Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
cScandinavian
~ r m i e s in the
:J\1l0leonic"J1IJrs
Text by
JACK CASSIN-SCOTT
Colour plates by
MICHAEL ROFFE
JC01ldi1l0vitlll ill tlte mrs
IlItrOnl/Clioll
The involvement of Denmark/Norway and
we<tcnfFinland in the Wars was due
10 the dependence of both these countries on trade
reasonable day-lo-day rc];llions with tbe rest
of Europe. Both claimed neutrality and traded
"irn both french- and EngJish-<lominatcd na
tIons: in the case of Denmark, this position was
backed lip by the creation ofa strong navy. It was
inevitable lhal both sides should attempt to limit
lhis neutrality; and in 1801 British insistence on
IC'aTching Danish vessels, resisted by Danish gun-
&ret led 10 the first a(lack on Copenhagen. At a
time when feeling was running high against
Britain's unashamed use of her naval strength to
impose her will on neutrals, Ts.'U Paul of Russia
ltagued with Austria, Denmark, Prussia, Portugal
and Sweden in a new and agg"cssive declaration
ofarmed neutrality. This claimed extensive free
cIom of trade in all but the most obviously strategic
materials such as arms and munitions. Denmark
and Prussia each took steps to increase their
control of tile Baltic coasts, and in March 1801 a
British neet of eighteen ships of ,the line and
numerous other vessels, under ir Hyde Parker
assisted by ViceAdmiral Nelson, sailed for the
Baltic. Denmark rebllfl"ed diplomatic overtures
and readied her defences. On 30 March the fleet
braved the fire of the Elsinore batteries and S<liled
through the sound and, subsequently, into the
heavily.defcnded approaches to Copenhagen. In
the action which followed on '2 April the Danish
Reet was defeated j losses in dead and wounded
"ere high the British suffered some 943 casuah ics
and the Danes approximately 1,800. An armistice
was concluded, with great civilit) on both sides
and many protestations of earnest hopes that this
unfortunate lapse in good relations between the
two nations would soon be forgotten! During the
period of the armistice a demonstration of British
naval might brought both Sweden and Russia to
the negotiating table, and on I]June a convention
was signed which bound the previous members of
the 'League of Neutrality' to a f;'l.r morc restricted
interpretation of that word, but which 'saved
facc' for all parties. For six years thereafter the
Scandinavian nations prospered by their foreign
trade, particularly in timber and iron. By 180]
Napoleon was convinced that he must incorpor-
ate both Denmark and Norway into his Con-
tinental System, either by aggressive diplomacy or
b)' naked force.
Adlfti...1 Sir Hyde Parker, Britiah lIaVIII cotntnander at
Mua..utn}
The battle p"itiolu of die Briti.b and Da.ni5h fleet. befor..
Copenh.alJe1I, I AprilISoI.
Gopelll7agnl 1807
The year 1807 found the continent of Europe
seemingly prostrate al the feet of Napoleon.
Austria and Prussia had seen their capitals occu-
pied by hostile armies, and the battle of Friedland
had convinced the Emperor of Russia of the
necessily for peace. On 24 June an interview took
place between the Emperor of Russia and Bona-
pane, on a raft on the ri"er Niemen. Final
ratifications of the peacc wcrc completed at Tilsit
on 9 July, and on thc S<'lIllC day peace was also
n.\TTI.E OF
COPENHAGEN.
signed between Frana and Prussia. The treaty
between Russia and Francc, ralher than suggest-
ing the diAcrcncc bctwt'en victor and vanquished,
expressed more Napoleon's desire to draw Russia
into his continental system; it was presented as a
grand alliance. a European combination, which
might havcdestroyed England ifit could have been
put into eflcctive operation. Russia summoned
Sweden, Denmark and Portugal 10 adopi this
system and 10 close their pOrts against the British.
The expected arrival of a British force at
Stralsund, and the prcsenn' of I}russian troops
already there, raised the Swedish king's hopes. In
violation of an armistice concluded with General
Brune, the French at tim('
1Itg00iatiol1s at Tilsit had openn:L h(" re-
J:IIt'\loed the war single-handed.
Tht French invaded Swedish Pomerania, From
iMir various strongpoints Swedish fol'"Co re-
ur:3tro without sustaining any regular action,
fell back to the fortress ofStralsund. This was
quickly surrounded on the land side, making it
highly untenable. so the army was withdrawn by
IJta to the island of Rugen. The French then lOok
O\'er and occupied Stralsund on 20 August 1807;
tht) also capturccl the island of Danholm which
b.y between Stralsund and Rugen. It was now
n-K!('nt that Rugen could no longer resist, so a
mttting took place bet\,'een the French and
",,edish commanders on 7 September and a con-
Tntion was signed by them. by which the Swedes
_ere to cvacuate Riigen and retire to Stockholm;
that island, and all those 011 the German coast,
"ere ceded to France.
Denmark up to this timc had remained Ull-
IDOlestcd, prOlcctcd by the ri't"id observance of a
strict neutrality and the temperate politics of her
court. She had watched the gelleral policy of the
French Emperor, who had maintained an army
at frontier, thus forcing the Crown Prince of
to drain his other dominions of their
forces and for three years to keep the cream of his
army assembled on the borders of Holstein to pro
teet the onlv forseeable avenue of invasion. To the
overbearing determination of France and Russia
to terminate this neutrality Denmark could
oppose no effectual resistance.
The mere threat of a temporary occupation of
Holstein, Schleswig and Jutland might suffi
dentl)! alarm tht' Danish court. Temporary
occupation by France was usually follo""ed by
requisitions and oppressions, waste and ravage.
Threat of the appropriation of the most fertile of
the Danish territory was within the limits of
possibility if she refused to co-operate, and with
Holstein once occupied, Zealand and the Danish
would be at the disposal of France. Such
was the state of affairs when the British Covern.
n" MUle as ("om A_I"" 1.1aad., ....ida lloe Royal
Daai Dockyard .. t .... (Nao-J lobrio-..
Mu m)
---
81
3
<4 SWMtIIl' KouU"Stlll' LifG.II'd., Til
Offir.Scrt
OtnTtlark, Hu,,ar RtgiTtltnt, Offictr, .6'3
0: OanihGtntral, .8'3
3 Otnmark, Guidt Corps Offictr, .8'3
Oflo....r.. ' JydB"" R ~ ; r n " D ' L.,u., Dr.gon.,r,
TrooperiD .,rvic.,dr.,ltI, .8'3
2 In:a....r.. ' Jyd.... ., Ro:w;rn.,,,, LUI., Drago".,r,
Offic.,r,"'3
(
and,. D"""11.a..lo, Gr.....di..u o(Old..nbo"l!: .....
IlLfanl .. rirlt!'me.t, II.]
3 Dnamark: 3di.. Jyd.k_lAf","..
Office",.B.]
<4 Denmark: Old.... bo""5."'.. laf...t .. ..IU,
Offic",r(Iog
G
H
and \I Denmark, Holsunke Ryuere, Officer
andTrO<tJH'r,.81:)
:) and .. Denmark: :)d;e Jydske
menl, Jaeger company Corporal and
Trooper, .81:)
As soon as Bernadolte had reorganised and
arranged a suitable provisional government in
Hanover, he marched against Davout. At first
the French commander appeared to stand and
await the full onslaught of the Allies behind his
so-called Stecknirz line. Bernadotte, to appease
the Allies and keep alive the Tsar's plan, sent
Cenerals Bolow and Winzingerode towards Hoi
land whilst he took command of 60,000 men and
continued northwards. With a change of plan,
however, Marshal Davout withdrew from the
Stecknitzline and retired to Hamburg, which he
started to provision and fortify. When called upon
to surrender by Bernadotte, he replied: 'I will
defend the city to the last burning debris'.
Bcrnadotte marched against LObeck which was
defended by a Danish garrison; resistance was
brief, the inhabitants greeting the Swedish soldiers
with open arms, and lhe commandant sued for
capiwlation. Negotiations with Davout having
failed, Bernadolte sent a Russian corps of about
16,000 men, under lhe command of \Vorintz, to
surround and besiege Hamburg. The Swedish
forces under his own command took on the left
wing of the Danish troops in position at Lubeck.
Ceneral Walmoden with a mixed corps took on
the Danish right wing situated at Boden, south-
ust of Oldesloe. The advance guard was com-
manded by Major-Ceneral Dornbcrg.
In the general retreat before Hamburg the
Danish Auxiliary Corps were now cut offfrom the
main French army corps. Prince Frederik of
Hesse gave orders for a general withdrawal to
Holstein to defend Ihe Danish frontier from the
now obvious threat of an Allied army advancing
under Bernadotle. Further reinforcements ar-
rived as late as 3 December; these were the
Jydske Infanteriregiment I, Leite Kompagni
Slesvigske Infanteriregiment (III Batlalion), one
company of Hertuginde Louise Augusta Liv-
jaegere, and the Ahonaiske Jaegergrenader-
Kompagni. The Danish commander sent out
couriers ordering all units to fall back to the main
Danish position at Oldsdoe, but it was too late:
on the morning of 4 December the Danish 2nd
Brigade under the command of MajorCeneral
Lasson had made contact with part of the
Advance Cuard of the Russo-Cerman Brigade
under Wardenburg in the village onVesterau.
The 2nd Brigade consisted of:
6odragoons rrom the Fynske Lene Dragoner
Regiment
50 huss.'lrs
1St and 2nd Battalions, Fynske Inranteriregiment
1St and 2nd Battalions, Slevsigske Infanteriregiment
Rifle Company rrom the 2nd Battalion,
Dronningcn Regiment
Rifle Company rrom the 3rd Battalion,
Holsten Regiment
Rifle Company rrom the 3rd Battalion,
Oldenburg Regiment
3rd Company of the SlevsigskeJaeger Korps
Fighting took place around the villages of
Siebcnbaumen and Steinhorst, and before Dorn.
berg had time to organize his division his front
tine had been driven back. The Hannoverian
Brigade pushed the Danes back from Steinhorst,
causing lhem to retire to Cross Boden. The
fighting continued for some hours with the Danes
counter.attacking and forcing the Hannoverians
to break and retire. The Allied Advance Cuard
units regrouped and again advanced. This time
the Danes did not give fight but joined the main
Danish position at Oldscloe, subsequently making
their way to their own border.
THE FALL OF DENMARK
By 5 December the main force of the Allied army
of Russo-Swedish troops, containing ~ b o u t 18,000
Swedish soldiers had advanced into Danish
Holstein. Fighting took place at Bornhoved and
Sehestcd. The last ever Swedish cavalry battle, in
which the Marner Hussars distinguished them.
selves, was fought at Bornhoft. The Danish army,
after retreating through Holstein, drew up in a
position on lhe Eyder where Prince Frederick of
Hessen requested an armistice. Talks extended
into January, with both armies drawn up in
position and fortresses besieged. As the basis of
the negotiations laid down by Bernadotte was not
acceptable, hostilities were resumed and the
town of Cluckstadt was taken. When the frontier
town ofJutland Kolding was reached the Danish
government decided to conclude a peace with
Sweden and Creat Britain, and on '4 January
1814 the Treaty of Kid was signed. The condi-
25
26
Swo:dish troop. o( 1813-14 campaign. Resulations (or uni.
(orms u:isted, but due to the S"reat po...eny of the Swedish
ation the soldiers we", badly c1otbo:d and equipped. When
the uniforms deteriorato:d with use a..d "0 replacement.
were fonhcominS", the .oldier. worewbale_r was available,
allied and captured uniform. and equipment being worn
"";Ih equal freedom. The uniforms 0" this plate depict tbe
Swedish mililary 'fashio'" during tbe period of
througboul the Nonh Gel'........ c.mp.ign., the .......lIio.. of
Denmark, the Iibe.... tion of the Netberlandnd finally the
ia....s io.. ofNorw1ly.
The figure 011 tbe left, a pri ...ate of tbe Nonh Skiin.ka Resi-
ment, ill we.ring a c.ptured Frencb IIh.ko, .nd p.rt of hill
equipmenl is from hi. (now) Runian allies. R"'!'JI.tion.
bid down that .ll unit. wore tbe t ....dition.1 higb rou..d felt
bt all shown on tbe figure On tbe ri!ht, but replacement.
were .carce. The j.cket was the .8'11 p.llern, dark blue with
red collar and cuff"s, tbe cuff". being piped in dark blue.
Shoulder.lltl'1lps were in tbeuniformcolour ofblue and piped
in red. The turnback. were in yellow and buttons were brall.
The panl.loo... were i... mediumgrey colour ."ddecorato:d
wilh an Au..trian knot and Illripes down the out..ide lIeam in
red. Dark grey g.iters were worn o"'er the boot . Around the
waill was the lance....style girdle. Crotll-beh., .rm-strap.
and chest-eonn.,.,tingltraps were in white leather. A h.yo.. et
Kabb.rd was att.cbo:d to the b.ck of the black le.ther
....munition pouch, whicb bung dllwn on Ihe ri!bt hip. The
kn.p...ck wa. of brown hide witb copper cant.,.,n (the
Sgure ..bown i. wearin!. Ru...i....type white met.1 cant.,.,n)
.....!o.. the back. A wate.-.cont.iner was not ...,.,e.....rily pan
oldier's ",,!uipment, .0 tbese co..t.iners ranged from
pllll bottle. wilh .ome prot.,.,ti...e co...eri,,!, to captured
..elale.ntcenll.
wilh tbe Swedes. The uniform ill tbe 18topattern ofdark blue
with tbe coUar a .. d tbe round cuff ill red. The shoulde...
Rrapl are the lIame colour al Ihe uniforln, edSed in red. The
nlmbac". were in yellow and bUllons were bra.... The waist
wa. encirded wilh Ibe la"cer-Iype girdle in the national
.,.Iours of yellow and blue. P.ntaloons were Inedium grey
...th Austrian knOll and lide .tripes in red. Dark srey
piters were worn. All the leather equipme"l wa. white with
tlte e:sception oftbe black alnrnunition poucb. The back_pack
was of brown hide with a S"rey blanket roll On top, aecured by
whiteleather .. trap...
Tbe figure 0.. Ihe riSht i. a pri.... le of the Uppland
He wore the r"'!'Jlation taU round hat with the left .ide brim
dongaled 10 reach Ihe top of the crow" and fa.te"ed wilh a
,..-Uow cockade a"d a hutton and loop, o"'er which wa. a
_hile standin! 'bru.h'. Around the hat wa. a while hat-band.
110e u.,;corm wa.. dark blue wilh a while collar, lapel...nd
caffl being yellow edged witb white. The turnback. were
Jlellow, .houlde....strap. were dark blue ed!ed yellow, hulto....
brass. Thepa"laloon. were medium8rey with Au.trian
bOI. and .ide .tripes in yellow, .nd the resul.tion l.ncer
prdle w WOrn. The ",,!uipment was the regul.tio" p.uern
wilh the addilio.. ofthe brown gourd carried On the left side
..,. cord, all a" impro......ed canteen.
lions of the treaty were that Norway should be
ceded to Sweden, in return for which Denmark
was to have Swedish Pomerania as compensation;
that Stralsund should become a depot for British
goods; that the Danes should, on receiving a
subsidy of 40,000 from England, join the Allies
with a force of 10,000 men; that Britain would
return to Denmark all that she had captured from
her, except Hcligoland; that both Sweden and
Britain would use their good offices to negotiate a
peace between Denmark and the other Allies.
Later, Denmark exchanged Pomerania with
Prussia for Lauenburg.
With the question of Norway all but settled
Bernadolte evacuated Holstein and as rapidly as
possible headed south to fulfil his obligations in
Holland. The first of the Swedish troops crossed
the Rhine on 24 February, finally halting at Liege
where Bernadotte made his headquarters. The
centre of the Northern Army under Blucher had
sufTered heavy losses, and he appealed to the Tsar
for more reinforcements; Ihis request was granted,
and the corps of Winzingerode, Billow and
\Voronzo were placed under his command. To
compensate for the loss of these corps Bernadolte
was given the overall eommand of the forces
besieging the French fortresses, which included
the Dutch and British troops in and around the
Netherlands.
in April of 1814 Bernadotte returned to Paris.
The Tsar and some of the other Allies offered,
indeed urged him to accept a position as mediator
between the Allies and the Royalists, or even as
the leader of the opposition; the post of General-
issimo was even mentioned, but all these Berna-
dotte refused. He had secretly entertained high
hopes of obtaining the French throne, but was a
very disappointed man, since the French thought
of him not as a saviour but more as a traitor to
their cause. He had become completely alienated
from his own people, the French. VVith promises
of Allied influence and aid in his conquest against
Norway, he returned to his northern kingdom,
Sweden.
THE iNVASION OF NORWAY
The refusal of the Norwegians to submit meekly
or to surrender their fortresses, Konsvinger,
Frederikshald, Frederikstad and Akerhus on the
borders, boded ill for a peaceful settlement.
Scarcely a month after the signing of the Treaty
of Kid, a representative body of Norwegians met
in the town of Eidsvold and drafted a constitution
for all independent monarchy with the Danish
Prince Christian Frcderik (cousin and heir to
Christian VIol' Denmark) as its Regent. Norway
prepared for war, but her military plans were ofa
27
(Ldt to risbt) , artiUery .word (or NCO., I ~ ;
artillery .word, I ~ ; cadel'word, I ~ ;
artillery Stral.wod' .word, .Bog.
wholly defensive nature. The army took up
positions along the German river to oppose the
threatened invasion. Norway then made strong
appeals to the Allied powers, for without outside
assistance their cause would be lost. They ap-
pealed to Britain, but although sympathetic, in
March 1813 she had signed a treaty with Sweden
assuring her of British military aid in return for her
assistance against Napoleon. With this alliance in
being the other Allies, although distrustful of
Bernadotle could do nothing, so Norway was left
to her fate.
Bernadoue was still at this time at his head
quarters in Belgium, so the command of the
Swedish troops was in the hands of Count Essen.
Although well-equipped the Swedes were few in
number, being only 16,000 men strong, but to
counter-balance this they had a strong British and
Swedish naval force. The i':orwegians had some
20,000 men; they were confident in their cause,
28
their strength and the defcnsive nature of their
country. Had they not thrown back the invading
Swedes in 1808--g? They could do it again! They
had not reckoned with Bernadotle, who had
brought the new Swedish army up to a high
standard of discipline and preparedness.
Bernadotle informed Essen of the reinforce-
ments he was sending, which amounted to about
30,000 men who were being landed at Carlshamn.
There were further Russian and Prussian troops
amounting to another 20-30,000 men. There was
a promise of more troops from the Tsar - 5-6,000
men who would bc despatched from Archangel to
land at Trondhjem. ByJuly Bernadottc was ready
to invade Norway. On 26July the Swedish fleet
sailed from Stromstad to eapture and take
possession of the islands at Hvaloerne, which the
Norwcgians had already cvacuatcd. Amphibious
landings were made on Krangcrocll where some
6,000 men took over the fortress of Frederikstad
with little or no opposition. The garrison under
the command ofColonci Hjerman retreated with
all haste.
General Galm led a Swedish detachment of
approximately 2,500 men with instructions to
attack and harass the Norwegians; he crossed the
border at Solor with the intcntion of marching to
Kongsvinger, and made contact with an equal
force of Norwegian troops under the command of
Colonel Krebs. The Norwegians retreated before
the Swedes until they reached Lier where they
were able to secure a fortified position. The Swedcs
advanced and attacked on 2 August, but were
beaten back with heavy losses. Galm moved back
and established a camp at Matrand. During lhe
night Colonel Krebs approached the camp with a
few hundred troops, sending his main force or
l,ooomenon a flanking movemenl. Thcyattacked
at dawn; the fighting was brief and bloody. Gahn
was able to extricate his troops, but only after
great difficulty, with the loss of some 300 men
killed, wounded or taken prisoner.
Thc Swedish army of two corps numbering
about 45,000 men was in position at North
Boluslen. With volunteers and militia the Nor
wegians could not muster more than 27,000 men.
The balance of sea power was even more alarm-
ing. The Swedes had four ships of the line, five
frigates, one brig and about So--9o smaller craft:
to back this up they had the helpofthe formidable
British fleet, against which the Norwegians had
only eight brigs, one schooner and some hundred
smaller vessels.
The Second Swedish Corps advanced through
Enningdal under the command of Field Marshal
the Count Essen, and the Norwegians retreated
before them. Fredriksten was besieged by 6,000
Swedish troops under General Vegesack. At
Svinesund, to escape being cut off from the main
army by Essen, the Norwegians under the com-
mand of General Butensdhon withdrew. The
Crown Prince Christian Frederik went to Rak-
kestad where the main army was concentrated.
There his chief-of-stafTGeneral Seirsted informed
him that he would be unable to defend his capital
Christiania (Oslo). There was no other way: the
Prince ordered a general retreat across the
Clomma river, and the Swedes occupied the
border towns. Bernadotte wished to negotiate; he
wanted a quick settlement that he eould present to
the great powers, as sympathy with the Nor-
wegian cause could well sway his former Allies.
Although these negotiations ended on 29 July
with the Norwegians still holding out in various
positions, the capital was already open to attack.
Outflanked, outnumbered, and with a weak
leadership, Prince Frederik surrendered Norway
to the Swedish crown.
Bernadotteoffered to accept the Eidvold con-
stilUlion, with added amendments made neces-
sary by the union of the Norwegian and Swedish
crowns. To this the Norwegians then agreed. The
control of foreign policy was to be determined in
Stockholm, and the Swedish king was to appoint a
Viceroy to represent him in Norway. Whereas in
Sweden the king had absolute veto over ordinary
legislation, in Norway his veto was valid for only
six years. The former Independencies of Norway
such as Iceland, the Faroes and Greenland re-
mained under the Danish crown. The small island
ofSt. Bathelemy in the West Indies was the only
dependency she had left outside the Scandinavian
Peninsular. The West Indian island ofGuadeloupe
was, under pressure from Britain, returned to
France. Britain gave Sweden compensation for
this island in part payment of her' national debt.
Wiesmar, although only mortgaged to Mecklen-
burg, was never relUrned to Sweden.
Sweden has never fought another war, and has
remained neutral throughout the many sub-
sequent world conflicts.
By the end of the Napoleonic period in 1814,
Denmark was bankrupt and five-sixths of her
territory had been lost.
Norway remained under a foreig,:! yoke, and
had to wait almost a hundred years before she
gained her independence.
rile 'Plates
A/ Denmark: Officer of Den Kongelige Livgarde Til
Hast, 1800-/3
The Royal Horse Guard was formed in 1661 and
apart from a shan period of one year (1771-1772)
continued in service until 1866, when it was dis-
banded. The strength of this corps was very small,
consisting of no more than about '200 men. Its
main function was that of a personal bodyguard
to the king. The only action in which the corps
29
took any part was in 1807, this being in defence of
Copenhagen against the British attack on that
city. During 1800-1815 the main duties were
guarding the King and patrol duties around the
coast surrounding Copenhagen. There were two
squadrons, differentiated only by the tops of their
coloured feather plumes. The first squadron,
known as Livcskadronen (the Life Squadron,
had a white feathered plume with a red top, and
the second squadron had a white feathered plume
with a light blue top. The uniform pattern of this
organization changed very lillie over the years,
except for minor details. The sword carried was
the 1772 pattern; the hilt was of silver, with a
black grip bound with silver wire. A scabbard of
black leather had silver mountings, and the sabre
knot was gold striped crimson. The horse furnish-
ings consisted of a red shabraquc with silver lacc
edgings. The harness was of black leather with
gilt fittings. Pistols carried were the 1807 model
with the 'internal' flint-lock by C. \V. Kyhl.
A2 Denmark.' Guardsman (Lirwskadronen) in Parade
and Guard-Duty Uniform
In earlier years the helmet tail decoration was
more in the form of a sausage-shape which hung
down the back, but this was replaced by a horse-
hair tail. At this period the helmet had a black
leather skull, straight at the back. Two metal
bands, one on either side, were fixed to give added
protection from sabre cuts, and the 'up-turned'
leather peak was edged in white metal with a
metal band above the peak over the front of the
skull. The turban, contained by three silver chains
. "
~ ~ . ~ m m . i i l
~
(Top to beetOIll): ISS.........hore rifled c:arbu.e,
1"1; 16"lIIm .horerifled.c:arbi.e,I."s; 16"IIIID
carbiDe, lao,.
30
on either side, was of a red coloured material. The
helmet was surmounted bya fur crest with a horse-
hair tail which hung down the back. White metal
chin-scales were adopted in March 1808. On the
left side was a cut feathered plume of red over
white, attached in a socket beneath the turb."!n.
The uniform was a shan (just below waist-
length) coatee of a light yellow cloth, fastening
down the front by means of hooks and eyes. Two
strips of lace ran down the front on either side of
the fastenings. The collar, shoulder straps. cuffs
and turnbacks (in the front) were red with lace
edging; prior to 1802 no turnbacks were shown.
The bottom of the coatee was also edged in lace.
Rank distinction was shown by types of lace and
buttons. The breeches were of a similar malerial
to the coatee. a light yellow c10lh without
ornamentation. The boots were high, covering
the knees, and fitted with white metal spurs. It
was llsual to wear the black leather cross-belt from
the left shoulder. For parades a silver cross-belt
plate was worn. On active service tbe cross-belt
hung from the right shoulder and a black leather
carbine belt with a swivel and hook hung over the
left shoulder, crossing the body. A black leather
waist belt had a silver belt plate decorated with
the Danish coat of arms in gih. Black leather
sword slings and sabretache with silver em-
broidered monogram FR VI were worn. The
sword carried was the 1772 paltern with the hih
in brass, the scabbard being of black le'lIher and
steel. The carbine carried was the shoft riRed
168 model of 1807; like the pistol it was fitted
wilh the so-called 'internal' flint-lock, made by
C. W. Kyhl in 1806, and approved in April 1807,
made in the Kronborg Arms Factory.
B I Denmark: Kongens Livjaeger Corps, Jaeger, 1807
With the threat of the British Reet offJudand on
12 March 1801, volunteer corps were hastily
formed. One of the first open to the citizens was
the Kongens Livjaeger Corps (King's Life-Corps
of Riflemen), recruited mainly from the middle-
elass youth. With General Von Holstein as its
commander-in-chief, it was formed on 25 March
1801. The corps consisted of two companies under
Captain Count Holk and Captain Von Stibolt.
Although it did not take part in the baltIc of
Copenhagen, a small contingent was stationed
with a battery on Amager. After the bailIe the
strength was increased to four companies of 100
men each. For every twenty-five men an officer
was appoinled, elected by the riRemen them-
selves. The original regulations for the uniform
laid down on 15 April ended with the order:
'Everyone who is a member of the Corps must
provide himself with the above-mentioned
field-uniform, sabre, cartridgebox, knapsack,
greatcoat and all matter to support himself.
For this service in the corps, the King will pro-
vide him a rifle and ammunilion'.
The greatcoat had a round cape with green
tassels and lace, both of which could be easily
removed to convert it back lor civilian usc.
Pelisses trimmed with black fur were permitted
for officers, and also the growing of beards by the
men.
New regulations issued on 3I January 1806 in-
creased the strength of the corps by 80 men; the
officers were upgraded from Civic Guards status
to that of the Militia. Minor changes of uniform
look place: the parade-uniform for thc riRemen
was to be discontinued; officers were to wear lhe
same czapka as the men; and gold cords and
epauleltes were to be worn by the officers.
In defence of Copenhagen during the battle of
1807 the corps conducled themselves with great
bravery, their casualty rate being the highest
among the defending Danish troops, amounting
to one quarter of their effective strength. After the
peace treaty of 1814 this was the only volunteer
corps which was allowed 10 remain in service. For
purely political reasons the corps was disbanded
Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadoue, Marshal ofFraace, Prince of
PODte Corvo. At the age of 47 he was m.ade CroWD Prince of
Sweden with the aame Charles John, ...d later took the
throne as Charles XIV.
on 21 July 1870.
The Jaeger wore all unusual variation of thc
czapka, a six-cornered tall hat with parallel sides.
It had a Icather body and peak, neck and ear-
(laps, ornamentcd with a grcen turban, ball tuft
and cords. Non-commissioned officers worc a
green cockade under lhe balt-luft. The short Oust
below waist-length) jacket was dark green, with a
black collar, lapels, pointed cuffs and the turn-
backs in lhe front. A black leather pouch belt
hung from the left shoulder across the body. The
waist beIt of black leather was fitted widl a brass
buckle. Non-commissioned officers (Overjaegere)
wore white cords and a gold epaulette on the right
shoulder, and a black shoulderstrap edged with
gold on the left. Grey pantaloons decorated with
black braid at the waist were worn with plain
31
Hessian-type boots. Overjaegers' boots were fitted
with a tassel. On the left-hand side a brass hilted
sword-type bayonet (hirschranger) was carried,
with a green sabreknot for the riflemen and a
white knot for N.C.O.s. A Rat triangular-shaped
powderhorn made from cow-horn was suspended
from the waist belt by straps on the right. All ranks
wore the black cravat plaited and allowed 10
hang down in front. The rifled musket was carried
by all personnel.
82 Denmark: Jaeger Officer in Field Uniform
Prior to 1806 officers had worn for service dress a
leather skull and peak helmet, with a leopard-
skin turban contained by chains. It was sur-
mounted by a fur crest and a green feathered
plume. Their epaulelles were green, and their
sashes yellow striped green. Under the new
regulations ofJanuary 1806 the officers' uniform
came closer in appearance to that of the men, with
only minor differences. The officers now wore the
czapka filled with gold cords, and gold epauleltes
to distinguish their rank. A gold sash with crimson
stripes was now worn in line with the regular
army. Grey pantaloons with a slightly heavier
braid ornamentation at the waist were worn with
the tasselled Hessian boots. Both the crossbelt and
the powderhorn hung from the left shoulder across
the body, the latter supported by a green cord. A
stirrup-hihed sword in a scabbard of black leather
fitted with brass mounts was carried on black
leather slings. Both pistols and rifles were carried
by the officers.
83 Denmark: Jaeger Officer in Parade Uniform
Following the new regulations this uniform had
these notable differences. The czapka, apart from
the gold cords and flounders, was also decorated
with gold cord at each corner, around the green
turban, around the leather peak, earflaps and
neck flap. The uniform was green, and lhe short
black lapels were edged in gold lace and decorated
with gold loops and buttons. Gold braid and
bUllons reached the waisl. The black turn-ups in
lhe front, the pointed black cuffs and the hallom
of the jacket were all edged or decorated with
gold lace. Gold bullion epaulettes were worn. A
thin black leather belt edged in gold with a gilt
two-bossed buckle was worn around the waist.
32
Swedi.h .rtillery troop., .&0,. The Oil the le(t i. a
p""er (Kaaoaier) o( the V,,"du Artill.... ...ellt.., who
wOn th.. taU rOUlld f..1t hat with the ..IOIIpted Calae hri...
011 the Idt-haad .ide, Ct_ed with a Y"Uow how aad huuo..
aad loop oC th.......e coto.r. The hat w-. rulO..-ted hy.
...hite pl....e, th.. hat_buld. _. h The .iDSle-h,.....ted
-.ifor... _. dark bl".. with clar" bt (.ciDS" .bouJder-
.lrSp.. cuB"....d tv.....hack.. The collar _ ....hite Ihld
decorated with two yello COUOll coreb or lact bar-. The
.iDsle ro o(lnalt_. d the (roat Lad those OIl the aIH.
wen ill b Fro... the Idt .boulder 11-. huB" leather
belt p'f:te. he c1.......fitti.llS pLatd oC clar" bl.e ...e",
deeonr.ted with A".tn- ....011 ill yeUo Blae" booll wert
"'0rD., fiued with .ilver met.1 .p"n. The .rtillery pat"".....
....ord witb th...tirrup hilt ill a .leel Lad leather Kabb.rd
wa.c.rried.
The c_tre fipre (h.ck vie...) i. La officer i .. the Ve.du
Th.. lUliforrn ......irnil.r to that oC the
p""er with the CollowiDS e"ceptio: the decoratiOIl Oil the
white coDar _. o( cold lace; the e.......beh ..... leather ...d
lact. The clar" bl"e tv..... back....ert o........_ted with sold
....m.ofthebl.epalltalooo.. ne ....ord pportedbySold.
lace .IiDS...... Ih.. .rtillery palt__ ill hlack leather
_hbant with Jilt fittiar. The .word"'01 _. oClold lact.
O'Ih..Ie(t ...... w-. the white 'bra rd', traditioaally wo....
by all S...ed.i.h offict,..., ill co oratioa oC the Palact
rtvol.tio.. o( "772. A .ilve......ohbed uick _. carried.
pluD1e Cor thi. w.. y..llow. The C.ciDS coto"r .....
the .am.. (or the coll.r, cuff. Lad t" b.ck., t>,.iDS d.r" hl"e.
Gold Cri..selu. ep.uleue. were wo A sotd.l.ud cro.._
belt .upport"'CI bl.d. po"ch. Blue breeehu "'ere ...0 ....
with hiSI> ........ boot . The ....ord _. uraisht hl.ded .ad
...ora ill Cros Crom the ....i.t_belt. (Kllotet)
The goldedgcd black leather crossbelt bore the
belt plate of the Danish coat of arms. The
pantaloons were green and decorated at the waist,
down the sides and around the back with gold
lace. The Hessian boots were ornamented around
the top in gold lace and had a gold tassel.
Cl Swtden: Andra LifGard, Guardsman, 1807
This, the 2nd Regiment of lhe King's Life Guards
(Gustavus Adolphus IV), was one of three such
regiments, the 1st being 'Kongungens Svea Lif
Garde and 3rd 'Kongungens Finska Garde'
After the Russians invaded and conquered Fin-
land in I BoB, the srd regiment was disbanded
according to the treaty of Fredricksham on 5
September 1Bog. Prior to 1807 the guardsmen
wore the black bicorne, but at this date the
Swedish headdress, the 'kusket', was adopted.
This helmet was peculiartothe Swedes. Madefrom
black leather, it was tall with a rounded top and
the left side of the brim elongated and turned up
nearly to the top; this was ornamented with a
white brush plume with a yellow loop and button.
The 'chenillc' or bearskin crest was placed
obliquely across thc top ofthc haL The metal hat
band was adorned with thc crest of Vasa with a
crown abovc.
C2 Sweden: Andra LijGarde, Offiur, /807
Thc Guards rcgimcnts carnc undcr the Varvadc
or pcrmancnt establishment of thc army. These
either occupied the many fortresses which sur-
rounded Sweden, or were housed in barracks in
various towns. Their status and pay was higher
than thai of the regular Linc army. The total
strength of a Guards regiment was two six.
company battalions, each company consisting of
100 men; added to this was an attachment of
about 100 men of a Chasseur company. Officers
still retained the bieorne for certain occasions. In
common with Ihc practicc of all Swedish officers
thc white 'brassard' was worn on the left arm.
C3 Sweden: KongungtnsSua LijGarde; Officer, /807
Being of the 1st Regiment there were certain
differences ofa vcry minor nature in the uniform
of the officers, but apart from the facing colour
these were essentially the samc. The Chasscur
company (mounted riRemen) had a green uniform
piped yellow. They wore the kusket with a green
chenille and grcen brush plume. The Chasscur
company of the 2nd Regiment wore a similar
uniform but with orange piping. As wilh the
guardsmen, thc crest of Vasa with the crown
above was worn on the metal hat band.
D / Sweden: Liu Grenadier Corps oj the Lije Brigade,
Officer, /8/3
The Crenadier Corps of the Life Brigade was
formed in 1808 from the Liv-regiment Brigade's
'Latta' Indelta Battalion. The Indelta unilS were
made up from the militia, a form of tcrritorial
service. Under the ncw Crown Princc's guidance
the grenadiers were drawn from their regimental
units and placed into regiments of their own,
possibly augmentcd with the Indelta regiments
within his new infantry organization. The uniform
of the Grenadier Corps was similar to that of Ihe
other Linc regimenls. The kusket was worn, but
with the following differences: Ihe brim was small
and did not have the e10ngaled upturned left
Swedi.1a d .....Soo.u and I"...ar, '807. TJoe Iwo ceatre 6sures
are _ effic"r _d trooper ortlae Wutptha n...Soo.u. Apart
rrom miaor difI'"reaces tIl..-e -ue....... ar" ""I')' .imilar.
TJoe black laetmel _. fitted wilh 10....... eraa.meeta_
tioa, willa a 1I0id cockade ror officers witb a sold bunoa_d
=.::r:It::
comla _dha.asias dOWlll back o(llae lael.o..",. TJoe -uorm
_. darlr. blue witla red coUar and aaJr. The half-rariaS (roat
_s edlled ia wb.i'e whicla coatiaued doWD rhoe (roal aad
aloellibe botro... orrhoejackel. Officers wOre lIotd epaul"ues,
olher .......... had nOn". Arouad tla" waist w.. a wid", yellow
sa.1a willa cords _d la..el. laooked up oa tbe righl .id",. TJo"
breeclaes w"rt! lauffleather and worn witla hes.i_ bool . Th"
.word .upported On !l0ld .lings w.. Ihe .tandard r"S'ulalion
;1:h:
.hako had a deep lold laced bordn- arouad rhoe upp"r parr
witla a sold lace 0 ........_1 ia IlIe cnllre; rho., wmle ph....", was
aflised witla a y..Uow bow, laulloa _d toop oa the tert.
.. t:::=r:i:t
wa. dark bl ...., wirho ,be .ame (arias colour (or collar aad
cuff. Fromjasl betow tbe co,.... 10 tile bottom tlae dolman
_. deco.....ted witb gold lace. TJoe cro...betl was orleld lace
aad teather _d tbe barr"Ia.h, cerds aad tas..,l. (which
..
b....ian hool . TJoe .abretacbe was .u.P""'ded by gold diall"
_d had a blue backSroUlld deco.....ted willa tlae rhor.... cro_.
ia sold lace. TIle .word _. alIsto,,".t witb. sold .word....ot.
eKuelel)
brim, and the chenille was placed from back to
front centre. The white plume, yellow cockade
and button and loop were fastened on the left
side. Thc Chasseur detachment had a similar
uniform.
D2 Swedrn: Kongungt'ns LijGarde Til Hast:
Trooper, /807
The Royal Life Cuard was made up of six
squadrons; like thc Crenadier regiments it had'l
further attachment, in this case one squadron
equipped as mounted Jaegers. The troopers wore
the pale blue service uniform, and the yellow
barrelled sash belt applicable to all dragoon
regiments since r795, as were also the three gold
crowns (the Swedish coat of arms) on the sabre-
tache, under the regulations of that year. The
kusket was worn with the elongated Icft brim
upturned, fitted with the chenille centre, from
back to front, and decorated with cords. In the
reorganization of the army under Bernadotle the
kuskel was replaced in 1813 by a shako.
D3 Swedm: Lijgrmudier Rigimrnt, O.ffictr, /813
The cuI of the uniform was similar (Q the olher
grenadier and line infantry regimcnts, now being
35
blue in place of the lalO uniform colour of grey.
The formation also followed that of the other line
regiments. Earlier Ihey had worn the bearskin cap
with the red patch at the back, and a while plume
worn on the len side. In 1813 Ihis was replaced
wilh Ihe kusket, worn without the upturned left
brim, thechenille being worn at righl angles across
the top of Ihe hat. The while plume remained on
the left side with the bUllon and loop.
D4 Sweden: Kongllllgens Lif Garde Til Hast,
Officer, fOOl
The Royal Life Guard was part of the standing
army, and had six squadrons, including a jaeger
squadron. Each squadron consisted of 125 men.
The officer is shown in full dress. The 'brassard'
was worn on the left arm as a reminder of Ihe
Palace Revolution of 1772. The mounted Jaegers
wore a uniform of similar cut but in dark green.
f Denmark: Hussar Regiment, OJficer, 181j
The Hussars saw most of their service in Northern
Germany. Many accounts of the various ballles
fought mention squadrons of Hussars fighting
alongside the Dragoons and Line troops. To the
Hussars goes the credit for killing the rebellious
Major von Schill of the 2nd Regiment of Branden-
burg Hussars, during the street fighting in
Stralsund on 31 May IBog. Stralsund and Boden
are but two of Ihe battles in which the Hussars
fought. Their uniform followed lhe general
pattern of all hussars, the exception being lhe hat
(Shachtclhue) which was a high black shako with
silver bands around lhe lOp, the lace band going
diagonally down lhe front - although regulations
allowed the French-lype colpack which was
sometimes worn. The troopers wore a similar
uniform with white cOtton tape in place of the
silver lace of the officers.
2 Danish. Ceneral, 181j
The Generals wore a special type of uniform when
serving on the General Staff, this being in Ihe
national colour of red with the facing colour of
blue. Epaulettes were of gold bullion with three
silver bars. The sash was a little different from
lhat of the other general officers. If the general
was in command of a regiment he usually wore
the regimental uniform with the general's ep-
36
Thi. pl.fe .ho...... II:roup of Swedi.h Li.ne lnf....fry .oldie...
we.n"'fIl ,he '807-10 inue of ulliform. The ulli.
....=.m... :::::
..
.... .friped ......e ..t1or:t.al colo.....
of hI.. e -et y..now wa. wo..... C.--d.,..lt., pIl'>ch......d .u
loa,. Oft the ...fr..m .. leff i .... officer of "'e Kron.obers:
officen. H iaD boota were wo..... Th.. bl M .... the Kron. ...
t cod,.de of. yellow hac"fIlrouDd with a blue
CeDlre leff i private of the Elf.borfll
fIlrey fIlrdtco.' with. d ..lachable c.pe, which alao h.d tbe
fad"'fIl colour of dar" blue. Kifllh hlac" pife... wer.. worn.
wi,h b...... hUflOD fa&left"' . The bf cockade bd ... o.......lI:e
bac"fIlrou.Dd wi .... red cron ... ,he Cefttre.
The Ilf", fill"""" (fro"'f ...d back view)1U'e privaf'"
..
arm MiD. red.
ulrem.. ri.ht i. a prinl" of SOcIum........d Resim...f.
Nococlr.adewa.woraonfhefro toffh.. hat. TheUAiformW&lO
daJo.. hl.. e wi'" yellow collar, cuB'. aud ....... bac.... The
l"ther equipm_, wa. of wh.i1e le.... aud ,he ..,iOllal.
coloured sinU.. waS worn.. The pautaloo.... were whi,e ao.d
worn. wi'" bl.c" sai,u. 10 ,he ..0..... All carried
110.. hayo... et aU..ched und.. rn._th hl.c" ammunition
po..ch; ,he m .....e.. bd red l...ther .tiufll. (Knotel)
aulettes and sash. The black bicorne with the deep
laced edge, white feather border along the top and
white plume was still worn, whether on the stan'
or Wilh a regiment.
j Dtnmark: OJfiurofth., Cuid, Corps, 181j
This corps was an csscmial part of the arm)'. liS
personnel were specially chosen officers and non-
commissioned officers, who were trained for staff
duty service. The uniform was red with black
facing colour, and they wore a distinguishing
coloured plume of yellow with a crimson top.
PI Denmark: J),dskeRegimtnl ulteDragorur, 181j;
Trooper in service dress
This regimenl saw most of its sen'ice in Northern
Germany in the Auxiliary Corps, which was the
Danish Division attached to the French XIII
Army Corps under Marshal Davout. In command
of the Danish Corps was Prince Frederick of
Hessen and in command of the 2nd Brigade, in
which this Jutland regiment served, was Major.
General J. C. Lasson.
37
The helmct worn was the samc pallcrn as llscd
from 179510 1815, and a similar patlern to that
worn by the Royal Life Guards. I t had a black
leather skull with a straight leather peak I:x>und
with metal. and a metal band abovc the peak
over the front bearing the regiment's name. It
bore a crcst of black feathers. and the blue turban
was contained by chains. The uniform followed
the s.ame style as the infantry, with the turnbacks
in buff and the collar. lapels and cuffs in the
regimental colour. The overalls were dark blue
with a red stripe down the side and black leather
strappings. The carbine was the short rined
model of 1807.
F2 Denmark: ]yiskt Rtgimrnt LeU' Dml:rmer,.
mounted Officer, /813
Thc total strcngth of the regiment on a war
footing was four squadrons, each squadron con
sisling of 175 oAlcers and mcn, but whether this
figurc was cver reached is not quite certain.
Officers had their ranking shown on the lower
slce\'e, a system introduced under the army
regulation of I August 1812. The jacket was the
tail-coat with buffcoloured turnbacks. The horses
were somewhat smaller than in other rcgimcnlSof
cavalry, but were chosen for their hardiness. The
shabraque was crimson with silver lace em-
broidery, and the harness was of black leather
dcr:orated with shells. Owing to the British block-
ade and the financial problems of the country, the
crimson material was gradually going out of use
through lack of supplies.
GI and G2 Denmark: Grenadiers, Oldntborgske
hifanleriregimenl
Originally part of the Danish Division st,lIlding
by in Holstein, this regiment was ordered to
Northern Germany by the Kingan 16Ma)' 1813,
there to be attached to the French XIII Arm)'
Corps commanded by DaVOli!. The
Danish Division was now called the Danish
Auxiliary Corps, under the command or Prince
Frederik of Hessen. The Oldenborgske Infanteri-
regiment I, II, I V and the light company from
the III "'ere part or the First Brigade under the
command of MajorGeneral G. L. Graf \'on der
Schulenberg.
38
c....up of dnSOOD' aDd c..ira..ie" i.. 1807. The
typieal head-dre.. wa' the btack bico....e wo.... i.. the f..re
aDd aft po.ili.... , w;lb y",Uow hat pullil at "'.ch ead. SliShdy
len or Celr", the hat wa. deconted wilh a y",lIow bow w;lh a
bull.......d loop, ...rmO....led by a while feal.her pl .. m",.
0.. Ihe e.-I.rt!me I",fl ill a lrooper of 110... Scani Rqi.m.... t of
O....lII;oo.... The IUliform ill 110... l']98-tllo7 pan be"'lII; d.rk
blue ... colour. noe lIf;ir.Ue wa. tbe Iatlur-type of yellow UKI
101..", Io..rn....I.1 .tripes. Buff W"rt! wo.... with killl;h
k..ee boot.. A whil" I..."ber belt {ro 110.. riCbl .b..uJd..r
'cros. Ihe body .upported th.. beary ca_try
.word oa t .... lef,. Awai.t bell .....d..r th", lIf;irdl", .upported th..
sahretacbe. 11M: hd leath..r carlo.... belt from the kft
..
... yellow; ,b.. dark bt..e pistol caven we" d"",ont...t with
'h.. IIor.... cro_.... yellow.
The fiK"" sec d from lbe lefl i.... officu of the Scania.a
O....Coo.... The iform iimilar to lhal of the lroopo:r
other thaD tb I"'ri.l, ...d cold lac", ....Iead of th.. yell_
couo.. lau. Buff'S'''Dd..,. w",r.. w...... by.1l .
Th", c.... t .... ficure i.... officer of tb.. Life Cui ier Rqi._
me.. l. He won th", bl.d< t",atl.er I.cqu",red h",lInet 0 .....
me"led with ,ill fitti"lII;'; the et.1 plale which covered Ihe
p".kp;ece j .....ed the Cilt c t, 0" which wtt.ched
white worsted co... h. noe b.ck of Ihe helme' wa" al"..
o..... m"'..ted wilh lII;ilt fitting. which ror...ed ...eck lII;u.rd.
no", if..rm w of. h..ff' c..l..ured c1..lh with the coll.r,
cuff d tu.... b.ck...f dark btue. The .teet cuir waa
edlll;ed in lII;ilt bra.. trim ...d gilt b ...... domed lI..d . I.. Ihe
ceatre ofth.. cui...... w the Swedi"h R..y.1 Co.t or Ar.... u.
gilt. Btue vetvet wilh a crimped edge (wkich .b.. wed) tined
Ihe cui....... The .h..ulder -.tItS ..f b...... a ..d leatber wbich
f..leaed 0" Ibe f......1 .upported the cui....... A cold.laced
cr bell fro... 110... rillhl "bowder carried Ibe .word, aad
f m a waist belt UDder the cui.......tinlll;' .upport...t lbe
... bret.che, both 0 .. the leTt .ide. HiCh k.._te..p bool.
filted wilh steel 'pun w...... wo.... The wkile bra....rd ......
wo.... o.. t .... lef,.rm.
noe figure .... lhe rillhl i.... officer of the Life 0"'1_
Rqi.m",al. He i. w... riaC the 1&0, pan...... W>ifOnD with the
....Ille r_ of gilt hun...._; it wa. dark lot .. ",. ia Ihe cu'.away
tail coal slyle. noe callar, cafI'....d lu".back. were'" "",kite.
=:
ri!bt .b.... lder .upported sword ia a f"'l Ihe teft .ide.
noe wai wa. eacircled by. IlAJ'TOW 1l..1d 10 with ..,k
wbich hu..! dowa Ihe left .ide. BuR' caloured breeches e....
walk...! stick "",as .. fte.. carried by officers. (K..otel)
The backview figure has the calf-length great-
coat or medium grey worn during lhis period; the
red coat of an earlier pattern was somctimes scen.
The standard infantry equipment of white leather
and fawn hide pack was worn. Grenadiers had an
infantry sabre in addition to the bayonet. The
feather was remo\ed from the bearskin under
orders issued on 8 September 1813, but restored
later when the bearskin was replaced with the
shako, on 12 :\'ovember 1813.
The second figure is wearing the lBog patlern
red jacket. of which the cut was out of fashion
with the rest of Europe.
39
G] Dtnmark.' 3dir )]dskt hifa1/lairtgimtnf. OJliar,
18J]
This shows the uniform as worn in 1813 after the
order of I August 1812 had been issued. This
order forbade the wearing of gold or silver
epauleues and sashes, and a system of stripes and
buttons to denote rank was imroduccd. The
figure shown is that of a second lieutenant. Both
blue and grey pantaloons were worn. The colours
were carried either by junior officers or senior
N.C.O.s.
G4 Drnmarlc.' Oldrnborgslcr InJanlerirrgimrnt,
OJlicer, 1809
The officer is wearing the IBog pattern uniform;
this was the period when both gold or silver
epauleltes and sashes were customary. This uni-
form was worn at the battle of Stralsulld during
service in a combined DutchDanish force. It was
due to ~ h e lack of both money and supplies (be
cause of the British blockade) that the later
pattern of uniforms lost most of their finery of
gold or silver cords and epaulettcs.
HI and H2 Drnmarlc: Holslmlct RyUert, OJliur and
Troop", 181]
The uniform of the Danish Heavy Cavalry was
similar to that of the infantry and the Horse
Artillery. The officer's tailed coat and the
trooper's short jacket had the standard flaps and
turnbacks in buff. Collar, lapels and culTs were in
the facing colour of green. The black shako had a
white plume with cordsofrcd and yellow. On the
diamond-shaped metal hat plate were the letters
'R.R.' for Rytter Regiment. The overalls were
dark blue with black leather strappings; troopers
had red stripes down the outside, the officers gold.
The sword carried was the cavalry broadsword
pattern of 1774, in the scabbard of 1786. The
troopers' sword knots were black, while the
officers had the gold and crimson sword knot. The
pistol and carbine were the 1807 patterns. The
shabraquc:s for the troopers were red with a white
edging, for the officers crimson with a silver
Swedi."lw",lve-potUId""('lA0(c. 17!IOteaL 12"2;&.11 Aus-
Ehrfturird dKip wit.b cradl.. &.lid limber, it .laDd. i
tra.iliosS peKino. (Ro)'1lt Army MUHum, Swedea)
edging. Parade dress for the officers was
coloured breeches and black Hessian boots wi
lassel.
H3 and H4 Dtnmark: 3dit ))'dslct Infanttrirtgim
)arger Company, Corporal and Troop", 1813
During this period infantry regiments ,
formed into four battalions. The first two
talions were made up of "eterans or the r
experienced professional soldiers, the lhird
fourth from the militia (Iandevaernet), which
beell stood down since 1808. A battalion cons'
of four companies of musketeers and on
jaegere (riRemen); the first battalion had a (
pany of Grenadiers instead of jaegere. I
company consisted of some 167 officers and I
The Jaegere N.C.O. and trooper wear the s
uniform as the infantry with the exception 0
distinctive dark green feathers and cords 011
shako and the all-black leather equipment.
smooth-bore infantry musket Model 1794
used after the Crown Prince's request for a lig
musket; a special sabrebayonet, the 'Hi,
fanger', was carried. The undress forage ca
'bonnet de police' were often worn on o c e a ~
other than fatigue duties. \Vhite trousers ,
worn for the summer uniform.
Men-at-Arms Series
THE SEVEN YEARS WAR
,\10:-.'1'C.-\I..\I'S AR1-1Y
WOLFE'S ARMY
TilE i\l'STROIIL:N"G,\RIA'\' AR.\IY OF THE
SEVE:\, YE.\RS WAR
FREDERICK TilE GREKI"S ARMY
NAPOLEONIC WARS
rOOT GRF.:'IAD[F.RS OF TilE [,\II'ERIAL Gl'ARl)
(:1I.\'3SECRS OF TilE GUARD
HL(.l(:HEI{'S Mo.l\'
RllSSIAN AI{;\IY OF TilE :"\AI'OLEO:\'IC WARS
THE IlLACK BRU;.IS\\,ICKERS
AllSTROHl":"<GMUAN ARMY OF THE
NAPOI.F.O:'\IC WAR",
WELLINGTON'S I'D';[;\1SULAR ARMY
KI'\G'S GERMAN LEGION
NAPOLEON'S POLISH TROOI'S
NAI'OLEOI\"S GER.\lA:'.' AI.I.JF:S (1)
)/AI'OLEON'S GI:IOIA."" ALLIES (2)
Sl't\:\ISIl MOIl' OF TilE '\'''POLEO;'<IC WARS
,\RTltU:RY
NM'OI.F.O"'S DRAGOONS A:'\D lA.... CERS
SCA.\'I)IX,\VIA:"I AIC\llt:S IN THE ;>; ..\I'OI.l:ONI(: WARS
OTHER 19TH CENTURY CAMPAIGNS
Rl'SSIA\' OF THE CRIMEA
IlR! fiSH AR:\IY OF TI1E CRIMEA
AR,\IY OF THE GERMA:'I DIPIRE lA70 A8
THE SL'f).\\ 1881 98
nn: ZL'LV W,\R
WORLD WAR II
THl: WAFFt.::'I SS
LLwr\\"M'FE AIRROR'\F. A:'ID FJELD lI:-."ITS
['HE PA,\ZER DI\"ISIO:'lS
TilE jAI'.\XF.SE AR:'1Y OF WORLO \\"AR II
TI-lE SOVIET ,\R:.n
RO:'1:.1t.:L'S I)I:SERT ARMY
BRITISH REGIMENTS
TilE IIl.ACK \\"ATCH
THE GUARDS
THE ROYAL SCOTS GREYS
THE ARGYLl. & SUTIlERLAND 1l1GIH.ANDERS
THE CO:'lNAUCHT RAXCERS
THF. HUFfS
THE ROYAL ARTILLERY
TilE "I:'IG'S RECI"IF.NT
TltE GURKHA RIFLES
TilE 30TH I'U:-."jAIIIS
THE SOUTH WALES 1I0RDERERS
TilE ROYAL CREE;': JACKETS
AMERICAN SUBJECTS
TilE STONEWALl. IIRIC,\DE
THE IRO:'l lllUGADE
TilE U,S. C,\\'ALRY
GEORGE WASHI;':(;TO\"S ,\RMY
TilE UNITED ST,\TES MI\RINE CQRI'S
TilE A.\1ERICA,'\ I'RO\'I:\,CJAl. CORPS
THE IIRIT1SII AIt"'IY L\' NORTH M.n:RIC,\ Ins 83
THE A,\1ERIC,\;': WAR 1812 II
TilE ARMY OF THE l'OTO:.lAC
THE MU\1Y OF XORTHF.RN VIRGINII\
THE ,,1[XICA:'I.":'IERIC,\:\, WAR IIl16 IA
WOUES AR"1Y
;\IO;>;TCALM'S AR:'1Y
MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS
TilE I'RE:"1CIl rOREIG"I U:GIO.'>I
TilE COSSACKS
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR AR"IlES
THE RO:'IA:"1 AR"1Y FRO"I CAESAR TO TR,\J."'1
MEDIEVAL EUROPE,\,'>: ,\R:'1IES 1300 1.'lOO
THE 1.,\'\OSK:-.:ECHTS
THE ,\RAH LEGIO,'>I