PERFORATION

EXPLORATION

PRODUCTION

HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION
Is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon dep osits beneath the earth's surface, such as oil and natural gas. Oil and gas exploration are grouped under the science of petroleum geology.

The exploration method most used in the oil industry is the seismic reflection

Finally, when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria, an exploration well is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas.

Percussion rotary air blast drilling

RAB drilling is used most frequently in the mineral exploration industry. (This

tool is also known as a Down-the-hole drill.) The drill uses a pneumatic reciprocating piston-driven "hammer" to energetically drive a heavy drill bit into the rock.

EQUIPMENT FOR THE DRILLING

A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes in the ground. Drilling

rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person.

Drill String Components.

Drill pipe: (16)Drill pipe is a portion of the overall drill string. Drill Bit: (#26) is a device attached to the end of the drill string that breaks apart the rock being drilled. It contains jets through which the drilling fluid exits. Mud motor: a hydraulically powered device positioned just above the drill bit used to spin the bit independently from the rest of the drill string.

 Mud pump: (#4) reciprocal type of pump used to circulate drilling

fluid through the system. Mud tanks: (#1) often called mud pits, provides a reserve store of drilling fluid until it is required down the wellbore. Centrifuge: an industrial version of the device that separates fine silt and sand from the drilling fluid. Solids control: solids control equipments for preparing drilling mud for the drilling rig. Chain tongs: wrench with a section of chain, that wraps around whatever is being tightened or loosened. Similar to a pipe wrench. Degasser: a device that separates air and/or gas from the drilling fluid. Desander / desilter: contains a set of hydrocyclones that separate sand and silt from the drilling fluid. Drawworks: (#7) is the mechanical section that contains the spool, whose main function is to reel in/out the drill line to raise/lower the traveling block(#11).

The extraction of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth.

An oil well is a general term for any boring through the Earth's surface that is designed to find and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons. Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed a gas well.

The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and complete the well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called.

WELL STIMULATION
stimulation of a well is defined as the process by which is restored or created an extensive system of canals in the production of a reservoir rock that serve to facilitate the flow of formation fluids into the well, or in reverse.

stimulation objectives:
for producing wells, oil production increase.

for injection wells, increasing the injection of fluids such as water, gas or steam, and secondary recovery processes and improved, optimizing flow patterns.

IMPORTANCE OF STIMULATION.
Has been possible to improve the

production of oil and gas and even, increase recoverable reserves. Has become a standard practice, and currently can not there is currently no producer hole or injector which has not been stimulated at least once. Significant percentage of hydrocarbon reserves, has been possible to produce economically through stimulation. Over the years, the technology associated with stimulation has greatly enriched, developing methods, materials and equipment to stimulate any deposits.