P

WS

YE

SR P T
INDEX

R E

M O

I O

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Introduction to the Protective Relaying Protective Relay Classifications Instrument Transformers and Circuit Breakers Over Current protection Introduction Motor Protection Generator Protection Introduction Generator Protection Transmission Line Protection Bus bar arrangements Bus Bar Protection Miscellaneous Numerical Relays Excitation System Metering Principles Equipment & Protective schemes Testing Bibliography

1.0 Introduction to Protective relaying:

Protective relays are the decision-making elements in the protection scheme for electrical power systems. They monitor circuit conditions and initiate protective action when an undesired condition is detected. Protective relays work in concert with sensing and control devices to accomplish their function. Under normal power system operation, a protective relay remains idle and serves no active function. However, when required to operate because of a fault or undesirable condition, the relay must function correctly. Failure of a protective relay can result in devastating equipment damage and prolonged downtime. A strong test and maintenance program is crucial to maintaining protective relays in a high state of readiness. Fortunately, protective relays have proven to be very reliable. Purpose of Protective Relaying Protective relaying is an integral part of any electrical power system. The fundamental objective of system protection is to quickly isolate a problem so that the unaffected portions of the system can continue to function. The flip side of this objective is that the protection system should not interrupt power for acceptable operating conditions, including tolerable transients. Protective relaying is applied for several reasons: To isolate faulted circuits or equipment from the remainder of the system so the system can continue to function To isolate portions of the system during abnormal conditions so the remainder of the system can continue to function To limit damage to faulted equipment To minimize the possibility of fire or catastrophic damage to adjacent equipment To minimize hazards to personnel

MM3V / MR3V Relay Panels

2.0 Protective Relay Classification:

The most common methods used to classify relays are by: Function Input source Operating principle Performance characteristics

2.1 Classification by Function Functional classifications stem from the function that a relay provides in a power system. There are five general categories of relays as defined below. Protective Relay: A protective relay functions to detect defective lines or equipment, or other power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature, and to initiate appropriate control circuit action. It can be used to initiate switching operations or actuate an alarm. A protective relay is further classified according to its input quantities, operating principle, or performance characteristics. Examples of protective relays are: Overcurrent relays Under voltage relays Differential relays Reverse sequence relays Auxiliary Relay: An auxiliary relay provides a specific, or secondary, function to assist another relay or control device in performing a general function. Typical functions performed by an auxiliary relay include circuit seal-in, time delay, control signals or lights, and contact multiplication. Examples of auxiliary relays are: Control relays Time delay relays Lockout relays Trip and close relays Monitoring Relay: A monitoring relay functions to verify that system or control circuit conditions conform to prescribed limits. Examples of monitoring relays are: Alarm relays Fault detector relays Network phasing relays Verification relays Synchronism check relays Monitoring relays often provide a permissive function for various power system operations, such as paralleling across a circuit breaker. However, monitoring relays are not used to initiate protective functions during a fault. 3

Regulating Relay: A regulating relay responds to normal changes in system operating conditions and functions to control system parameters (e.g., voltage, power) within specified operating limits. A regulating relay is further classified according to its input quantities, operating principle, or performance characteristics. Regulating relays are typically used to control transformer tap changers and generator governors. Programming: A programming relay functions to establish or detect electrical sequences. Typical functions performed by a programming relay include reposing and Synchronizing. Examples of programming relays are: Accelerating relays Phase selector relays Reclosing relays Synchronizing relays Initiating relays Protective and auxiliary relays make up the majority of relays used in power system applications. These two classifications of relays are commonly described in technical documents and literature. Special-function relays falling within the monitoring, regulating, and programming classifications tend to be referred to by their specific function, and are not generally thought of as belonging to a broader functional category. For example, a synchronizing relay is a type of programming relay; however, it is seldom thought of in these terms. Thus, these three broader classifications tend not to be used extensively in practice. From the definitions provided above, it is evident that protective relays constantly monitor power system conditions and only influence system operation when an abnormal or undesirable condition is detected. Once a protective relay detects an abnormal condition and initiates protective action, auxiliary relays and other control devices carry out the specific functions associated with the protective action. 2.2 Classification by Input : Protective relays may be identified by the input parameter monitored. Examples include: Current relays Voltage relays Power relays Temperature relays Pressure relays Classification by input alone is not common. More often, a qualifying term is added to the input parameter (e.g., under voltage, over voltage, reverse power, overcurrent), thereby classifying the relay on a performance basis. 2.3 Classification by Operating Principle Protective relays can be described in terms of their operating principle. This method of classification provides insight into the basic design features of a relay and is most useful for discussing hardware. However, classification by operating principle provides limited information about a relay's intended application or function. Examples include:

Electromagnetic relays Solid-state relays Harmonic-restraint relays Electromechanical relays Percent-differential relays Sudden-pressure relays Thermal relays 2.4 Classification by Performance Characteristics A protective relay's performance characteristic is a commonly used method to identify relays. Performance characteristics represent the specific function provided by the relay. Examples include: High-speed differential relays Directional-overcurrent relays Reverse-power relays Impedance relays Mho relays Overcurrent relays Under voltage relays Phase-balance relays Reactance relays Frequency relays Overload relays Additional terms are sometimes used to describe in more detail a relay's exact performance characteristics. As an example, an overcurrent relay that is designed to actuate with no intentional delay is referred to as an instantaneous overcurrent relay. If the relay can be programmed with an intentional time delay, it is called a time-overcurrent relay. 2.5 Relay nomenclature: Before Proceeding to protection philosophy, the nomenclature in protective relaying is given in Table 1 below: Relay Code 2 21 25 27 30 32 37 38 40 46 47 49 50 Relay Function Time delayed Distance Protection Synchronisng check Under Voltage Check Alarm relay Reverse Power Under power relay Bearing protective device Loss of Excitation Negative Phase Sequence Reverse Phase Voltage Thermal Overload Instantaneous Over Current 5

51 52 59 60 63 64 67 79 81 86 87 89 98 99

Time Over Current Circuit Breaker Over Voltage Voltage balance Sudden pressure for Transformers Ground detection Directional Over current Reclosing relay Frequency Lock out Differential Isolators Pole slip protection Over Fluxing protection Table 1 : Protective Relay Functions

3.0 Instrument Transformers and Circuit Breakers:

Instrument Transformers shall serve for the following purposes: Protection Functions Metering Functions Accuracy of these Instrument Transformers plays vital role in the protection scheme operation. Instrument Transformers used for the protection shall be more accurate in the fault parameters, where as in metering circuits, these Instrument Transformers shall be more accurate in normal conditions. Instrument Transformers are classified into two categories: Current Transformers Potential transformers 3.1 Current Transformers ( IS 2705) : CTs used for Protection purposes shall be of better accuracy under fault conditions than under normal conditions. Whereas the CTs used for metering purpose shall be better accurate in normal conditions. It is essentially required that CTs used for protection shall not be saturated under fault conditions. While specifying the CTs, the following parameters shall be specified clearly. CT Ratio : Primary rating of CT and secondary rating of CT shall be specified clearly. Primary rating depends on the equipment rating and secondary rating shall be coordinated with relay ratings. Normally, CT secondary ratings are either 1A or 5A ratings. Number of Cores : Depending upon the requirement of protection and metering functions, number of CT cores shall be specified. In general a 220 kV CT will have 5 secondary cores and 132 kV CT shall have 3 secondary cores. Rated Burden of each core : Burden of the equipment connected to the CT secondary shall be calculated including the lead burden. The details of burden in VA shall be identified from the equipment leaflets, ie., relays, meters, etc.,. Class of accuracy of each core : Ratio error and phase angle error put together called as accuracy class. In general, the following accuracy class CTs are available in the market o Accuracy Class 5P10 : Up to 10 times of rated current, the composite error is 5%. Similar ratings 5P20 / 10P10 are also available. o Accuracy Class 1.0 / 0.5 / 0.2 : Composite errors are in the range of 1.0 % / 0.5 % and 0.2 %. It is well known that 0.2 class CTs are better accurate than 0.5 and 1.0 CTs. o PS Class accuracy : CTs used for balance protection ie., Differential Protection of Transformers, Bus Bar differential protection etc.., the CTs shall be used with different class PS. With these CTs, the core never saturates and better accuracy will exist in the event of fault currents. However, knee point Voltage, Rct etc.., shall be specified in this event 7

 Rated short time rating and its duration: For determining the fault current flow through CT primary winding for all types of the faults, system fault level shall be considered as the basis. Voltage class and Insulation level: Rated Insulation levels for various highest system voltages from 0.66 to 765 kV have been detailed in IS 2705 / 1992. Table 2 gives ready reference, for 6.6 / 132 / 220 and 400 kV voltage levels Nominal System voltage ( KV) 6.6 132 220 400 Highest system Voltage ( KV) 7.2 145 245 420 Power frequency withstand voltage (kV) rms 20 230 / 275 360 / 395 / 460 1175 / 1300 / 1425 Lightening Impulse withstand voltage (kV ) peak 40 / 60 550 / 650 850 / 950 / 1050 950 / 1050 / 1050

Table 2: voltage Class and Insulation Level 3.2 Potential Transformers ( IS 3156) : PTs used for Protection and metering purposes. Voltages generally comes to low values in the event of fault in faulty phases and in occasion, the healthy phase voltages rises to 3 times its normal value. While specifying the PTs, the following parameters shall be specified clearly. Ratio : It is common practice to indicate ration of PT as rated primary voltage between phase and ground. For ex : in 132 kV system, the PT ratio will specify as 132 kV / 110 V 3 3 Number of secondary windings: Depending upon the application, number of secondary windings shall be specified. Ie, One secondary winding for metering and one for protection purpose Burden on each secondary winding: Burden shall be calculated from the number of instruments and the relays connected to each winding. It will be better to keep secondary lead resistance as minimum as possible. For better accuracy, the burden shall be calculated more accurately otherwise, less burdened PTs accuracy may not match with its accuracy limits. PT accuracy is calculated with specified burden at the PT secondary terminals and not at the end of secondary leads. Class of accuracy : IS 4146-1983 recommended the following accuracy classes for various application. In present scenario, PTs for protection are available with 0.5 accuracy and for metering the accuracy is 0.2. 3.3 Circuit Breakers : The function of a circuit breaker is to isolate the faulty section from the healthy system. Circuit breaker shall operate in normal and abnormal conditions. The breaker shall 8

have arc interrupting mechanism for quenching the arc during its opening. Depending upon the type of arc interruption, breakers are classified as Air Break circuit Breaker : Air at atmospheric pressure acts as medium for arc quenching. Applicable from 415 V to 12 kV rating breakers. These breakers have current limiting feature Bulk oil circuit breaker : Dielectric oil acts as medium for arc quenching. Applicable up to 12 kV breakers. Minimum oil circuit breaker: Dielectric oil acts as medium for arc quenching. Up to 220 kV, these breakers are available. Depending upon the voltage rating, number of interrupters is more. These breakers requires lot of maintenance but the reliability of operations is more Air blast circuit breaker: Compressed air at 20-30 kg/ cm2 is used for arc quenching. Up to 245 kV, these breakers are available. Maintenance activities are more and the reliability of the breaker operation is satisfactory Vacuum circuit breaker: Vacuum is used as arc quenching medium. These breakers are preferred for in door switchgear up to 36 kV. These breakers have long life, less maintenance. Due to current chopping, surge arrestors requires for small motor feeders. SF6 circuit breaker: SF6 gas is used as arc quenching medium. Up to 765 kV, these breakers are available. These breakers require less maintenance and operation of these breakers is superior to all the other breakers. Circuit breaker closing and tripping operations depends on the type of mechanism. Generally, Hydraulic, spring and pneumatic medium are available for the operations. These mechanisms are initiated by electrically operated close and trip coils. A typical 220 kV breaker closing time is around 100 milli seconds and tripping time is around 30 milli seconds. The important element in the circuit breaker is Trip coil. Its healthiness is being monitors by monitoring relays called as CPR ( Close Position Relay) and TPR ( Trip Position Relay). Other nomenclature for these relays is Pre close and post close supervision. Suitable relays shall be incorporated to monitor the trip coils and necessary alarm shall be generated in the event of discrepancy. Up to 132 kV breakers, gang mechanism is used to trip three phases and from 220 kV, independent mechanisms are being used for interruption. Discrepancy in the three pole mechanism breaker is being monitored by a relay called Pole discrepancy relay. The time setting to monitor the breaker discrepancy set as 100 mSec for the breakers Auto reclose operation is not in service. For the breakers having reclose operation, the timing shall be set in coordination with the reclose operations. Rating of circuit breakers is specified as follows: a)Breaker Capacity : Breaking capacity of the Breaker can be divided into two types. Symmetrical Breaking Capacity : It is the rms value of the ac component of the fault current that the circuit breaker is capable of breaking under specified conditions of recovery voltage 9

Asymmetrical Breaking Capacity: It is the rms value of the total current comprising of both ac and dc components of the fault current that the circuit breaker is capable of breaking under specified conditions of recovery voltage b)Making Capacity: the rating making current is defined as the peak value of the current including the dc component in the first cycle at which a circuit breaker can be closed on to a short circuit c)Short time capacity: the CB must be capable of carrying the short circuit current for a short period. The rated short time current is the rms value including both ac and dc components that the CB can carry safely for a specific period. d) Rated Voltage, Current and Frequency: Highest system voltage, rated frequency and the normal running current shall be specified e) Operating Mechanism : Operating mechanism for closing and tripping shall be specified

10

4.0 Over Current Protection:

Over Current protection is that protection in which the relay picks up when the magnitude of current exceeds the pickup level. The Over Current Relays are generally Four types: Instantaneous Over Current Relays Definite Time Over Current relays Inverse Definite time Over Current Relays Directional Over Current Relays

4.1 Instantaneous Over Current Relays: When ever the Current exceeds the set value, the relay operates. The time of the relay operation is instantaneous. Applications: Restricted Earth Fault Protection, Motor Short Circuit Protection, etc.. 4.2 Definite Time Over Current Relays: Whenever the current exceed the set value and persists for defined time, the relay operates. Both the Current and time shall be more than the set values. Applications: Motor Blocked Rotor Protection, Over Load alarms, etc.. 4.3 Inverse Definite time Over Current Relays: The operation of this relay depends on the fault current. If the fault current is more the relay operates faster and if the current is lesser value, the relay operates slowly. Various inverse curves are available in this protection. As per IEC IDMT characteristics, the following equations have been followed for finding out the Actual Time of Operation. The Characteristics are as shown in the Fig.4.1 Normal Inverse Short Inverse Ext. Long Inverse Long Inverse Where T Tp I Ip ( IEC 60255 3 type A) ( IEC 60255 3 type B) ( IEC 60255 3 type C) ( IEC 60255 3 type D) = Tripping Time = Set time Multiplier = Fault Current = Set Pick up Value of the Current T= 0.14 * Tp (I/Ip)2 - 1 T= 13.5 (I/Ip)1 - 1 T= 80 (I/Ip)2 - 1 T = 120 (I/Ip)1 - 1 * Tp * Tp * Tp

11

Fig 4.1 IEC Inverse Curves (Courtesy: Siemens Manual) ANSI / IEE Characteristics of Inverse Characteristics is shown in Fig 4.2 ( A) & 4.2 ( B)

12

Fig 4.2 A ANSI / IEEE Inverse characteristics ( Courtesy : SIEMENS) 13

Fig 4.2 B ANSI / IEEE Inverse characteristics ( Courtesy : SIEMENS) 4.3 Directional Over Current Relays: By adding directional element in the power system, directional over current protection can be derived. This protection responds to over currents for a particular directional flow of currents. Relay will be in-operative if the direction of the power flow is reversed. Direction of tripping of ST for Over currents is shown in fig 4.3 If the Current direction is towards the Transformer only, the relay will operate. To know the direction, relay will be supplied with voltages for reference.

14

3
C T

C r m 2 e r 2k 0VB u s

t a t i o

r a n

s f o

Fig 4.3 ST Directional Over Current Protection Directional Over Current relays in three phases monitors three phase currents and the voltages given to the relay shall be cross polarised, i.e R Phase relay shall get YB voltages and The details of the Over current protection in three phases is given in Fig 4.4
R e l a y O p e r a t e s i n R t h Y P 2 B i s D i r e c t i o n o f f l o w

3 3 3

9 1 0 B

7 8

R P .h V Y P .h V 7

o o

l t a g l t a g

e e

9 1 9 1 0 R 0

B P .h V R P .h V Y P .h V B P .h V

o o o o

l t a g l t a g l t a g l t a g

e e e e

7 8

i g

4 . 4

i r e c t i o

n a l

v C e Dr R DC e ul ar yr s e n t

4.4 Directional Earth Fault Relays: The Directional earth Fault protection will protects for the earth faults in the direction of Object, or say the Transformer. Earth fault current is derived form the residual connection and the voltage given to the relay shall be derived form the Open Delta Voltages. In open delta voltage connection, normally the Voltage is zero and voltage will be increase in case of the earth fault. Connection diagram is as shown win Fig 4.5.

15

3 3 3

e la y

e r a t e s

in

t h Ri s Y

i r e c

t io

f l o

P 9 1 0 7 8

TS

e c

n d

a r i e s

i g

4 . 5

i r e c t i o n a l

a r Ct h D FRD a e u l al ty sR

e l a y s

b y

s i n g

It is recommended to ensure the directional Earth fault protection sensitivity. This can be ensured if the load current is more than earth fault relay setting. The following procedure can be adopted for testing of this scheme. Remove Trip Link of the Earth fault protection Remove PT Fuses for Open Delta Circuits Short R and B Phase CTs with neutral and thus Y phase current will flow through the Neutral relay and ensure the current value Remove PT Secondary wiring of Y phase with open delta formation Temporarily connect the R phase Secondary Vn with B phase PT, Vb winding Insert the PT Fuses and measure the Voltage at the relay terminals. Depending up on the Current value, relay shall operate after its time of operation, which ensures correct direction. Reverse the PT Terminals at the relay and observe for non operation of the relay. Restore the connections and trip links after ensuring proper direction of the protection

16

5.0 Motor Protection

The induction motor rating in a thermal power plant of 210 MW capacity, starts from few kW to 4000 kW. The Voltage ratings of the motors also of Low Voltage ( 415V) and High Voltage ( 6.6 kV). Protection of the Induction motors depends not only up on the rating and Voltage bus also other issues and the data considered for protection requirements of an Induction Motors is as below: Voltage Rating Power Rating Speed Motor Thermal rating Source type ( Delta Bus /Star Bus / Star Bus with resistance Earthing) Type of the starter Type of the load 5.1 Abnormal Conditions: Typically the following abnormal conditions may be observed in an induction motors: o o o o o Over loads : Sustained Overload or Momentary Overload Supply Failures including loss of all the 3 phase / one phase Motor Internal faults , i.e., Phase to Phase faults, Phase to Earth faults or Open circuit faults Starting Failures: Prolonged Starting of the Motor / Rotor Failures : Blocked Rotor 5.2 Types of the Switchgear Control: Generally the following types of switchgear controls are provided for Induction Motors: Low Rating LV Motors: Up to 100 KW motors, Contactors shall be provided with the following protections: o Bi-metallic thermal relay for overload protection o Fuses for Short Circuit protection Low Voltage Motors beyond 100 kW: Air Break Circuit Breakers shall be provided with protective relays with the following functions: o Overload Protection by IDMT Relays o Short Circuit Protection with High set relays o Locked rotor Protection with Definite time relays High Voltage Motors: These motors shall be generally controlled by Circuit Breakers and these shall have a typical Motor Protection relay (MPR) with the following functions: Thermal Overload Protection with alarm and Trip 17

Short Circuit Protection Unbalanced Protection Locked Rotor Protection Earth Fault Protection by Residual Connection or with CBCT Limitation of Number of starts Bus Under Voltage Protection

Standards for AC Motor Protection: IEEE Std C37.96-2000 Revision of IEEE Std C37.96-1988 IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection 5.3 Bimetallic thermal Relay and HRC Fuse Protection: These are popular in LT Motor applications. Bending of one or more bimetal strips causes movement of a common lever, which in turn operates the trip contact in the case of overloads. Bimetallic relays can be provided directly in series with the load current. For the larger rating motors, these bimetallic relays can be connected through CTs. These relays are also either self reset type or hand reset type. Before selecting the bimetallic relay, the following shall be monitored: Characteristic of the relay Characteristic of the Motor Type of Starting and starting current The above bimetallic relays are generally used for the protection against the overloads. In the case of the short circuits, these relays will operate in delay and may worsen further the situation. Hence, for quick isolation is required in case of short circuits. HRC ( High Rupturing Capacity) fuses shall be used for this purpose. The rating of this fuses shall be depends on the starting currents of the motors. 5.4 Thermal Overload Protection: For the motors controlled by Circuit Breakers, dedicated Motor Protection relays with more emphasis on thermal overload protection are being used. These relays give protection against heating of the rotor due to negative sequence currents caused by an unbalance system. To care of this, relay isolates the negative sequence currents and a multiple of square of Negative currents is added to the thermal element. It is required to know the operating time under unbalanced conditions, the positive & -ve sequence components of the current must be determined. The equivalent current Ieq iss calculated as:

Ieq = ( I1 2 + Ke I2 2)
I1 = Positive Sequence current of the motor I2 = negative sequence current of the motor Ke = Negative sequence current recognition factor (adjustable) ( For CTM Relays, Ke = 6) Thermal characteristic shall be compared with relay operating characteristic to operate the relay before the motor reaches to its limits. Motor withstanding capability varies from Cold condition and Hot condition. The protective relay should also have Cold and Hot 18

characteristics. For the motors having high starting times, thermal relay may be made inoperative during the period. Relay shall have an indication of the thermal content of the motor and the value shall be memorised by the relay even in the case of loss of auxiliary supply. Relay should have a thermal reset push button to reset the thermal value in the event of emergency. Thermal characteristics are IDMT in nature. For operational convenience, Thermal Overload alarm shall be provided and the alarm level can be settable. On operation of this alarm, by reducing the load on the motor, thermal content of the motor will be reduced. 5.5 Locked Rotor Protection: The starting current of Induction motors is very high and protective relays shall not operate for this current. Motor manufacturer will furnish the data of motor Starting Current and starting time. Protective relay shall be set to operate if the motor starting time exceeds the designed value. There are three popular methods of this protection methodology: a. Based on Definite Time Over Current Protection: Motor start condition is detected by the relay if the current exceeds the its set current value. If the over current exceeds the time set in the relay, relay will operate and trips the CB. The relay time is set for the value, just above the designed motor starting time. Over current set value is generally 150 % of its full load current. However, care shall be taken in coordinating the set values with thermal over current protection. Definite time over current relays are used in this protection. b. Based on Thermal Stress Calculation: Thermal stress in the motor is calculated and the protected based on this protection. Actual Starting Current of the Motor Is and Motor Starting time Ts shall be set for this protection. The relay calculated Is2 x Ts, which is equal to the amount of thermal stress. If the motor takes more the current or a long start is taken place, the value Is2 x Ts will be more than the set value and relay operates. Advantage of this protection is, if the motor fails during starting time or takes higher the starting currents, the relay operates within lesser time than the designed value. c. Start-up supervision with as speed switch: Physical status of the motor is being monitored in this protection. The contacts of this speed switch shall be extended to the relay as a control input. On activation of the control input, the counting of the definite time or the building-up of the thermal stress in the start-up supervision unit is inhibited. 5.6 Short Circuit Protection: For the motors controlled by the contactors, this protection is extended by the fuses. However, if the CBs are used, Instantaneous Over Current Relays shall be used for this protection. Care shall be taken to set the relays that these relays shall not operate for starting currents. To nullify the affect of Starting Current, the set value shall be more than the starting current, which is around 6 to 7 times of its full load current. With latest numerical technology, relays can be set for doubling feature, where during starting time, the set value will be doubled and after start-up time of the motor, the current set value comes to normal value.

19

5.7 Earth Fault Protection: Depending upon the source of supply given to the motor, the earth fault protection shall be set for the relay. If the source is from 3 wire supply derived form the Transformer having neutral solidly earthed or low resistance earthed, earth fault protection shall be extended to trip the motor. If the similar supply is derived form the Delta Transformer or the transformer with resistance earthing, earth fault protection need not be given for tripping of the motor and can be connected to an alarm. Earth fault protection can be derived form either residual connection of CT circuits or a special CT called as CBCT ( Core Balance Current Transformer) which is mounted covering the three phase cables. Ref Fig 5.1 for the details of connection of earth fault protection. The earth fault current protection can be of definite type and IDMT characteristic. While connecting to trip circuit, care shall be taken in time gradation with incomer tripping.
C B C T

3 3 3

M P 2

t o r

t o r

E a r t h a u l t r e l a y e le m e n t

E a r t h a u l t r e la y e le m e n t

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. 1

a r t h

a u

l t

l a y

nC e B c C i oT n t

b y

s i d

a l

5.8 Negative Sequence Protection: Negative sequence currents in the motor are due to following reasons: Non closure of one or two poles of the Circuit Breaker Failure of Power fuses in one or two fuses Sustained Faults in the network Negative sequence currents results in rotating magnetic field revolves in opposite direction. This field induces double frequency induced currents in the rotor body and conductors, giving rise to heat due to copper losses. The rotor gets heated and the temperature of the motor winding may increases beyond the limits. Negative sequence protection can be either definite time or with IDMT characteristic. The allowable negative sequence current in the motor shall be determined by the motor manufacturer and protection shall be given with this information. Unbalance protection is generally provided in the following ways: By measuring Negative sequence currents By Monitoring the difference between Max and Minimum phase currents 20

The full unbalance in the currents i.e. for 100 % difference in the currents, the negative phase sequence current = 57.8 %. 5.9 Motor Differential Protection: The motors with rating more than 1500 kW, shall be protected additionally with Differential protection. This protection covers the switchgear, Motor and the power cables. High impedance differential protection shall be provided. The difference of the Phase and neutral currents shall be connected to the differential relay. For better stability of the protection, Stabilising resistors shall be connected in series with the relays. To safeguard the entire protection system in the case of open CTs, Non-linear resistor ( Metrocils) shall be connected parallel to the Relay and resistor circuits. The protection is as shown in the fig 5.2
C B M O T O R

R 8

s t 7

e t r o

il s

i g

. 2

t o

3
r D i f f e

3
r e

3
n

t i a l

r o

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21

6.0 Generator Protection Introduction:

The important item of any power system network is Generator. The capital cost of the machine is very high and the down time of the Generator would result in to system disturbance and huge financial loss to the organisations. Hence the generator should be carefully protected and the protection scheme shall be well designed. Mal-operation of Generator protection and Non-operation of Generator protection would lead in to system disturbances and financial loss to the organisations and some times, it is disastrous.

6.1 Protection Functions for various Generators

Protection Differntial Restricted Earth Fault Inter Turn Fault Over Current - Time Temperature RTD Negative Sequence Current Loss Of Field Anti Motoring Loss of Load Loss of Synschronism Over Speed Over Voltage Rotor Earthfault Back-up Over Current Bearing Temperature < 1 MW < 10 MW < 100 MW OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK > 100 MW OK OK OK

OK OK OK

OK OK OK

Table 6.1: Generator Protection Requirements In our country, Generators are available in the rating of 60, 100, 200 and 500 MW. Shortly, 660 and 800 MW units will also be available on the Indian bars. Protection schemes need not be same for 60 MW unit and 500 MW unit. In general, the table 3 shows the necessity pf protection schemes for various generators: In the modern generators, the alternator is connected to step-up transformer, called as Generator Transformer and Unit Auxiliary Transformers. For the purpose of protection philosophy, Generator, GT and UAT are taken as Unit and protection shall cover all types of faults in these equipment besides the back up protection for Bus Bars and Transmission lines. 6.2 Generator Layout: Fig 1 shows the typical layout of 210 MW Generator, GT and UATs in a thermal power plant.

22

S
U A T

N
E X
U

.C T
A T

i g

6 . 1 1

e n e r a t o Ur , A G T T s

a n d

Before designing a Generator Protection, the following information is required for better protection scheme. Generator Name Plate details Type of Generator Earthing Generator Transformer name plate details UAT name plate details EHV Bus fault level CT and PT Ratios Relay name plate details Generator Time curves

Generator Name plate shall indicate the rating of the Generator, Vector group, Type of cooling systems, Time curves, reactances, Stator and Rotor resistance values. GT and UAT name plate shall indicate, the rating of the transformers, OLTC details, Mechanical protection details, Vector group, Cooling systems, etc, 6.3 Generator grounding To reduce the fault currents, Generator neutral shall be earthed through many methods. As per IEEE Std 665-1995, Generator Grounding methods are as below: 6.3.1 Generator grounding Some means of grounding the main generator neutral is normally applied to most generating station units. The purpose of grounding the neutral is threefold: to limit the fault current flow during phase-to-ground faults, to allow for application of protective relaying to detect these faults, and to limit the transient and temporary over voltages that may be caused by ground faults on the generator system. 23

2 2 0k V B u s

Eight methods of grounding are identified by IEEE Std C37.101-1993: a) High Resistance Grounded (Distribution-Transformer Grounded) b) High Resistance Grounded (Neutral-Resistor Grounded) c) Low Resistance Grounded (Neutral-Resistor Grounded) d) Low Inductance Grounded (Neutral-Reactor Grounded) e) Resonant Grounded (Ground Fault Neutralizer Grounded) f) High Resistance Grounding Transformer Grounded g) Medium Resistance Grounding Transformer Grounded h) Ungrounded For each case, the unit arrangement(s) and the reason for using this method will be given. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented in IEEE Std C37.101-1993. IEEE Std C62.92-1987 provides means of estimating, by symmetrical component impedance ratios, the transient and temporary over voltages that may occur on generator systems having various electrical characteristic classes. IEEE Std C62.92.2-1989 provides comprehensive guidance in the selection of generator neutral grounding device ratings with regard to over voltage performance and insulation exposure for most practical applications. 6.3.1.1 High resistance grounded (distribution-transformer grounded) This method is used on wye-wound unit connected generators and is illustrated in Figure 2. The main generator neutral is connected to ground through the primary of a single-phase transformer. A resistor is connected across the secondary of the transformer to provide a high-resistance neutral ground connection. The resistor and transformer are sized to produce an equivalent ground resistance numerically equal to or less than the total three-phase capacitive reactance to ground of the generator and other equipment connected to the generator bus. Most unit-connected generators are grounded in this manner. Using this type of grounding scheme, the fault current is typically limited to 5 - 10 A.

6.3.1.2 High resistance grounded (neutral-resistor grounded) This functions equivalently to item a) in 5.3.1. The resistor should be sized without the benefit of a transformer to withstand the fault currents. Dielectrically, the resistor should meet the requirements of full phase- to-ground voltages or better. 6.3.1.3 Low resistance grounded (neutral-resistor grounded) This is used when the generator is directly connected to the system without a step-up transformer. It permits a higher level of fault current, which is generally several hundred 24

amperes to about 150% of rated machine current. It permits sufficient fault current to operate the differential relays for all machine faults except those near the machine neutral. This resistor should also meet dielectric requirements of full phase-to-ground voltages or better. 6.3.1.4 Low inductance grounded (neutral-reactor grounded) This method is used similarly to the low resistance grounded scheme. Generally this scheme permits significant phase-to-ground fault current for all faults except those near the neutral. The reactor should also meet the dielectric requirements of full phase-to-ground voltage or better. 6.3.1.5 Resonant grounded (ground fault neutralizer grounded) This method can be used for the unit connected generator(s). The main purpose of this method is to minimize phase-to-ground fault currents to low values (values that will not sustain an arc). The approach to accomplish this is to select the reactor on the secondary side of the distribution transformer so that its reactance is equal to one-third of the zero-sequence capacitive reactance of the generator bus. 6.3.1.6 High resistance grounding transformer grounded This scheme is used for delta-wound generator(s) since no machine neutral exists. This provides a generator system ground. A secondary resistor is applied to the grounding transformer to limit phase-to-ground current as in item a) in 5.3.1. The power dissipated in the effective resistance should be equal to or greater than the three-phase zero-sequence reactive volt-ampere loss in the zero-sequence capacitance of the generator system. 6.3.1.7 Medium resistance grounding transformer grounded This method is used in a manner similar to the previous method. In this case, however, the grounding resistance is chosen to provide adequate current for selective relaying purposes. 6.3.1.8 Ungrounded The ungrounded method is rarely used but provides lower fault current than the other schemes. This method creates the possibility of excessive transient over voltages during switching operations or arcing ground faults. 6.4 Generator Protection Classifications: Generator protections are broadly classified in to three types: Class-A Protection : This covers all electrical protections for the faults with in the Generating Unit in which Generator Breaker, Field Breaker and Turbine shall be tripped. Ex : Generator Differential, Stator Earth fault protection Class-B Protection: This covers all mechanical protections of the turbine in which turbine will be tripped first and Generator will be tripped on Low forward / Reverse power protection Ex : Condenser vacuum protection, Drum level very High, etc.. Class-C Protection: For all the external faults in the system, the generator Breaker will be tripped only and unit will come to house load operation. Ex : EHV Bus Bar Protection, GT Standby Earth fault protection.. 25

In VTPS stage-1, the above classification is not incorporated. The Generator protection operates a lock out relay (86) and 86 in turn Trips GCB, Field Breaker, UAT Breakers and Turbine.

26

7.0 Generator Protection Functions:

The Generator protection or say Unit Protection shall include the following Protection functions: Generator Stator Internal faults Generator Mechanical Protection Generator Rotor faults GT Internal Faults GT Mechanical faults UAT Internal Faults UAT mechanical Faults Back up protection for the system faults Prime mover faults

A typical 210 MW generators name plate particulars are as given below. The data collected from 210 MW VTPS Unit 1 & 2. MVA : 247 Voltage : 15750 V +/- 5 % Current : 9050 Amps Rotor Current : 2060 Amps Hydrogen Pr. : 3.5 kG / CM 2 Cold Gas Temp : 44 C Inlet Water Temp : 45 C Sync. Reactance Xd : 225.5 % Transient Reactance Xd : 30.5 % Sub Transient Reactance Xd : 21.4 % -Ve seq. Reactance X2: 26.0 % Zero Sequence reactance X0 : 10.5 % 2 Moment of Inertia WR : 2110000 kG M 2 Output of Generator at various Power factors as per Capability Curve: Leading MW MVAR 62 126 --70 92 75 75 75 55 75 45 75 32 75 25 75 15 Power Factor 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 MW -210 190 155 125 98 75 54 34 Lagging MVAR -130 145 160 170 170 170 170 170

27

220 200 180 160 0.9 140 120 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 100 80 60 40 20 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0.85 0.8

0.7

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

160

180

200

220

LEADING MVAR

LAGGING MVAR

7.1 Generator GT-UAT CT / PT Locations and their applications: Fig 7.1 shows the location of PTs. Generator Bus duct is equipped with Generator PTs for metering and Protection. 220 kV Bus PTs are utilized for metering and synchronisation of the Generator. PTs are provided for 6.6 kV bus bars for metering and protection and additionally, PTs are provided on LV side of the transformer for synchronisation of the UAT. Generator is earthed through a Transformer NGT to reduce the fault currents. Fig 7.2 shows the location of CT and PTs. CTs of Generator are located in phase Bus Duct and Neutral Bus ducts. GT HV Bushings equipped with CTs for REF and Standby earth fault protections. 220 kV CT for GT is provided at MCR for Overall Differential, Metering and Bus Bar & LBB protections. However, HV Bus duct of UATs contains CTs for Differential protection , GT Overall Differential and Back-up over current protection. LV side of UAT have the CTs in the switchgear panel. ICTs (Interposing CTs) are provided for Differential protection, negative sequence protection for matching the currents with relay specifications.

28

Bus-2 Bypa ss Bus PTs 220 kV / 3 110 / 3 V

Bypass Isolator Bus Isola tors

Bus Se le ction Re la ys 220 kV Bre a ke r

198 kV , 10 kAm ps

To Me te ring a t S w itchya rd Surge Dive rtor

G ene rating T ransforme r 240 M VA, 15.75 kV/236 kV

(S tar / Delta )

AVR PT 60 VA / Pha se

Me te ring & Prote ction PT 300 VA / Pha se

Unit Auxilary T ransformer-B 15 M VA

15.75/6.9 kV

15.75 kV/ 3 110/ 3 V INCOME R P T 6.6 Kv/110 V

15.75 kV/ 3 110/ 3 V

U nit Auxilary T ransformer-A 15 M VA 15.75/6.9 kV

INCOM ER P T 6.6 K v/110 V

GEN
To 1B Bus BUS P T 6.6 KV / 3 110 / 3

210 M W 15.75 kV,0.85 pf

To 1A Bus BUS PT 6.6 KV / 3 110 / 3

Grounding Tra nsform e r 50 KVA 15.75kV /240V

Fig 7.1 PT Layout for Generator Protection

29

Bus-1 Bus-2

Bypass

Bus Isolators

Bypass Isolator

220 kV Breaker

Core 1 : 800/1, 60 VA 5P20 Core21 : 800/1, 60 VA 5P20 Core 3 : 600/1, 50 VA Cl 0.3 Core 4 : 800/1, 60 VA 5P20 Core 5 : 800/1, 60 VA 5P20 198 kV, 10 kAmps Bushing CT 800/1 A, 30 VA, 5P20 Bushing CT 800/1 A, 30 VA, 5P20 Spare

To 87 GT To 50 ZA, ZB,ZC To Metering Circuits To Main Zone Protection To Check Zone Protection Surge Divertor VVVVV 200 Ohms 87 NT

Generating Transformer 240 MVA 15.75 kV/236 kV ,

0 (Star / Delta 1 0 0 ) 0 /5 1 0V 5 A 5 2 P0 70 5 /5 4 V 0 A 5 2 P0 70 5 /5 1 0V 5 A 5 2 P0 751NT 5 /5 0 1 0V 5 A 5 2 P0 70 5 /5 4 V 0 A 5 2 P0 1 VA, 5P20, 800/1 A 00 300 0 /5 1 0V 5 A 5 2 P0

5 /5 T B 0 1 1

5 /5 T A 0 1 1

Ict 3 /5 .6 8 G 7 T 8 TB 7 1

Ic 3 /5 t .6 8 TA 7 1

U it A x ry n u ila T n fo e ra s rm r-B 1 MA 5 V 1 .7 /6 k 5 5 .9 V
W ,A 1 V ,1 C, 0 A .0 L 1 0 /1 A 50 S itc G w h ear P t ro 1 V ,5 2 1 0 /5 5 A P0 50 4 /5 A .2 1 0 /5 7 V 50 , 5 A 5 2 P0 6 k M C .6 V O B 3 ,3 , M 2 7 eter s 1 k /5 7 V ,C 0 0 A , 5 A l .5 1 k /5 1 0 A 0A , 5V 5 2 P0 8 G 7 T 1 Bs o B u 1 k /5 1 0 A 0A , 5V 5 2 P0 1 k /5 1 0 A 0A , 5V 5 2 P0 4 6 Ic 4 /6 A t .5 T 4 ,9 ,2 ,5 G o 0 8 1 1 W ,A T AR o V 1 k /5 3 V ,C 3 0 A , 0 A l .0 T s u er ran d c s 1 k /5 7 V ,C 0 0 A , 5 A l .5

U it A x ry n u ila Tra s rm r-A n fo e 1 .7 /6 k 5 5 .9 V 1 MA 5 V

1 V ,1 C , 0 A .0 L 1 0 /1 A 50 S itc G w h ear P t ro 1 V ,5 2 5 A P0 10 /5 50 4 /5 A .2 1 0 /5 7 V 50 , 5 A 5 2 P0 6 k M C .6 V O B

GN E

2 0M 1 W 1 .7 k ,0 5p 5 5 V .8 f
T 1 Bs o A u

1 k /5 1 0 A 0A , 5V 5 2 P0 1 k /5 1 0 A 0A , 5V 5 2 P0

6 G 4 8 G 7 T 8T 7G V V V 0 Om .5 h s 2 9A p 8 ms

3 0 /5 00 4 V ,5 5 0 A P G u d g T s rm ro n in ran fo er 5 KA 0 V 1 .7 k /2 0 5 5V 4V

Fig 7.2 CT layout for Generator Protection

30

7.2 Generator Inter turn Protection ( 87 TG) : Split phase relaying is popularly used for the protection of Generator against Generator Inter turn faults. Differential protection is not possible as the current at both ends of the winding remains same. At stage-1, low impedance type over current relay is used for the same. As the generator is double star wounded, both star points are connected through a CT before connecting to earth point as shown in the figure 7.3.

Inter Turn Protection (87 TG):

CAG 14

GEN

PS : 3.5 A 87

3000 / 5 A 280 A, 0.5 Ohms VVVVVV VVVVVV

Fig 7.3 Generator Inter Turn Protection Operation of this relay needs checking of the Generator. Generator IR values may be satisfactory, but the winding resistances of each phase will give clarity of the Generator healthiness. Inter Turn protection with split phase protection is shown in fig 7.4

Fig 7.4 : Split phase and Differential Relaying 31

7.3 Generator Differential Protection ( 87 GA / GB / GC): High impedance type Generator Differential protection is generally used for protection of stator faults. Both phase and neutral side currents of each phase are vectorially added and the resultant current is connected to the relay. For better stability, Stabilising resistors are being used in series with relay coils. Non-linear resistors ( Metrocils ) shall be connected across the relay and resistor to safeguard the system in case of CT open circuit. The Generator Differential protection is as shown in the fig. 7.5 For Providing the proper relay settings with Rst values, the Fault level at Generator terminals shall be calculated and then calculate Operating current and Stabilising resistor values.
BUS COUPLER

10 KA /5

GEN

10KA /5

Neutral Side

Rst
Metrocil

87G

Fig 7.5 : Generator Differential Protection CTs used for this protection shall be same characteristic and these CTs should not be saturated for the fault currents. Operation of this protection needs thorough checking of Generator with necessary tests. For the CTs also saturation test shall also be performed if the Generator found healthy. 7.4 Generator Stator Earth fault protection ( 64): The method of grounding adopted for the Generator is depending on the Earth fault current flow in the winding. If the generator is high resistance earthed, a single earth fault in the winding may lead in to flow of 5A to the earth. Protection shall identify the fault and trip the generator. Otherwise, a second earth fault in the machine would result in heavy damage. A earth fault in the system would effect the core and may further damage the other phase windings and hence it should properly be cleared. There are two protections called as 95 % Earth fault protection and the other is 100 % stator earth fault protection. In 95 % Stator earth fault protection an over voltage relay with IDMT characteristic is used to isolate the fault. The scheme is shown in Fig 7.6. 32

64

R = 0.5 Ohms, 280 Amps NGT : 50 KVA 15.75kV/240V

Fig 7.6 : Stator Earth Fault Protection ( 95 % ) The distribution transformer ( NGT), 15.75 / 240 V is connected between Generator neutral and the earth and the secondary of the NGT is short circuited through a resistor. This NGT and resistor combination will increase the effective resistance in the neutral in the case of the fault. If the fault is very closure to the neutral, the voltage developed across the NGT may not be sufficient to operated the Over Voltage relay and hence the protection is called as 95 % stator earth fault protection. If there is a fault in the balance 5% protection, the other protection shall clear the fault. To overcome the problem, another relay is provided to cover 100 % of the winding. Another relay is connected in parallel with the over voltage relay ( 64). This relay is a 3rd harmonic U/V relay. It is evident that during running of the Generator, the 3 rd harmonic voltages will present at the neutral of the machine and these 3rd harmonic voltages will subside in the case of earth fault. Base on this principle, an under voltage relay is used in coordination with Voltage or current check units to prevent maloperation. In a 210 MW generator at VTPS Stage-1, this 3rd harmonic voltage measured is around 8.5 V. It is better to track this voltage. Operation of this relay needs thorough checking of the Generator and its associated auxiliaries along with protection scheme checking. Measurement of Insulation resistance of the machine, bus ducts and bushings is essentially required before keeping the machine in to service. 7.5 Generator Negative sequence protection ( 46): There are a number of system conditions that may cause unbalanced three-phase currents in a generator. The most common causes are system asymmetries (un-transposed lines), unbalanced loads, unbalanced system faults and open phases. These system conditions produce negative-phase-sequence components of current which induce a double-frequency current in the surface of the rotor, the retaining rings, the slot wedges, and 33

to a smaller degree, in the field winding. These rotor currents may cause high and possibly dangerous temperatures in a very short time. The ability of a generator to accommodate unbalanced currents is specified by ANSI C50.12-1982 and ANSI C50.13-1989 in terms of negative-sequence current (I2). This standard specifies the continuous I2 capability of a generator and the short time capability of a generator, specified in terms I2 2t, as shown in figure 7.7. A generator shall be capable of withstanding, without injury, the effects of a continuous current unbalance corresponding to a negative-sequence current I2 of the following values, providing the rated kVA is not exceeded and the maximum current does not exceed 105% of rated current in any phase. (Negative-sequence current is expressed as a percentage of rated stator current.)

Fig 7.7 : Continuous and short-time unbalanced current capability of generators Type of Generator Permissible I2 (percent) Salient Pole With connected amortisseur windings With non-connected amortisseur windings Cylindrical Rotor Indirectly cooled Directly cooled to 960 MVA 961 to 1200 MVA 1201 to 1500 MVA 10 5 10 8 6 5

These values also express the negative-sequence current capability at reduced generator kVA capabilities.

34

Unbalanced fault negative-sequence current capability is expressed in per unit of rated current and time in seconds. Type of Generator Permissible I22t

Salient pole generator 40 Synchronous condenser 30 Cylindrical rotor generators Indirectly cooled 30 Directly cooled (0800 MVA) 10 Directly cooled (8011600 MVA) see Fig 9. GEC make CTN relay is used for the protection at Stage-1, VTPS. To match with the relay characteristic, ICT is used between CT circuit s and the relay. The scheme is shown in fig 7.8.

G E N

ICT 4.5 / 6 A CT 10K/5

46 I2S = 7.5% Alarm: 80%

Fig 7.8 : Negative sequence Protection If negative sequence protection operated alarm appears on the Generator, immediately check for the currents in the outgoing EHV feeders in all the three phases. Any open jumper in any of the circuit has caused the relay operation and immediate action shall be initiated to isolate the faulty feeder. If no abnormality is noticed, check the three phase currents to the relay and check the relay healthiness by secondary injection. 7.6 Generator Over load Protection ( 51): Overloading of the Generator is permitted only for the certain period as per the Manufacturer recommendations. As per the recommended value of the current , an over load protection is provided. For momentary over loading values, such as faults etc.., this protection should not operate. Hence the protection shall be linked with a timer. Otherwise, 35

provide a definite time over current relay and this protection need not be given for tripping and can be connected to alarm only. In stage -1, VTPS CTU relay is provided with 4.75 A ( 9500 Amps) and 5 Sec are the settings and the protection generated only alarm. Operation of this protection needs immediate attention to check up the three phase currents, MW and MVAR. If any abnormality is noticed in MW / MVAR suitable action shall be initiated and if still the alarm appears, arrange for checking of the relay. 7.7Generator Over Voltage Protection ( 59) Over voltage on the terminals of the Generator will damage the insulation of the Generator and its auxiliary equipment. Sustained Faults in the system. Malfunction of the Excitation systems leads to Generator Over Voltage protection. Over Voltage protection needs time delay to avert maloperation of the system in transient conditions. In modern protection philosophy, two stage protection is being used with one stage set for 110 % with 10 Sec and second stage set with 130 % and 0.5 Sec. However, manufacturer recommendations shall be taken in to the consideration for adopting the setting. In generals, Over voltages may be due to mal operation or non-operation of the AVR. Hence, the start of Over voltage function protection shall be given to Channel change over of the Excitation system. Operation of this protection needs thorough check up of the excitation system and the relay operation and it is better to check IR values of the machine before keeping in to service 7.8 Generator Transformer REF Protection (87 NT) : Restricted Earth Fault protection shall operate if there is a earth fault in the GT only and this protection should not operate for external faults. This protection is Differential based protection between the sum of the phase currents and neutral current. The CTs used for this protection shall be PS class type and all the Phase and neutral relay shall have same ration and characteristics. The scheme is generally is as given in Fig. 7.9. Under normal conditions, the vectorial sum of all the three phases is zero and the neutral current is also zero. The difference between above two is given to the relay, which also zero and the relay will not operate. In case of external earth fault, the phase current matches with neutral current and the resultant, which is Zero and thus relay will not operate. In case of faults in the transformer itself, phase current direction changes and both phase current and neutral current adds vectorially and the relay operates. Stabilising resistor shall be kept in series with relay for better stability of the relay operation. Operation of this relay needs thorough inspection of the Transformer. Saturation of the CTs may also lead to relay operation in case of external fault. Stability check of this protection shall also be ensured.

36

15.75 kV 51 NTX : Standby Earth Fault Relay CTR 800/1 Relay : CDG 11 Setting :0.3A, TMS 0.45 R 800 51 NTX 800 /1

C T

C T

87 NT 87 NT : Phase Side & Neutral Side CTR : 800/1 Relay : CAG 14 Setting : .0.1 Amps

220 kV

Fig 7.9. REF and Standby Earth fault protection for GT For stability check, short the three phases on LV side and apply 3 phase 415 V supply to HV side of the transformer and measure the spill current in the relay, it should be Zero. Apply only one phase supply and observe for the relay operation. If relay not operated, check for neutral CT polarity. Similarly check for all the three phases. 7.8 Generator Transformer B/U Earh Fault Protection (51 NTX) : A earth fault in the system beyond the Transformer shall be protected by Transmission line / Bus Bar protection. If theses relays fails to operate, standby earth fault protection will operate and clears the Fault. The CT used for this protection is connected in GT neutral circuit and the relay used shall have IDMT characteristic. The relay shall be suitably graded with Transmission line protections. The scheme is generally is as given in Fig. 11. Operation of this protection needs thorough study of system faults in that instant and ensure healthiness of the up stream protections. Ensure the healthiness of the relay also. 7.8 Generator Transformer Over Flux Protection (99) : Over fluxing of the Transformer will damage the GT core. The permissible Flux density shall be observed from the manufacturer recommendations. Flux in the transformer can be represented by using transformer voltage equation.

V = 4.44 * f * * N
From the above equation, it is understood that the flux is proportional to ratio of Voltage and frequency. The relays available in the market are two types, i.e Definite time and IDMT characteristic protections.

37

Each relay will have two stages and first stage protection is given to alarm and second stage is connected to trip. Rise in the V / F ratio may be due to rise in Voltage or due to lesser frequency. Generally in the interconnected network, fall in frequency is rare and if real fall in frequency may lead to tripping of the machines. If V/F operated, it can be suspected due to rise in voltage and it could be from maloperation of the AVR. Hence stage -1 protection shall generate an alarm and allows change over the AVR channel. Operation of this protection ( Stage-1) needs thorough observation of the Generator parameters and reduce the excitation till the annunciation disappears. If still the over-fluxing is observed, machine will trip after its stage-2 time. Check the healthiness of the relay and check the excitation system and PT circuitry. 7.9 Generator Power Protection (32 / 37) : Tripping of Generator for the cause of tripping of Steam Generator / Steam Turbine shall be done with power relays. Direct trip contact of Turbine / Boiler need not be given for tripping of Generator. Tripping of Turbine / Boiler would result in closure of steam valves and thus the work done by Turbine comes to Low. If the Power generated by generator is less than set value, say 0.5 % and persists for defined time, say 2 Sec and Turbine is in tripped condition, Generator trip will be initiated. For monitoring of this Low power is done by using Low Forward Power Relay ( 2 / 37). If the same conditions persists and 37 relay not operated, Generator would draw power from the Bars to run as motor, i.e., Machine draws power from the Grid or called as reverse power ( 32) . If this reverse power is more than 0.5 % and persists for 2 secs with turbine is in trip condition, Generator will be tripped on Reverse Power Protection with Turbine Trip ( 2 / 32 ). If the turbine is in running condition and due to in sufficient energy receipt from the turbine, Generator draws power from Bars. If this power is more than 0.5 % and persists for more than 20 Sec, machine will trip on Motoring protection ( 2 / 32 YA). With this protection, an alarm will be initiated that the Generator is Motoring. If the operator increase the steam input to the turbine, this protection resets. Otherwise, the protection operates and trips the Generator. Trip time depend on prime mover manufacturer recommendations. Operation of these power relays with turbine trip reveals that the protection logics are satisfactory. Operation of Motoring protection when the turbine is in service, needs checking of prime mover logics, i.e., Governing mechanism, steam valve positions, etc. 7.10 Generator Loss of Field Protection (40) : Loss of field or insufficient excitation would result the machine to run as induction Generator. The machine draws more reactive energy from the bars causing over heating to the rotor and stator overhang portion.

38

X
Q P Q u : : a d r a Q n ut a 2 d : r a n : + V e - V eP Q : + V e + V e t 1 :

R
Q P Q u : : a d r aQ n u t a 3 d : r a n - V eP : + V e - V e Q : - V e t 4 :

O D

f f s e t i a m e t e r

Fig 7.10A: Four Quadrant Diagram

7.10B : Offset Mho Characteristic

From the above fig 7.10A, the under excitation conditions would resulting the machine to lie in 4th Quadrant. If a Offset Mho relay with characteristic is designed as for the Fig 7.10 B, the operation of this relay indicates under excitation conditions. The Offset and Diameter of the circle depends on the machine parameters. Offset : Diameter : of Synchronous reactance Transient Reactance

The protection logics shall be derived as follows: a) If the machine parameters lies in the relay characteristic for 2 Secs, the protection operates and lock out relay operates to trip the GCB b) If the machine parameters lie in the relay characteristic and the terminal voltage is less than 80 %, the protection operates instantaneously and lock out relay operates to trip the GCB Operation of this protection needs thorough check up of the excitation system and identify the reason for insufficient excitation. Check the protective relay and the logics. 7.11 Generator Back up impedance Protection (21) : To safeguard the Generator from all the areas of the power system in case of failure of main protections, a back up impedance protection is provided. The Generator Generator Transformer Impedance is considered for the setting calculations and little more over reach say 120% of the G-GT value shall be set for the protection with sufficient delay in coordination with Transmission line protections. Operation of this protection needs thorough checking of transmission line protection. Generator & GT up to Switchyard also needs inspection. The impedance relays used in this protection shall be cross Polarised, i.e., R phase relay shall be connected R phase Currents with YB Voltages, Y phase relay shall be connected Y phase Currents with BR Voltages and B phase relay shall be connected B phase Currents with RY Voltages. 39

7.11 Generator Pole Slip Protection (98) The pole slip relay shall protect the Generator against the possibility of the machine running in unstable region of the Power Angle Curve, which would result in oscillations and Pole Slip. Pole slip leads to an increase in rotor angular position beyond the generator transient stability limits. The reasons for Pole relay operation are: Large Network disturbance Closure Faults Loss of Excitation or under excitation Load thrown off conditions Setting Recommendations: 1. If the source of the oscillations lies between Generator and GT, the machine has to be isolated from the network after the first slip. Forward reach of the relay characteristic shall cover G-GT. Tripping zone shall be in the first pole slip. The reach of this Zone : 0.7Xd 2. If the source of oscillation lies outside the unit in the network, the generator should not be switched off until several pole slips have recurred. 7.12 Generator First Rotor Earth Fault Protection ( 64F1): Generator Rotor is unearthed and the winding is powered form the excitation system. A rotor earth fault in the Field Breaker output to Rotor Winding portion does not harmful to the rotor as there is no other earth in the system. However, another earth in the system would result in heavy damage. Hence the first rotor earth fault shall be identified and shall be warned to operators through an alarm. If the machine is having static excitation equipment with Slip rings and brush gear arrangement, the carbon from the brushes may form the continuity to the earth and cause to operate the alarm. In this case frequent dust blowing near brush gear will clear the rotor earth fault. If the alarm still persists, trip the machine at the earliest for thorough checking of the winding and its auxiliaries. This protection can be derived by two popular methods, i.e., Bridge Method and Capacitance measurement. The available VAEM relay setting : 1mA / 30 k Ohms. The Bridge method of the Protection is as shown in fig. 7.11. Operation of this protection needs immediate attention. Operators shall arrange for: Air blowing near brush gear Physical Inspection of Excitation Cubicles Measurement of leakage current in the relay with split pin If the fault still persists, trip the machine at the earliest.

40

From + Field Breaker 64 : VAEM 21 Setting:1 mA 2/64 : VTT : 2 Secs

Rotor

GEN

64 -

2/64
Current Limiting Resistor

Alarm Circuit

230 V ac

Fig 7.11 : Rotor earth Fault Protection ( VAEM relay) First Rotor Earth Fault Simulation : After overhaul of the unit, it is very much essential to simulate the earth fault and ensure the operation of the Earth Fault relay. Simulation shall also be done for BBC make IWX relay also available in AVR Cubicles. Ensure Brush gear is kept and the earth brush is also available. Ensure all the auxiliary supplies to VAEM relay and BBC make relay at AVR. At Barring gear, this simulation is preferred. Connect a decade resistance box between Slipring ( either +ve side or ve side) and the earth with the resistance value set around 40 kA in series with DC milli Ammeter in the range of 0 1 mA. Observe the current in the meter and if the current is showing as zero, it indicates that the earthing is not perfect. By reducing decade resistance value by 1 k ohm per each step, observe for the relay operation. At around 25 k Ohms, relay shall operate and record the value of resistance and current. If IWX relay is in service, still reduce the value to low value and observe for the relay operation. 7.13 Generator Second Rotor Earth Fault Protection ( 64F2): As seen from the above, the first rotor earth fault is not harmful and machine can be continued in service. However, during this period another earth fault will damage the Generator Rotor. To avert such incident another protection called as Second Rotor Earth Fault Protection shall be used and it shall be connected to Trip Circuit. 41

Normally, this protection will not be in service. If 1st rotor earth fault appears and if it desires to continue to run the machine, this protection shall be introduced in to the circuit. CAEM type relay is being used for this protection. For this, Second Rotor earth fault protection shall be balance by using potentiometer after keeping the selector switch ( On Generator Protection Panel) in Balance position and by keeping earth fault sensing selector 9 ON SCB Panel) switch in Fine / Medium / coarse controls. Then keep the selector switch on GRP to TEST position and observe for the second rotor earth fault relay operation. If relay operates, it indicates that the balancing is imperfect and repeat the balance. After completing balance and confirming second rotor earth fault not operated, proceed to keep the switch at GRP in Second Rotor Earth Fault position. The following special observations need to be ensured: Ensure trip link in closed position Auxiliary supply to the relay shall be available and the failure of this supply would lead to tripping of the machine. Second rotor earth fault protection is common to both the units of stage-1. at a time only one unit protection can be transferred to this relay. Generator shall not be continued to run for more than 24 hours with 1st rotor earth fault protection The setting for the second rotor earth fault protection : 1 mA 7.14 :Transformer Differential Protection ( 87) A differential relay operates for vector difference of two or more electrical quantities. In general Current Differential is very popular. Differentia protection can be connected to a Transformer, generator, Motor, Bus Bar, transmission Line, etc. The differential relay shall be stable for the external fault and shall operate for all types of internal faults. CT ratio matching and Vector group matching is very much essential in this protection.

i 1

i n

i 2 i n g

i1

i n

i n

i 2 g

O C i 1 -i 2

O C i 1 +i 2

i f f e r e n

t i a l

r o t e c t i o n

f D r i f Ef e x r t ee nr nt i a a l l F P a r uo lt t e s c t i o n o

Fig 7.12: Differential Protection Fig 7.12 represents simple differential protection. For external faults, the i1 and i2 are equal and the resultant current through the differential element is Zero and relay will not operate. However, for Internal fault, the differential current through the OC will be i1 + i2 and relay will operate. 42

V
f o r I n t e

Drawbacks with the above protection is that, the CT errors due to Core saturation, pilot wire lengths and CT ratio difference due to Tap Changer may resulting in to differential relay operation. Ti overcome the above problem, merz price biased differential protection shall be used. The scheme is as shown in fig 7.13.

i 1 W i n d in

i 2 g

i 1- i 2

e r a t i o

O C i 1 +i 2

e r a t io

( i 1+ i 2) / 2 F i g 7 . 1 3 : B i a s e d D i f f e r e n t i a l P r o t e c t i o n

f o

This relay contains an operating coil and Restraining coil. The operating coil is connected to mid point of the restraining coil. Under through fault conditions, the little current flows through the differential element due to CT mismatch and the current in the restraining coils is (i1 + i2) /2. The torque produced by the operating coils is less than restraining coil and the relay sill not operate. The characteristic of the relay operation shall be as shown in fig 15. a) Case Example for ST Differential Protection:
3 1 M. 5 V 2 A2 0 k / V 7 . 1 d Y TN r a n s f o r m e r 8 2 . 7 / 2 5 6 0 A m

01 0A

. K1

VS

i d

2 K 0 VS

i d

0 10 A /

. 6

3 3
0 . 8 2 / 0 . 5

Fig 7.14: ST Differential Protection Please refer to the above case. The Full Load currents of the Transformer are 82 / 2560 Amps and the secondary values are 0.82 / 0.64 Amps. As the Transformer is Star / Delta type, the CTs shall be connected in Delta / Star connection. To match the Currents, ICTs ( Inter Posing Current Transformer) are required both sides. On LV side : The Transformer is Delta and the CT shall be connected in Star connection. As the relay is 1A rating, an ICT of rating 0.64 / 1 A is required. Main CT and the ICT primary and secondaries shall be connected in Star only. 43

On HV Side:

The Transformer is Star and the CT shall be connected in Delta Connection. As the relay rating is 1A, the currents from the ICT will be 3 times the normal value because of Delta connection, the ICT secondary rating shall be 0.577 A. Hence, an ICT of 0.82 / 0.577 A is required. . Main CT and the ICT primary shall be connected in Star connection and secondary shall be connected in Delta only.

Operation of this protection needs thorough checkup of the equipment, which is protected. Maloperation of this protection needs thorough checking of CTs, ICTs, wiring and the healthiness of the relay. After ensuring the healthiness, it is recommended to perform the stability check of the scheme. For this, Short shall be placed after LV side CTs and apply the 3-Phase 415 V before the HV side CTs. The Currents in HV and LV windings shall be measured and also measure the differential element current, which should be zero for the idle protection scheme. b) Case Example for UAT Differential Protection:
1 5M V 1 A 5 . 7 5k V / 6 . 9 D d T0 r a n s f o r m e r 5 5 0 / 1 2 5 5 A m p

05 0A

6 . K9

VS

i d

. K 7 V5 S

i d

0 5

A/

Fig 7.15: UAT Differential Protection Please refer to the above case. The Full Load currents of the Transformer are 550 / 1255 Amps and the secondary values are 3.6 / 4.2 Amps. As the Transformer is Delta / Delta type, the CTs shall be connected in Star / Star connection. To match the Currents, ICTs ( Inter Posing Current Transformer) are required both sides. On LV side : The Transformer is Delta and the CT shall be connected in Star connection. As the relay is 5A rating, an ICT of rating 4.2 / 5 A is required. Main CT and the ICT primary and secondaries shall be connected in Star only. The Transformer is Star and the CT shall be connected in Delta Connection. As the relay is 5A rating, an ICT of rating 3.6 / 5 A is required. Main CT and the ICT primary and secondaries shall be connected in Star only.

On HV Side:

. 2

3 3
3 . 6 / 5 A

44

7.15 :Generator Overall Differential Protection ( 87 O ) This Protection is a three winding Transformer Differential protection. This protection covers the Generator GT and UATs. To cover more area of protection, CTs used for this protection shall be placed at more suitable locations. The CTs used for this protection shall be PS class and suitable ICTs shall be used for balancing the protection. The schematic diagram for this protection is as shown in fig 7.16. Generator CTs were placed near the neutral CT Formation and the GT CTs were placed near the 220 kV CB and UAT CTs were placed in HV Bus Ducts. In recent designs, the UAT CTs are being placed after the UAT to cover the UAT also in to this protection in addition to the UAT Differential protection.

800/1

1/3.5

GT
10KA/5 10KA/5

87 GT
Bias: 30 % DTH 32

86 GT

UAT

GEN
10KA/5

UAT

To NGT
Fig 7.16: Generator Overall Differential Protection at VTPS Stage-1 The relay is 5 A and the CT on Generator shall be 10000/5 A. The UAT currents shall be represented by 10000/ 5A and both the UAT currents shall be added and given to the relay. The third winding shall be connected to the GT HV side. The GT HV current for 247 MVA and for 220 kV, the Current shall be 0.8125 A with CT Ratio of 800 /1 A. As the GT is Delta / Star connected, CTs shall be connected in Star / Delta, i.e Delta on HV side. The ICT output shall give 2.886 A ( 5 / 3 Amps) and hence the ICT Ratio shall be 2.886 / 0.8125 = 3.5. 7.16 :UAT Backup Over Current Protection ( 50 T1A ) and Overload Protection The Unit Board is protected by Over Current protection relays at the switchgear. UAT is protected by Differential protection. Other than this, an additional backup protection is provide in UAT bus ducts for protection of UAT / Unit Boards. 45

Two stage protections are available and stage-1 protection gives trip impulse to the Incomer Breaker and the Stage-2 protection gives trip impulse to GCB. The scheme is as shown in fig 7.17.

GCB

CT

CT

50 2/50-1 2/50-2 G 2/50-2

50 2/50-1

Fig 7.17: UAT Back up Over Current Protection The operation of this protection needs thorough check up of the System. Stage-1 Protection operation needs checking Bus Bars and the Switchgear protection circuitry. Stage-2 Protection operation needs thorough checking of UAT / Bus Ducts and other switchgear elements in the Zone of protection. In addition to the above protection, an overload alarm connected relay is provided for Full load current of the Transformer with definite time setting of 5 Secs. Operators shall ensure the loading of the BUS. 7.17 Breaker Failure Protection / Bus Bar Protection: Opening of the Circuit Breaker is very important in all the required conditions and especially in the event of faults. Due to mechanical problem or any other trouble in the Breaker, an additional protection Breaker Failure Protection or Local Breaker Backup Protection ( LBB) shall be provided. If the breaker opening is delayed by more than certain time say 200 msec after the operation of the lock out relay and if any current say 20 % of the normal value is present in the circuit, this protection will operate. It is clear that normal breaker opening time is around 30 msec and after 200 msec time, the currents in the circuit will be zero if the breaker opened with in the time. BFR or LBB relay shall be connected to HV side of GT and the lockout relay from Generator Protection is given to this relay as initiating contact. The relay current and time 46

can be set and after the set time, if the current value is more than set value, this relay operates. Operation of this LBB or BFR relay will initiate Bus Bar protection scheme. Details of the bus bar protection is dealt in chapter 10 . The trip relay 96 for the Generator is connected to Lock out relay and 96 relay also initiates another auxiliary relay 96X at generator Protection panel. 96X relay will initiate tripping of the motors of that unit boards to prevent overloading of the Station Transformer. Operation of the Bus Bar protection needs resetting of the Bus Bar protection at MCR and then 96X relay at GRP and then proceed for the start up operations. 7.18 Other Miscellaneous Protection on Generator: Besides the above protection functions, some more protections also required to safeguard the machine. The protections and the settings for these functions are listed as below. The case has been taken as stage-1 VTPS generators. a) Excitation Protection: Excitation equipment is having more logics and it has very important protections. Tripping of the excitation equipment needs Generator tripping otherwise machine will act as asynchronous mode. The stage -1 Generators has Static Excitation System and the trippings are as given below. Details of these trippings and concept of excitation system is dealt with in chapter 9 Trips : 1. Rotor Over Voltage 2. Channel-1 & Channel -2 Faulty and Manual Mode OFF / Faulty 3. Loss of three Converters 4. Fuse AVR Supply 5. AVR in Test 6. Excitation Over Current Instantaneous 7. Excitation Transformer O / C Stage-2 8. DC / DC Converter Failure 9. Manual Mode Switched OFF 10. Channel 3 in operation and Failed 11. Excitation Transformer Temp. Stage-2 12. RESET of PLC Processor 13. Ch-1 DC Short Circuit 14. Ch-2 DC Short Circuit 15. Ch-3 DC Short Circuit b) Stator Water Flow Emergency: The Stage-1 generator is THW type. It requires DM water for cooling stator winding. Lesser flow of water results in to in efficient cooling of the stator winding and lead in to damage of the Winding. The stator water flow is being monitored and the value shall be more than 27 Cub. Met/ Hour and the purity of the water shall be more than 200 K Ohms-Cm. 47

The following protections are provided for the Generator Stator Water Flow : Alarm 18 TPH Trip 13 TPH with time 60 Secs Trip initiates a timer 2/ 7A and after set time, relay initiates Lock out relay and thus the machine will trip

Stator Water Purity : < 50 k Ohm-Cm Trip initiates a auxiliary relay 30 X and this relay initiates Lock out relay and thus the machine will trip c) Damper Tank Emergency: Generator Rotor and the stator core have been provided with hydrogen cooling. To prevent hydrogen escaping from the machine to atmosphere through bearings, seal oil is provided at bearings with pressure more than the Hydrogen. The seal oil scheme is having storage tank, i.e. Damper Tank and the level of this tank shall be monitored for better functioning of the protection. Level Low contact of this tank will initiate an alarm and subsequently, Very Low Level contact initiates a time 2/11 with setting Secs. Operation of this timer will initiate Lock out relay. 7.18 Other Miscellaneous Protection on Generator Transformer: Other than electrical protections, some more protections have been provided for the GT. Alarm relays will generate an alarm and trip relays will initiate a auxiliary relay and then lock out relay Protection a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Bucholtz Alarm Bucholtz Trip Oil Temperature Alarm / Trip Winding Temperature Alarm / Trip OLTC Bucholtz Oil Level Low Alarm Fire Protection Set Value Aux relay 30 A 30 C 30 B 30 M 30 N

85 / 90 C 95 / 105

7.20 Other Miscellaneous Protection on Unit Auxiliary Transformer: Other than electrical protections, some more protections have been provided for the UAT. Alarm relays will generate an alarm and trip relays will initiate a auxiliary relay. Oil temperature and Winding Temperature trips are connected to trip the UAT Incomer breaker on LV switchgear ( Reducing the load on the Transformer will reduce Oil Temperature and winding temperature) and other trips will initiate lock out relays. For UAT A: Protection a. Bucholtz Alarm b. Bucholtz Trip Set Value Aux relay 30 D 48

c. d. e. f. g.

Oil Temperature Alarm / Trip Winding Temperature Alarm / Trip OLTC Bucholtz Oil Level Low Alarm Fire Protection

80 / 90 90 / 100

30 F 30 E 30 K 30 P

For UAT B: Protection a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Bucholtz Alarm Bucholtz Trip Oil Temperature Alarm / Trip Winding Temperature Alarm / Trip OLTC Bucholtz Oil Level Low Alarm Fire Protection

Set Value

Aux relay 30 G 30 J 30 H 30 L 30 Q

80 / 90 90 / 100

49

The settings of the Stage-1 Generator are as given in the table for ready reference : Sl.no Protection
1 Inter Turn

Relay No
87TG 87GA,GB, GC 87 NT

Relay Model
CAG14AF16A CAG34 AF 8001A(M)

Available Settings
Ps : 1,1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4

Adapted Settings
PS 3.5 Amps

Lock Out
86 G

Gen.Diff Prot

Ps : 0.25,.375,.5,.625,.7 Ps 0.25 Amps Stab. Res : 16.5 Ohms 5, 0.875, 1 CAG14AF2A CDG11AF209A5

86 G

3 4

G.T. REF Prot

GT Standby Earth 51NTX Fault Overall Diff. Prot 87 GT

DTH 32HG 8002A(M)

Neg. Sequence Protection

46

CTN 31 D8 FA 6

Aux. Relay 7 8 9 10 11 Overload Alarm Stator e/f Prot

2./46 51G 64 G

VTT 11ZG 8254 B(M) CTU SPECM55BF1A VDG 14 AF 1151 A5 VAGM 22AF 17 B VTT 11ZG 8094 B(M) GTT 21AF 8001 A(M) WCD 12 BF 2027 A VTT 11ZG 8094 B(M) WCD 11 BF 2088 A5 VTT 11ZG 8094 B(M) VTT 11ZG 8154 B(M) VTT 11ZG 8097 B(M) VAEM 21 AF 1D VTT 11ZG 8093 B(M) YCGF 11 AF 1A

Over Voltage Prot 59G Aux. Relay Over Flux prot Forward Power Prot Aux. Relay Reverse Power Prot. Aux. Relay Anti Motoring : Annunciation Trip I st Rotor e/f Prot 2./59 G 99 37 2./37 32 2./32 2/32 YA 2/32 YT 64 F1

Ps:.1,.15,.2,.25,.3,. Ps 0.1 Amps 86 GT 35,.4 Ps 0.3 Amps, 0.1 To 0.4 Amps 86 GT, 86 T TMS 0.45 Bias 30 %, P/u 0.75 A Bias 15,30,45 86 GT High Set 50 Amps K1 1 To 10; K1 3.9 Alarm 70 % To I2s 80 % 100 % (Alarm) I 2s K3 K3 1; I 2s 7.5%; 7.5% 1 86 G 10 1.78 15 4 20 7.1 30 16 0.5 to 5 Minutes 5 Minutes 2.5 To 10 Amps 4.75 Amps 2.5 To 25 Secs 5 Secs Ps :5.4;7.5;12.5;20 Ps 5.4 V, TMS 86 GT V 0.3 Ps 121 V(17.325 121 To 154 Volts KV) 86 G, 86 Y 1 To 10 Secs 2 Secs K : 1 To 1.25 K : 1.12 86 G, 86 Y 0.5 % Fixed) 1 To 10 Secs 0.5 % Fixed) 1 To 10 Secs 1 To 10 Secs 12 To 120 Secs 0.5 % Fixed) 2 Secs 0.5 % Fixed) 2 Secs 5 Secs 60 Secs 1 mA / 30 K Ohms 2 Secs K1 : 0.85 K2 : 3.5 K3 : 0.5 K4 : 3 K5 : 18.6 86 G 86 G, 86 Y 86 G, 86 Y

12

13 14 15

Aux. Relay 2/64 F1 Field Failure Prot 40

0.5 To 5 Secs K 1 :0.75 To 1 K2 : 0.5 To 4 Ohms K3 : 0,0.5,1 Ohm K4 : 0.5,2,3 Ohm K5 : 6.95,

86 B

50

Auxilary Relay Timer Timer Under Voltage Prot Gen. B/u Impedance Aux Relay

40 GZ 2/2B1 2/2B2 27 G

21A,B,C 2A / 21 2B / 21

16

17

Pole Slipping Prot 98

2nd Rotor e/f Prot 64f2 18 Aux.Prot AC fail Aux Voltage Balance Relay Voltage Balance Relay UAT B/U Over Current Relay Auxilary Relay Auxilary Relay Inst O/c Relay (Annunciation) Auxilary Relay UAT Diff Prot 87 T 1B

9.65,13.4,18.6 VAA SPECM 2BF487A VTT 11ZG 8094 A(M) 1 To 10 secs 2 Secs VTT 11ZG 8095 A(M) 2.5 To 25 Secs 10 Secs Ps: Ps 80.5 VAGM 22 AF 19 A 44,51.3,58.6,65.9,7 V(11.52KV) 3.2 K1 : 12,6,3 K1 : 6 K2 : YCG 15 PF 8001 A(M) K2 : 1 0.5,.56,.63,.71,.79 86 GT, 86 T 0.89,1 VTT 11ZG 8093 B(M) 0.5 To 5 Secs 2.5 Secs VTT 11ZG 8094 B(M) 1 To 10 Secs 3.0 Secs K1 : 0.9 To 1 K1 :0.968 t : 40 To 80 msecs t : 52.5 x1 : 1 To 2 x1 : 1.02 O1 : 75 degrees O2 : 75 degrees O2 : 75 degrees O2 : 75 degrees ZTO 11PF 1A 86 G K2 : K2 : 0.82 0.55,.61,.67,.74,.82 0.91,1 K3 : 0.5 , K3 : 4 1,2,4,8,16,32 CAEM 33 AF 1D 1, 1,1 mA 1 mA 86 B 1 To 10 Secs D/off : 44.9 Volts D/off : 44.9 Volts 10 To 40 Amps 0.5 To 5 Secs 0.5 To 5 Secs 10 Amps 86 GT 1 Sec

30/64 F2 X Lock Out Relay 2/64 F2Y 27 P 27 A 50 T 1 A / 50 T 1 B 2A/50 T1 2B/50 T1 51 T 1A / 51 T1 B 2/51 T 1A 87 T 1A / VTT 11ZG 8154 B(M) VAGM 61 BF 6A VAGM 61 BF 6A CAG 37 AF 9 D VTT 11ZG 8093 B(M) VTT 11ZG 8093 B(M) CAG 19 AF 1A VTT 11 ZG 8154 B(M) DTH 31 FF 8008 A(M)

19 20

21

22

23

0.3 Sec 0.5 Sec Ps : 2.5, x I : x I : 1 to 2, Ps : 2.5 1.68 1 To 10 Secs 5 Sec Bias 30 %, P/u 0.75 A Bias 15,30,45 High Set 50 Amps

86 G

The mechanical protection settings are as given below:

51

Sl.no Protection 1 Stator Water Flow Emergency

2 Stator Water Flow Emergency Stator Water Specific Resistance Very Low Damper Tank Emergency Excitation Protection GT Buchholtz Stage - 2 GT Winding Temp High Stage - 1 GT Winding Temp High Stage - 2 GT Oil Temp High Stage - 1 GT Oil Temp High Stage - 2 GT OLTC Bucholtz GT on Fire UAT - 1A Buchholtz Stage - 2 UAT - 1A Winding Temp High Stage - 1 UAT - 1A Winding Temp High Stage - 2 UAT - 1A Oil Temp High Stage - 1 UAT - 1A Oil Temp High Stage - 2 UAT - 1A OLTC Bucholtz UAT - 1A on Fire UAT - 1B Buchholtz Stage - 2 UAT - 1B Winding Temp High Stage - 1 UAT - 1B Winding Temp High Stage - 2 UAT - 1B Oil Temp High Stage - 1 UAT - 1B Oil Temp High Stage - 2 UAT - 1B OLTC Bucholtz UAT - 1B on Fire

Available Relay No Settings

Alarm 2/7A 30 X 2 / 11 30 R 30 A Alarm 30 B Alarm 30 C 30 M 30 N 30 D Alarm 30 E Alarm 30 F 30 K 30 P 30 G Alarm 30 H Alarm 30 J 30 L 30 Q 90 C 100 C 80 C 90 c 90 C 100 C 80 C 90 c 95 C 105 C 85 C 90 C 18 TPH 13 TPH 50 k Ohms

Lock Out
86 B 86 B 86 B 86 G 86 G 86 B 86 B 86 GT 86 GT 86 GT Trips UAT A I/C Trips UAT A I/C 86 GT 86 GT 86 GT Trips UAT A I/C Trips UAT A I/C 86 GT 86 GT

3
4

5
6

7
8

9
10

11
12

13
14

15
16

17
18

19
20

21
22

23
24

25
26

52

8. Transmission Line Protection

Power system network is connected by number of transmission lines and the power from Generating station is transmitted to various substations through these lines. Because of Geography of these lines, these lines are prone for faults due to vegetation, snow, etc.. In the power system network, around 90 % of the faults occurred in these lines only and among these faults, 90% faults are transient in nature, i.e., lines can be restored immediately after the tripping. Protective system for identifying these faults is very important to safe guard power grid from more disturbances. If faulty line is not isolated with in the time, the damage to the power system components will be more. There are several methods of protecting the Transmission lines. Popularly the following two methods are in more usage. Over Current Protection Distance Protection

8.1 Over Current Protection:

The Over Current protection can be divided in to Non-Unit type and Unit Type protections. Non-Unit type protection again divided into Time graded Over current protection Current Graded Over current protection Unit type protection includes Pilot wire differential protection, carrier current protection based on phase comparison method etc.. Separate and effective protection for earth faults is necessary to overcome the frequent earth faults in the transmission lines. 8.1.1 Time Graded Over Current protection ( Non-directional): The protection philosophy for time Non-directional graded Over Current protection is shown in fig 8.1.
A I n f e e d 1 . 0 S e c C B 0 . 5 S e c

i g

8 . 1

o n

- D

i r e c Ct i P o r n o a t l e T t i im o ne c

g r a d e d

For a fault beyond section C, CB at C operates first with a time delay of 0.3 sec. Though the fault beyond C is sensed by A and B, the time gradation will not allow to operate for the fault beyond Section C.

53

For the Fault between sections B and C, CB at B operates with a delay of 0.5 Sec and for the fault between A & B, the breaker at A operates after 1.0 Sec. This system is suitable only for radial feeders only and IDMT relays are preferred for achieving the time gradation. In some areas, Definite time O/C relays also used. Earth fault protection can be provided by residual connection of CTs. This protection system serves from the following drawbacks: o o o o o Applicable only for radial feeders Method is not suitable for Ring Main systems Change in the network needs revision of the settings Intentional time lags during faults may damage the system Over travel of the protective relays may cause more disturbance in the system

8.1.2 Time Graded Over Current protection (Directional): Directional O/C protection for the parallel feeders and for the ring mains is shown in the fig 8.2

i g P

8 . 2 D i r e c t i o C n P a rl o T t ie m c t e i o g n r a f od re d O / a r a l l e l F e e d e r s a n d f o r R i n g m

a i n

The requirement for Directional and Non-directional O/C relays shall be as shown in the figure in the ring main system. 8.1.3 Current Graded Over Current protection: The long time delays in the time graded systems can be avoided by using the Current grading O/C protection. This protection employs high speed and high set O/C relays. The scheme is shown in fig 8.3 54

1 2 . 5

1 0

3
/ 5 3 0 0 / 5 C

3 0 0 A F i g

3
3 0 0 / 5 B O /

8 . 3

r C e P n r t o tg e r c a t d i oe nd r

By using the above scheme, the current graded O/C protection can be provided. However, this scheme suffers from the following difficulties: o Magnitude of the fault current can not be determined accurately o Fault current varies form the type of the fault To overcome the problems with instantaneous protection, use of IDMT relays along with instantaneous protection may solve the problems. As this type of protection suffers from over reach and delayed protections, these schemes are limited up to HV networks only. Foe EHV Lines, The distance relays are being extensively used.

8.2 Distance Protection:

A distance relay is one whose operation is based on measurement of impedance, reactance o admittance of the line between the location of the relay and the fault point. 8.2.1 R X Diagram : R-X diagram is very useful in plotting distance relay characteristics. The Voltage V, Current I and power factor are converted into two variables R and X. The following two equations can be recollected for better idea of the concept. R = Z x Cos X = Z x Sin is +ve if I lags V and ve if I leads V. The same can be represented in the diagram called as R-X diagram as shown in fig 8.4
j X

Z R

L C

o c u s o o n sZ t a n

f t

i g

. 4

- X

d i a g

r a m

55

The setting, i.e the diameter of the Circle depends on the length of the line Z. Under normal conditions, the point Z will be out of the relay locus. In the event of the fault, the Z value comes to lower values and if touches the relay locus, the relay operates. This relay suffers from the disadvantages like it is Non-directional relay and affected by arc resistance of the line fault and sensitive for power swings. 8.2.2 Directional Impedance Rely: The direction of power flow can be sensed by measuring phase angle between Voltage and Current. Directional Impedance relay is as shown in the figure 8.5. Above the directional characteristic line and below the relay locus is the relay operating zone.
j X L o o n c R I m C h R u s o - X f D F a u l t P i a g r a m o i n t

p e d a n c e a r a c t e r i s t i c

i r e c

t i o

a l

a r a c

t e r i s t i c

i g

. 5

i r e c

t i o

a l

I m

e d

a n

e l a y

8.2.3 Reactance Relay: The reactance relay characteristic shall have a constant X component, where X the reactance between the relay location and fault point. The Characteristic is as shown in the fig 8.6 and all the reactance relays are Directional restraint relays.
j X

e t t i n g R

i g

8 . 6

e a c

t a n

e la y

8.2.4 Mho Distance Relay:

Mho relay is also called as Admittance relay. This relay measures Y and . The Mho characteristic on R-X diagram is a circle passes through its origin. The characteristic is 56

obtained by polarizing the impedance relay and directional reactance relay. characteristic is as shown in fog 8.7.
j X

The

ig

. 7

e la y

8.3: Transmission Line Protection In general, the Transmission Line should have a 3-zone protection. Zone -1 is its own length of line protected area and other two zones shall be back up protections for the subsequent lines. The Transmission Line protective relays shall be Directional relays and the direction shall see towards the transmission line. The Fig 8.8 represents 3 zone protections.
Z T im e ( t) Z Z o n e - 1 a 1 A L E N G T H C c b 2 3 B D 4 R 5 o n e - 2 o n e - 3 j X

i g

. 8 :

3 -

n e

e l a y

From the fig 8.8, four sub stations A,B,C & D are interconnected and CBs are provided at both the ends of the transmission lines. Relays connecting each breaker are directional type and the direction shall see towards the transmission line. It is very clear that a fault between A & B shall be identified by the relays at locations 1 & 2 and both the Breakers 1 & 2 shall open. Similarly a fault between S/S B & C shall be identified by 3 & 4 and the fault between C & D shall be identified by 5 & 6 and all the corresponding breakers shall be opened. All these protections are instantaneous as they are monitoring the faults with in their zone of protections. For a fault between C & D, if breaker 5 is not opened, the fault shall be identified by Breaker 3 and it operates after delay t1 Sec and if 3 also fails to operate, the same fault will be identified by the relay at location 1 with delay t2 sec. 57

Now let us identify the zone of protection for the relay at location 1. Zone 1: The location shall be at a. ie. 80 % its own protected line (AB)and time is instantaneous Zone 2: The location shall be at b. ie, its own protected line and 50 % of its next section ( BC) with time delay t1 sec Zone 3: The location shall be at c. ie, its own protected line ( AB), next section(BC) and 50 % of its next section ( CD) with time delay t2 sec Similarly, for all the relays at each location, the zones will be identified and suitable settings shall be identified. In general, the concepts for the zone selection for the larger networks are as follows: Zone 1 : 80 % of the protected Line Impedance ( Instantaneous) Zone 2 : 100 % of Protected Line Impedance + 50 % Impedance of

Adjoining Shortest Line ( With time delay t1 Sec)

Zone 3 : 100 % of Protected Line Impedance + 120 % Impedance

of Adjoining Shortest Line ( With time delay t2 Sec)

Zone 4 : 100 % of Protected Line Impedance + 120 % Impedance

of Adjoining Longest Line ( With time delay t3 Sec)

And t1 < t2 , t3 Zone timings shall be selected in grade with the relays on all the feeders emanating from the adjacent bus 8.3.2 MHO / Quad Characteristics: The MHO relays impedance locus is proportion to the Line Impedance. The longer the line, the larger is the diameter of the Circle. There is every possibility of encroaching the load impedance with relay characteristic for these lines. Thus for the load parameters only, the relay may operate and causes tripping of the CB. The difference between the relay operation on load and fault conditions is, the phase angle. The phase angle for the load impedance is between +/- 30 and for the short circuits, it is 60 to 80 . The problem of load encroachment can be overcome by selecting the suitable relay characteristics for the long and heavily loaded lines. The best fitted characteristic in these conditions is a Quadrilateral characteristic. In Quad characteristic, instead of taking the Impedance ( Z) into consideration, the components Resistance( R) and Reactance ( X) shall be taken separately. It is very clear that the for the longer lines the Reactance is more and hence the relay characteristic moves towards Y axis. The characteristic is shown in the fig. 8.9 58

Z Z Z R

3 2 1

i g

8 . 9

a d r i l a t e r a l

a r a c t e r i s t i c

8.3.2 Distance Protection Schemes: Depending up on the methods of Distance protection, the schemes generally classified into: Non Switched Distance Protection Scheme : This scheme shall have separate impedance relays for Phase faults ( 3 Nos, RY, YB and BR) and Earth faults ( RN, YN & BN) in each zone of protection. For a 3 zone protection, the scheme shall have 18 relays. Examples : EE make SHPM, ABB make RAZFE relays Switched Distance Protection Scheme: These scheme shall have One measuring element. The scheme will have Four starters in R, Y, B & N phases and the starter is also an impedance relay and the setting of the starter is more than Zone 3 value (Starters may be impedance type, Over Current type, Under Voltage type) In the event of fault, first the starters will pickup and depending up on the starter operation, the measuring relay shall be switched over to measure the impedance of the fault and clears as per the settings. Ex : EE make PYTS, ABB make RAZOA and ER make THR 4PE1 relays. The distance schemes available at VTPS switchyard are dealt here with. EE make SHPM EE make PYTS ER make THR4PE1 ABB make RAZFE ABB make RAZOA Alstom make PD 521 Alstom make MICOM GE make D 60 (Non- Switched, Static Relay) (Switched, Static Relay) (Switched, Static Relay) (Non- Switched, Static Relay) (Switched, Microprocessor Relay) ( Numerical relay) (Non- Switched, Numerical Relay) (Non- Switched, Numerical Relay)

8.3.3 SHPM Relay :

59

A non-switched static relay have 3 zones and Zone-1 extension. The relay characteristic is either Mho or Lenticular characteristic. The Lenticular characteristic prevents load encroachment phenomenon and the available functions can be enabled / disabled by the selector switches. The characteristic is as shown in fig 8.10.
X

Z Z Z R 1 2

i g

8S . H 0PL Me n 1

t i c C u hl a a r r a c t e r i s t i c

The Modules available on the relay are : Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 Module 7 Power supply Module RRZ 07 000 001B RRM 08 010 000B RRM 09 012 000 RCL 10 001 002B RFV 04 004 000 B RVC 53 000 000 RFC 15 000 000 A ZRE 01 002 000 Basic Setting Module Zone1, Zon2 Starter Zone 3 Indication Module Voltage module Current Module DC / DC Converter

The power supplies can be checked by the test plug at the socket SK2. + 12 V Terminal 2 to 16 -12 V Terminal 2 to 15 +5 V Terminal 2 to 14 + 24 V Terminal 2 to 3 If the above supplies are not available, check the power supply module. The Functions are controlled through the selector switches as below: SWITCH LHS RHS SW9 PSB Disabled PSB Enabled SW8 Week In-feed option disabled Enabled SW7 Week In-feed Trip disabled Enabled SW6 Normal A/R Block A/R SW5 Disabled comparator self check Enabled SW4 Normal A/R Block A/R SW3 VTS Indication only VTS Indication & Block SW2 SOTF Dead time 110 Sec SOTF Dead time 200 Sec SW1 SOTF for any comparator operation SOTF for Currents & No volts if any

60

8.3.4 PYTS Relay : This is the Switched distance relay in static family and the relay is having Three directional Zones and a fourth zone having facility to choose the option directional / Nondirectional. The relay characteristic is as shown in the figure 8.11
X S Z 3 Z Z R 1 2 t a r t e r

i g

P8 .Y 1 TC S h 1

a r a c t e r i s t i c

The list of the modules in the PYTS scheme is as below:

Module No Module Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,11 & 12 13 14 RPD 62 003 000 RWR 01 002 000 RWR 02 002 000 RMA 03 030 001 RTD 04 55 000 B RFV 01 004 001 RVM 01 242 000 RVC 02 041 000A RCB 01 001 000 D RSZ 01 001 000 D RSC 03 001 001 C RFC 02 001 010 A

Purpose
Power supply module DC switching module AC switching Mho Measuring Module Zone Timer Module AC Voltage Module Fault Indicator Power Swing Blocking Starters for three phase Neutral Starter Unit Current Interface Module

There are some special precautions need to be taken for commissioning of the relay: Module 2 Module 5 Module 5 Module 6 Module 6 Module 7 Module 9 Link 1 Link 2 Link 6 Link 1 Link 2 If the protection is BVT, Select to A else B Zone 4 Directional / Non directional Operation of Zone 4 ( IN : Operative / OUT : non- operative) SOTF (IN : Enabled/ OUT : Disabled) IN : Set voltage inhibit level above which the SOTF will not Operate and OUT : SOTF operates irrespective of Voltage if starter operates Link 1 A : Flag operation is controlled by external trip relay B Flag operation is in built Link 9 A : Common impedance starter override is connected B above is disconnected 61

8.3.5 RAZFE Relay : RAZFE is a static, 3 step, 3 phase Non- switched relay. Relay has two different characteristics for Phase and earth faults. Operating time of the relay is 20 to 40 mSec. Fig 8.12 Shows the relay characteristic. The relay has 11 internal modules and associated auxiliary relays as listed below for complete protection scheme.
Z o n e 3 Z Z o n e 2 Z Z o n e 1 Z o o n o n e n e e 1 2 3

a s e

a u

l t s

a r t h

a u

l t s

i g

8 R . 1 A 0 Z RF

E l a y e

a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Internal Modules: Location B1 Module B2 Module B3 Module B4 Module B5 Module B6 Module B7 Module B8 Module B9 Module B10 Module B11 Module

Purpose Phase to Phase Measurement Phase to earth & 3-ph fault measurement for measuring Vr Phase to earth & 3-ph fault measurement for measuring Vd Reaches Phase selection and these modules are interchangeable Testing Card ( Generally not provided) for factory use Tripping & Start logic Tripping for 3 phase Power Swing Blocking

o o o o o o o o o o o

Auxiliary Relays: Location Purpose 101 Transformer and Compensating Unit with adjustment knobs 901 Test Switch RTXP 18 907 1103 Auxiliary Tripping Relay type RXME-1 1113 913 Tripping Unit RXMBA -1 919 Zero sequence unit RXIED-1 925, 931 Time lag relays type RXKB -1 for Zone 2 & 3 937 Signal Indicator type RXSK 2M 943 DC/DC Converter RTQA 180 1119 Input Relay type RXMBB-1 X and R in Each Zone : Xi = f *c*a / ( In *Pi) i = 1,2 & 3 and Rb = b / In

62

8.3.6 RAZOA Relay : RAZOA is a Static and Switched protection. The relay can be of under impedance starter ( can be made to operate with a circle or oval characteristic with a selectable switch) by using microprocessor in measuring circuit. Correct determination of direction by means of healthy phase polarization and memory circuit. Relay is having built-in functional test and the operation of the relay is around 20 mSec. Both phase and earth fault characteristics is quadrilateral type and as shown in fig 8.11.
X X X 1 = 3 . 2 f ** a I n P* 1 5 0 2= X 3= X 1* P 1* P /1 P 2 1 /P 3 *

S Z Z Z

t a r t e r o n e o n e - 3 - 2

o n e - 1

R R R

1= 3 . 2 2= R 3= R

* b PI n1 * 1 * P /1 P 2 1 * P 1 /P 3

i g

8 R. 1 A1 Z OR Ae l a y

a r a c t e r i s t i c s

Module Information:

Module Type
RXTUG 21 RGKC 070 RGZB 030

Purpose
DC/DC Converter Input Unit Under Imp. Starter

Description
Converts the station DC to +/- 12 V DC

Dry reed relays for the functions and four outputs Measuring functions for Under Impedance & for zero sequence currents. Oval / Circular characteristics is available RGGB 030 Phase selector Controlled by starting elements and transfers these to the measuring unit for evaluation of the fault. RGAA 030 Current Setting a : influences Reactive Reach ;; b : Influences Resistive reach RGAB 030 Voltage Setting For setting the reach of measuring zones RGTA Time Lag Unit Having 10 switches for most common programs RGZA 030 Extra Measuring Not in basic model. Phase comparator and the reach can be programmed to follow Zone 1,2 or 3 RGLA 030 Memory Circuit Incorporates the memory circuit to determine the direction in the event of 3 ph faults RGSB 030 Measuring & Consists Measuring element and a phase comparator Indication Programmable Data Input Details of the program fed to the relay RGKD 050 Output Contains electromechanical relays RTSG Transformer Mounted on rear of the relay includes 4 CTs and 3 PTs Unit 63

8.3.7 MICOM Relay ( P 442):

ALSTOM make MICOM relay is a Numerical relay. The relay has five zones for both phase and earth fault protection. Zones 1,2 & 3 are directional Forward Zone. Zone-P is programmable zone and can be set for directional Forward or reverse zone. Zone 4 is directional reverse zone. The characteristic is as shown in fig. 8.12

Power Supply PCB

Opto input PCB Relay PCB Relay PCB 8 inputs 7 outputs 7 outputs (P442 only)

Fig 8.12 MICOM RelayRelay PCB Characteristic Opto input

Relay PCB 7 outputs (P442only ) 8 opto Transformer inputs & PCB Analogue PCB 4 VT, 4 CT 16 bits ADC

64-way ribbon cable (BUS) Main Processor & User Interface PCB (DSP TMS 320C32 40 MHz) - Fixed Scheme logic - Programmable Scheme Logic - Comm .& HMI Management Batter SK2 SK1 y IRIG-B PCB (P442 only) BNC Rx1 Tx1 Co-processor PCB (DSP TMS 320C32 40 MHz) - Analogue quantities acquisition - Filtering - Threshold calculation - Distance algorithms

Fig 8.13 Hardware Architecture of MICOM relay 64

The hardware architecture of the MICOM P 442 is as shown the fig 8.13. The relay used at VTPS with model No: P 442 312 B2A0070B is having 21 Input and 16 outputs. Relay has the following features: Protection Features: 5 Zone Phase and earth fault protection Over Current Protection ( Instantaneous & Delayed) Directional Earth Fault protection Under Voltage & Over Voltage Protection Negative sequence protection ( Directional / Non directional) SOTF and Reclose protection Power Swing Blocking, VT / CT supervision Circuit Breaker Failure Protection

Non Protection Functions:

Auto reclose with check synchronism Measurements of power, voltages, currents, etc Event Recorder / Disturbance recorder / Fault recorder / Fault locator Four setting groups Remote serial communication Self monitoring CB control / condition monitoring

8.3.8 GE make D 60 Relay:

Fig 8.14 BLOCK Diagram of D 60 Relay The relay Block diagram is as shown in Fig 8.14. The Relay is having both Quad / Mho characteristics as selectable by the user. The Fig 8.15 Shows the characteristic.

65

Fig 8.15 Relay Characteristic of D 60 Relay The Relays at VTPS is having the Model No: D60 E00 HCH F8F H6U P6T U6U . It has total 16 inputs and 16 outputs.

The functions available are more or less similar to MICOM relays. This relay is having additional benefits as below: 48 LEDs are available for user configuration Two Breakers can be configured Four control Pushbuttons are user programmable and can be configured for CB close / Trip Modular construction and easily upgradeable

8.3.9 Alstom make PD 521 Relay:

PD 521 is a numerical relay with polygon characteristic. It is a four zone protective relay. The relay characteristic is as shown in the fig 8.16. the relay settings can be loaded through the HMI. Relay is having 12 LED indications and out of 12, 3 are programmable. Fault data can be seen from the relay in the addresses specified.

8.3.10 ER make THR 4PE1 Relay:

Static, Switched scheme with 3 offset mho starters and one mho measuring unit. The starter has a built in reverse reach equal to 50 % of forward reach for phase faults and 50% of 66

forward reach ( 1 + Kn ) for earth faults. ( Kn : Neutral Compensating Factor). The relay characteristic is as shown in the fig 8.17

t a r t e r

Z Z Z

o o o

n n n

e e e

3 2 - 1

i g

. 1

e l a y

a r a c

t e r i s t i c

o F f i gP

D8

. 15 72

1R

e l a y

TC

Hh 4 aR P r Ea c1 t e r i s t i c

The THR relay comprises the following modules: Phase Fault Input Module Output Module Matrix card with the following modules connecting the matrix card o VTS & N o PSB o MME o Zone 4 R o Zone 4 Y o Zone 4 B o Directional Earth Fault Test o Timer

8.4. Other Protection Features of Distance Protection:

The distance Protection relay shall also perform the following protection features apart from the Impedance protection. 8.4.1 Switch On To Fault Protection: This protection shall identify the faults in any of the zone at the time of closing the Circuit Breaker. CB Manual Close command is being monitored and enabled for the set time say for 1.0 sec. Detection of this protection will initiate tripping of the CB instantaneously and Auto reclose can be blocked. 8.4.2 Power Swing Blocking: Power swings in the system are the oscillations in power flow, which can follow a power system disturbance. Loss of Synchronism, Sustained faults and switching operations in the system are the causes for the power swings. These power swings may touches the relay characteristics and there is a chance of relay operation, which is undesirable as this tripping may worsen the power system, which is under disturbance. Hence identify the power swing and block the distance protection. Identification of power swings shall be done by monitoring the rate of change of impedance. If the rate of change of impedance is fast, it is fault and if is slow, it is a power swing. 67

8.4.3 Negative sequence over current protection: Any unbalanced fault condition will produce negative sequence current of some magnitude. A negative sequence over current element can operate for both phase p phase and phase earth faults. Definite time or IDMT characteristics can be associated with this negative sequence current protection. For the lines, this negative sequence current protection generally connected to Alarm and at the operator discretion, the feeder may be given tripping. If the substation is connecting the power station, these negative sequence currents would cause overheating of the Generators. 8.4.4 VT Supervision: VT Supervision function is to detect the failure of ac voltages to the relay. As the distance protection relay depends on the Voltage parameter and loss of voltage may lead to the relay operation, which is undesirable. VTS function blocks the distance protection scheme with an alarm. Maintenance staff should check for the causes of VT failures. The function operates on detection of residual voltages without the presence of Zero and negative sequence currents and earth fault current. In fault conditions both the voltage and current parameters will change. Only change in Voltage parameters indicates that the Voltage circuits is failed. A conventional relay scheme provides a fuse failure relay which will get the voltages through the fuses. The same voltage will be tapped and given to the relay through the links. Failure of fuse will rise the potential applied across the relay and relay will operate and blocks the distance protection. 8.4.5 CT Supervision: Failure of one or more CT signals may lead to mal operation or non operation of the scheme and simultaneously, an open circuit in the CT circuits may damage the equipment. Healthiness of CT circuits shall be ensured and if found faulty, suitable alarms shall be generated with blocking some functions. This feature operates on detection of derived zero sequence currents in the absence of corresponding zero sequence voltage which would normally accompany it. 8.4.6 Fault Locator: Depending up on the fault parameters, the fault locator will convert this data in to the fault location. This function is very much useful in attending the transmission lines. 8.4.7 Auto reclose: An analysis of faults on any overhead line network has shown that 8090% are transient in nature. Lightning is the most common cause, other possibilities being clashing conductors and wind blown debris. Such faults can be cleared by the immediate tripping of one or more circuit breakers to isolate the fault, followed by a reclose cycle for the circuit breakers. As the faults are generally self clearing non damage faults, a healthy restoration of supply will result. The remaining 10 - 20% of faults are either semi- permanent or permanent. A semi permanent fault could be caused by a small tree branch falling on the line. The cause of the fault may not be removed by the immediate tripping of the circuit, but could be burnt away/thrown clear after several further reclose attempts or shots. Thus several time delayed shots may be required in forest areas. Permanent faults could be broken conductors, transformer faults or cable faults which must be located and repaired before the supply can be restored. In the majority of fault incidents, if the faulty line is immediately tripped out, and time is allowed for the fault arc to de-ionise, reclosure of the circuit breakers 68

will result in the line being successfully re-energised, with obvious benefits. The main advantages to be derived from using auto reclose can be summarised as follows: Minimises interruptions in supply to the consumer; A high speed trip and reclose cycle clears the fault without threatening system stability. When considering feeders which are partly overhead line and partly underground cable, any decision to install auto-reclosing would be influenced by any data known on the frequency of transient faults. When a significant proportion of the faults are permanent, the advantages of auto-reclosing are small, particularly since Reclosing on to a faulty cable is likely to aggravate the damage. At sub transmission and transmission voltages, utilities often employ single pole tripping for earth faults, leaving circuit breaker poles on the two un-faulted phases closed. High speed single phase auto reclosure then follows. The advantages and disadvantages of such single pole trip/reclose cycles are: Synchronising power flows on the un-faulted phases, using the line to maintain synchronism between remote regions of a relatively weakly interconnected system. However, the capacitive current induced from the healthy phases can increase the time taken to de-ionise fault arcs. Dead Time : The time between the Auto reclose being energised and the first reclosure of the CB and generally set as 1 sec. Lower limit is decided by the de-ionising time of the CB Upper limit is decided by the transient stability and synchronism Long transmission line require longer dead time for single phase faults The dead time for high speed auto reclose scheme with EHC schemes is 0.3 0.8 Sec Reclaim time : The time between 1st reclose and 2nd reclose. This time shall be depend on the duty cycle of the CB and the mechanisms. Auto reclose types based on phases: Three Phase Auto-reclosing: this type of auto reclosing causes an immediate drift apart of the two systems and hence no interchange of synchronising power can take place during the dead time. Single Phase Auto reclosing: Only faulty phase, which is tripped on LG fault is reclosed without causing the interruption in interchange of synchronising power between two systems through other two healthy phases. Auto reclose types based on Attempts: Single Shot Auto-reclosing: Only once the breaker is reclosed once on a given fault, before lock out of the CB. In generally, EHV networks prefers One shot auto reclosing. Multi Shot Auto-reclosing: More then one reclosing attempts are made for a given fault before lockout of the CB. However, repeated attempts with high fault currents would lead to damage of the CB.

69

8.4.8 Carrier Protection: The conventional distance protection scheme clears the faults above the 90 % of the line length in zone 2, i.e after a certain time delay and which is undesirable for the power system network. A healthy line protection system shall clears the faults in 100 % line length instantaneously and also should have a backup protection for adjacent networks. This feature can be derived by interconnecting the distance relays by a signaling network. The network can be either pilot wire, PLCC, microwave link or a radio link. This signal channel shall transmit the information about the system conditions at one end of the protected line to the other end and initiate or prevent the tripping of the other end breaker. The scheme looks like as shown in fig 8.18. Main functions of this scheme are Transfer Trip scheme and Blocking scheme.
+ V e Z T T 1 2 3 C R Z Z Z C 1 2 3 R V e C a r r i e r S e n d

T R

R E

I P L A

2 T 3

Z Z

2 3

T T

2 3

i g

8 . 1 8

a r r i e r

r o t e c t i o n

Transfer Trip scheme : The distance relay at one end of the protected line sends a carrier signal to the other end relay for inter tripping and thus the fault will be cleared instantaneously. Blocking scheme: In this scheme, a blocking signal is sent by the reverse looking directional unit ZR to prevent instantaneous tripping for Zone2 & 3 faults, external to the protected line. ZR should be fast.

70

9. Bus Bar Arrangements

The Bus bar arrangements can be classified in to the following methods.

9.1SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM: All the equipment is connected to same Bus and in
the event of the fault entire section will be not available. This Bus bar arrangement can be seen at 132 kV S/S at VTPS & at Bhavanipuram

9.2 SINGLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.: In the event of the

fault in one section, that particular section will be isolated and the other section is available for service

9.3 SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM.: In the event of trouble in
breaker ( one at a time), it can be shifted to auxiliary Bus. Fault in bus will lead in to outage of the entire section.
B u s

3
T r a n s f e r B u s

71

9.4 DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM.: Any Breaker can be connected to any one of the
Bus and a fault in one bus will lead in to outage of only that bus. Breaker troubles lead into outage of that line / Generator / Transformer

3 3 3 3 3

9.5 DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.: Reduction of

outages during bus faults is the major advantage with this arrangement. This is useful and economical for large Sub Stations. CB troubles lead into outage of that line.

3 3 3

3 3 3

9.6 DOUBLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM.

Any feeder can be connected to ant of the bus. Transfer Breaker can be used for the troubles in CB and thus the outages are reduced. This bus bar arrangement can be seen at VTPS 220 kV switchyard.

3 3 3 3 3 3

72

9.7 ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM :

CB LINE-1 CB LINE-2 CB LINE-3 CB LINE-4 CB 6 CTs METHOD CB T/F-4 CB 6 CTs METHOD CB T/F-3 CB 4 CTs METHOD CB T/F-1 CB T/F-2

CB 5 CTs METHOD

This is more popular in 400 kV networks. Though number of Breakers are more, the scheme is very reliable and the advantages are as below: The scheme has 3 breakers for two bays and thus called as One and Half breaker scheme ( 3 / 2 ) No bus Transfer through Isolators Maintenance of CB is easy and the loads get transferred to other Bus No disturbance for failure of any bus Failure of both the buses also does not affect the power transmission Location of CT leads in to four popular models of One and Half breaker scheme

9.7.1 ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM ( 4CTs METHOD)

B u s - 1 B u s - 2

B C

- 1 T 3 C T

- 3

1 -

- 2

2 A C

2 B C

The CT arrangement is as per the Figure. 73

 For Line 1 protection, Current shall be derived from the summating values of 1-CT and 2-BCT For T/F -1 protection, Current shall be derived from the summating values of 3-CT and 2-ACT 1-CT and 3-CT shall be used for Bus Bar protection No blind zone is there in this protection The proposed 400 kV Sub station for VTPS Stage-IV is with this type of arrangement

9.7.2 ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM ( 5CTs METHOD)

B u s - 1 B u s - 2

B C

- 1 T 3 C T

- 3

1 -

- 2

3 3
1 LC T

3 G -

The CT arrangement is as per the Figure. For Line 1 protection, Current shall be derived from 1L-CT For T/F -1 protection, Current shall be derived 3G- CT The zone between Bus CTs and Line CTs shall be covered by Teed protection by current differential protection

9.7.3 ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM ( 6CTs METHOD-1)

B u s - 1 B u s - 2

3 3

1 C B

C - 1 C T

3 -

3C 3T

T C B - 3

1 -B

3 -B

- 2

3
2 - A C

2 - B

The CT arrangement is as per the Figure. 74

 For Line 1 protection, Current shall be derived from the summating values of 1-BCT and 2-BCT For T/F -1 protection, Current shall be derived from the summating values of 3-BCT and 2-ACT 1-ACT and 3-ACT shall be used for Bus Bar protection No blind zone is there in this protection

9.7.4 ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM ( 6CTs METHOD-2)

B u s - 1 B u s - 2

B C

- 1 T 3 C

- 3

1 -

3T

- 2

2 A C

3
T B C 2 TT

1 L -

3 G-

The CT arrangement is as per the Figure. For Line 1 protection, Current shall be derived from 1L-CT For T/F -1 protection, Current shall be derived from 3T-CT 1-CT and 3-CT shall be used for Bus Bar protection The zone between Bus CTs and Line CTs shall be covered by Teed protection by current differential protection

75

10. Bus Bar protection

Bus Bar faults can arise from any one of the following reasons: Defective or damaged supporting insulators and thus causes a Phase to ground fault Flashover at Supporting insulators due to lightning or due to atmospheric dust Failure to remove the safety earthing devices before re-energisation of the bus Application of temporary ground device to a live bus through a mistake. Overhead jumper cut and may fall on the bus bars Short circuits caused by birds and monkeys..

If the bus faults are not cleared by high speed protective system, the heavy fault currents may results into a faire accident. The failure of a bus bar may results into instability of the power system. In some substations, because of the following reasons, bus bar protection was not incorporated: The switchgear and bus bars used are of high degree of reliability It was feared that accidental operation of bus bar protection might cause severe disturbance It was opined that the protective relays and back up protection is sufficient for isolating the bus bar faults. But is clear that the risk of occurrence of the bus faults can not be ignored and the delay in clearing the faults may lead into more damage as the fault MVA for the Bus faults is more. Types of Bus Bar protections for EHV substations used more popularly are : o High Impedance Differential Protection o Low Impedance Differential Protection 10.1 High Impedance Differential Protection: The Merz- price principle is applicable to a multi terminal zone as a bus bar. The principle is a direct application of Kirchhoffs law. Usually the circulating current arrangement is being used. For each phase, all the currents of all the feeders is summated and the resultant current is being given to the relay. Under normal conditions, the sum of all the currents is zero and in the event of bus fault, the sum of the currents will not be zero and the value flows through the relay and thus the differential relay operates. Operation of this relay will initiate the tripping of all the breakers connected to that bus bar. At VTPS, number of bus bars are available are : Main Bus 1 and Bus 2 and Two Transfer Buses, Bypass-1 and Bypass 2. Hence the protection is required for Four Bus Bars or Zones. As this Bus Bar protection is very important and a mal operation may result in to severe disturbances, Check feature or check zone protection will generally be incorporated in to this protection. For Check protection, sum of all the bus bar currents is used. The details of protective zones and their protection scopes are as below at VTPS: 76

Zone A : Covers the Bus -1 and monitors the sum of all the currents of the feeders / Generator / Transformers of Bus -1 and Bus Coupler Zone B : Covers the Bus -2 and monitors the sum of all the currents of the feeders / Generator / Transformers of Bus -2 and Bus Coupler Zone C : Covers the Bypass Bus -1 and monitors the sum of all the currents of the Bypass -1 CT and the currents of the bay that connected to the Bypass-1. Zone D : Covers the Bypass Bus -2 and monitors the sum of all the currents of the Bypass -1 CT and the currents of the bay that connected to the Bypass-2. Check Zone : Covers the Bus 1 and Bus -2 and monitors the sum of all the currents of the feeders / Generator / Transformers of Bus 1 and Bus -2 The components of the high Impedance Bus bar Protection scheme are Ex : EE make Protection scheme at VTPS: Bus bar differential protection relays ( 87 ) : CAG 34 Bus Bar Supervision Relays ( 95) : VTX 31 Stabilising Resistors Non linear resistors ( Metrocils) CT Switching relays : VAJC Bus Bar Trip relays : VAJH DC Supervision Relays ( 80) : VAA The scheme looks Like as below for One Bus :
F O R M FEE C EDR T (8 0 A 0 /1 ) F O R M G N R T RC E EAO T (8 0 A 0 /1 )

T .B .T C T S L C IO EE T N RL Y EAS

T .B .T

Rs t

Rs t

Rs t

8 7 0 A

9 5

8 7 0 A

9 5

8 7 0 A

9 5

The requirements of the High Impedance Bus Bar protection: 1. Current Transformers: All the Current transformer CT ratios shall be same. At VTPS, the CT Ratio adopted is either 800 / 1 A or 1600 / 2A for Bus Bar protection. 77

2. The accuracy class of the CTs shall be PS type 3. Knee Point Voltage of the CT shall be more than double the Voltage of the scheme. The setting Calculations of this Bus Bar scheme are as follows: The SLG fault level at VTPS 220 KV Bus : 14024 MVA, i.e., 36804 A ( Data from the Power system Group) The secondary value of this current = 36804 / 800/1 = 46.005 A = If The Voltage developed across the relay : Vs = If * ( Rct + 2RL) Where Rct : The maximum secondary resistance of the available CTs = 10 Ohms 2 RL : Secondary Lead resistance 1.75 Ohms Thus Vs = 46.005 * ( 10+1.75) = 540.5 V Select the Differential relay operating value : 0.6 Amps Rst = ( Vs / Iop) ( 1/ Iop)2 = 898.1 Ohm or say 900 Ohms Bus Supervision Relays : These relays shall operate for 25A difference in the Primary currents. The Voltage developed across the VTX relay = 25/800 * ( 900 + 2.77 ) = 28.2 Volts where 2.77 CAG Relay resistance Check Feature : As said earlier, due to importance of the Bus Bar protection, check zone protection is also incorporated. This zone monitors the sum of all the currents of all the bays ( irrespective of Bus 1 or bus 2) and the difference if any will flow through the Check zone differential relay.
2 2 0 V D 8 8 7 C 7 - Z - Z o + o n n e T r ip B u s- 1 e B T r ip B u s- 2 B B u u s - 1 s - 2
9 6 - 1

2 2 0 A T rip B u s--v e 8 7 - ZC o n e

V v eD

a y

1 2 5 / 0 (ZL B) B B B u u s - 1 s - 2
9 6 - 2

2 5 / 0 (L Z

B) B

a y

2 5 / 0 (ZL

B) B B B u u s - 1 s - 2
9 6 - 3

2 5 / 0 ( ZL

B) B

a y

3 2 5 / 0 (ZL B) B 8 D C D r a w i n g s 0 B u s B a r P r o t e c t i o n 2 5 / 0 (L Z B) B

o f

78

Scheme Operation: Whenever the Bus differential current is more than the set value, relay operates. Relay shall not operate for the external faults. Operation of this relay will initiate the Bus Bar trip relays. If the differential current is less than the set value, the differential current will cause rise of voltage across the supervision relay. If this voltage appears for more than 3 seconds, supervision relay VTX operates and an alarm will be generated and the CT circuits will be short circuited through VAJH relays. When ever the both Main zone and check zone relay operates, Bus Bar trip relays will operate. DC logic diagram is as shown in the figure: Important Operational Procedures: CT Switching relay shall be made to the correct bus If no CT switching relay is made, CT Circuits will be open circuited and damages the CT wiring and relays If the alarm Bus Supervision relay operated appears, keep the Bus bar selection switches to out and inform the maintenance staff immediately Periodically, measure the spill currents in the relay duly isolating one of the feeder for ensuring the healthiness of the CT wiring. LBB Protection: Local Breaker Backup protection or Breaker Failure Protection is associated with the bus bar protection. Whenever breaker failed to open in the event of operation of protective relays, the damage to the system will be more. The same condition is being monitored by LBB relay or BFR relay ( Breaker failure relay) and will initiate the bus bar protection and thus clears the bus. The LBB Protection will operate under the following conditions: Lockout relay should be operated Currents shall be more than 20 % of normal current rating The above currents shall persist after a time, generally 200 msec.
5 0Z I L R o c k e la y O u > t 2 0 % t > Z 2m 0 S 0 e c B P u s B a r r o t e c t i o n 2 / 5 0

B RB e l a

s c h e m

t i c

When all the above three conditions satisfy, it is construed that the breaker is struck. EE make CTIG relay and ABB make RAICA relays are popular for LBB protection.

79

11. Miscellaneous
The following topics are covered in this chapter Bus Incomer Protection and the Logics Bus Under Voltage scheme for 6.6 kV Bus bars and earth fault protection Stage-1 6.6 kV Bus layout EMC Board Layout and the Logics Station Board Layout for VTPS

11.1 Bus Incomer Protection and the Logics: Existing 6.6 kV bus bars in a thermal power plant can again be broadly connected into the following types: Unit Boards : Main Supply is from the Unit Auxiliary Transformer and the reserve supply is from the Station Board. Ref Fig 11.1 Station Boards : Main Supply from the Station Transformer and the reserve supply if from the other station Board . Ref Fig 11.2 Auxiliary Boards : Main supply is from Station Board and the reserve supply is from the other auxiliary board. Ref Fig 11.3
S S U ( S A T M a i n u p p l y ) U F i g n i t B T S t a t i o n B o a r d S R S u e s e r v e p p l y S i t B o a r d F AB i g u T - 1 S B C/ s 1 1 . 2 S BB S u s C W A C BC A /W u B x i l i a r y B o a T - 2 AB u s S BB u s

o a r d U n

1 1 . 1

t a t i o n F B i g o a1 r1 d . 3

Whatever is the board, the board will have one main supply and one reserve supply. The main incomer is provided with Bus Incomer protection. Generally the following logics shall be provided: Bus Incomer shall trip if there is a bus fault detected by the over current relays and reserve incomer is prevented form closing Bus Incomer shall trip if Bus Under Voltage is detected and allows reserve breaker to close While closing the Unit Breaker, it shall be checked for synchronism and the Incomer breaker shall close only after closing the GCB For the auxiliary buses, paralleling is not permitted and hence 2 / 3 logic is provided. Ref Fig 11.3, where, at APH, the incomer to AHA is fed from SA and AHB is fed from SB. AHA and AHB are coupled through Bus Coupler. Among these three breakers, only two breakers can be in closed position. Downstream breaker can be closed only after closing the upstream breaker and down stream breaker will trip if the upstream breaker trips. 11.2 Bus Under Voltage Scheme ( For 6.6 kV Bus): For the 6.6 kV Bus Bars, three stage Under voltage protection is provided. 6.6 kV Bus Bars are derived from the delta 80

transformers. Bus PTs are provided in each phase on the PT Truck for the purpose of protection and metering. The following are the relays are provided on the bus under voltage scheme: o Stage-1 Under Voltage relays ( 3 Nos), each in RY, YB and BR phases and a timer with the setting of 80 V and 0.5 Sec o Stage-2 Under Voltage relay ( 1 No), in YB phases and a timer with the setting of 58 V and 9.0 Sec o Stage-3 Under Voltage relay ( 1 No), RY phases and a timer with the setting of 20V and 1.5 Sec The logics are as below: All these logics are applied, if the PT MCB is in ON condition only. Tripping of the MCB initiates an alarm at UCB. If the Under voltage, < 80V, is observed in all the phases and persists for 0.5 Sec, an annunciation appears at UCB, i.e., Stage-1 Under Voltage Operation. Operation of this timer will allow tripping of un important motors. If the stage-1 Under voltage relays operated and the stage 2 under voltages also operates, a timer will initiate and after 9 seconds, the selected motors will be given for tripping. If the stage-1 Under voltage relays operated and the stage 3 under voltages also operates, a timer will initiate and after 1.5 seconds, the incomer will trip and allows reserve breaker to close. As the Bus is derived form the Delta connected transformer, an earth fault in any of the loads is not harmful to the system and no earth fault current can be observed. However, the earth fault shall be monitored by the voltage principle. The PT secondaries shall be connected in Open delta ( As shown in Fig 11. 4). In the event of earth fault, the open delta voltage rises and the relay will operate. The relays can be either IDMT or Definite time characteristic.
P TS e c o n d a r i e s

E F R

a r t h a u lt e la y

i g

1 1 . 4

a r t h

a u

l t

p r o t e c t i o n

81

11.3 Stage-1 6.6 kV Bus Layout: Fig 11.5 Shows the layout of Stage-1 6.6 kV bus bars. Interconnection is provided between SA / SB boards to SD Bus at Stage-2. AHD bus of Stage-2 is fed from Stage-1 AHB bus and Stage-2 Clarified Board A is fed from AHA bus.
2B B U S
U A T-2 B 1 5 . 7 5 / 6 . 9K V , 1 5 M V A

3 1 .5 M V A 2 2 0 /7 .1K V

B U S -2

BUS 2000A

B U S -1

S T -2

A H D /S -II

BUS A H -B 1600 A

BUS 1600 AC H-B

B U S 1600 A

B U S D U C T

SB

H C W -B

U A T- 1 B 1 5 . 7 5 / 6 . 9K V 1 5 M V A

CW -B

G E N E R A TO R 24 7M V A 1 5 .7 5 K V

TO S D B U S S - II

BU S 2000A

1 B B U S

B U S D U C T

C H -A 1 6 0 0 A

C L W A/ S - I I

BUS

C W -A

BU S 1600 A

IP B D 10K A

G 1

B U S -2

A H -A

U A T- 1 A 1 5 . 7 5 / 6 . 9K V 1 5 M V A

BUS 1600 A

H C W -A

S T -1 3 1 .5 M V A 2 2 0 /7 .1K V

Fig 11.5 Stage-1 6.6 kV Boards 11.4 EMC Board Logics: 415 V Emergency board is provided to provide emergency supplies to important loads like Barring Gear, Lub Oil pump, Seal oil pump, Chargers, Air Pre-heaters and their lub oil pumps and emergency lighting. Normally, the supply for this board is derived form the Station Board and in the event of the failure of station boards, supply extends to these boards from DG sets. The scheme is as shown in fig 11. 6
S S - 1S S S- 2 S

1 E M - 1C 3

2 E M - 2C

5 U A n d e r N , B , 1 , 3 o r m i n C a l C o l o s e d n P d o it i o n s s i t i o n

- 1

- 2

Fig 11.6 EMC Board Lay Out 82

2A B U S

SA

U A T- 2 A 1 5 . 7 5 / 6 . 9K V , 1 5 M V A

B U S -1

B U S 4000 A

1A B U S

G 2

Failure of Station Supply ( Auto Operation) : Breaker 1 Trips on U/V after 0.5 Sec and Simultaneously Breaker 2 Closes and DG 1 starts ( If there is no U/V, system will remain as above. But during station supply failure, U/V will also persist on SSS -2 also and thus ) Breaker 2 trips on U/V after 2 sec timer and DG 2 starts After 3 Sec breaker 3 trips If DG 1 and DG 2 builds up the voltage to the rated value, Breakers 4 & 5 closes Thus during the station supply failure DG 1 & 2 in running and Breakers 4 & 5 in closed position.

After Restoration of station supply ( Manual Operation) : Ensure 415 V supply on SSS-1 & 2 and breaker A & B are in closed position Keep I / DI switches on DI position on SCB for EMC 1 & 2 sections Trip Breaker 4 and close breaker 1 ( Interruption is unavoidable) Trip Breaker 5 and close Breaker 3. Trip DG 1 & DG 2 and keep I / DI switches in Interlock position Note : Never attempt to trip DG 1 & DG 2 when CB 4 & CB 5 are in closed position Never parallel DG set with station supply Never parallel DG sets 11.5 VTPS Station Board Layout: The Fig 11.7 shows the 6.6 kV board schematics and their inter connection. Each stage has two station boards and each unit has two unit auxiliary transformers Five station transformers are feeding 5 station board and one board at Stage-3, i.e, SE Board is fed by SC board at Stage-2 The inter connection between Stage-1 / Stage-2 and Stage-2 / Stage-3 also shown

83

B U S -1 B U S -1 B U S -2

B U S -2

B U S -1 O N L Y
E M E R G E N C Y S T D .B Y SU PPLY TO SD
B U S -1 B U S -2

S T -1 3 1 .5 M V A 2 2 0 /7 .1 K V

S T -2
B U S -2
BU S D U CT T S S

3 1 .5 M V A 2 2 0 /7 .1 K V
B U S -1

S T -5
T O /F R O M SC BO AR D S T G -2

3 1 .5 M V A 2 2 0 /7 .1 K V
P8 & P10 P5 & P7

4000 A C B

4000 A C B

P 26
O E T

P 31

SA
G

B U S 4000 A

P 31

SB
/ F R B O - 3

B U S 4000 A

4000 A C B

P 26

S T -3
3 1 .5 M V A 2 2 0 /7 .1 K V

S T -4 3 1 .5 M V A P 8 & P 1 0 2 2 0 /7 .5 K V P 3 & P 5

A C 8 ,1 0 P 9 & 11
E C 3 ,5
P2 P2 0 P17 P2 3
1600 A

S A /S B S T G -1

SE

4000 A

SF

4000 A

4 0 0 0

1 6 0 0 4 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

1 6 0 0

2 5 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 6 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 5 0 0

2 5 0 0

P 33 P 5 & 7
P2 2 P14
A O M A R D A A A A A C

P 33

P 24 & 26
SC
4000 A
P3

TO S D B U S S - II C C

P13
P13 P2
1600 A

P6

P12

P2

P2 2

C C C B 5 6 6

BU S D U C T

SD
4000 A

x 5 S0 q0 .

x 5 S0 q0 .

5 x 5 S0 q0 . C B

C 6B x 5 S 0 q 0 .

2A BU S 4 A (T )
1600 A

6 B B B m B1 6 0 0

A H -E

A H -F

x 5 S0 q0 .

x 5 S0 q0 .

x 5 S0 q0 .

1 6 0 0

5 x5 0 0 S q . m m A l/P h

AC 2 AC 2
P 11
2000 A

A C 29 AC 30 A C 17
1600 A 2000 A

A C 14

x 5 S0 q0 .

x 5 S0 q0 .

x 5 S0 q0 .

m A 1 6 0 0

m m m m m C
BUS 1600 A

1600 A

1600 A

l / P

l / P h 1 6 0 0 A C B

m m m m m
A H D /S - II

C H -A C H -B C W -C A H -D
1600 A

C H -C

m B

C H -D
P16
2000 A

BUS 1600 A

C W -D A H -C

P13
P14
2000 A

1 6 0 0

1 6 0 0

A A A A A l / P l / P l / P l / P A h h h h A
BUS 1600 A

5 x5 0 0 S q . m m A l/P h

l / P

B U S 2000A B U S 2000A C

5x500Sq. m m A l/P h

1 2 5 0 A A l / P h

l / P

l / P

C W -E
P15

C W -F

P15 P3 P6 P 6
630 A

A H -A
C C

BUS 1600 A

A H -B
A H -B STG - I
A H -A STG - I

1 2 5 0 C B

C B B

C L W A /S -II

P1

630 A

P4

3 A (T )
1600 A 630 A 630 A 1600 A

3 B (T )

AC 1

C L W -C

C L W -D

2 5 0 0 2 5 0 0 2 5 0 0 C B A A

6 x 5 0 0 S q . m m A l/P h

5 A (T )
1600 A

5 B (T )
1600 A

C W -A C W -B
5x500 Sq . m m A l/P h
B
BU S 1600 A

CLW - A

CLW - B

P10

P2 P11 P1
1000 A

P2 P2

P9

EC 2
1000 A 1000 A

BU S 1600 A

P16
1000 A

P13

H C W -A

H C W -B

3 A (B )
2B B U S
BUS 2000A

3 B (B )

P13
U A T - 5A 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

5 A (B )

5 B (B )
U A T - 5B 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

IP B D 1 0 K A IP B D 1 0 K A

G 1
U A T - 3A 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V
U A T -1 B 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V 15 M V A

G 3

U A T - 3B 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

U A T -1 A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V 15 M V A
2 5 0 0 6 m A 6 m
2500 A C B

4 B (T )
1600 A

6 A (T )
1600 A

G 5
P9 P4

6 B (T )
P2
1600 A

6 C B x 5 0 m BUS 2000A

Fig 11.7 VTPS Station Board Layout

x 5 0 0 m A

2 5 0 0

2500 A C B

P9

x 5 0 0 m A

x 5 0 0 m m A

BUS 2000A

BUS

EC 2 4 B (B )
1000 A

P2 P2
1000 A

U A T -2 A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V , 1 5 M V A
U A T -2 B 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V , 1 5 M V A
S q . l / P h

C 0 A S q . l / P h
1000 A

1A B U S 2000A 1B B U S
U A T - 4A , 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

G E N E R A TO R 247 M V A 1 5 .7 5 K V

P12
U A T - 4B , 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

G E N E R A TO R 247 M V A 1 5 .7 5 K V

P4
1000 A

S q . l / P h

S q . l / P h

4 A (B )

G E N ER A TO R 247 M V A 1 5 .7 5 K V

6 A (B )
U A T - 6A , 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

P16

6 B (B )

U A T - 6B , 15 M V A 1 5 .7 5 /6 .9 K V

IP B D 1 0 K A

G 2
IP B D 1 0 K A

G 4

G 6

84

12. Numerical relays

85

13. Excitation Systems

The equipment providing Field current for a synchronous machine, including all power, regulating, control, and protective elements is called as excitation system.
The concept of Active Power (P) and Reactive Power ( Q) can be better understood from the fig 13.1

X
Q P Q u : : a d r a Q n ut a 2 d : r a n : + V e - V eP V e + V eQ : + t 1 :

R
Q P Q u : : a d r aQ n u t a 3 d : r a n - V eP : + V e - V e Q : - V e t 4 :

Fig. 13.1 Four Quadrant diagram Quadrant-1: Both the P and Q are generating. Quadrant- 2: Absorbing of P and Generation of Q. This operation is observed in Synchronous Condenser mode Quadrant -3: It absorbs both P and Q which is indication of Under excited Synchronous motor Quadrant 4: Generation of Power and absorption of Q indicates the under excited Generator The functions of Excitation system are: Extending DC supply to Field Winding of synchronous machine Maintaining the Machine terminal voltage in all the occasions and thus the Bus Voltage The system shall have good response to improve the stability 13.1. Excitation System Definitions ( as per IEEE Std 421.1-1986) accuracy: The degree of correspondence between the controlled variable and the desired value under specified conditions such as load changes, ambient temperature, humidity, frequency, and supply voltage variations. Quantitatively, it is expressed as the ratio of difference between the controlled variable and the desired value to the desired value. air gap Field voltage: The synchronous machine Field voltage required to produce rated voltage on the air-gap line of the synchronous machine with its Field winding at 86

(1) 75 C for Field windings designed to operate at rating with a temperature rise of 60 C or less; or (2) 100 C for Field windings designed to operate at rating with a temperature rise greater than 60 C. Air-gap line: The extended straight line part of the no-load saturation curve of the synchronous machine. Alternator-rectifier exciter: An exciter whose energy is derived from an alternator and converted to direct current by rectifiers. The exciter includes an alternator and power rectifiers which may be either non-controlled or controlled, including gate circuitry. It is exclusive of input control elements. The alternator may be driven by a motor, prime mover, or by the shaft of the synchronous machine. The rectifiers may be stationary or rotating with the alternator shaft. Automatic control: In excitation control system usage, automatic control refers to maintaining synchronous machine terminal voltage without operator action, over the operating range of the synchronous machine within its capabilities. Band of regulated voltage: The band or zone, expressed in percent of the rated value of the regulated voltage, within which the excitation system will hold the regulated voltage of an electric machine during steady or gradually changing conditions over a specified range of load. brushless exciter: An alternator-rectifier exciter employing rotating rectifiers with a direct connection to the synchronous machine Field thus eliminating the need for Field brushes Ceiling current: The maximum direct current which the excitation system is able to supply from its terminals for a specified time. Ceiling voltage: The maximum direct voltage which the excitation system is able to supply from its terminals under defined conditions. DC generator-commutator exciter: An exciter whose energy is derived from a dc generator. The exciter includes a dc generator with its commutator and brushes. It is exclusive of input control elements. The exciter may be driven by a motor, prime mover, or by the shaft of the synchronous machine. De-excitation: The removal of the excitation of a synchronous machine, main exciter, or pilot exciter. Discharge resistor: A resistor that, upon interruption of excitation source current, is connected across the Field windings of a synchronous machine or an exciter to limit the transient voltage in the Field circuit and to hasten the decay of Field current of the machine. Error signal: In a control system the error signal is the difference between a sensing signal and a constant reference signal. 87

 Excitation power current transformer: The elements in a compound sourcerectifier excitation system which transfer electrical energy from the synchronous machine armature current to the excitation system at a magnitude and phase relationship required by the excitation system. Excitation power potential transformer: The element or elements in a compound source-rectifier excitation system which transfer electrical energy from the synchronous machine armature terminals to the excitation system at a magnitude and phase relationship required in the excitation system. Also, the element or elements in a potential source-rectifier excitation system which transfer electrical energy either from the machine terminals or from an auxiliary bus to the excitation system at a magnitude level required by the excitation system. Excitation system: The equipment providing Field current for a synchronous machine, including all power, regulating, control, and protective elements. Excitation system duty cycle: An initial operating condition and a subsequent sequence of events of specified duration to which the excitation system will be exposed. Excitation system nominal response: The rate of increase of the excitation system output voltage determined from the excitation system voltage response curve, divided by the rated Field voltage. This rate, if maintained constant, would develop the same voltage-time area as obtained from the actual curve over the First half-second interval (unless a different time interval is specified). Excitation system output terminals: The place of output from the equipment comprising the excitation system. These terminals may be identical with the Field winding terminals. Excitation system rated current: The direct current at the excitation system output terminals which the excitation system can supply under defined conditions of its operation. This current is at least that value required by the synchronous machine under the most demanding continuous operating conditions (generally resulting from synchronous machine voltage frequency variations and power factor variations). excitation system rated voltage: The direct voltage at the excitation system output terminals which the excitation system can provide when delivering excitation system rated current under rated continuous load conditions of the synchronous machine with its Field winding at (1) 75 C for Field windings designed to operate at rating with a temperature rise of 60 C or less; or (2) 100 C for Field windings designed to operate at rating with a temperature rise greater than 60 C. Excitation system stabilizer: An element or group of elements that modify the forward signal by either series or feedback compensation to improve the dynamic performance of the excitation control system. 88

 Excitation system voltage response time: The time in seconds for the excitation voltage to attain 95% of the difference between ceiling voltage and rated load Field voltage under specific conditions. Excitation system voltage time response: The excitation system output voltage expressed as a function of time, under specified conditions. Exciter: The equipment providing the Field current for the excitation of a synchronous machine. Field discharge circuit breaker: A circuit breaker having main contacts for energizing and deenergizing the Field of asynchronous machine or rotating exciter and having discharge contacts for short-circuiting the Field through the discharge resistor prior to the opening of the circuit breaker main contacts. The discharge contacts also disconnect the Field from the discharge resistor following the closing of the main contacts. Field forcing: A control function that rapidly drives the Field current of a synchronous machine in the positive or in the negative direction. Field winding: A winding on either the stationary or the rotating part of a synchronous machine whose sole purpose is the production of the main electromagnetic Field of the machine. Field winding terminals: The place of input to the Field winding of the synchronous machine. If there are brushes and sliprings these are considered to be part of the Field winding. high initial response: An excitation system capable of attaining 95% of the difference between ceiling voltage and rated-load Field voltage in 0.1 s or less under specified conditions. Large signal performance: Response of an excitation control system, excitation system, or elements of an excitation system to signals which are large enough that nonlinearities must be included in the analysis of the response to obtain realistic results. Limiter: An element of the excitation system which acts to limit a variable by modifying or replacing the functions of the primary detector element when predetermined conditions have been reached. Manual control: In excitation control system usage, manual control refers to maintaining synchronous machine terminal voltage by operator action.

89

 No-load Field current: The direct current in the Field winding of synchronous machine required to produce rated voltage at no-load and rated speed. no-load Field voltage: The voltage required across the terminals of the Field winding of the synchronous machine under conditions of no-load, rated speed, and rated terminal voltage, and with the Field winding at 25 C. Pilot exciter: The equipment providing the Field current for the excitation of another exciter. Potential source-rectifier exciter: An exciter whose energy is derived from a stationary ac potential source and converted to direct current by rectifiers. The exciter includes the power potential transformers and power rectifiers which may be either non-controlled or controlled, including gate circuitry. It is exclusive of input control elements. The source of ac power may come from the machine terminals or from a station auxiliary bus or a separate winding within the synchronous machine. Power system stabilizer: An element or group of elements that provide an additional input to the regulator to improve power system performance. Rated Field current: The direct current in the Field winding of the synchronous machine when operating at rated voltage, current, power factor, and speed. rated Field voltage: The voltage required across the terminals of the Field winding of the synchronous machine under rated continuous load conditions of the synchronous machine with its Field winding at (1) 75 C for Field windings designed to operate at rating with a temperature rise of 60 C or less; or (2) 100 C for Field windings designed to operate at rating with a temperature rise greater than 60 C. Rotating amplifier: An electric machine in which a small energy change in the Field is amplified to a large energy change at the armature terminals. Small signal performance: The response of an excitation control system, excitation system, or elements of an excitation system to signals which are small enough that nonlinearities can be disregarded in the analysis of the response, and operation can be considered to be linear. Synchronous machine regulator: A regulator that couples the output variables of the synchronous machine to the input of the exciter through feedback and forward controlling elements for the purpose of regulating the synchronous machine output variables.

90

 Voltage regulating adjuster: A device associated with a synchronous machine voltage regulator by which adjustment of the synchronous machine terminal voltage can be made. Voltage regulator: A synchronous machine regulator that functions to maintain the terminal voltage of a synchronous machine at a predetermined value, or to vary it according to a predetermined plan. 13.2 Types of Excitation Systems: Most popular excitation systems from the older days to the present modern synchronous machines are: Conventional DC AC ( High Frequency) Excitation system Brushless Excitation system Static Excitation system

Conventional DC : Station DC supply shall be connected to the Generator rotor winding through the Rheostat. Control of the excitation shall be done by varying the rheostat. This scheme is applicable for lower rating machines as the size of Rheostat and source of external power are the limitations. AC ( High Frequency) Excitation system: Commutator and Brush gear assembly can be avoided in this scheme. Generator main shaft driven AC pilot exciter having rotating permanent Magnetic field and a stationery armature feeds the DC field current of the main high frequency AC exciter through controlled rectifiers. The High frequency output of the stationery armature is rectified by stationery diodes and fed via the slip-rings to the field of main turbo generator. Brushless Excitation: In addition to the above AC Excitation system, main exciter is also available along with rotating diodes in this system. Controlled output from the Pilot exciter is given to Main exciter armature and the generated AC in the rotor of the main exciter is given to the rotor winding through rotating diodes. Static Excitation system : No rotating parts are in this system and hence the name Static excitation system. Power required for the excitation is drawn from the machine terminals and controlled through the rectifiers and given to the rotor winding through the Brush gear and slip-rings assembly.

91

13.3 Static Excitation System: the case is taken from Stsge-1, VTPS Block Diagram G CT VVV Excitation Transformer PT GT 220kV

Regulation Cubicle Field Breaker

Thyristor Cubicles

415 V AC Field Flashing Breaker Resistor 220 V DC

The Scheme contains the following Cubicles Excitation Transformer Thyristor Cubicles Field Breaker Cubicle Field Flashing Cubicle Regulation Cubicle

Excitation Transformer : (2.5 MVA, 15.75 kV / 575 V, Dry cast Resign Transformer) The power required for the Excitation is being tapped from Generator itself. Excitation Transformer HV winding is connected to Generator Bus duct and LV winding is connected to Thyristor bridges. For the Excitation Transformer, Over current (Delayed and Instantaneous) and Over temperature protections are provided. A temperature gauge is mounted on the Transformer cubicle to monitor the Core temperature. Two nos of Blower fans are provided on the transformer cubicle, out of one is always in running and the second fan starts at 120 C and unit will trip if the temperature exceeds 145 C. Another Exhaust fan is provided on the top of transformer cubicle for which supply is taken from the LDB provided in the regulation cubicle rear side. 92

Thyristor Bridges : (3 nos of Thyristor bridges with each bridge rating 1820 Amps) 3 nos of Thyristor bridge cubicles are provided having 6 nos of thyristors in each bridge. Cubicle also contains Isolators on AC / DC side, Parallel sharing reactors, Pulse transformers and One cubicle fan along with Air flow monitoring device. An Ammeter is mounted on each bridge for monitoring the DC current. Depending upon the pulses controlled by control voltage, thyristor firing varies and thus can have a regulated DC output Voltage. Field Breaker Cubicle : (AMCC NOR type 3000 Amps Breaker) For opening and closing of field circuit, a Field Breaker is provided. When ever a FB trips, the Field discharge resistor will be connected across the FB terminals. An annunciation Field Breaker Tripped is provided, which initiates when FB is off and ULR operates. Another annunciation Field Breaker Trip Coil Faulty also provided for monitoring the healthiness of Trip coil of FB. Field Flashing Cubicle : (ABB make Power contactor) Residual magnetism of the field is insufficient to build-up the voltage. Hence an external 415 V ac supply is taken from TGMCC. The voltage is step down to 30V and rectified by Diode Bridge and fed the rectified DC to FB through a Field Flashing contactor. Whenever FB is closed, FF breaker also closes and voltage build-up starts. At 10 % of the rated voltage Pulses releases and thyristors start conducting. FF contactor opens if the Generated Voltage is more than 25 % or if the field current is more than 8 % of rated value. If the Generator voltage build-up is less than 70 % at 15 secs, the FB also trips on interlock along with annunciation Field Flashing Failure and after 10 minutes only, the logic permit us to close the FB again.

Regulation Cubicle : Two independent Auto channels with follow-up circuits to each other channel along with one Manual channel are provided. Channel 1 & Channel-2 are built as voltage regulators and either of them can be ON during normal operation. In addition to the voltage regulator, which has a PID control algorithm, these AUTOMATIC channels also contain various limiters and power system stabilizers and corrective control circuits to ensure the use and stable operation of the synchronous machine up to its operating limits. Each of these channels possesses a Gate control unit with a subsequent Intermediate pulse stage to generate the firing pulses for the Thyristor converter. During the normal operation, the intermediate pulse stage of the channel in operation is active and transmits the firing pulses galvonically separated to the common 93

pulse bus at the input of the Final pulse stage. Various monitoring functions of the channels initiate an automatic switchover to standby channel in case of a malfunction. Normally any one of the Auto channels can be ON, and the pulses from the intermediate Pulse stage of the standby Auto channel and Manual channel are blocked from the reaching the pulse bus. When one of the Auto channel fails excitation is switched over to the other standby channel. When both Channel 1 & 2 fails the excitation is switched off (TRIP). In case it is not possible to restore healthiness of at least one of the Auto channels then voltage build can be done in channel-3 (MANUAL). Channel-3 (Manual) is built as a simple Field current regulator with a PI control algorithm. It can be switched ON only when both the Auto channels are FAULTY. With Manual channel Faulty (already Auto Channels are faulty) Excitation is Switched OFF (TRIP). It is also not permitted to change over from Manual Channel to any one of Auto channel when the Unit is in service. Both the Auto channels are equipped with TRACKING FACILITY (Follow-Up) with each other. Functions of Automatic Channels :The functions of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. To regulate the Voltage To regulate the effect of the reactive and / or active current on the voltage (Droops) To limit V/Hz To limit Maximum field current To limit Inductive stator Current To limit capacitive stator Current To limit the load angle To stabilize the Power System

Description of the Limiters: V / Hz Limiter : At Under frequency, the V/Hz limiter reduces the Generator Voltage so as to prevent saturation effects in the supply and measuring transformers. The setting for V / Hz Limiter is 115% with a Time Delay of 5 Sec. Field Current Maximum Limiter : The field current maximum limiter is provided to protect the Generator rotor from over currents occurring in steady-state and transient operation. High field currents are due to a. Sharp drop in net work Voltage b. Improper raising the set point of the Voltage The setting for Field Current Maximum Limiter is 105%. Inductive Stator Current Limiter : The Inductive Stator Current Limiter holds the stator current within permissible limits while the generator is in the Over Excited operating by reducing the Field current accordingly. The setting for Inductive Stator Current Limiter is 105%.

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Capacitive Stator Current Limiter : The Capacitive Stator Current Limiter holds the stator current within permissible limits while generator is in the Under-Excited operating range by increasing the Field Current as required. The setting for Capacitive Stator Current Limiter is 105%. Load Angle Limiter: Load Angle Limiter prevents the Generator from slipping phase due to slipping of the Rotor. The load angle is the difference in phase between the rotor and stator rotating field, results mainly from the driving torque (active Power P) acting on the Generator and the level of the rotor current. If the driving torque remains constant, an in crease in the field current reduces the load angle. . The setting for Load Angle Limiter is 105%. Power System Stabilizer: The purpose of the Power System Stabilizer is to use the Generator excitation to damp electromechanical oscillations between the network and the Generator. Micro Terminal: To view the parameters and signal values of the various processor systems (Auto-1, Auto-2, Logic Controls and Monitoring) and to change temporarily / permanently stored values in certain address range or to enable / disable certain limiter/special functions a Micro Terminal at Regulation Cubicle is provided. The Micro Terminal may be connected to any one of the processor modules to view the parameters through a system cable. The Micro terminal has a 4 line LCD display in which contents of 4 addresses can be recalled and displayed simultaneously. The four values can be measured at measurement sockets provided below the LCD display. 12 signals are available through Six Switches (Normal / Shift) for which of them typing the address is not required. Important Modules in the DVR and their functions are listed below: Excitation Trip: The following are the Protections for Tripping of Excitation & Field Breaker 1. Rotor Over Voltage 2. Channel-1 & Channel -2 Faulty and Manual Mode OFF / Faulty 3. Loss of three Converters 4. Fuse AVR Supply 5. AVR in Test 6. Excitation Over Current Instantaneous 7. Excitation Transformer O / C Stage-2 8. DC / DC Converter Failure 9. Manual Mode Switched OFF 10. Channel 3 in operation and Failed 11. Excitation Transformer Temp. Stage-2 12. RESET of PLC Processor 13. Ch-1 DC Short Circuit 14. Ch-2 DC Short Circuit 15. Ch-3 DC Short Circuit Note :1. For all the above cases, Excitation will be OFF and Field Breaker will be 95

Tripped along with initiating the Lock out relay 30 R to trip the UNIT. 2. If Field flashing Failure occurs during the start-up, the Excitation will be Switched Off and FB also TRIPS. In such case, 30 R will not Operate. Protection Change Over: The following are the Interlocks for Change Over Between Channel-1 & Channel-2 (Change Over will be take place between the Auto Channels if the Standby Channel is healthy only.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Over Current Stage-1 Channel-1 Actual Value Failure Channel-2 Actual Value Failure UN 0660 Channel-1 Failure UN 0664 Channel-1 Failure UN 0660 Channel-2 Failure UN 0664 Channel-2 Failure

List of Modules available in the Excitation system ( Stage-1 with DVR): Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 Module UN 0664 UN 0663 UN 0660 UN 0661 UN 0610 UN 0662 UN 0611 UN 0665 UN 02661 UN02660 KX 9180 UN 0094 UN 0096 UN 0097 UN 0098 CT 370 UNC 4660 UNC 4661 UNC 4662 UNC 4664 Module Description DC-DC Supply Module Digital Firing and Control Module CPU Module Interrupt Generator Module 10 Channel Analog I/O module 32 / 32 Channel Digital I/O module 8 Channel 12 Bit A/D Converter Module 32 Channel Alarm Indication Module Command Input Module Micro Terminal Power Supply DC/DC Converter Test Point Module Pulse Coupling Stage ( Intermediate Stage) Pulse Final Stage Amplifier Power Supply for Final Stage Memory Card V & I measuring module 16 Channel Binary I/P module 16 Channel Binary O/P module AC / DC Supply module

13.4 Brushless Excitation System: The scheme of Brushless Excitation system is as shown the fig

96

t a t o

n.

g F R i e o l dt a t i n

i o

e s

a i n

R D

e c C

t i f i e d

3 P- hA

P o

T f G

a n d C T e n e r a t o

Permanent magnets on the Pilot Exciter creates magnetic Field which induces 3 phase voltages on the armature winding of Pilot exciter stator. Induced voltages from pilot exciter is controlled by using Thyristors and AVR, the DC supply after the rectification is given to main exciter stator winding through Field Breaker. The magnetic field thus produced in Main exciter induces emf on the 3 phase armature winding, which is available on main exciter rotor. The induced 3 phase supply is given to rotating rectifiers on the rotor and the DC from the rectifiers is given to rotor winding. In this process, elimination of Brush gear and slip rings is possible and the rectification also done at lower current ratings. Thus reduced the FB rating and Thyristor ratings. However, the AVR is as similar to the AVR which is described in static excitation with all the functions. Direct measurement of Field Voltage, Field Current and rotor temperature are not possible in this excitation system.

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14. Metering Principles

In thermal Power stations, the following parameters are displayed for the purpose of monitoring the important electrical quantities. AC Measurements: o Ammeters : Bus Incomer Currents, Motor Currents, generator Currents, etc are being measured. o Voltmeters : Bus Voltage, Generator Voltage are required in thermal stations o MW meters: Measurement of Generating power, Power flow on each feeder, transformer are required. o MVAR meters: Measurement of Generating MAVR, Reactive power flow on each feeder, transformers are required. o Energy Meters : Energy generated by each Generator, Energy consumed by Transformers, Motors and the energy sent out to the feeders are most important electrical measurements in the power stations. o Power Factor meters: Power factor of the Generator is very important parameter o Frequency meters: These meters are very much important to know the status of the Grid. DC Measurement: Ammeters : Charger current , DC distribution Board incoming value, DC Motor currents and the field Current measurement are the applications of DC Ammeters Voltmeters : Measurement of DC DB Voltages, Field Voltage, Rectifier transformer output voltage of ESP are the applications. Type of the meter depends on the inputs given to the meters. The following are the various types of inputs. Direct inputs : Low Voltage and small values of current measurement CT / PT inputs: Inputs to the meters given from the secondaries of CT or PT. Generally, PT Secondary rating is 110 V and CT Secondary rating is either 1A or 5A. Transducer Inputs: The Current / Voltage / MW / Frequency parameters are converted in to low values, generally 4 20 mA and this low value is given to the meter. Transmission of low values currents is easier and in the modern philosophy of measurements, these values are easily programmable. Shunt Inputs: Measurement of DC Current is done through the shunts, which are having very low resistance values are provided in series with the loads. The drop across the shunt ( in milli volts) is given to the meter and meter is calibrated according to it. 14.1Current Measurement: The three phase currents are given to the Ammeter selector switch and the output of the ammeters selector switch is given to the meter. Meter shall be selected in line with the CT ratio. In the CT circuits, Ammeter selector switch is the last item. The selected current flows to the meter and then connects to the neutral where as the other two phases connects to neutral point so that no opening of the CT circuit is ensured. If the selection is OFF, all the three phases shorts to neutral. Replacement of the Ammeter can be taken up after keeping the switch in OFF position. If the Ammeter selector switch is not provided, replacement of the meter can be taken up only after shoring the CT. Fig 14.1 Shows the Ammeter selector switch and Meter diagram. 98

14.2Voltage measurement: Bus Voltage is being measured by using PTs. The secondary of the PTs will be connected in Star connection. The secondaries shall be connected to the Voltmeter selector switch and the output of the switch is connected to the Voltmeter. The Volt meter selector switches are available in different types: Phase phase Voltage measurement Phase Ground Voltage measurement Both Phase to Phase and Phase to Ground voltage measurement. Voltmeter selector switch is as shown in the Fig 14.2 14.3 Power Measurement: Active Power or Active Energy / Reactive Power or reactive Energy can be measured by three ways One Watt Meter Method: This method of measurement can be applicable for balance loads. Power in one phase will be measured by applying one phase voltage and one phase current to the meter. The total power will be thrice the meter reading. Please refer fig 14.3 For the circuit diagram Two Watt meter method: This method of measurement can be applicable for balance loads. Please refer fig 14.4 For the circuit diagram P = Vry * Ir + Vyb * Ib = Ir* ( Vr-Vy) + Ib* ( Vy Vb) = Vr*Ir + Vb*Ib Vy ( Ir+Ib) = Vr*Ir + Vb*Ib Vy ( - Iy) For balance loads Ir +Iy+Ib = 0 = Vr*Ir + Vb*Ib + Vy Iy Thus By using two currents and the three phase voltages, power can be measured for balance loads. Three watt meter method: This method of the measurement is applicable for the unbalanced loads. Each phase power is being measured by extending the Phase voltage and phase currents. Sum of all the three individual phase power is equal to the total power. Please refer fig 14.5 For the circuit diagram 14.4 Energy Meter Classifications: Energy measurement can also be done in the above methods i.e., Single Watt meter / Two Watt meter / Three Watt meter methods. Types of the energy meter depends on Construction : Electro mechanical type / Static type Accuracy :Class 1.0 / 0.5 / 0.2 type Configuration : Tri vector configuration / ABT configuration. 14.4.1 Electromechanical Type Energy Meter : Principle of measurement depends on the Induction. Two coils per phase, ie for Voltage and currents are provided and the resultant flux produced depends on the power. Popular types of meters are: SIMCO / Landis and Gyr / UE make meters are available. Cleanliness and the magnetic adjustments ( Calibration) are required periodically for these meters. These meters are available in the accuracy classes of 1.0 and 0.5. 14.4.2 Static Type Energy meter: Based on Electronic measurement: The Voltages and current signals are stepped down to low values and by using electronic principles, power measurement is carried out. Block schematic diagram of such meter (L + G make meter) is 99

shown the figure 14.6. These meters have Separate display for display the parameters, memory for memorizing the registered values and Communication networks for interfacing with other plant equipment. Presently Secure, Elster, L + G , L & T type meters are available.

Fig 14.6 Static Energy Meter Schematic 14.4.3 Class 1.0 / 0.5 / 0.2 Meters: As per IEC 687, the allowable limits of error due to variation in currents for class 1.5 / 1.0 / 0.5 / 0.2 meters are as shown in the table 14.1. Value of Current 0.01 Ib < 0.02 Ib < 0.05 Ib < 0.02 Ib < I < 0.05 Ib I < 0.05 Ib I < I max I < 0.1 Ib Cos / Sin Limits of Variation Error for Class 1.5 1.0 0.5 + 1.0 + 3.0 + 2.0 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 0.5 + 3.0 + 1.0 + 1.0 + 3.0 + 2.0 + 1.0 + 1.8 + 1.2 + 0.6 + 1.8 + 1.2 + 0.6 + 3.5 + 2.5 + 1.0 + 3.5 + 2.5 + 1.0 in % 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.2 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.5 + 0.5

1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 Lag 0.8 Lead 0.1 Ib < I < I max 0.5 Lag 0.8 Lead When Specially asked by the 0.25 Lag User 0.1 Ib < I < Imax 0.5 Lead

The difference between the percentage error when the meter is carrying a single phase load and a balanced poly phase load at a basic current and unity power factor, shall not exceed 2.0%, 1.5%, 0.8% and 0.4% for meters of classes 1.5 / 1.0 / 0.5 and 0.2. For poly phase meters, the Voltage Burden of the meters shall not exceed 10 VA, the current burden shall not exceed1.0 VA and the specified Voltage operating range of meters shall be 0.8 to 1.1 Vref. 100

14.4.4 Tri Vector Energy Meter: These meters shall able to record the following parameters. Four quadrant measurements shall be followed for the measurement. The four quadrant diagram is as shown in the figure14.7. Connection diagram for 3 Phase 4 wire method is also shown in the figure 14.8.

Fig 14.7 Four Quadrant Diagram

Fig 14.8 Three Phase Four Wire Connection

The meter shall be able to record the Following Parameters Active Energy , Reactive Energy, Apparent Energy, Maximum Demand, Cumulative MD, Rising Demand with elapsed time, count for MD resets, real time, Instantaneous parameters in phase wise like Voltage, Currents, KW, KVAR, KVA, Power factor. The meter should have facilities for the data transfer / remote metering with proper security via an optically isolated communication port using serial communication. The meter shall have other following special functions: Adjustable demand integration period Time of Day tariff Measurement of Harmonic Energy Tamper and fraud monitoring Load survey capability 14.4.5 ABT Energy Meter: Consequent to introduction of new electricity bill, the special tariff mechanism shall have special purpose meter shall have the following special displays: Average frequency for each successive 15-minute block, as a two digit code (00 to 99 for frequency from 49.0 to 51.0 Hz). Net Wh transmittal during each successive 15-minute block, upto second decimal, with plus/minus sign. Cumulative Wh transmittal at each midnight, in six digits including one decimal. Cumulative VArh transmittal for voltage high condition, at each midnight, in six digits including one decimal. 101

 Cumulative VArh transmittal for voltage low condition, at each midnight, in six digits including one decimal. These meters shall have the other functions like Load survey, display, tamper proof, etc similar to the functions described for the Tri-vector meter.

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15. Equipment & Protective scheme testing

15.1 Generator OCC and SCC tests
(THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE IS APPLICABLE FOR OCC & SCC TESTINGS ON GENERATOR FOR STAGE-1 UNITS OF VTPS HAVING STATIC EXCITATION EQUIPMENT WITH DIGITAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR) DUMMY LOAD TEST on AVR: PREPARATIONS : Complete the overhaul on Excitation equipment Check all the logics on SEE Ensure the availability of all the supplies except Field flashing supply at BUC Remove the FB outgoing cables ie. Power Cables going to Rotor Remove the Bus links of Excitation Transformer on HV side Identify 6.6 kV cable already available at Transformer from 1B/15 or 2/B 15 panels for Unit 1 & Unit 2 correspondingly. Measure the IR Values of the cable and terminate at both ends Lay 2 core 2.5 sq.mm cable from corresponding 6.6. kV breaker panel to Regulation cubicle. Terminate the Two core cable at L3 8/12 to 186 / 187 R for tripping the Transformer Keeping the 6.6 kV CB in Test position close the CB and check for tipping the CB from regulation cubicle by initiating any protection trip. Remove the Incoming cables of Thyristor Cooling Fan supply MCBs ie.. TY 51.1, TY 51.2 and TY 51.3 duly identifying the wires Connect external 415 V supply to the above MCBs and Switch ON the MCBs Observe for proper direction for the cooling Fans and Switch OFF fans Remove the Fuses for Blower Fan at Transformer Cubicle Remove the K 24 relay at Regulation cubicle Remove FF Supply failed Input wire at A 02 11 input module. Switch off MCBs F 60 & F 61 ie. Auto 1 and Auto 2 channels Switch OFF MCB F 59 and remove UN 0663 module of Manual channel at rack AF 29. Made switch S-865 to 1 for External control Switch ON MCB F 59 From Remote Switch ON Manual Channel Connect 2 Nos of 300 W bulbs (in series) across FB O/p terminals Load Test : Switch ON Fans Reset all the annunciations and Lock Out Relay Keep the 6.6 kV CB in Service and Close the CB Measure the Voltages at Thyristors 103

o RY: YB: BR: Measure Uc - : _____ ( Arround 8 V) Switch ON Field Breaker Switch ON Excitation Observe the Bulbs connected Slowly Increase the Excitation from the UN 0663 Module of manual channel and record the following parameters: Uc Field Voltage -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Switch OFF Excitation and FB Switch OFF 6.6 kV CB Switch OFF fans Observe the Parameters and if Satisfactory prepare for OCC Test OCC Test : Preparations : In continuation of the arrangements made for Load Test, the following additional preparations also carried out: Identify the Power Cables between FB & Rotor and terminate at both ends along with the Bulbs connected Record the IR Values of Rotor _____________ with 500 V Megger Generator is ready for OCC test. While Turbine rolling, record the Impedance of the Rotor at Barring Gear, 500 RPM , 1200 RPM and at 3000 RPM Ensure turbine speed is 3000 RPM and get clearance for OCC Test OCC Test Switch ON Fans Switch ON 6.6 kV Supply Reset the Annunciations and Lock Out Relays if any Switch ON FB & Excitation Slowly increase the Excitation and record the following parameters 104

Uc Field AVR PT ( RY) PROT. PT ( RY) Field Curent Micro Voltage Terminal Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Milli Actul Uact Ifac Volts Value

PT Ratio for AVR PT PT Ratio for PROT PT Field Current

: 15.75 kV / 110v : 15.75 kV / 110v : 4000 Amps / 60 milli Volts

At 15.75 kV record the following parameters AT Regulation Cubicle : AVR PT : ( Reg 01(R-Ph), 02(Y-Ph), 03(B-Ph) & 04(N) ) RY: RN: PROT PT : YB: YN: BR: BN:

( Reg 05(R-Ph), 06(Y-Ph), 07(B-Ph) & 04(N) ) RY: RN: YB: YN: BR: BN:

AT UCB : Voltage Balance Relay 27 P ( 7,8,9 & 10) RY: YB: BR: Voltage Balance Relay 27 A ( 7,8,9 & 10) RY: YB: BR: Energy Meter RY: YB: BR: Control Desk RY: YB: BR: Voltage across Stator E/F Relay ( 9 & 10) Check Phase Sequence with Phase sequence meter for both PTs at 27A / 27 P Note : While performing OCC test, if bypass bus is available, close bypass bus isolator as the bypass bus is having PT which will give the GT HV KV readings. At full voltage, change all the tap positions from 1 to 17 and record the voltages measured on bypass PT. Slowly reduce the Excitation and record the parameters as below: 105

Uc Field AVR PT ( RY) PROT. PT ( RY) Field Curent Micro Voltage Terminal Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Milli Actul Uact Ifac Volts Value

Switch OFF Excitation and FB Switch OFF 6.6 kV CB If the parameters are satisfied, trip the Turbine and restore at SEE cubicles if SCC is not programmed. SCC TEST : Note : Isolate Back up impedance protection, Loss of Excitation protection, Pole slipping Protection. Also bypass Bus Bar protection as the Short circuit currents will operate bus bar relays by removing DC supplies (shorting the Bus bar protection cores is not advisable as the currents in those cores can not be measured) While checking the currents of Differential protection, remove trip latch and measure the currents if the relays are electro mechanical relays. Ensure all the Isolators at Switchyard are in Open condition Prepare a short between 3-phases between Generator CB and Breaker Isolator Close the Breaker Isolator so as GT HV side gets Short Circuited Isolate Generator Backup impedance protection, Pole slip protection, Field failure protection Made CT Switching Relay of Zone C Remove Bus Bar Protection Fuses ( Trip & Alarm) ie. FS1, Lk1 & FS2,LK2 Roll the Turbine to Full Speed At 3000 RPM, Get the clearance for SCC Test Close the 6.6 kV CB on 1B / 2B bus Close Field Breaker Switch On Excitation By slowly increasing the Excitation, Record the following parameters Field Voltage Field Current Milli Volt Actual Value Stator Current Micro Control Ig % 106

Uc

Secondary Primary If %

Field Current Stator Curent

: 4000 Amps / 60 Milli Volts : 10000 / 5 Amps

Measure at Shunt Measure at R 9

Record the following Parameters at UCB / MCR at 4000 Amps of Short Circuit Stator Current: 1. 2. 3. 4. R-Ph: Y-Ph: B-Ph: Y-Ph(7,8) Y-Ph(7,8) Y-Ph(7,8) B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph(9,10)

Reverse Power Relay : R-Ph: ( 5,6) Forward Power Relay: R-Ph : (5,6) Generator Differential: R-Ph : (5,6) Gen. B/U Impedance 21 A ( 9,10) 21 B ( 9,10) 21 C ( 9,10)

5. GT Overall Differential Generator Side: R-Ph (9) GT Side : R-Ph (7) 6. Gen. Inter turn Fault 7. GT S/B Earth Fault 8. GT REF Protection 9. LBB Relay 10. B/B Main Zone-C; 11. B/B Check Zone 12. Energy Meter MCR (9,10) (9,10) (9,10) R-Ph : (5,6) R-Ph: ( 5,6) R-Ph: ( 5,6) R-Ph

Y-Ph(19) Y-Ph(17)

B-Ph(29) B-Ph(27)

N(7,8) Y-Ph(7,8) Y-Ph(7,8) Y-Ph

B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph

If all the readings are satisfied, Trip FB ( Item No 7 & 8 should not have any currents) Trip 6.6 kV Circuit Breaker Trip the Turbine At Barring Gear open the Breaker Isolator and open the Short Circuit made. Restoration for Synchronisation : At Turbine Zero Speed, Made Earth at Breaker Isolator and open the Isolator Open the Short Circuit provided Made Earth at Excitation Transformer Open the 6.6 kV Cable and made the Bus Links made through Remove the Two core cable connected between 6.6 kV CB & Reg. Cubicle Remove the external supply to the fans and restore the supplies at MCBs Restore the wire at Input card A-02 11 107

Trip F 59 and restore the setting of S 865 for UN 0663 Module Restore the K 24 Relay Switch On the FF Supply and ensure DC supply at FF Contactor Restore the Blower Fan Fuses Restore the Bus Bar Protection Fuses Reset the CT Switching Relay of Zone C and make the Bus 1 / 2 depends on Isolator closed Switch ON F 60 & F 61 Switch ON Auto 1 Switch ON F 59 Reset all the alarms at UCB and at Regulation cubicle. No alarm shall be persisted At 3000 RPM, close FB and adjust the excitation and then speed At synchronism conditions, close GCB.

15.2 CT Testing: IR value and Secondary Resistance measurement Ratio Test Polarity test Primary Injection by Z connection CT Saturation test: 15.3 REF and Differential protection scheme checking: 15.4 Bus Bar Protection Simulation: 15.5 CFB Test Kit( EE Make) : This Test kit is being used for testing Current relays. Range of currents from 0.05 Amps to 200 Amps can be injected from the test kit. This test kit contains two units: Power Supply Unit : This Unit requires input Supply 230 V, 1-Ph. The unit have : o Ammeter of 0-2.5 Amps range o Control of the Current by o Coarse Control through 5 Steps o Medium Control through 8 steps o Fine Control by Variac o Actual Value of the Current by Power Supply Unit = Ammeter reading x Coarse selection Injection Transformer Unit: This Unit Contains impedance matching Unit Injection Transformer Secondary selection steps Time Interval meter Relay shorting switch Current terminals to relay Current to relay 108

o o o o o

Current to relay = Current from Injection Transformer x Step value of Inj. Trans. Or Ammeter x Coarse reading x Inj. Tran. Step

109

CFB TEST RATINGS Operating Voltage 200-250 V, 50 CPS Input Current Range 0 40Amps Max. I/P Burden 9 KVA Output Current Range 0.05 to 200Amps CFB TEST RATINGS Test Kit is short time rated and the duration of the kit operation is as follows Coarse Control K2 setting 1 2 4 10 20 Time in Sec 300 200 150 120 90

Test Procedure Ensure kit connections Ensure kit to relay connections Keep relay short switch in short Select the Range of Current required and accordingly select Coarse control and inj. Trans. Secondary taps Keep Variac in Minimum position Switch on the supply to Kit Press ON push Button Check the Ammeter reading Open the relay short Change the Variac and adjust the currents till relay operates NEVER CHANGE COARSE AND INJECTION TRANSFORMER TAPS WHILE KIT IS IN ON CONDITION

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15.6 TURE Test Kit ( ABB Make): The TURE Kit can be used for AC/ DC Currents, Voltage injection. Features of the kit are: Available AC current ranges : 6,12,24 Amps Continuous 12,24,48 Amps for 30 Sec 18,36,72 Amps for 10 Sec Available AC Voltages : 0-250 V Ac adjustable Available DC Voltages : 0-320 V Dc adjustable Available Resistors : 5 k, 4K, 0.8, 200, 25 Capacitor : 6.3 micro farads

o o o o o o

AC Voltage : Variable AC Voltage can be derived from the kit. Procedure for variable AC Voltages is: Extend the supply from Mains Switch on the kit by changing toggle switch Observe LED display Switch on RED Push button By changing variac, variable voltage available at U3, U4 terminals Fixed 230 V AC is available at U5, U6 terminals AC Currents After the Variac, 3 secondary winding transformers are provided for obtaining various currents from terminals U1, U2. By changing the Links, current limits can be changed

Cont. For 30 Sec 6 A 12 A 12 A 24 A 24 A 48 A

For 10 Sec 18 A 36 A 72 A

AC Currents by Resistors: By connecting Resistors to the Voltage Circuit in series, Variable currents can be obtained. Variable AC Voltages from U3, U4 can be connected to the load through the resistor and thus variable current can be arrived by varying the variac 111

DC Voltages A rectifier Bridge Circuit is available in the kit. Either variable AC voltage from U3, U4 or Fixed AC Voltage from U5, U6 can be connected to the rectifier input terminals A7, A8. Variable or Fixed DC voltage depending on input is available at A3, A4 terminals. 6.3 Micro farads capacitor can be connected across terminals A3, A4 if smoothen DC is required Contacts On and OFF contacts are available to initiate external timer. Inbuilt AC/ DC relay is available and the contacts of the relay are also available Important Input supply polarity ie. Phase / Neutral While using for currents, smooth variation if variac is required

15.7 ZFB Test Kit ( EE Make):

15.7.1 Kit Description This test kit is used to test the impedance relays such as for line protection, Backup impedance protection for Generators. With this test kit, the simulated fault conditions can be applied suddenly for observing better relay performance. the test kit contains the following units Supply Unit: The input to the test kit, 3-Phase, 415 V AC . This unit contains fault selection, Voltage and Current terminals to the relay, ON / OFF Switch and other terminals to connect the other units of the kit Control Unit: Source Impedance, % potential selection, Fault Push button, Normal / reverse switch and other terminals to connect the other units of the kit Fault Impedance Unit: This unit contains the 16 resistors and 8 reactors. Required combination of Resistance ( R) and Reactance (X) can be connected to the test setup External CT: For testing Long lines and very long lines relays, the impedance values required to be tested with higher values. To achieve those conditions, CT can be used in to the circuit. CT having the ratios of 10 / 5 / 2.5. 15.7.2 Test Procedure Connect the test kit as per the diagram given in the manual. Requirement of CT ration and the Impedance values can be selected from the following calculations. Observe the correct polarity of connections where ever marked + . For ex : From the VTS Podili line data, the three zone impedances are: Zone 1 : 19.2 Ohms Zone 2 : 32.16 Ohms Zone 3 : 35.52 Ohms Line angle : 81 Kn = 0.8

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STEP1 : Calculate Loop Impedance : ( 1 + K ) * Z / CTR K = Kn for Phase to Earth Faults = 1 for Phase to Phase faults CTR = 5 selected form the external CT Hence Loop Impedance for Ph-Earth Faults in Z1 = ( 1+0.8)*19.2 / 5 = 6.912 Loop Impedance for Ph-Phase Faults in Z1 = ( 1+1 )*19.2 / 5 = 7.68 Similarly calculate for Zone 2 and Zone 3. STEP 2: Select the Impedance values from the kit impedance unit. The following shall be observed for identifying the impedance values: 1 . The impedance of the R & X combination of the kit shall be more then loop impedance 2. The angle of R & X combination shall be nearer to the line angle STEP 3: Calculate the % potential required. The loop impedance value / impedance selected in the kit gives the % potential required for the relay operation. STEP 4: The relay operation shall be checked up nearer to the above % potential. The following are the test set up data for the above data. The test kit selected is MK-II and Sl. No: 007138
ZFB- MK II Sl.No: 007138 Phase Phase Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Phase - Earth Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 19.2 32.16 35.52 19.2 32.16 35.52 5 5 5 5 5 5 7.68 12.86 14.21 7.04 11.79 1302 2 3 3 2 3 3 7 8 8 7 8 8 11.865 / 80.71 25.19 / 80.31 25.19 / 80.31 11.865 / 80.71 25.19 / 80.31 25.19 / 80.31 65 51 54 59 47 52 Line Impedance CT Ratio Loop Impedance R Kit Impedance X Equ.Imp % Potential Required

15.7.3Testing of ZFB Relay Test Kit Supply Unit : Without extending supplies to the kit, Check the Currents to relays as follows : Short Relay Amps terminals Select Fault selector switch to AN Fault With continuity meter, check for the continuity across A, N in the current to the relay terminals For same terminals, continuity shall not be available with change in fault selection switch ie, BN, CN, AB, BC, CA faults Connect the continuity meter between B, N terminals and check for continuity for BN fault as above. Also check for no continuity in other selections 113

Connect 3- Ph , 415 V AC input and switch on Mains and Kit Measure the voltage across 0 and 63.5 V terminals. It should be 63.5 V Measure the voltage across 0 and 110 V terminals. It should be 110 V Switch off kit and connect Relay Volts terminals to Control Unit terminals for checking Earth fault voltages Select fault AN and switch on Kit Measure the voltages at the following terminals. o AN = 63.5, BN= 63.5, CN= 63.5 o AB = 110, BC= 110, CA= 110 Repeat the above test by selecting BN and CN faults and record the voltages Change the connections to check the Phase to Phase faults Select Ph Ph fault say AB fault Measure the voltages at the following terminals o AN = 0, BN= 0, CN= 0 o AB = 110, BC= 110, CA= 110 Repeat the above test by selecting BC and CA faults and record the voltages Measure the voltage across To Control Unit and it should be 115 V AC Control Unit Short source impedance terminals Common & 24. Short terminals To Supply Unit ( Relay Amps) Short Ammeter terminals Extend supply from Supply Unit for checking Ph Earth faults Connect the leads from supply unit Relay Volts to control unit with proper polarity Connect Voltmeter at voltmeter terminals Select fault AN Switch on the kit Select % Potential selector switch to 100 % and measure the voltage. It should be 63.5 V Change the % Potential selector and observe change in voltmeter reading and it should vary accordingly

15.8 TURH Test Kit ( ABB make)

15.8.1 Kit Description This kit contains the following units: Power supply Unit Reactance 15.8.2 Test Procedure 15.8.3Testing of TURH Relay Test Kit Short the current terminals in reactance unit Extend 3- Phase supply ( 110 V) keeping AF switch in position 1 and observe LED glow. If 3 phase voltages are available, LED will glow 114

Extend 3- Phase supply ( 110 V ) keeping AF switch in position 2 and observe LED glow. If phase sequence is correct, LED will glow Phase Angle Measurement : Connect the required voltage and currents for which phase sequence is to be measured to the terminals provided below D Potentiometer Keeping D at Maximum position ( 99) switch on kit. Rotate the D potentiometer till LED changes its state ( ON to OFF / OFF to ON ). Record the value of D Phase angle = D / 5 Keep P =1 and S1 & S2 = 1, Gx + Fx = 0 , Gr + Fr=0 and select fault RN and switch on KIT

Measure voltage across RN output voltage terminals. It should be 0 V Change Gx and observe change in Voltage. Voltage rises by 5 V in each step At maximum of Gx & Fx, output voltage will be 50 V Now reduce Gx & Fx to 0 and raise Gr + Fr and observe similar change in voltages Similarly check the voltages between SN, TN after changing fault selections Open the short between R & N terminals of currents Multiplication of S1 & S 2 is the current in the circuit. Ie. If S1 = 1 and S2 = 1, the current shall be 1 Amp. By changing S1 / S2 switches, observe the currents For 3- Ph. Fault / Ph- N fault selection, Output current = S1 * S2 For 2- Ph. Fault selection, Output current = 3 * S1 * S2 If all the Voltages and currents are satisfied, the Kit is satisfactory.

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OCC TEST PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDEE AT UCB

Ensure all the Isolators of Main CB and Breaker Isolator of Bypass-1 Breaker are in open condition and the keep Bypass Isolator of GT-1 in Closed condition
Field Current Field Voltage RY Generator Voltages YB BR Bypass Bus kV

Voltage Balance Relay 27 P ( 7,8,9 & 10) Voltage Balance Relay 27 A ( 7,8,9 & 10) Energy Meter Control Desk Voltage across Stator E/F Relay ( 9 & 10)

RY: RY: RY: RY:

YB: YB: YB: YB:

BR: BR: BR: BR:

Check Phase Sequence with Phase sequence meter for both PTs at 27A / 27 P

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PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDEE AT AVR

While Increasing the Excitation: Uc Field AVR PT ( RY) PROT. PT ( RY) Field Curent Micro Voltage Terminal Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Milli Actul Uact Ifac Volts Value

While Decreasing the Excitation: Uc Field AVR PT ( RY) PROT. PT ( RY) Field Curent Micro Voltage Terminal Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Milli Actul Uact Ifac Volts Value

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SCC PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDEE AT UCB

Field Current Field Voltage Generator Kv Generator Current in Amps R - Phase Y - Phase B- Phase

Record the following Parameters at UCB at 4000 Amps of Short Circuit Stator Current: R-Ph: Y-Ph: B-Ph:

1. 2. Ph(9,10) 3. Ph(9,10) 4.

Reverse Power Relay: R-Ph: ( 5,6) Forward Power Relay: R-Ph : (5,6) Generator Differential: R-Ph : (5,6) Gen. B/U Impedance 21 A ( 9,10) 21 B ( 9,10) 21 C ( 9,10)

Y-Ph(7,8) B-Ph(9,10) Y-Ph(7,8) BY-Ph(7,8) B-

5.

GT Overall Differential Generator Side: R-Ph (9) GT Side : R-Ph (7) Gen. Inter turn Fault GT S/B Earth Fault 8. GT REF Protection 9. Energy Meter MCR (9,10) (9,10) (9,10) R-Ph

Y-Ph(19) Y-Ph(17)

B-Ph(29) B-Ph(27)

6. 7.

Y-Ph

B-Ph

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PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDEE AT MCR

Before SCC, Please Ensure that CT Switching Relay of GT-1 Breaker is on Zone C ie. on Bypass

Record the Parameters at 4000 Amps of Generator Current And as per UCB Direction LBB Relay B/B Main Zone-C; B/B Check Zone R-Ph : (5,6) R-Ph: ( 5,6) R-Ph: ( 5,6) N(7,8) Y-Ph(7,8) Y-Ph(7,8) B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph(9,10) B-Ph(9,10)

PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDEE AT DVR

Uc Field Voltage Field Current Milli Volt Actual Value Stator Current Micro Control Ig % Secondary Primary If %

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Bliography:
IEEE Std C37.102-1995 (Revision of IEEE Std C37.102-1987) : IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection Protective Relay Applications : EPRI IEEE Std C37.2-1996(R2001) (Revision of C37.2-1991) IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations American National Standard (ANSI) IEEMA specification for Instrument Transformers IEEE Std 665-1995 (Revision of IEEE Std 665-1987) : IEEE Guide for Generating Station Grounding Siemens Numerical Over Current Protection Manual Switchgear Protection & Power Systems Sunil S Rao Power Systems CL Wadhwa ANSI/IEEE Std 421.1-1986 (Revision of IEEE Std 421-1972) An American National Standard IEEE Standard Definitions for Excitation Systems for Synchronous Machines

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