC thng qua knh tiu ADSL. PMS-TC ghp knh tiu ADSL vi lung s liu TPS-TC truyn trn ng DSL. Thng tin qun l ch th nhng s c, li v thng tin gim st hiu nng c lin quan. Ngoi ra, n cn nh ngha mt s th tc iu khin qun l cho vic s dng bi cc chc nng lp cao hn, c bit l cho mc ch kim tra. Cc giao din , , R v C ch l cc im phn chia v mt logic, khng c ngha v mt vt l.
53
n tt nghip i hc
3.1.1.2 M hnh tham chiu giao thc khch hng M hnh tham chiu giao thc khch hng c m t trn Hnh 3.15, l m hnh trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng trong Hnh 3.14.
LT ATU-C
Giao thc truyn dn (v d ATM)
C C
R R
ATU-R NT1, AT1/2 Giao thc truyn dn (v d ATM)
Khng xc nh
Giao din ni b
TPS-TC
PMS-TC
TPS-TC
PMS-TC
Khng xc nh
Giao din ngi s dng
PMD
PMD
Phng tin vt l
Giao din ni b LT
S/T
Hnh 3.15 M hnh tham chiu giao thc khch hng 3.2.1.3 M hnh tham chiu qun l M hnh tham chiu giao thc mt phng qun l c m t trn Hnh 3.16, l m hnh trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng trong Hnh 3.14.
54
n tt nghip i hc
LT
ATU-C
ATU-R NT1, AT1/2
Giao thc qun l (G.997.1)
Khng xc nh
Giao din ni b
TPS-TC
PMS-TC
Giao din OAM
Giao thc qun l (G.997.1)
TPS-TC
PMS-TC
PMD
Khng xc nh
Giao din ngi s dng
PMD
Phng tin vt l
Giao din ni b LT
U
Hnh 3.16 M hnh tham chiu giao thc qun l
S/T
3.2.2 Mt s tnh nng mi ca ADSL2

ADSL2 pht trin trn nn tng ADSL nn n mang y cc c tnh ca ADSL, ngoi ra ADSL2 cn c mt s ci tin c bit. Do c nhng ci tin c bit nn nu ADSL trn ng dy in thoi c xut hin nhiu bng hp th ADSL2 t c hiu nng tt hn. Kt qu l ADSL2 ci thin ng k tc v khong cch so vi ADSL. C c kt qu ny l do ADSL2 ci thin hiu qu iu ch, gim tiu khung, t c li m ho cao hn, ci thin trng thi khi to v tng cng thut ton x l tn hiu... So vi ADSL, ADSL2 b xung mt s tnh nng mi sau. 3.2.2.1 Cc tnh nng lin quan n ng dng a. H tr ng dng ch hon ton s: ADSL a ra mt ch tu chn cho php truyn s liu ADSL trn bng tn thoi do tng thm 256Kbps cho tc d liu ng ln. Ch ny l la chn hp dn i vi cc doanh nghip s dng dch v thoi v s liu trn cc ng dy ring bit bi v nh ch ny m cc doanh nghip t c cc dch v vi tc ng ln cao hn. Hnh 3.17 a ra m hnh ng dng c bn cho dch v s liu vi cc im tham chiu v cc thit b c trin khai. Trong ng dng ny ATU-R l mt phn ca ADSL NT, ADSL NT kt ni vi mt hoc nhiu u cui khch hng, bao gm u cui s liu, thit b vin thng hoc cc thit b khc. Cc kt ni ti
55
n tt nghip i hc
phn thit b u cui c thc hin qua im tham chiu S/T. Kt ni gia ATUR v ATU-C c thc hin trc tip qua ng DSL qua im tham chiu U-R ti kt cui khch hng v qua im tham chiu U-C ti kt cui mng. ATU-C l mt phn ca nt truy nhp, c kt ni ti mng truy nhp bng rng ti im tham chiu V. Trong m hnh ng dng ny khng c dch v bng hp c trin khai trn ng DSL. ADSL c th hot ng trong ch hon ton s khng c dch v u tin hay hot ng ch c dch v u tin POTS hoc ISDN nhng khng s dng di tn dnh cho dch v u tin.
S/T AN
CO Network
V ATU-C
U-C DSL
U-R
NT
ATU-C
User Terminal
User
S/T
Te rminal (Optional)
Hnh 3.17 M hnh ng dng dch v s liu b. H tr ng dng thoi trn bng tn ADSL: C ba phng thc c bn truyn lu lng thoi trn ng dy cp ng s dng bng tn DSL l: Thoi qua ch truyn dn cn ng b (VoATM), thoi qua giao thc internet (VoIP) v thoi phn knh trn DSL (CVoDSL). + Phng thc VoATM, thc hin vic sp xp thoi c s ho v thng tin bo hiu vo cc t bo ATM, cc t bo ny c truyn trn ng dy in thoi v truyn qua mng n kt ni ring o ATM. + Tng t phng thc th hai, VoIP cng sp xp thoi c s ho v thng tin bo hiu vo cc gi IP v truyn chng trn ng dy in thoi cng vi s liu khc. + Cn phng thc CVoDSL, l mt ci tin ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s. Phng thc ny truyn lu lng thoi TDM mt cch trong sut qua bng tn DSL. CVoDSL l duy nht gia cc gii php thoi qua DSL trong n truyn thoi trong lp vt l, cho php truyn cc knh thoi trn bng tn DSL trong khi vn duy tr c POTS v truy nhp Internet tc cao. y l mt phng thc n gin, linh hot, hiu qu v mt chi ph cho php thit b th h sau c chc nng thoi.
56
n tt nghip i hc
CVoDSL s dng knh 64Kbps ca bng tn DSL (Hnh 3.18) truyn cc lung PCM DS0 t modem DSL ti kt cui u xa hoc trm trung tm, ging nh POST chun. Sau thit b truy nhp pht cc lung DS0 thoi trc tip ti chuyn mch knh qua PCM. Phng thc ny khng cn ng gi lu lng thoi vo cc giao thc cao hn nh ATM hay IP (Hnh 3.19) . Nhiu ng thoi c th hot ng ng thi ph thuc vo rng bng tn ng ln. Vi rng bng tn ng ln l 256Kbps th c th s dng cc i l bn knh thoi (256/44)
Hnh 3.18 CVoDSL s dng cc knh t bng tn lp vt l truyn cc ng thoi TDM

Customer Pmise VoIP AAL2 VoATM IP PPP AAL5 ATM xDSL Physical Layer Channelied VoDSL Baseand POTS AAL5 IP PPP AAL2 ATM Network
Hnh 3.19 CVoDSL khng ng gi s liu thoi nh VoIP v VoATM

POTS
c. H tr chc nng ghp ngc ATM (IMA) trong ATM TPS-TC: Mt yu cu chung t ra gia cc sng mang l kh nng cung cp cc mc dch v khc nhau (SLA) cho cc khch hng khc nhau. Tc s liu ti khch hng c th tng ng k bng cch ghp nhiu ng in thoi cng nhau. thc hin vic ghp, chun ADSL2 h tr chc nng ghp ngc ATM (IMA) c trin khai cho cu trc ATM truyn thng. Thng qua IMA, ADSL2 c th ghp hai hoc nhiu i dy ng trong mt tuyn ADSL. Kt qu l t c tc
57
n tt nghip i hc
ng xung linh hot hn (Hnh 3.20): + 20 Mbps trn 2 i ghp. + 30 Mbps trn 3 i ghp. + 40 Mbps trn 4 i ghp.
Hnh 3.20 Ghp nhiu ng dy in thoi tng tc s liu Chun IMA xc nh mt lp con mi, c gi l lp con ghp ngc ATM (IMA), nm gia lp vt l ADSL (PHY) v lp ATM. pha my pht, lp con IMA nhn lung ATM t lp ATM v phn phi lung ny ti nhiu lp vt l ADSL (Hnh 3.21). pha thu, lp con IMA nhn cc t bo ATM t nhiu lp vt l ADSL v cu trc li lung ATM ban u.
IAM Group
phy phy phy
Link 0 Link 1 Link 2
phy phy phy
IAM Group
Hnh 3.21 Chc nng ca IMA pha thu v pha pht Lp con IMA xc nh khung IMA, cc giao thc v cc chc nng qun l s dng thc hin cc hot ng trn khi lp vt l suy gim (li bit), mt ng b v c tr khc nhau. hot ng c di cc iu kin ny th chun IMA cng yu cu c s iu chnh i vi mt s chc nng lp vt l ADSL
58
n tt nghip i hc
chun nh loi b cc t bo ri v cc t bo li ti my thu. ADSL2 bao gm ch hot ng IMA cung cp nhng iu chnh lp vt l cn thit cho IMA d hot ng kt hp vi ADSL. 3.2.2.2 Cc tnh nng lin quan n PMS-TC a. Vic phn khung linh hot hn, h tr ti 4 khung mang, 4 ng: S liu c truyn khc nhau c th c tp hp vo cc cu trc khc nhau khi chng truyn qua chc nng PMS-TC pht. Nhm cu trc ny c gi l cu trc khung. Cu trc khung ATU vi trng hp hai khung mang truyn trn mt ng (NBC=2, NLP=1, TP=1) c minh ho trn Hnh 3.22. Hnh ny ch ra cu trc khung v cc nhm s liu ti thi im bt u th tc PMS-TC ti cc im tham chiu A, B v C ca cc ng #0 v ti thi im kt thc th tc PMS-TC.
Data from Frame.beare(0).confirm and B00+B01 octets
Frame Bearer#0 (B00 octets) Frame Bearer#1 (B01 octets)

Sync Frame Bearer#0 Octets (B00 octets) Sync Frame Bearer#0 Octets (B01octets)
Refrence Point A FEC Data Frame B00+B01 +1 octets
Refrence Point B FEC Data Frame M0X(B00+B01+1 )+R0 octets Refrence Point C Interleaved FEC Data Frame M0X(B00+B01+1)+R0 octets Data Frame in PMD.Bits.confirm L0 bits
MDF #0
MDF #0
MDF #(M0-1)
FEC (R0 octets)
(Interleaved FEC Data Frame)

Data Frame #(i-1) L0 bits Data Frame #i L0 bits Data Frame #(i+1) L0 bits
Hnh 3.22 Minh ha cu trc khung vi hai khung mang mt ng Hnh 3.23 minh ha cu trc khung khi chc nng PMS-TC c cu hnh h tr hai khung mang vi hai ng (NBC=2, BLP=2, B00=0, B11=0).
59
n tt nghip i hc
Latency Path Function #0 Data Form Frame(0).confirm B00+1 octets Refrence Point A MUX Data frame B01 +1 octets Frame Bearer Channel #0

Latency Path Function #1 Frame Bearer Channel #1 Data Form Frame(0).confirm B00+1 octets Refrence Point A MUX Data frame B01 +1 octets
Refrence Point B FEC Data frame M0X(B01+1 )+R0 otets Refrence Point C Interleaved FEC Data Frame M0X(B01+1)+R0 octets
MDF # 0
MDF # 0
MDF # (M0-1)
FEC R
0
MDF # 0
MDF # 0
MDF # (M0-1)
FEC R
0
octet
octet
Refrence Point B FEC Data frame M0X(B01+1 )+R0 otets Refrence Point C Interleaved FEC Data Frame M0X(B01+1)+R0 octets
L1 bits
L1 bits
L0 bits
L0 bits
Data Frame #(i) L1+LL0 bits
Data Frame #(i-1) L1+LL0 bits
Hnh 3.23 Minh ha cu trc khung vi hai ng v hai khung Cc tham s trong cc hnh v c ngha v gi tr nh sau: + p, n l ch s ng v khung mang tng ng. N c cc gi tr 0, 1, 2 hoc 3. + Bp n l s octet trong khung mang n trn ng p. 0 B p n 254, Bp n 254. + Rp l ch s octet RS trn cng mt t m trong ng p. N cng l ch s octet d trn khung s liu FEC trong ng p. R p nhn cc gi tr 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 hoc 16. + Mp l s khung ghp s liu trn khung s liu FEC trong ng p. N nhn cc gi tr 1, 2, 4, 8 hoc 16. Nu Rp=0 th Mp=1. + Lp l s bit t ng p a ti khi PMD trn PMD.Bits.comfirm. N c gi tr 1Lp15*(NSC-1) v 8Lp*(NSC-1). + NSC l ch s sng mang ph cao nht. b. Gim tiu khung: H thng ADSL2 gim tiu khung bng cch s dng khung vi cc tiu ca khung c th lp trnh c. Do , khng nh trong chun ADSL th h th nht s bit tiu trn khung l c nh v chim 32Kbps ca ti s liu thc
60
n tt nghip i hc
t, trong chun. ADSL2 s bit tiu chun trong khung c th lp trnh c chim t 4 n 32Kbp. Trong cc h thng ADSL th h th nht, trn cc ng dy in thoi c tc s liu thp (v d 128Kbps) th 32Kbps (hoc 25% tc s liu tng) c cung cp pht c nh cho thng tin tiu . Trong cc h thng ADSL2, tc s liu tiu c th gim xung cn 4Kbps, do cung cp thm 28Kbps cho ti s liu. 3.2.2.3 Cc tnh nng lin quan n PMD a.Chun on: Vic xc nh nguyn nhn ca nhng vn pht sinh trong qu trnh cung cp dch v ADSL cho khch hng l mt tr ngi rt ln trong tin trnh pht trin ca ADSL. khc phc vn ny, b thu pht ADSL2 c tng cng kh nng chun on. Kh nng chun on cung cp cc cng c gii quyt nhng vng mc trong v sau khi to, gim st trong khi cung cp dch v v nng cao nng lc. chun on v gii quyt cc vn gp phi th cc b thu pht ADSL2 cung cp kh nng thc hin o tp m ng dy, suy gim mch vng v t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) ti hai u ng dy. Kt qu ca nhng php o ny c tp hp li bng cch s dng ch kim tra chun on c bit ngay c khi cht lng ng dy l qu ti c th hon thnh kt ni ADSL. Ngoi ra, ADSL2 bao gm kh nng gim st hiu nng thi gian thc, kh nng ny cung cp thng tin v cht lng ng dy v iu kin tp m ti hai u ng dy. Thng tin ny c x l bi phn mn gim st cht lng kt ni ADSL v trnh xy ra cc li dch v trong tng lai. Thng tin ny cng c s dng quyt nh xem mt khch hng c th c cung cp cc dch v c tc s liu cao hn hay khng. b. Thch ng tc : Cc ng dy in thoi c bn vi nhau trong b cp nhiu i cha 25 hoc nhiu hn cc i dy xon. Kt qu l tn hiu in t mt i gy ra t trng trn cc i gn k trong b cp Hnh 3.24 . Hin tng ny c gi l xuyn m v c th cn tr c tnh tc s liu ADSL. Kt qu l nhng thay i ca cc mc xuyn m c th lm t kt ni trong ADSL. Xuyn m ch l
61
n tt nghip i hc
mt nguyn nhn gy t kt ni trn h thng ADSL. Cc nguyn nhn khc c th l do nhiu sng v tuyn AM, nhng thay i v nhit v nc trong b cp.
Hnh 3.24 nh hng gia cc i dy bn vi nhau trong cng mt cp ADSL2 gi quyt vn ny bng cch thch ng lin tc tc s liu theo thi gian thc. Ci tin ny, c gi l thch ng tc lin tc (SRA), cho php h thng ADSL2 thay i tc ca kt ni trong khi cung cp dch v m khng lm ngt dch v hoc gy li bit. ADSL2 pht hin ra nhng thay i trong iu kin knh (v d, mt trm v tuyn AM ni ht ngng pht vo bui ti) v thch ng tc s liu vi iu kin mi trong sut vi ngi s dng. SRA da trn c s tch lp iu ch v lp to khung trong h thng ADSL2. Vic tch ny cho php lp iu ch thay i cc tham s tc s liu truyn dn m khng thay i cc tham s trong lp to khung bi v vic thay i cc tham s trong lp to khung lm cho modem mt ng b khung, iu ny gy ra cc li bit khng th hiu chnh c hoc phi khi ng li h thng. SRA s dng cc th tc cu hnh li trc tuyn phc tp (OLR) ca h thng ADSL2 thay i nhanh tc s liu ca kt ni. Giao thc c s dng cho SRA nh sau: + My thu gim st SNR ca knh v quyt nh thay i tc s liu cn thit b li nhng thay i trong iu kin knh. + My thu gi mt bn tin ti my pht bt u thay i tc s liu. Bn tin ny cha tt c nhng tham s truyn dn cn thit pht ti tc s liu mi. Nhng tham s ny cha s bit c iu ch v cng sut pht trn mi knh.
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n tt nghip i hc
+ My pht gi mt tn hiu c ng b c s dng nh mt nghi nhn ch th chnh xc thi im s dng tc s liu mi v cc tham s truyn dn mi. + Tn hiu c ng b c pht hin bi my thu v c my thu v my pht cng chuyn nhanh v trong sut sang tc s liu mi. c. H tr khi to nhanh: Khi to b thu pht ADSL c yu cu cho kt ni gia ATU-C v ATU-R thit lp mt tuyn thng tin gia chng. Trn Hnh 3.25 t tng quan cc khi chc nng trong qu trnh khi to. Trn Hnh 3.25 mi b thu pht c th xc nh nhng thuc tnh c lin quan ca knh thng qua th tc phn tch knh v iu khin b thu pht. Trong qu trnh trao i, vi b pht u xa v s bit, cc mc cng sut c lin quan c s dng trn mi sng mang ph DMT, thng tin tc s liu cui cng v cc bn tin khc. ATU-C Th tc bt tay Pht hin knh iu khin b thu pht Phn tch knh Trao i
ATU-R Th tc bt tay Pht hin knh iu khin b thu pht Thi gian Hnh 3.25 Tng quan qu trnh khi to ADSL th h th nht ch h tr ch khi to thng thng. Tuy nhin ADSL2 h tr c hai ch : ch khi to thng thng v ch khi to nhanh. Th tc khi to thng thng mt khong t 10 ti 15 giy trong khi th tc khi to nhanh ch mt khong t 2 ti 3 giy. C c iu ny l do th tc khi to nhanh da vo vic lu tr v s dng li cc tham s truyn dn t khi to thng thng trc nh gim ng k thi gian iu khin. Trong th tc bt tay ti ATU-C vic ch th ch khi to nhanh c thc hin bi bit Par(2) PMD trong bn tin CLR. Khi bit ny c thit lp l 1 th ch th rng ATU-C c h tr khi to nhanh, ngc li th thit lp l 0. Tng t, vic ch
Phn tch knh
Trao i
63
n tt nghip i hc
th ATU-R c h tr vic khi to nhanh hay khng cng c hin th bi bit Par(2)PMD trong bn tin CLR trong th tc bt tay ti ATU-R. Nu ATU-R c h tr cha nng khi to nhanh th bit ny c thit lp l 1, ngc li th thit lp l 0. Ngoi ra trong trng thi khi to nhanh cn mt s ci tin nh sau: + Kh nng ct gim cng sut ti hai u ng dy gim vng u gn v gim nhiu xuyn m trong cp. + Vic quyt nh cp pht tone iu khin bi my thu l trnh tnh trng knh trng t cu r nhnh hoc nhiu bng hp t sng v tuyn AM. + Vic iu khin di trng thi khi to c thc hin bi my thu v my pht cho php iu khin mt cch ti u cc chc nng x l tn hiu ca my thu v my pht. + Vic my thu quyt nh sng mang s dng cho cc bn tin khi to l trnh tnh trng knh trng t cu r nhnh hoc nhiu bng hp t sng v tuyn AM. + Ci tin trong vic nhn dng knh iu khin b cn bng trong min thi gian ca my thu vi nh dng ph trong pha pht hin knh v pha iu khin b thu pht trong qu trnh khi to. + Vic ngt tm thi m tn (nhng m tn khng c php) trong khi to cho php loi b nhiu tn v tuyn (RFI). + Ci tin trong pha iu khin b thu pht vi vic trao i cc c tnh tn hiu thu pht mt cch chi tit. Vi nhng ci tin trong khi to va lm tng tc s liu va ci thin kh nng tng tc gia cc b thu pht ADSL t cc nh cung cp khc nhau. d. Ci thin v mt cng sut: Cc b thu pht ADSL th h th nht hot ng ch cng sut ln nht sut ngy m ngay c khi khng c s dng. Vi nhiu triu modem ADSL c trin khai th c th tit kim ng k nng lng in nu cc modem nm trong ch d phng/ng ging nh my tnh. Vi ch ny cng tit kim cng sut cho cc b thu pht ADSL ang hot ng trong cc khi u xa v cc t sng mang mang mch vng s (DLC) c yu cu rt kht khe v to nhit.
64
n tt nghip i hc
p ng vn ny, chun ADSL2 a ra ch qun l cng sut gip gim cng sut tiu th trong khi vn duy tr chc nng lun lun kt ni ca ADSL cho ngi s dng. Nhng ch ny bao gm: ch cng sut L2 v ch cng sut L3. Ch cng sut L2 cho php tit kim ng k cng sut ti khi thu pht ADSL trm trung tm (ATU-C) bng cch vo v ra ch cng sut thp mt cch nhanh chng da trn lu lng Internet chy trn kt ni ADSL (Hnh 3.26). Ch cng sut L2 l mt trong nhng ci tin quan trng nht ca chun ADSL2. Khi ti xung cc file d liu ln th ADSL2 hot ng ch cng sut ln nht (c gi l ch cng sut L0) cc i tc ti xung. Khi lu lng Internet gim, v d nh khi ngi s dng ang c mt trang vn bn di, th cc h thng ADSL2 c th chuyn sang ch cng sut thp L2, trong ch ny tc s liu gim ng k v gim cng sut tiu th.
Hnh 3.26 Cc ch cng sut L0, L2 v L3 Trong khi ang chy L2, h thng ADSL2 c th ngay lp tc chuyn sang ch cng sut L0 v tng tc s liu cc i ngay khi ngi s dng bt u ti xung mt file. C ch vo/ra L2 v vic thch ng tc s liu c thc hin m khng lm ngt dch v hoc gy ra li bit, do l trong sut i vi ngi s dng.
65
n tt nghip i hc
Ch ny cho php tit kim cng sut ti c ATU-C v b thu pht ADSL xa (ATU-R) bng cch vo ch ng khi kt ni khng c s dng trong khong thi gian di. Ch cng sut L3 l ch ng trong lu lng khng c truyn trn kt ni ADSL khi ngi s dng khng trc tuyn. Khi ngi s dng trng thi trc tuyn th cc b thu pht ADSL yu cu khong 3 giy khi to li v vo ch kt ni trng thi sn sng. Th tc vo, ra L2 Mt trong cc tnh nng quan trng ca vic chuyn i trng thi gia L2 v L0 l chng khng gy ra li hoc ngt dch v. C c diu ny l v ADSL2 s dng phng php phn khung mi lin quan n vic tch ghp lp truyn thng vt l (PMD) ADSL ra khi lp truyn thng vt l c th-hi t truyn dn (PMS-TC). Tnh nng ny lin quan n tham s S l tham s ch th s khung PMD trong mt khung PMS-TC. Trong cc chun ADSL trc, tham s ny l mt s nguyn c nh. Tuy nhin, trong chun ADSL2 tham s ny c php ly cc gi tr khng nguyn. Bng cch ny lp PMD iu chnh tc s liu trn kt ni m khng nh hng n cc lp cao hn. Khi vo L2, lp PMD gim s liu v gim cng sut pht tit kim nng lng. Vic chuyn t L0 sang L2 c iu khin bi b thu pht ADSL2 ti trm trung tm (ATU-C) Hnh 3.27.
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n tt nghip i hc
ATU-C
Xc nh rng yu cu tc s liu gim
Gi bn tin ti ATU-R yu cu vo L2
Yu cu vo L2
ATU-R
Gii m bn tin yu cu vo L2 t ATU-Chuyn tip v tr li bng bn tin ng vo L2
ng vo L2
Nhn bn tin ng vo L2 v gi k hiu SyncFlag vo L2
K hiu SyncFlag
Pht hin k hiu SyncFlag v chuyn cc thng s truyn dn sang L2
Vo L2 gim tc s liu v gim cng sut pht. Lu tr cc thng s L0
Vo L2 gim tc s liu v gim cng sut pht. Lu tr cc thng s L0 v khi ng b pht hin chui yu cu thot
Hnh 3.27 Biu minh ho qu trnh vo L2 B thu pht ADSL2 xc nh yu cu lu lng da trn s t bo ATM c pht trn kt ni ADSL. C rt nhiu thut ton c s dng thc hin cng vic ny. V d, ATU-C c th m s t bo ATM ri c pht trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (V d 10 giy) v da trn nhng t bo c xc nh trc quyt nh thi im vo L2. Cc bc vo L2 nh sau: 1. ATU-C xc nh thy rng cc yu cu v tc s liu gim ng k v mong mun tit kim cng sut L2.
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n tt nghip i hc
2.
ATU-C gi bn tin (yu cu vo L2) cho b thu pht ADSL2 ti u
xa (ATU-R). Cc bn tin ny cha cc yu cu v tc s liu cc i v cc tiu trong L2 v cc gi tr ct gim cng sut cc i v cc tiu theo n v dB. 3. ATU-R tr li bng cch gi bn tin (ng vo L2) ti ATU-C. Bn tin ny cha cc tham s L2 bao gm cc bn tin mi v bt/ li/sp xp li, gi tr ct gim cng sut L2 v gi tr ct gim cng sut c s dng cho k hiu ra khi L2 k tip. 4. ATU-C vo L2 bng cch gi k hiu ng b (k hiu syncflag). Trn k hiu bin i a tn ri rc DMT u tin sau khi pht k kiu syncflag, h thng bt u pht li tc s liu L2 mi v mc cng sut pht L2 mi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc bng bt/ li/sp xp li L2 v gi tr ct gim cng sut L2. Trong L2, ATU-C lu cc tham s truyn dn L0 s dng khi thot ra khi L2 v quay tr li L0. 5. ATU-R vo L2 sau khi tch k hiu syncflag trn k hiu DMT u tin. Sau khi nhn k hiu syncflag, h thng bt u nhn li tc s liu L2 mi v mc cng sut pht l2 mi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc bng bt/ li/sp xp li L2 v gi tr ct gim cng sut L2. Trong L2, ATU-R lu cc tham s truyn dn L0 s dng khi thot ra khi L2 v quay tr li L0. Ch rng, vic lu cc tham s truyn dn cc tham s L0 bao gm cc bng bt L0, bng li L0 v bng sp xp li L0 yu cu thm b nh trn b thu pht L2. thng thng, b thu pht L2 vi 256 sng mang phi thm b nh 768byte lu cc tham s truyn dn L0. Ngoi ra, b thu v b pht phi c thit k sao cho b pht c th chuyn sang cc tham s truyn dn mi ngay khi tch chui u ra L2. Khi ra khi L2 v quay tr li L0, lp PMD tng tc s liu v mc cng sut pht ti mc L0 trc. Vic chuyn t L2 v L0 c iu khin bi ATU-C hoc ATU-R (Hnh 3.28)
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n tt nghip i hc
ATU-C
Xc nh thy c yu cu thot khi L2 bi v c yu cu tng tc d liu
ATU-R OR Yu cu vo L0
Xc nh thy c yu cu thot khi L2 thc hin cc chc nng x l tn hiu thu
Gi mt chui thot khi L2 ti AUT-R
Chui ra khi L2
Pht hin chui thot ra khi L2
Vo L0 v lu cc thng s L0 Vo L0 v lu cc thng s L0
Hnh 3.28 Biu minh ho th tc vo ra L2 ATU-R c th bt u thot ra L2 v vo L0 thc hin cc chc nng x l tn hiu ca b thu (v d, cu hnh li trc tuyn hoc trao i bt). B thu pht ATU-C c th bt u chuyn t L2 sang L0 khi yu cu tc s liu tng vt qu kh nng L2. Cng nh trng hp vo L2, cc thut ton c s dng xc nh yu cu lu lng da trn s t bo ATM ri c pht trn mt kt ni ADSL. Cc bc cho vic thot ra khi L2 nh sau: 1. A) ATU-C xc nh thy rng cc yu cu v tc s liu tng ng k v yu cu quay tr li L0. B) ATU-R xc nh yu cu quay tr li L0 thc hin cc thut ton x l tn hiu v gi bn tin yu cu vo L0 ti ATU-C. 2. ATU-C vo L0 bng cch pht mt chui u ra L2. Trn k hiu DMT u tin sau khi pht chui u ra L2, cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 lu trong b thu pht c s dng cho vic truyn dn. 3. ATU-R tch chui u ra L2 v vo L0. Trn k hiu DMT u tin sau khi tch chui u ra L2, cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 lu trong b thu pht c s dng thu.
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n tt nghip i hc
Vic ATU-R tch chui u ra L2 v chuyn sang tham s truyn dn L0 lu trong b thu pht gy nhiu kh khn cho b thu pht ADSL. Do chui u ra L2 c th c gi ti v tr ca bt k k hiu DMT thng thng no nn ATU-R phi tch chui u ra L2 trong khi vn thu v gii iu ch cc k hiu DMT thng thng trong trng thi hot ng n nh. Do , b tch chui u ra L2 s hot ng mt cch hiu qu song song vi cc chc nng gii iu ch thng thng v khi tch chui u ra L2, ATU-C phi thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Tch k hiu DMT chui u ra L2 v khng chuyn ti lp PMS-TC do chng khng mang thng tin thc. 2. Bt u s dng cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 lu trong b thu pht trn k hiu DMT u tin sau k hiu u ra L2 cui cng. iu ny c ngha rng vi nhng b xung xc nh c th yu cu cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 th hai lu trong phn cng c th chuyn nhanh bi v khng thi gian ti cc bng bit/ li/sp xp li L0 hin thi vi cc gi tr tham s truyn dn L0 c lu tr. Vic tch chui u ra L2 c th c thc hin bng cch s dng nhiu thut ton tch. Mt thut ton kh ph c lin quan n vic tch cung phn t a tone. Do chui u ra L2 s dng mu bit c xc nh trc iu ch tt c m tn a sng mang s dng kho dch pha cu phng (QPSK) nn b tch cung phn t c th c s dng tch mt cch hiu qu chui u ra L2. B tch cung phn t m s tone trong k hiu DMT thu c, k hiu ny c mt im chm sao nm cng cung phn t nh k hiu chui u ra. V d, s dng N tone th b tch gc c th quyt nh tch chui u ra nu T tone c chm sao nm cng cung phn t nh chui k hiu u ra. Vic la chn s tone (N) v ngng (T) l mt cn bng gia kh nng mt v kh nng tch sai. Nu N ln v T gn vi gi tr N th kh nng tch sai l thp. Nhng kh nng mt li cao bi v nu N-T tone ca k hiu chui u ra u tin b thu li (ngha l cung phn t sai) th b tch s mt chui u ra. Mt khc, nu N ln v T nh hn rt nhiu so vi N kh nng mt thp bi v d N-T tone ca k hiu chui u ra u tin c b thu li (ngha l cung phn t sai) th b tch vn tch c chui u ra. Tuy nhin, kh nng tch sai li cao,
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n tt nghip i hc
nu mt k hiu DMT s liu thc s c T tone vi im chm sao nm cng cung phn t vi k hiu u ra th b tch s quyt nh tch. Ch cng sut L3 Ch cng sut L3 c s dng khi ngi dng khng trc tuyn hoc khng c lu lng c truyn trn kt ni ADSL2. Trong L3 c th cung cp ngun hoc khng v do trng thi L3 tit kim ngun cc i. Tuy nhin, khng nh ch cng sut L2, khi trong L3 kt ni ADSL2 cn qua qu trnh khi to trc khi kt ni c thit lp li. Vic chuyn t L0 sang L3 c iu khin bi ATU-C hoc ATU-R. Cc bc vo L3 nh sau: 1.ATU yu cu chuyn sang L3 (ATU yu cu) gi bn tin yu cu vo L3 ti ATU u bn kia. 2.ATU u bn kia tr li bng cch gi bn tin ng vo L3 ti ATU yu cu. 3.Cc ATU vo th tc ngng tm thi v ngng pht. Vic chuyn t L3 sang L0 c iu khin bi ATU-R hoc ATU-C. ATU khi u vic chuyn ch cng sut bng cch s dng hoc th tc khi to thng thng hoc th tc khi to ngn. Th tc khi to thng thng mt khong t 10 ti 15 giy trong khi th tc khi to ngn ch mt khong t 2 ti 3 giy. Th tc khi to ngn da vo vic lu tr v s dng li cc tham s truyn dn t khi to thng thng trc gim thi gian iu khin. 3.2.3 Kt lun v cng ngh ADSL2 ADSL2 l th th hai ca ADSL c chun ho trong ITU G.992.3 v G992.4 da trn chun ca th h th nht ITU G.992.1 v G.992.2. Tuy nhin ADSL2 c nhiu ci tin so vi ADSL th h th nht. Nh nhng ci tin nu trn m ADSL2 ci thin ng k v tc v khong cch so vi ADSL. Vi ADSL2 c th t c tc ng xung trn 8Mbps v ng ln ti 800Kbps trn mt i dy in thoi. So vi ADSL, ADSL2 tng tc ng xung khong t 50 n 196Kbps v tng tc ng ln khong t 32 n 64Kbps. Mt khc, vi cng tc s liu nh ADSL, ADSL2 tng khong cch so vi ADSL t 500 n 1000feet (khong t 150 n 300m). Hnh 3.29 m t mt v d v tc v
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khong cch ADSL2 so vi ADSL th h th nht. Trn ng y in thoi c cng di so vi ADSL th ADSL2 c tc s liu tng khong 50Kbps. Vi cng tc nh ADSL, ADSL2 t c khong cch tng khong 600feet (khong 180m) so vi ADSL, iu ny lm tng vng ph khong 6%.
Hnh 3.29 H thng ADSL2 ci thin khong cch so vi ADSL
3.3 Cng ngh ADSL2+

Cng ngh ADSL2+ l thnh vin mi nht trong h cc chun ADSL. ADSL2+ c chun ho trong ITU G.992.5 vo thng 5 nm 2003. C th coi ADSL2+ l ADSL th h th ba hoc l phin bn delta ca ADSL th h th hai (ADSL2). Cng ging nh ADSL2, ADSL2+ s dng i dy ng xon truyn ng thi thoi v s liu tc cao gia kt cui mng (ATU-C) v kt cui khch hng (ATU-R). Tuy nhin bng tn ca ADSL2+ c khc so vi bng tn ca ADSL2. Trong khi ADSL2 s dng bng tn t 0-1,1Mhz th ADSL2+ s dng bng tn t 0-2,2Mhz. Cng ging nh ADSL2, ADSL2+ dnh bng tn c s truyn thoi, bng tn thp truyn s liu ng ln v bng tn cao truyn s liu ng xung. Tuy nhin, bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2+ gp i so vi bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2, do ADSL2+ tng ng k tc s liu trn ng dy in thoi c khong cch ngn hn 9Kilofeet (khong 3 km) 3.3.1 Mt s tnh nng mi ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2 ADSL2+ l ADSL2 vi bng tn m rng n c chun ho da trn chun ca ADSL2. Do , ADSL2+ mang y cc c tnh ca ADSL2. Tuy nhin,
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ADSL2+ cn c thm mt s tnh nng mi nhm p ng tc s liu cao hn trn mch vng c khong cch ngn hn. Mt s tnh nng mi c thm vo nh sau: a. M rng bng tn: Trong khi hai thnh vin trong h cc chun ADSL2 l G.992.3(G.dmt.bis) v G.992.4(G.lite.bis) s dng bng tn ng xung ti 1,1Mhz v 552Mhz tng ng th ADSL2+ s dng bng tn ng xung ti 2.208Mhz tng ng vi 512 sng mang ph (Hnh 3.30). Nh vy bng tn ca ADSL2+ tng gp i so vi bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2 cn bng tn ng ln ca ADSL2+ khng thay i so vi ADSL2
Hnh 3.30 Bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2+ Nh ci tin c bit ny m tc s liu ng xung ca ADSL2+ tng gp i so vi ADSL2 trn ng dy in thoi c khong cch di 4Kilofeet v cao hn nhiu so vi ADSL2 trn ng dy in thoi c khong cch t 4 n 8Kilofeet. Tuy nhin vi ng dy in thoi c khong cch ln hn 8Kilofeet th tc s liu ng xung ca ADSL2+ tng t nh ADSL2 (Hnh 3.31).
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Hnh 3.31 Tc s liu ng xung ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2 ADSL2+ cng c th s dng gim xuyn m. Xuyn m l hin tng tn hiu t i dy ny gy nhiu sang i dy khc trong cng cp nhiu i. Xuyn m bao gm hai loi: xuyn m u gn (NEXT) v xuyn m u xa (FEXT). Vi mc ch gim xuyn m th ADSL2+ cung cp kh nng ch s dng cc tn s nm trong khong t 1.1Mhz ti 2.2Mhz bng cch che cc tn s thp hn 1.1Mhz. iu ny c bit hu dng khi cc dch v ADSL t trm trung tm (CO) v t kt cui u xa (RT) cng nm trn mt cp ti nh khch hng (Hnh 3.32). Trong iu kin ny, nh cung cp dch v c th trin khai dch v ADSL2 vi bng tn ng xung t 0.14Mhz ti 1.1Mhz cho khch hng cch xa trm trung tm (CO) vi yu cu tc s liu khng thc s cao cn cc khch hng cch xa trm trung tm (CO) nhng gn trm kt cui u xa (RT) vi yu cu tc s liu cao th c th s dng dch v ADSL2+ vi bng tn ng xung t 1.1Mhz ti 2.2Mhz. Bng cch ny c th loi b hu ht xuyn m gia cc dch v v m bo c tc ng dy t trm trung tm.
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Hnh 3.32 ADSL2+ c th c s dng gim xuyn m b. Ghp t tc cao hn: K thut ghp nhiu ng dy in thoi nhm mc ch t tc s liu cao hn v ci thin khong cch l k thut mi ca h cng ngh ADSL2. Cng ging nh ADSL2, vic ghp ADSL2+ cng thc hin ghp nhiu ng ADSL2+. Tuy nhin, ADSL2+, vic ghp t c tc s liu cao hn rt nhiu so vi ADSL2. Nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.33, bng cch ghp hai ng ADSL2+ c th cung cp cho khch hng tc s liu ln n 44Mbps trn ng dy c khong cch ngn hn 5Kilofeet (khong 1.5km). Trn cc ng dy in thoi c khong cch xa hn, vic ghp hai ng ADSL2+ c th h tr c tc 8Mbps vi khong cch trn 12Kilofeet (khong 3.6km).
DATA RATE (MBPS)
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Bonded ADSL2+
ADSL2+ ADSL
Hnh 3.33 Ghp hai ng ADSL2+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

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LOOP LENGTH (KFT)

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Vic ghp nhiu i dy in thoi trong ADSL2+ c mt s c im nh sau: + Vic ghp h tr kh nng t ng gii phng v khi phc cc i dy m khng vn s can thip ca con ngi. Mt khc, vic ghp c th c thc hin t ng bng phn mm. + Vic ghp h tr cc tc s liu khc nhau (vi t l 4/1) gia cc i dy. iu ny rt c ngha trong trng hp cc ng dy ng c dung lng thp hn cc ng dy khc th khng cn thit phi gim tc s liu trn cc ng dy c dung lng cao hn. + C th ghp ti 32 i dy. + Cc cng (port) trn card ng dy ADSL2+ c ghp mt cch ngu nhin. Ngha l vic ghp c thc hin bng cch kt hp bt k cng no v vic ghp rt mm do. + Chun ghp ATM c s dng trn bt k lp vt l no. Ngoi ADSL2+, n c th c s dng cho cc dch v DSL khc. M hnh tham chiu chc nng ghp ADSL2+ c m t trn Hnh 3.34 vi vic ghp hai i dy ng. B pht nhiu i ATM nhn mt lung ATM tng hp t lp ATM. Khi chc nng ghp ATM phn phi cc t bo v cc lung t bo ATM v gn vo cui cc t bo ch s tun t (SID) cho php pha thu khi phc cc t bo theo ng tun t nh pha pht. Mi lung t bo c ghp vo mt kt ni DSL (trong trng hp ny l ADSL2+).
ATM MULTI-PAIR TRANSMITTER ATM STREAM
ATM INTERFACE ATM BONDING
ATM SUBSTREAM1 ATM SUBSTREAM2
ADSL2+ Line 1 ADSL2+ Line 2
ATM MULTI-PAIR RICEIVER

ATM BONDING ATM INTERFACE
ATM STREAM
BONDING MANAGEMENT
BONDING MANAGEMEENT
BONDING MANAGEMENT
BONDING MANAGEMENT
Hnh 3.34 Cu trc c bn ca vic ghp hai ng ADSL2+ Ti pha thu, cc t bo t mi kt ni DSL c tch ra theo ng tun t nh trong SID c quy nh bi pha pht to li lung t bo ATM ban u. Sau lung t bo ny c a ti lp ATM. Khi chc nng qun l ghp c
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s dng thit lp v gii phng cc nhm ghp cng nh qun l cc hot ng ca cc nhm ghp. Hnh 3.35 m t ngn xp giao thc cho vic ghp ADSL2+. Lp ghp ATM nm gia lp ATM - hi t truyn dn (ATM- TC) v lp truyn ti ATM. ATM TRANSPORT PROTOCOL ATM BONDING PROTOCOL
ATM-TC PMS-TC PDM PHY CO ATM-TC PMS-TC PDM PHY CPE
Hnh 3.35 Ngn xp giao thc cho vic ghp ADSL2+ c. Mt s tnh nng khc ca ADSL2+: Ngoi cc tnh nng mi c trnh by trn, ADSL2+ cn c thm mt s tnh nng mi nh sau: + ADSL2+ c kh nng h tr ti 3 t m (Reed-Solomontrene) k hiu, trong khi ADSL2 ch c th h tr ti a 2 t m (Reed-Solomontrene) trn k hiu. Gi tr ny c quy nh khc nhau trong chun ITU G.992.3 v G.992.5. C th l G.992.3 quy nh s khung ghp s liu trn k t v s t m FEC trn k hiu cc i l 2. Trong khi , G.992.5 quy nh s khung ghp s liu trn k hiu v s t m trn k hiu cc i l 3. + Di s iu khin ca ngi vn hnh thng qua CO-MIB, vic iu khin ph ng xung vi PSD pht cc i ti im tham chiu U-C trn sng mang ph cho php vic cu hnh theo yu cu ca tng vng (v d, Bc M, Chu u hoc Nht Bn) v cu hnh theo cc mi trng trin khai (v d, trm trung tm (CO) hoc trm u xa (RT)). + Vic nh dng ph ng xung trong thi gian showtime (dng PSD pht trong bng thng l khng phng) ci thin linh hot ca PSD pht ng xung.
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3.3.2 Mt s tnh nng mi ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL ADSL2+ v ADSL c cng im chung l s dng i dy ng truyn ng thi tn hiu thoi v s liu tc cao gia kt cui mng (ATU-C) v kt cui khch hng (ATU-R). Tuy nhin bng tn ca ADSL2+ khc so vi bng tn ADSL. Trong khi ADSL s dng bng tn t 0 n 1,1Mhz th ADSL2+ s dng bng tn 0 n 2,2Mhz. Cng ging nh ADSL, ADSL2+ dnh bng tn c s truyn thoi, bng tn thp truyn s liu ng ln, bng tn cao truyn s liu ng xung. Tuy nhin, bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2+ gp i bng tn ng xung ca ADSL. Ngoi ci tin v mt bng tn v mt s ci tin khc nh trnh by trong phn 3.2.2 cng ging nh ADSL2, ADSL2+ cn c mt s ci tin so vi ADSL nh nu trong phn 3.2.3 nh sau: + H tr ng dng ch hon ton s. + H tr ng dng thoi trn bng tn ADSL. + Vic phn khung linh hot, h tr nhiu khung mang nhiu ng. + Gim tiu khung. + Chun on. + Thch ng tc . + H tr khi to nhanh. + Ci thin v mt cng sut Nh nhng ci tin c bit ny m ADSL2+ t c tc s liu cao hn c ng ln v ng xung so vi ADSL. Tc s liu ng ln ca ADSL2+ gp i so vi ADSL v nh nhng ci tin khc nn ADSL2+ ci thin ng k tc s liu ng xung so vi ADSL. C th, tc ng xung cc i ca ADSL2+ l trn 25Mbps trong khi tc ng xung cc i ca ADSL ch l 8Mbps. Nh vy tc ng xung cc i ca ADSL2+ gp ba ln tc ng xung cc i ca ADSL.
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DATA RATE (MBPS)
Hnh 3.36 Khong cch v tc t c ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nh ci thin v tc m ADSL2+ c kh nng trin khai cc dch v bng 0 LOOP LENGTH (KFT) 14 15ADSL rng m vi 13 cng ngh khng th h tr. Khi trin khai cng ngh ADSL2+ mang li cho c khch hng v nh cung cp dch v. Khch hng c li l s dng cc dch tin tin v tc cao nh truyn hnh theo yu cu. V pha nh cung cp dch v tng li nhun t vic trin khai cc dch v tin tin tc cao. 3.3.3 Kt lun v cng ngh ADSL2+ Nh c tnh nng mi thm vo nh nu trn m ADSL2+ c th t c tc s liu ng xung ti 25Mbps (Hnh 3.37). Trn ng dy in thoi c khong cch 3Kilfeet (khong gn 1 km) tc s liu ng xung c th t c 24Mbps v c th t c 20Mbps trn ng dy c khong cch 5Kilfeet (khong 1.5 km). DATA RATE (MBPS)
5
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
ADSL2+ ADSL
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
05 1
Hnh 3.37 Tc ng xung ca ADSL2+
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 LOOP LENGTH (KFT)
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Nh vy ADSL2+ c kh nng h tr cc dch v yu cu tc ng xung cao hn. Mt trong cc dch v bng rng l dch v truyn hnh qung b (broadcast video) v truyn hnh theo yu cu (video on demand). Dch v truyn hnh qung b chun (SDTV) MPEG-2 yu cu tc s liu khong t 3 ti 4Mbps cho mi knh. Dch v truyn hnh trung thc cao (HDVT) MPEG-2, mi knh yu cu tc t 15 ti 18Mbps. Nh vy, vi dch v truyn hnh mc cao th ch c cng ngh ADSL2+ mi c th h tr c c bit l nh kh nng ghp ADSL2+, th vic h tr dch v ny c tt hn. Gi s mi knh SDVT yu cu tc s liu 3Mbps v mi knh HDVT yu cu tc s liu 15Mbps. Hnh 3.38 ch ra dch v v khong cch m cng ngh ADSL2+ c th t c. Mt ng ADSL2+c th h tr c mt knh dch v truyn hnh HD ti khong cch 6Kilfeet (khong 1.8 km). Vi dch v truyn hnh SD, mt ng ADSL2+ c th h tr mt knh vi khong cch 11Kilfeet, hai knh vi khong cch 9Kilfeet v ba knh vi khong cch 7Kilfeet. Bng cch ghp hai ng ADSL2+ th kh nng h tr dch v tt hn rt nhiu. Vi dch v truyn hnh HD hai knh, mt ng ADSL2+ khng th h tr c nhng vi vic ghp hai ADSL2+ th c th h tr c ti khong cch 6kilfeet. Vi dch v truyn hnh HD mt knh, truyn hnh SD mt knh, hai knh, ba knh th vic ghp hai ng ADSL2+ ci thin v khong cch. Nh trn Hnh 3.38, n lm tng khong cch thm 3Kilfeet (khong 1 km).
SERVICES
2 SH video 1 SH video
ADSL2+ Bonded ADSL2+
3 SD video Hnh 3.38 V d v dch v v khong cch m cng ngh ADSL2+ c th h tr 2 SD video
3.4 Kt lun 1 SD video

Chng ny trnh 0 by chi tit v 5 cng ngh 10 ADSL bao gm 15 cng ngh ADSL th h th nht, ADSL2 v ADSL2+.
LOOP LENGTH (KFT)
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ADSL2 pht trin trn c s ADSL th h th nht. ADSL2 vn s dng bng tn nh ADSL truyn s liu v tn hiu thoi trn cng mt i dy ng. Tuy nhin, ADSL2 c nhng ci tin c bit so vi ADSL nn n ci thin ng k tc v khong cch so vi ADSL. ADSL2+ pht trin trn c s ADSL2. ADSL2+ cng truyn s liu v tn hiu thoi trn cng mt i dy ng. Tuy nhin, ADSL2+ s dng bng tn t 0 ti 2.2Mhz so vi cc h cng ngh trc l t 0 ti 1.1Mhz. Ngoi ra, ADSL2+ cn c mt s ci tin nh nu trong phn trn so vi ADSL v ADSL2. Nh vy, ADSL2+ t c tc s liu gp i so vi ADSL2 v cao hn so vi ADSL nhiu ln. Nh t c tc cao hn m cng ngh ADSL2+ c kh nng trin khai c cc dch v bng rng m vi cng ngh ADSL khng th h tr c. Khi trin khai cng ngh ADSL2+ mang li li ch l c s dng cc dch v tin tin tc cao nh truyn hnh theo yu cu. V pha nh cung cp tng li nhun t vic trin khai cc dch v tin tin tc cao. Trong tng lai, khi nhu cu dch v tng vi yu cu tc cao hn na th nh cung cp dch v c th trin khai cc cng ngh c th h tr cc dch v bng thng rng hn. Mt trong s cc cng ngh h tr bng rng l cng ngh ADSL2++. Cng ngh ADSL2++ l cng ngh mi ang c nghin cu trin khai v s c tiu chun ho trong tng lai, l mt phin bn pht trin tip theo ca cng ngh ADSL2+, ADSL2++ hot ng trong di tn t 0 ti 3.7Mhz t c tc truyn d liu hng ln ti 1.2Mbps v tc truyn d liu hng xung ti 46Mbps.
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CHNG IV KH NNG NG DNG CNG NGH ADSL2+

Nh phn tch v hin trng cung cp dch v DSL ca Vit Nam v nhu cu s dng dch v tc cao v kh nng ng dng u vit ca ADSL2/ADSL2+ tc cung cp c th t ti 24Mbps cho thy vic trin khai cc cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ vo mng li l rt cn thit v hiu qu v ADSL2/ADSL2+ s gii quyt c cc vn hin ti (c bit l v tc ) ca mng cung cp dch v xDSL ang gp kh khn, p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng.
4.1 Trin khai cc dch v yu cu tc cao

S dng h tng mng cp ng hin ti, trin khai trn nn tng l mng cung cp dch v xDSL c, ADSL2/ADSL2+ l gii php t tn km nht cung cp tt c cc ng dng i hi tc cao n mt th trng rng ln. Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ cho php trin khai hiu qu hng trm ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau i hi tc cao m cng ngh DSL hin ti khng p ng c cng nh m bo h tr cc dch v hin ti vi cht lng tt hn. Sau y l nhng ng dng tc cao tiu biu ca ADSL2/ADSL2+ nh: gio dc v o to t xa, truyn hnh theo yu cu (VOD), truyn s liu, truy nhp Internet, tr chi trc tuyn, nghe nhc, hi ngh truyn hnh 4.1.1 Truy nhp Internet tc cao y l ng dng chnh v c s dng rng ri nht ca xSDL ni chung v ca ADSL ni ring. Vi h tr tc bt i xng hng ln (upload) t n 640Kbps v tc hng xung t ti 24Mbps, ADSL2/ADSL2+ l cng ngh l tng truy nhp Internet, bi l nhu cu ti thng tin t Internet v (download) bao gi cng rt ln hn nhiu so vi ti i (upload). Th trng Internet Vit Nam c rt nhiu nh cung cp dch v internet ISP nh: Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni (HANOITELECOM), Cng ty c phn dch v pht trin u t cng ngh (FPT), Cng ty vin thng qun i (VIETTEL), Cng ty c phn dch v Interrnet (OCI), Cng ty c phn dch v BC-VT Si Gn (SPT), Cng ty NETNAM-Vin CNTT (NETNAM) v Tng cng ty Bu chnh-Vin thng (VNPT). Trong VNTP v FPT l hai nh cung cp dch v ln nht, VNPT c khong 946.261 thu bao chim 50% th phn, FPT c khong 518.233 thu bao chim 27% th phn tip theo l VIETTEL, NETNAM,
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SPT Cc nh cung cp cc dch v Internet trin khai vic s dng cng ngh xDSL cho mc ch cung cp dch v ca mnh v t c nhng kt qu kh quan v cht lng, tc cung cp cng nh tng trng v thu bao s dng dch v xDSL. Tuy nhin theo s liu thng k trong tng s 1.895.475 thu bao Internet ca Vit Nam xem (Bng 4.1) ch mi c gn 40.000 thu bao s dng dch v xDSL chim cha n 3% cho thy dch v xDSL vn cn trong giai on ban u v cn c nhiu tim nng pht trin. Bng 4.1 Tnh hnh pht trin thu bao Internet ti Vit Nam Tng s thu Tng so vi bao quy i thng trc n v thng (%) 11/2004 Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni 3607 0.55 (HANOITELECOM) Cng ty vin thng qun i 179469 27.06 (VIETEL) Cng ty c phn dch v Internet 25455 6.91 (OCI) Cng ty c phn dch v BC-VT 109032 1.38 Si Gn (SPT) Cng ty NETNAM-Vin CNTT 113418 0.44 (NETNAM) Cng ty pht trin u t cng 518233 20.30 ngh (FPT) Tng cng ty Bu chnh-Vin 946261 8.14 thng (VNPT) Tng s 1895475 0.0 4.1.2 Truyn hnh theo yu cu VOD l cng ngh s dng phng php nn, s ho tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh truyn i qua mng. Phng php ny i hi tc truyn cao tu theo Th phn (%) 0.19 9.46 1.34 5.75
5.98 27.34
49.92
100
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chun p dng (MPEG, MPEG2, JPEG, H261, H263). Cc nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh theo yu cu (VOD) c th cung cp cc knh truyn hnh theo yu cu (gi tt l knh truyn hnh) vi cc cht lng khc nhau tu theo bng thng s dng cho knh truyn hnh ny. Cc knh truyn hnh chun (SDT) rhng yu cu tc truyn l 3-4Mbps. Vi cc knh truyn hnh trung thc cao (HDTV) thng yu cu tc truyn l 15-18Mbps (theo chun ca MPEG2). Nh vy vi dch v ADSL tc ti a 8Mbps downlink chng ta ch c th cung cp ti a 2 knh SDTV v khng th cung cp dch v HDTV. Khi trin khai cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ chng ta c th cung cp c 3 knh SDTV cho mt ng ADSL2 v 8 knh SDTV hoc mt knh HDTV vi mt ng ADSL2+. Nu s dng chun nn cao hn th chng ta c kh nng cung cp nhiu ng HDTV hn na v d vi MPEG4 hoc ITU-TH264 chng ta c th s dng ng ADSL2+ cung cp 2-3 ng HDTV trong khi ADSL cng kh c th cung cp dch v HDTV vi chun ny v tc yu cu cho mi knh HDTV-MPEG4 l 6-9Mbps. Kh nng cung cp dch v cn tng ln rt nhiu khi chng ta s dng tnh u nng u vit ca ADSL2/ADSL2+ so vi ADSL l ghp cc i dy thoi ca ADSL2+ t tc s liu cao hn. Vi kh nng cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh cht lng cao ADSL2/ADSL2+ m ra mt kh nng mi thu ht c khch hng ang c nhu cu v em li nhng li nhun kinh t ln cho cc nh cung cp dch v. Chng ta c th nh gi hiu qu u t ADSL2+ thng qua m hnh sau: mt nh cung cp dch v ADSL trin khai cng ngh mi ADSL2+ phc v cho khch hng c nhu cu s dng dch v VOD theo gi thit c cc loi khch hng c cc nhu cu mt knh HDTV, loi khch hng c nhu cu s dng hai knh HDTV, loi khch hng c nhu cu s dng ba knh HDTV. M hnh gi thit l cc khch hng thuc phm vi bn knh 3km, chiu di cp ti thu bao trung bnh 1,5km. Nh cung cp dch v cung cp cc dch v vi tc nh sau truy cp Internet tc cao tc ti a 1Mbps truyn hnh SDTV tc 3.5Mbps, HDTV tc 15Mbps gi cung cp dch v nh sau: Bng 4.2 Bng gi dch v trong m hnh cung cp dch v
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Dch v Data+1 knh TV Data+2 knh TV Data+3 knh TV
Gi tin (USD) 79 89 99
Kt qu thu c nh sau, tng hp nhu cu dch v vi 1000 thu bao s dng ADSL c 597 thu bao s dng dch v 1 knh TV, 421 thu bao c nhu cu s dng 2 knh dch v TV, cha xut hin nhu cu cung cp dch v 3 knh TV v nh cung cp khng th cung cp c kh nng ny vi cht lng m bo trn mt ng ADSL. Trong , c 87 khch hng s dng dch v 1 knh TV, 210 khch hng s dng dch v 2 knh TV. Tng cng l c 297 khch hng doanh thu c l 25587 USD. Khi trin khai dch v ADSL2+ xut hin nhu cu s dng dch v 3 knh TV (v lc ny kh nng cung cp c p ng) l 274 thu bao trn tng s 1000 thu bao. Vi s lng khch hng thc t s dng dch v ny l 96 nng tng doanh thu ln 35090 USD. Vi vic trin khai kh nng s dng nhiu i dy thoi cung cp dch v ADLS2+ th nhu cu s dng dch v tng ln rt ln 788 trong tng s 1000 thu bao c nhu cu s dng dch v 1 knh TV, 579 thu bao c nhu cu s dng dch v 2 knh TV, 500 thu bao c nhu cu s dng dch v 3 knh TV, s khch hng thc t l 31 khch hng cho dch v 1 knh TV, 79 khch hng cho dch v 2 knh TV, 79 khch hng cho dch v 3 knh TV. Kt qu doanh thu tng ln 52442 USD gp i doanh thu khi ch cung cp dch v ADSL. Tng cng ADSL2 v ADSL2+ ADSL2+ ADSL2+ ghp si ghp si
Nhu cu dch v
ADSL
Data+1 Knh TV 579 579 788 Data+1 Knh TV 421 421 579 Data+1 Knh TV 0 274 500 Bng 4.3 Bng tng hp kt qu m hnh dch v Khch hng s dng Data+1 Knh TV Data+1 Knh TV Data+1 Knh TV Tng 87 210 0 279 87 210 96 393 305090 31 79 79 190 17352 118 289 175 582
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Doanh thu (USD)
25587
52442
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Qua m hnh phn tch trn cho thy vic trin khai cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ c kh nng h tr tc truyn cao hn to iu kin cho nhiu dch v mi ra i, h tr cc nh cung cp dch v nhiu loi hnh dch v a dng trn mng, lm kch thch nhu cu ngi s dng hng ti cc dch v mi cng nh m bo c cung cp dch v c ti khch hng vi cht lng tt hn. Mt s dch v khc cng rt cn c s h tr ca truyn hnh tc cao ADSL2/ADSL2+ nh. 4.1.3 Truyn s liu Vi cc t chc, n v c nhu cu truyn s liu ln thng thng phi thu cc ng truyn ring. Phng n ny i hi chi ph cao y l vn khng phi t chc n v no cng c kh nng v mun s dng. Vi dch v ADSL2/ADSL2+ t chc, n v ny c th gim bt c chi ph ng k m tc vn c bo. 4.1.4 Hi ngh truyn hnh Hi ngh truyn hnh (HNTH) cho php nhiu ngi hoc nhm ngi cc a im khc nhau c th hi hp, trao i trc tip nh ang trong cng mt phng hp. Nhng li ch m HNTH mang li l: Tng hiu qu cng vic, vi HNTH chng ta c th trc tip ni chuyn, bn bc cng vic ti bt c u, bt c lc no mc d thc t ng cch xa nhau hng nghn km. y l mt gii php hiu qu trong cng tc v kinh doanh. Tit kim thi gian v chi ph do gim thiu vic i li cng nh cng tc t chc hi hp. Vi cc c nhn th khng thy hiu qu nhng vi mt t chc c
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thnh vin nm trong a rng th chng ta c th thy c rt r hiu qu v mt thi gian, chi ph khi t chc khi t chc mt cuc hp thng thng c cc thnh vin v ang khp ni vi t chc mt cuc hp thng qua HNTH. 4.1.5 Truyn hnh v pht thanh Cc tn hiu truyn hnh v ting t cc i pht thanh v truyn hnh c th c truyn trc tip trn mng ADSL2/ADSL2+ n ngi s dng. V tn hiu video v audio ch chim mt phn bng thng ca ng dy, nn ngi s dng c th va lt trn Internet va nghe nhc cht lng cao trn mng. 4.1.6 Hc tp t xa Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ cho php cc trng hc kh nng truy cp nhanh v tit kim. Internet l kho v tn v ngun thng tin v tri thc ca loi ngi. Kt hp cc yu t ny nu c trang thit b hi ngh truyn hnh, mt gio vin gii c th ging dy trc tuyn cho nhiu lp hc cc a im khc nhau, c bit l cc lp hc vng su, vng xa ni thiu nhiu gio vin gii. y l gii php rt hiu qu v mt chi ph cng nh con ngi. 4.1.7 Chi Game tng tc trn mng Hin nay phong tro gii tr trn mng rt pht trin, nhng tr chi trc tuyn vi s lng ln ngi tham gia i hi mng phi c kh nng cung cp tc cao, bng thng ln nu nh khng mun hin tng nghn mng xy ra. Chi game trn nn ADSL2/ADSL2+ cho php nhiu ngi cng chi mt lc m trnh c cc tnh hung xu do nghn mng. 4.1.8 Cha bnh t xa y l mt ng dng m thng tin lu tr trong c s ca my ch c th b kch hot thng qua trnh duyt trang web. ng dng trn m hnh khch/ch (clinet/sevrver) ny cho php cc thng tin, cc chun on, danh mc thuc trong toa thuc v cc s liu hnh nh (nh chp X quang) ca bnh nhn c th c ly ra v quan st. T , bc s s c cch iu tr tt hn cho bnh nhn. Bc s cng c th thu c nhng s liu mi nht mt cch nhanh chng t cc bnh vin hoc trung tm chm sc sc kho. Khi bc s iu tr trc tip ca bnh nhn hi kin cc chuyn gia y t xa, cc hnh nh y khoa ca bnh nhn c th c truyn ti cc chuyn gia ny s gp v t vn t chnh xc cao. Hoc
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trong cc trng hp khn cp, bnh vin c th truy xut lch s bnh n ca bnh nhn . 4.1.9 Lm vic ti nh Dch v ny cho php nhn vin ngi ti nh lm vic bnh thng m khng cn phi n vn phng, cng s. Khi ngi ti nh, ngi nhn vin s l ngi s dng mng LAN o v c th truy cp n my ch ng dng v chia s file vi cc ng nghip. H c th vo my ch fax trung tm ly v cc bn fax gi cho h. Hoc trong khi c, gi email, h vn bng thng nhn v nhng tin nhn li ni t cc voice mail server d dng. 4.1.10 Mua hng qua mng ng dng ny bao gm hng lot cc sn phm c th bn trc tuyn. Cc ng dng ny c th bao gm: Ca hng m nhc bn c th thng thc cc chng trnh audio, cc video clip cht lng cao t cc a CD mi nht trc khi quyt nh mua chng. cng c th l mt ca hng thi trang bn qun o trc tuyn trn mng Internet. ng dng s dng cc clip thc t o xoay mu vt 360. Khch hng c th nhn qun o pha trc, pha sau hoc bn hng. Tnh tng tc gip khch hng hnh dung hnh dng trc khi mc th, lm h hi lng v tt nhin tng doanh thu cho ngi bn. Ca hng phi video m bn c th xem th cc video clip cht lng cao t bng ghi hnh, VDV v a laser. My ch cha phim nh s qun l v xut phim theo yu cu ca khch hng. Trn y ch ra mt vi ng dng ca cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+. Cn nhiu ng dng khc s dng cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ nh trn th trng ti chnh, bt ng sn v ng dng chn la a dch v khc. Nh chng ta s thy, s ra tng v bng thng c th lm ny sinh nhiu tng v ng dng mi. Cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ vi bng thng ln cho php thc hin v s dng c cc cng ngh trn. Tim nng xut hin cc cng ngh mi l rt ln v nhiu ng dng khc na vn cn cha c ngh n.
4.2 Trnh nh hng ca nhiu xuyn m

Cc dch v xDSL c cung cp trn c s tn dng mng cp ng hin c (chung vi c dch v thoi truyn thng), cht lng cc mng cp ng ny rt kh c th bo m yu cu k thut v gy can nhiu xuyn m gia cc i dy
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Ti liu tham kho
trong cng mt cp. Hn na, cc dch v ang c trin khai cung cp nh ADSL, VDSL, SHDSL u s dng chung bng tn t 0 n 1,1MHz, v vy khng chnh khi chng ln ph tn s i vi cc dch v DSL khc nhau, gy nhiu xuyn m cng bng. gim thiu nhng nh hng ny, bin php hu hiu l s dng kt hp cng ngh ADSL2+ vi cc cng ngh DSL khc cung cp dch v cho khch hng, bng cch ch s dng mt phn bng tn ca ADSL2+ t 1.1 n 2,2MHz cung cp dch v ADSL cho cc thu bao c nhu cu tc khng cao (tng ng vi tc ca ADSL), trong khi vn cung cp dch v VDSL, SHDSL c bng tn t 0 n 1,1MHz cho thu bao (i dy) khc trong cng mt cp. Ngoi ra, khi s dng cng ngh ADSL2+, cng s cho php gim thiu can nhiu i vi cc ng dy khc trong cng mt cp, bi v cng ngh ADSL2+ cho php gim thiu cng sut pht nh qun l ch cng sut hp l vi ba ch cng sut: ch cng sut pht ln nht L0 (khi lu lng truy nhp t cc i), ch cng sut L2 (khi lu lng truy nhp gim xung), ch cng sut ng hay khng pht cng sut trn ng dy L3 (khi khng c lu lng truy nhp). Trong hai ch cng sut L2 v L3 s cho php gim nh hng ca can nhiu sang cc i dy khc trong cng mt cp.
4.3 Kh nng nng cp ADSL2+ t ADSL

4.3.1 Cu trc chung ca mng ADSL2+ C th nng cp thnh mt mng ADSL2+ t mng ADSL bng cch thay DSLAM trong mng ADSL bng DSLAM ca mng ADSL2+cho ph hp. Hnh 4.1 m t cu trc mt mng ADSL2+
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Hnh 4.1 Cu trc mng ADSL2+ 4.3.2 Thit b u cui pha nh cung cp
Hnh 4.2 T chc nh cung cp dch v Phm vi nh cung cp dch v gm c 3 phn quan trng: 1. DSLAM: B ghp knh truy nhp ADSL2+. 2. BRAS: Server truy nhp u xa bng rng. 3.ISP: Nh cung cp dch v Internet.
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DSLAM l mt thit b c th kt ni nhiu thu bao ADSL2+ v hi t trn mt kt cui quang. Si quang ny thng c kt ni ti mt thit b gi l BRAS, nhng n cng c th khng kt ni ti BRAS v BRAS c th t ti bt c u DSLAM l thit b t pha tng i, l im kt ni ADSL2+. N cha v s cc modem ADSL2+ b tr v mt pha v hng kia ni ti cp quang. BRAS l mt thit b t gia DSLAM v POP ca ISP. Mt thit b BRAS c th phc v cho nhiu DSLAM. Cc giao thc truyn thng c th c ng gi truyn d liu thng qua kt ni ADSL2+, v vy mc ch ca BRAS l m gi hon tr li cc giao thc trc khi vo Internet. N cng m bo cho kt ni ca bn ti ISP c chnh xc nh khi s dng modem quay s hoc ISDN. ADSL2+ khng ch r cc giao thc to thnh kt ni ti Internet. Phng php m PC v modem s dng bt buc phi ging nh BRAS s dng cho kt ni c th thc hin c. 4.3.3 Thit b pha khch hng Thit b u cui pha khch hng (CPE) bao gm mt lot cc thit b Card giao tip trc thc hin chc nng chuyn i d liu ngi s dng thnh tn hiu xDSL v ngc li. DSL CPE tiu biu l PC NIC, DSL modem, DSL bridge, Router. Vi thu bao thng thng, la chn giao din Card l hiu qu nht, Card giao din ny c th l USB hay PC-NIC v chng thng c tch hp vo my PC. Ta cng c th dng u cui NT giao din vi pha thu bao ging nh vi cc my/h thng my c Card giao din ATM-25 hay Ethernet 10 Base T. Cc loi NT nh: ATM-25 NT, Ethernet 10 Base T NT, Twin NT (cho php tng thch vi cc giao din ATM-25 v Ethernet 10 Base T). ATM-25 cung cp kt ni ATM End-to-End h tr lp QoS v chuyn mch knh o. Giao din Ethernet to cu ni v pha li.
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Bchia
ADSL
Th chngNIC ADSL bntrong
USB Mode m Modem ADSL USB bnngo i
Bchia
ADSL
Hnh 4.3 ATM-25 v Ethernet 10 Base T Vi thu bao l cc c quan hay cng ty, th thng phi s dng mt Router kt ni mng LAN (ca c quan ) vi mng Internet XpressLink v giao din vi mng qua thit b u cui mng NT (Network Terminal) tng ng.
Ethernet
Router
ATM25
PPP DHCP
B chia NT ATM25
ADSL
Ethernet
Router
Ethernet
PPPoE DHCP
B chia NT Ethernet
ADSL
Hnh 4.4 B nh tuyn NT Router
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KT LUN
Trong qu trnh tm hiu, nghin cu cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+, n th hin mt s vn sau: Chng I: trnh tng quan v mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN), NGN. Nu ln s pht trin ca mng truy nhp ln xDSL v ch ra l gii php cn thit tin ti mng NGN. Chng ny cng cp mt cch tng qut cc cng ngh truy nhp khc nh cng ngh truy nhp cp ng , cng ngh truy nhp cp quan, cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn. Chng II: trnh by tng quan h cng ngh xDSL, phn loi, u nhc im, tc ng ln v ng xung, ng dng. Tnh hnh pht trin xDSL trn th gii. Chng III: trnh by m hnh tham chiu , c tnh k thut (k thut truyn dn, phng php iu ch, ghp knh, cu trc khung v siu khung, hiu nng, sa li) ca cng ngh ADSL. Chng ny cng nu ln nhng tnh nng mi ca cng ngh ADLS2, ADSL2+ so vi cng ngh ADSL nh cc tnh nng lin quan n ng dng, cc tnh nng lin quan n PMS-TC, cc tnh nng lin quan n PMD Chng IV: qua nhng phn tch trong chng I, II, III v kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ cng nh nhu cu v dch tc cao ca khch hng nc ta. Chng ny trnh by kh nng ng dng cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ trong mng vin thng Vit Nam cung cp cc dch v tc cao nh: truy nhp internet tc cao, truyn hnh theo yu cu (VOD), truyn s liu, hi ngh truyn hnh, truyn hnh v pht thanh qung b, hc tp t xa, chi game tng tc trn mng, Sau mt thi gian tm hiu, nghin cu em c thu c nhng kin thc nht nh v l thuyt v cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+. Tuy nhin, do cng ngh ADSL2/ADSL2+ cn rt mi m v cn hn ch v trnh , thi gian nn mt s ni dung trong n cha c chi tit cng nh khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em hy vng trong tng lai c th hon thnh tip ti ny c bit l phin bn mi nht ca ADSL l ADSL2++ c c s hiu bit su sc v r rng hn.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.992.1, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers. [2] Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.992.2, Splitterless Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers. [3] Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.992.3, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers-2 (ADSL2). [4] Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.99.4, Splitterless Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers-2 (ADSL2). [5] Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.992.3, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers-extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2plus), 05/2003. [6] ADSL2 AND ADSL2plus-THE NEW ADSL STANDARDS, DSLForum, 25/03/2003. [7] n Tnh ton lu lng trong mng truy nhp s dng cng ngh ADSL, Nguyn Th Qun, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2004. [8] n Nghin cu cng ngh v ng dng ADSL vo mng vin thng Vit Nam, Phan Anh Tun, 2003. [9] n iu khin kt ni v bo hiu trong mng NGN, Nguyn c Thng, 2004. [10] Ti liu ging dy K thut v mng cung cp dch v ADSL, Nguyn Qu S-Nguyn Vit Cng, 2004. [11] Nghin cu cng ngh ADSL2+ v kh nng ng dng ti Vit Nam, Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in, 2005 [12] Mt s trang Web: www.xDSL.com, www.ADSLForum.com, www.Alcatel.com, www.ADSL.com ,...
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n tt nghip i hc

Danh sch hnh v

DANH SCH HNH V

Danh sch hnh v

Danh sch bng

DANH SCH CC BNG BIU

SRA TC TE TMN VDSL VoD xDSL DSLAM

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

CHNG I MNG VIN THNG V S PHT TRIN CA MNG TRUY NHP

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Mng cung cp cc dch v

Mng truy nhp CO DLC

Chuyn mch thoi

H thng DLC MDF

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

1.2 Qu trnh pht trin ca mng truy nhp ln xDSL

Mng truy nhp

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

1.3 Cc cng ngh truy nhp khc

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng I. Mng vin thng v s pht trin ca mng truy

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

CHNG II H CNG NGH xDSL

Hnh 2.1 B cung cp mch vng thu bao s xDSL

2.2 Phn loi

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

2.3 u nhc im ca xDSL

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

2.4 Tnh hnh pht trin xDSL trn th gii

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

ca xDSL bng rng

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

Chng II. H cng ngh xDSL

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+

CHNG III CNG NGH ADSL2, ADSL2+

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+

Telephone set voiceiband modem or ISDL terminal

CP Wirring carries POTS or IDSL service

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+

POTS Frequency 1 MHz

POTS Frequency 1 MHz

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+

truyn v thu c trn knh

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+

Set of bits input

Find (x, y) value

x x value value y value

I branch Q branch Output waveform

Find Closet point

Chng III. Cng ngh ADSL2, ADSL2+