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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 13

CHNG 2

CC KHI NIM V AN TON IN

2.1. TC DNG CA DNG IN I VI C TH CON NGI

Ngi b in git l do tip xc vi mch in c in p hay ni mt cch khc l do c dng in chy qua c th ngi. Dng in chy qua c th ngi s gy ra cc tc dng sau y: - Tc dng nhit: lm chy bng thn th, thn kinh, tim no v cc c quan ni tng khc gy ra cc ri lon nghim trng v chc nng. - Tc dng in phn: biu hin vic phn ly mu v cc cht lng hu c dn n ph hu thnh phn ho l ca mu v cc t bo. - Tc dng sinh l: gy ra s hng phn v kch thch cc t chc sng dn n co rt cc bp tht trong c tim v phi. Kt qu c th a n ph hoi, thm ch lm ngng hn hot ng h hp v tun hon. Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy cht ngi bi dng in thng l tim phi ngng lm vic v sc in: Tim ngng p l trng hp nguy him nht v thng cu sng nn nhn hn l ngng th v sc in. Tc dng dng in n c tim c th gy ra ngng tim hoc rung tim. Rung tim l hin tng co rt nhanh v ln xn cc si c tim lm cho cc mch mu trong c th b ngng hot ng dn n tim ngng p hon ton. Ngng th thng xy ra nhiu hn so vi ngng tim, ngi ta thy bt u kh th do s co rt do c dng in 20-25mA tn s 50Hz chy qua c th. Nu dng in tc dng lu th s co rt cc c lng ngc mnh thm dn n ngt th, dn dn nn nhn mt thc, mt cm gic ri ngt th cui cng tim ngng p v cht lm sng. Sc in l phn ng phn x thn kinh c bit ca c th do s hng phn mnh bi tc dng ca dng in dn n ri lon nghim trng tun hon, h hp v qu trnh trao i cht. Tnh trng sc in ko di vi chc pht cho n mt ngy m, nu nn nhn c cu cha kp thi th c th bnh phc. Hin nay cn nhiu kin khc nhau trong vic xc nh nguyn nhn u tin v quan trng nht dn n cht ngi. kin th nht cho rng l do tim ngng p song loi kin th hai li cho rng l do phi ngng th v theo h trong nhiu trng hp tai nn in git th nn nhn c cu sng ch n thun bng bin php h hp nhn to thi. Loi kin th ba cho rng khi c dng in qua ngi th u tin n ph hoi h thng h hp sau n lm ngng tr hot ng tun hon.
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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 14

Do c nhiu quan im khc nhau nh vy nn hin nay trong vic cu cha nn nhn b in git ngi ta khuyn nn p dng tt c cc bin php va phc hi h thng h hp (thc hin h hp nhn to) va phc hi h thng tun hon (xoa bp tim ) 2.2. IN TR C TH NGI: Thn th ngi ta gm c da tht xng mu...to thnh v c mt tng tr no i vi dng in chy qua ngi. Lp da c in tr ln nht m in tr ca da l do in tr ca lp sng trn da quyt nh. in tr ca ngi l mt i lng rt khng n nh v khng ch ph thuc vo trng thi sc kho ca c th ngi tng lc m cn ph thuc vo mi trng xung quanh, iu kin tn thng... Qua nghin cu rt ra mt s kt lun c bn v gi tr in tr c th ngi nh sau: in tr c th ngi l mt i lng khng thun nht. Th nghim cho thy dng in i qua ngi v in p t vo c s lch pha. S thay ca in tr ngi c th biu din bng hnh v sau:
C1 Ing R1 C2 R2

Trong : R1: in tr tc dng ca da R2: in tr ca tng cc b phn bn trong c th ngi C: in dung ca da v lp tht di da V thnh phn in dung rt b nn trong tnh ton thng b qua. in tr ca ngi lun lun thay i trong mt phm vi rt ln t vi chc ngn n 600. Trong tnh ton thng ly Rng(1011) 14 gi tr trung bnh l 1000. Khi da b m hoc khi tip xc vi nc hoc do m hi u lm 12 cho in tr ngi gim xung.
10 8 6 1 2 kG/cm

in tr ca ngi ph thuc vo p lc v din tch tip xc. p lc v din tch tip xc cng tng th in tr ngi cng gim. S thay i ny rt d nhn thy trong vng p lc nh hn 1kG/cm2 (hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1: S ph thuc ca in tr ngi vo p lc tip xc

in tr ngi gim i khi c dng in i qua ngi, gim t l vi thi gian tc dng ca dng in. iu ny c th gii thch v da b t nng v c s thay i v in phn
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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 15
1.103 35 30 25 20 3s 3s 0,015s 0,015s

in tr ngi ph thuc in p t vo v ngoi hin tng in phn cn c hin tng chc thng. Khi in p t vo 250V lc ny lp da ngoi cng mt ht tc dng nn in tr ngi gim xung rt thp.
Hnh 2.2: S ph thuc in tr ngi vo in p ng vi cc thi gian tip xc khc nhau (0,015s v 3s). ng i ca dng in tay tay ng i ca dng in tay - chn

15 10 5

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 V

2.3. NH HNG CA TR S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN Dng in l nhn t vt l trc tip gy tn thng khi b in git. Cho ti nay vn cn nhiu kin khc nhau v gi tr dng in c th gy nguy him cht ngi.Trng hp chung th dng in 100mA xoay chiu gy nguy him cht ngi. Tuy vy cng c trng hp dng in ch khong 5- 10mA lm cht ngi bi v cn tu thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na nh iu kin ni xy ra tai nn, sc kho trng thi thn kinh ca tng nn nhn, ng i ca dng in .. Trong tnh ton thng ly tr s dng in an ton l 10mA i vi dng in xoay chiu v 50mA vi dng in mt chiu. Bng 2.1 cho php nh gi tc dng ca dng in i vi c th ngi: Bng 2-1
Tr s dng in (mA) 0.6-1.5 2-3 3-7 Tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu Bt u thy ngn tay t Ngn tay t rt mnh Bp tht co li v rung Tc dng ca dng in mt chiu Khng c cm gic g Khng c cm gic g au nh kim chm cm thy nng

8 - 10 20 - 25 50 - 80 90 - 100

Tay kh ri khi vt c in nhng vn ri c. Nng tng ln Ngn tay, khp tay, lng bn tay cm thy au Tay khng ri khi vt c in, au kh th Nng cng tng ln tht co qup li nhng cha mnh C quan h hp b t lit. Tim bt u p Cm gic nng mnh. Bp mnh tht tay co rt, kh th. C quan h hp b t lit. Ko di 3 giy hoc C quan h hp b t lit di hn tim b t lit n ngng p

Qua bng 2-1 ta thy dng in xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu v:
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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 16

- Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tr s dng in tc dng ln ngi khng phi l tr s hiu dng m l tr s bin ca n. - i vi dng xoay chiu trn c th ngi tn ti nhiu vng nhy nguy him. 2.4. NH HNG CA DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN GIT V ng i ca dng in qua ngi c th c rt nhiu trng hp khc nhau, tuy vy c nhng ng i c bn thng gp l: dng qua tay - chn, tay - tay, chn - chn. Mt vn cn tranh ci l ng i no l nguy him nht. a s cc nh nghin cu cho rng ng i nguy him nht ph thuc vo s phn trm dng in tng qua tim v phi. Theo quan im ny th dng in i t tay phi qua chn, u qua chn, u qua tay l nhng ng i nguy him nht v: Dng i t tay qua tay c 3.3% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t tay tri qua chn c 3.7% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t tay phi qua chn c 6.7% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t chn qua chn c 0.4% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t u qua tay c 7% dng in tng qua tim Dng i t u qua chn c 6.8% dng in tng qua tim. 2.5. NH HNG CA THI GIAN DNG IN QUA NGI N TAI NN IN GIT Yu t thi gian tc ng ca dng in vo c th ngi rt quan trng v biu hin di nhiu hnh thi khc nhau. u tin chng ta thy thi gian tc dng ca dng in nh hng n in tr ca ngi. Thi gian tc dng cng lu, in tr ca ngi cng b gim xung v lp da b nng dn v lp sng trn da b chc thng cng nhiu. Th hai l thi gian tc dng ca dng in cng lu th xc sut trng hp vi thi im chy qua tim vi pha T (l pha d thng tn nht ca chu trnh tim) tng ln. Hay ni mt cch khc R R trong mi chu k ca tim ko di mt giy c T P 0,4s tim ngh lm vic (gia trng thi co v gin) 0,2s thi im ny tim rt nhy cm vi dng in i qua n.
0,95-1s

Hnh 2.3: S nguy him khi thi im dng in chy qua tim trng vi pha T ca chu trnh tim. a. in tm ca ngi kho b. c tnh ph thuc gia xc sut xy ra tai nn v thi im dng in chy qua tim

a. 100 60 20 b. t(s)

2.6. NH HNG CA TN S DNG IN GIT N TAI NN IN

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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 17

GIT: Ta xt xem khi tn s thay i th tai nn xy ra nng hay nh Theo l lun thng thng th khi tn s f tng ln th tng tr c th ngi gim xung v in khng ca da ngi do in dung to ra: ... dn n dng in tng cng nguy him. Tuy nhin qua thc t v nghin cu ngi ta thy rng tn s nguy him nht l t (50 - 60)Hz. Nu tn s ln hn tn s ny th mc nguy him gim cn nu tn s b hn th mc nguy him cng gim. C th gii thch nh sau: Lc t dng in mt chiu vo t bo, cc phn t trong t bo b phn thnh nhng ion khc du v b ht ra mng t bo. Nh vy phn t b phn cc ho, cc chc nng sinh vt ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi n mc nht nh. By gi nu t ngun in xoay chiu vo th ion cng chy theo hai chiu khc nhau ra pha ngoi ca mng t bo. Nhng khi dng in i chiu th chuyn ng ca ion cng ngc li. Vi tn s no ca dng in, tc ca ion ln trong mt chu k chy c hai ln b rng ca t bo th trng hp ny mc kch thch ln nht, chc nng sinh vt - ho hc ca t bo b ph hoi nhiu nht. Nu dng in c tn s cao th khi dng in i chiu th ion cha kp p vo mng t bo. Khi nghin cu tc hi ca dng in mt chiu i vi ngi thy rng trng hp mt chiu in tr ca ngi ln hn xoay chiu. iu ny c th gii thch l mt chiu c in dung v s phn cc tng ln. Nghin cu thy rng khi dng in mt chiu ln hn 80mA mi nh hng n tim v c quan h hp ca con ngi. 2.7. HIN TNG DNG IN I TRONG T Khi cch in ca thit b in b chc thng s c dng in chm t, dng in ny i vo t trc tip hay qua mt cu trc no . V phng din an ton m ni th dng in chm t thay i c bn trng thi ca mng in (in p gia dy dn v t thay i xut hin cc th hiu khc nhau gia cc im trn mt t gn ch chm t). Dng in i vo t s to nn im chm t mt vng dng in r trong t v in p trong vng ny phn b theo mt quy lut nht nh. n gin nghin cu hin tng ny ta gii thch dng in chm t i vo t qua mt cc kim loi hnh bn cu. t th thun nht v c in tr sut l (tnh bng Ohm.cm). Nh th c th xem nh dng in i t tm hnh bn knh cu ta ra theo ng bn knh. Trn c s l thuyt tng t ta c th xem trng ca dng in i trong t ging dng trng trong tnh in, ngha l tp hp ca nhng ng sc v ng ng th ca chng ging nhau. i lng c bn trong in trng ca mi trng dn in l mt dng in J. Vect ny hng theo hng ca vecto cng in trng.
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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 18

Phng trnh kho st in trng trong t l phng trnh theo nh lut Ohm di dng vi phn : E= J. Trong : l in tr sut. E l in p trn n v chiu di dc theo ng i ca dng in . Mt dng in ti im cch tm bn cu 1 khong X bng : Id J= 2 .X 2 y I l dng in chm t. in p trn mt on v cng b dX (Xem hnh 2.4) dc trn ng i ca .dX 2 X 2 in p ti mt im A no y cng tc l hiu s in th gia im A v im v cng xa ( th ca im v cng xa c th xem nh bng 0) bng : dng in l :
I d dx I U A = dU = = d 2 xA x 2 2 X A XA

dU = E.dX = J. .dX =

Id

Nu dch chuyn im A n gn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p cao nht i vi t U : U Ud = Umax I d . Ud = 2 .X d

Id Trong X l bn knh ca U 68%Ud vt ni t hnh bn cu. y ta xem bn thn vt x dx ni t c bn knh X nh vt m r0 cc im ca n c in p nh nhau. Gi thit ny da trn c s vt ni t c in dn rt ln (V d : in dn ca thp gn nh bng 109 ln in dn ca t) Ta c th vit : Hnh 2.4: Dng chm t i vo t qua bn cc bn cu UA Xd = Ud XA

Hay :

UA = Ud .

Xd XA

Thay tch U . X= K (l mt hng s ng vi nhng iu kin nht nh) ta c phng trnh hyperbol sau : UA = K XA

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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 19

+ Nh vy, s phn b in p trong vng dng in r trong t i vi im v cc ngoi vng dng in r c dng hyperbol. + Ti im chm t trn mt ca vt ni t ta c in p i vi t l cc i. + Khng ring g vt ni t c dng hnh bn cu m ngay i vi cc dng khc ca vt ni t nh hnh ng, thanh, ch nht... cng u c s phn b in p gn ging hnh hyperbol. Dng cch o trc tip in p 100% tng im trn mt t quanh ch chm t ta cng v c ng cong phn b in p i vi t trong vng dng in 1 32 U = K. r trong t c dng hyperbol. x + Khi x = r0 Id 8 = U d : gi l Ta c U r = 1 10 20 2 .r0
0

in th t (in th ti b mt in cc) t R d = : gi l in tr 2 .r0

Hnh 2.5: ng cong ch s phn b in p ca cc im trn mt t lc c chm t.

ni t ca in cc kim loi bn cu. R ch ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t khng ph thuc vo in tr kim loi. R cn gi l in tr tn. Trong thc t in tr sut ca kim loi rt nh so vi in tr sut ca t v th c th xem in cc l ng th. Lc ny in th trn b mt kim loi l: Umax = U = I. R + Khi x > 20m th c th xem nh ngoi vng dng in r hay cn c gi l nhng im c in p bng khng + Trong vng gn 1m cch vt ni t chim 68% in p ri Nhng nhn xt trn y cng ng vi cc loi in cc khc, ch c hm phn b in th l khc (cng thc khc) 2.8. IN P TIP XC V IN P BC 2.8.1. in p tip xc Trong qu trnh tip xc vi thit b in, nu c mch in khp kn qua ngi th in p ging ln ngi ln hay nh l tu thuc vo in tr khc mc ni tip vi ngi. in p t vo ngi (tay-chn) khi ngi chm phi vt c mang in p gi l in p tip xc. Hay ni cch khc in p gia tay ngi khi chm vo vt c mang in p v t ni ngi ng gi l in p tip xc.

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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 20

V chng ta nghin cu an ton trong iu kin chm vo mt pha l ch yu cho nn c th xem in p tip xc l th gia hai im trn ng dng in i m ngi c th chm phi.
Utx1 U=I .R 1 R Hnh 2.6: 2 Utx2=U

Trn hnh 2.6 v hai thit b in ( ng c, my sn xut...) c v my c ni vi vt ni t c in tr t l R. Gi s cch in ca mt pha ca thit b 1 b chc thng v c dng in chm t i t v thit b vo t qua vt ni t. Lc ny, vt ni t cng nh v cc thit b c ni t u mang in p i vi t l : U = I.R Trong , I l dng in chm t. Tay ngi chm vo thit b no cng u c in p l U trong lc in p ca chn ngi Uch li ph thuc ngi ng tc l ph thuc vo khong cch t ch ng n vt ni t. Kt qu l ngi b tc ng ca hiu s in p t vo tay v chn, l in p tip xc : Utx=U Uch Nh vy, in p tip xc ph thuc vo khong cch t v thit b c ni t. Trng hp chung c th biu din in p tip xc theo biu thc : Utx= . U trong l h s tip xc ( 1) Trong thc t in p tip xc thng b hn in p ging trn vt ni t. 2.8.2. in p bc Trn hnh 1.7 v s phn b th ca cc im trn mt t lc c pha chm t U=I .R (do dy dn 1 pha rt chm t hay cch in mt pha caUthit b in b chc b thng...) Ta bit in p i vi t ch trc tip chm t l : Ub= 0 + in p ca cc im trn mt t i vi t cch xa ch chm t t 20m tr ln c th xem bng khng. + Nhng vng trn ng tm (hay chnh xc hn l cc mt phng m tm im l ch chm t chnh l cc vng trn cn) ng th. + Khi ngi

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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 21

ng trn mt t gn ch chm t th hai chn ngi thng hai v tr khc nhau cho nn ngi s b mt in p no tc dng ln l in p bc. in p bc l in p gia hai chn ngi ng trong vng c dng chm t. Gi Ub l in p bc ta c : Ub =Uch1 - Uch2 Trong : Uch1, Uch2 l in p t vo hai chn ngi. Hay nu chn th nht ng v tr cch im chm t l x cn chn th hai v tr (x+a) th : I . Ub=Uch1 Uch2 =Ux+Ux+a = d 2
x+ a x

dx x2

I d . 1 I d . .a 1 = 2 x x + a 2 x ( x + a )

Trong : a l di khong bc ca chn ngi, thng ly a = 0,8 m. T cng thc trn ta thy cng xa ch chm t th in p bc cng b (khc vi in p tip xc). khong cch xa ch chm t 20m tr ln c th xem in p bc bng khng. V D : Nu c s chm t vi dng chm t I =100A ni c in tr sut ca t l =104Ohm.cm th in p bc t vo ngi khi ngi ng cch ch chm t 2,2m (220cm) l :
Ub = 100.80.10 4 = 193V 2 .220.300

y ta ly a = 80cm.

+ in p bc c th bng 0 mc du ngi ng gn ch chm t, l trng hp khi hai chn ngi u t trn cng mt vng trn ng th. + in p bc c th t n tr s ln v vy mc d khng tiu chun ho in p bc nhng bo m an ton tuyt i cho ngi, quy nh l khi c xy ra chm t phi cm ngi n gn ch b chm khong cch sau : - T 45 m i vi thit b trong nh.
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- T 810 m i vi thit b ngoi tri. Ngi ta khng tiu chun ho in p bc nhng khng nn cho rng in p bc khng nguy him n tnh mng con ngi. Dng in qua hai chn ngi thng t nguy him nhng vi tr s ln ( trn 100V) th cc bp c ca ngi c th b co rt lm ngi ng xung v lc s ni in s thay i nguy him hn. 2.9. IN P CHO PHP: Tr s dng in qua ngi l yu t quan trng nht gy ra tai nn cht ngi nhng d on tr s dng in qua ngi trong nhiu trng hp khng th lm c bi v ta bit rng tr s ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t kh xc nh c. V vy, xc nh gii hn an ton cho ngi khng a ra khi nim dng in an ton, m theo khi nim in p cho php. Dng in p cho php rt thun li v vi mi mng in thng c mt in p tng i n nh bit. Cng cn nhn mnh rng in p cho php y cng c tnh cht tng i, ng ngh rng in p cho php l an ton tuyt i vi ngi v thc t xy ra nhiu tai nn in nghim trng cc cp in p rt thp. Tu theo mi bc m in p cho php qui nh khc nhau : - Ba Lan, Thy S, Tip Khc in p cho php l 50V - H Lan, Thy in in p cho php l 24V - Php qui nh l 24 V - Lin X tu theo mi trng lm vic m tr s in p cho php c th l 12V, 36V, 65 V. 2.10. PHN LOI X NGHIP THEO QUAN IM AN TON IN: Mi trng xung quanh nh bi, m , nhit , nh hng rt ln n ti nn in git v vy theo quy nh an ton in cc x nghip (hay ni t thit b in) c chia ra : a. Ni (X nghip) nguy him: l ni c mt trong cc yu t sau : - m ( m tng I ca khng kh vt qu 75% trong thI gian di. - C bI dn in (bI dn in bm vo dy dn , hay lt vo trong thit b in) - C nn,sn nh dn in (sn bng kim loi, t, b tong ct thp hoc gch) - C nhit cao (nhit vt qu 35 OC trong thI gian di hn 1 ngy m. - Nhng ni m ngi ng thi tip xc vi 1 bn l cc kt cu kim loi ca nh ca, my mc, thit b c ni t v 1 bn l v kim loI ca cc thit b in. b.Nhng ni (X nghip) c bit nguy him l ni c 1 trong cc yu t sau:

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Gio trnh An Ton in Trang 23

- Rt m: m tng i ca khng kh xp x 100% (Trn, tng, sn nh v vt trong nh c ng sng) - Mi trng c hot tnh ho hc: Thng xuyn hay trong thI gian dicha hi, kh,cht lng c th dn n ph hu cch in v cc b phn mang in ca thit b in. ng thi c t hai hay nhiu hn cc yu t ca ni nguy him k trn, v d nh va m va c sn nh dn in . c. Ni it nguy him: L ni khng thuc 2 loi trn.

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