PRODUCTION & PROHIBITION OF INDUSTRIAL HEMP

1)

an introduction to

Long considered unholy in some circles and sacramental in others, cannabis is a plant that has been both praised for its powerful properties and repressed for the effects of its influence. Cannabis has been prohibited as a substance in the United States for 75 years, and for over 50 years it has been restricted by the United Nations. Yet, in the year 2012, popular initiatives have legalized cannabis on the state-level in Colorado and Washington. What is happening here? The dialogue may be changings tones, but we still have a lot of explaining to do. Everyone has had some degree of exposure to the negative stigmas and the positive perceptions of the plant, whether it be a hard-handed policy or unfounded, one-sided support. There have been an array of claims made about cannabis in recent history, and more are coming out that entirely contradict our previous understandings. If anything is clear about this situation, it is that we are very confused about cannabis. Facing uncertainty, we find ourselves in a fortunate position: in order to make sense of all that has been proclaimed about the plant, we must go back to the basics.

What is cannabis? Where does it come from? How is it used? Why was cannabis made illegal, and why is it now being legalized?
Cannabis has made quite the name for itself over the years . . . several , in fact. A countless amount of names have been given to the plant, from the scientific to the ridiculous. No doubt, the multitude of titles has contributed to the common confusion about the plant.

What are we talking about when we talk about cannabis?

Like the plant itself, the term cannabis is ancient in its origins. Stemming from Scythian roots and the Sanskrit cana, the Greeks publicized the term kannabis. Variations include the Egyptian qinnab, the Assyrian qu-nu-bu, the Persian kenab, and the Hebrew kanabos the plant is even referred to in the original tongues of the Old Testament 1 as kaneh-bosm.

(2
sativa (5-25)
Cannabis sativa is tall and tree-like with leggy branches. Leaves grow long and thin, and flowers are somewhat sparse. Sativa varieties originated primarily in Asia, the Americas, and Africa.

indica (2-6)
Cannabis indica is short, stocky, and more comparable to a bush. Broad leaves and dense, heavy flowers sprout from a stout stem and condensed limbs. Indica varieties originated primarily in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

ruderalis (1-3)
Cannabis ruderalis is very short, but noted for its vigorous growth. Ruderalis varieties can be found growing wild in Eastern Russia, Central Europe, and from Minnesota through Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

Fig. 1

3)

Cultivated cannabis can be identified Ganja is a term of by the intended Sanskrit origin that end-product. refers to cannabis
flowers. This name has a long history of cross-cultural use, most notably in India and Jamaica.

Cannabis flowers are covered in a sticky resin that contain many chemical compounds known as cannabinoids. The most well-known cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, which has psychoactive properties when ingested. Cannabis has been cultivated for its flowers for many millenia. Typically, female plants are selectively bred for their flowers because they produce more resin and grow later than male flowers.3

Fig. 3

Fig. 2

Ganja

(4
Hemp is an english term for cannabis that is grown for the stalk and seeds.

The stalk of a cannabis plant is one of natures toughest fibers, and hemp seeds contain one of natures most nutritious and versatile oils. Hemp crops are generally of the sativa variety as they grow to much greater heights than indica plants, resulting in more of the desired fibers. Hemp crops are grown very densely at rates of three to five hundred plants per square meter, while ganja crops are planted at one to two plants per square meter.4 Unlike ganja, hemp is naturally low in psychoactive THC. Legal restrictions have pacified the plant even further by forcing farmers to produce varieties of hemp that contain practically no THC at all.5

Respective Stems

Fig. 4

Hemp

5)
Fig. 5
Long-standing traditions of hemp farming exist throughout much of Europe, though agricultural interest in the crop generally decreased during prohibition. Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Romania have cultivated cannabis for centuries.

Russia was once the worlds largest exporter of cannabis (konopli) prior to the 1900s.
Unearthed evidence from ancient excavations, including hemp fabrics and containers of flowers, give insights into the use of Cannabis throughout Mesopotamia. Cannabis is also mentioned in several tales of the collection One Thousand and One Nights.

Tall hemp plants (taima) are depicted in a coastal Japanese cave painting. The distinguished history of cannabis in Japan was interrupted by prohibition following World War II.

Bengal, deriving from the

Aryan term for cannabis, bhanga, can be interpreted as bhang land.

Egypt has a long history of qinnab prohibition: during the 13th and 14th centuries with the spread of Sufism, again under the rule of Napolon Bonaparte, and ongoing enforcement today.
Cannabis (dagga) was originally imported to southern Africa by Arabs and northerners traveling down the continents eastern coast. It has long since become naturalized, having grown in the region for at least four centuries.

Cannabis afghanica, commonly included as an indica, is a variety native to Afghanistan. The namesake of indica varieties, cannabis has been cultivated in India for thousands of years as a major sacrament of the Hindu religion.

Cannabis sativa from Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia is known for light, wispy flowers and large, sprawling branches.

In Taiwan, the earliest discovered evidence of hemp fiber usage dates back at least 12,000 years.

Australia has seen significant growth in commercial hemp farming since the 1990s.

China was the first region in the world to use cannabis as a resource.
Archaeological evidence shows that Cannabis, or ma, has been utilized in China for at least 6,000 years. Today, China is by far the worlds largest consumer & producer of hemp.

Despite following the example of the United States by prohibiting cannabis, Canada has since returned to its roots as a major regional producer of cannabis.

What is the history of cannabis in the United States of America?

Cannabis in Jamaica, Mexico, and Colombia grows tall in the tropical sun like sativas of Southeast Asia.

Founded on naval superiority, the British empire needed vast quantities of hemp to keep its vessels seaworthy. Due to limited space on the island, Britain looked towards the mainland and new lands to secure their supply of the crop. Folklore describes how farmers in France would jump over bonfires and dance on rooftops during the Lenten carnival to assure that the chanvre would grow tall.

Moors in the 12th-century established the first European paper mill in Xtiva, Spain using hemp.

Rome consumed great quantities of hemp and contributed to cannabis commerce. Carbonized hemp seeds were found in the ruins of Pompeii.
Hemp has been cultivated in Chile for over 500 years, dating back to the Spanish monarchys requirement of colonial farmers to supply the crop.

Warships with caches of hemp stalks from Carthage were found at the bottom of the Mediterranean.

From Herodotus the historian to Dioscorides the physician, kannabis was extensively documented in ancient Greece.

= Suitable Climate for growing hemp

* citations found in footnote #6

7)

Fig. 6

hemp in canada

I ought not to omit to take notice, that hemp grows naturally on the lands adjoining to the lakes on the west of the Mississippi. The sticks are as thick as ones finger, and about six feet long. They are quite like ours in the wood, the leaf, and the rind. - Dutch farmer Antoine Le Page du Pratz,
journal entry , 1719. 7

The Land Growth Full of hemp which groweth of it selfe, which is as good as possibly may be seene and as strong.
- French explorer Jacques Cartier on his final voyage to canada, 1540. 8

Native to the eastern seaboard of North America, Acnida cannabina looks like cannabis but is far inferior to the strength of true hemp. Opportunistic explorers of the New World reported their discoveries of bountiful hemp crops and Natives bearing hempen linens back to the mainland. imaginations ran wild in britain & beyond with the thought of cannabis cultivation in the Americas. 9

Fig. 7

Acnida cannabina

(8
New England
Cannabis was among the first crops to be introduced into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Harsh New England winters are only bearable with proper attire, and without the proper fibers, the colony may have frozen to death. In 1637, the General Court at Hartford, Connecticut ordered all families to sow one teaspoon of hempseed. Massachusetts did likewise in 1639, and the General Assembly of Connecticut repeated the order in 1640. 10

Virginia
Colonists experimented with hemp at Jamestown, in accordance with their 1607 contract with the Virginia Company. By 1616, the success of cannabis in Virginia prompted claims that there was none better in England or Holland. 11 In 1619, the Virginia General Assembly required colonists to grow both English and Indian hemp. 12

From 1765 to 1783, the countryside beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains was the leading 13 area of hemp production in North America.

fig. 8

The thirteen colonies

Demanding economic nourishment, Britain expected colonists to export raw goods, particularly fibers, and buy back finished products at inflated prices. In response, colonists boycotted English-made products. To meet the domestic demand of textiles, a group of women known as the Daughters of Liberty organized large gatherings called spinning bees where colonists were taught how to manufacture thread by professional spinners and weavers who had immigrated from Ireland.14

9)

George Washington
The first President of the United States was an illustrious hemp farmer. Detailed farm diaries depict the Presidents duties in the swamps and meadows where he sowed the seed. Washington was particularly fond of indica varieties and believed them to be more valuable than sativa varieties, or common hemp. 15

Thomas Jefferson
The fact well established in the system of agriculture is that the best hemp and the best tobacco grow in the same type of soil . . . Hemp employs in its rudest form more labor than tobacco, but being a material for manufactures of various sorts, becomes afterwards the means of support to numbers of people, hence it is to be preferred in a populous country. 16

- Thomas Jefferson in his farm journal, 3/16/1791

Alexander Hamilton
In his 1791 Report on Manufacture, Alexander Hamilton contends that hemp is an article of importance enough to warrant the employment of extraordinary means in its favor. 17

Benjamin Franklin
The First American was an avid advocate of hemp and used the crop to help establish the first paper mills in America. 18

(10
Fig. 9 A Draft of the Declaration

In his incendiary pamphlet Common Sense, Thomas Paine points to the prosperity of American hemp as the first marker of our ability to defend ourselves against the English. Mandatory cultivation laws were again passed in preparation for war. Cannabis clothed the soldiers, equipped the ships, and provided a reliable source of paper for colonial communications.19

The original drafts of the Declaration of Independence were written on hemp paper.

20

America was founded on hemp.

11)
Soil
Any land that grows good corn will grow good hemp. Hemp generally does not do well in light soils, marginal soils low in organic matter, or poorly drained soils. Thorough harrowing of soil (breaking up & smoothing out) is recommended in order to facilitate uniform development.

21

Seeding
Hemp is an annual plant that must be seeded every year. Traditionally sown by throwing seeds onto the soil, todays preferred methods use seed-drilling equipment. Lower sowing rates are recommended if the goal is an industrial fiber crop; finer, textile-quality hemp requires higher seeding density

The hemp industry witnessed a boom in the 18th and 19th centuries. The more Americans began to grow cannabis, the more we began to understand the plant and the consequences of its application.

Crop Rotation
Hemp returns a high proportion of the nutrients it borrows and leaves the soil in good condition for the crops that follow. It has been traditionally grown in rotation with corn, small grains such as wheat, and legumes like soybeans. In Kentucky, some farmers grew hemp in the same fields for 10 to 15 consecutive years, though this is not advised.

Fig. 10

Hemp Harvest

Fertilization
Hemp grows well where land is rich in organic matter. Its nutrient requirements are similar to those of corn when the two plants are grown under comparable conditions. Hemp does not fix nitrogen, but returns approximately half of the nitrogen it consumes in the leaf litter following field retting.

Harvest
Hemps tough fibers have made harvesting a significant challenge for 6,000 years. However, hundreds of devices have been designed to make the process easier. Modern methods of harvest depends upon the crops intended use.

Retting
Retting is the process of letting the stalk partially rot in order to separate the fiber from the core. Historically, retting has been done in water. Water retting releases a noxious odor and the leftover water can be a nasty pollutant if not disposed of in an environmentally-friendly manner. The preferred method is field dew retting, in which the cut stalks are left out in the field for several weeks and undergo natural decomposition. More modern industrial processes have been able to make use of the plant without the prerequisite of retting.

Weeds
The dense growth of hemp smothers weeds, and the shade it creates suppresses their continuation. Hemp significantly reduces weed pressure for crops that may follow.

Pests & Diseases

The chemical treatment of hemp with an insect or disease problem has yet to be documented as economically justifiable. Cannabis is pest-tolerant and few diseases are considered serious.

(12
As an entrepreneur, Henry Ford envisioned a more perfect union between industry and agriculture. Henry Ford experimented with cannabis manufacturing in his hometown of Dearborn, Michigan.22 In 1941, Ford announced the development of a new plastic car that was lighter and stronger than steel. The formula included soybeans, wheat, hemp, and flax, among many other ingredients, but no record of the formula exists today. 23

Fig. 11

Henry Ford and the Soybean car

American farmers are promised new cash crop with an annual value of several hundred million dollars . . . It is hemp, a crop that will not compete with other American products. Instead, it will displace imports of raw material and manufactured products produced by underpaid coolie and peasant labor and it will provide thousands of jobs for American workers throughout the land . . . Hemp is the standard fiber of the world. - Popular Mechanics, February 1938. 24 In the spring of 1937, the magazine Popular Mechanics began preparing an article entitled New Billion Dollar Crop that described new horizons for the cultivation of industrial hemp in America. Unbeknownst to the authors, the case for prohibition was being deliberated in the halls of congress at the very same time. When the article was published in February of 1938, cannabis was already illegal in the United States. 25

Fig. 12

The Billion-Dollar Crop

13)

Public perceptions of cannabis underwent major transformations at the turn of the 20th century. While the industrial application of the crop was commonplace, the resin of cannabis flowers received growing recognition for the effects of its use as an extract.

Fig. 13

Labeled Cannabis Extract

Early Prohibition
Substance control was first legislated in 1906 with the Pure Food and Drug Act, which called for accurate labeling on all foods and drugs. Among several specified substances, Cannabis indica and its extracts were included as ingredients that required labeling.26 Prohibitive actions followed as opium and cocaine use became international issues. Enacted in 1914, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act required dispensers of narcotics (a term that covered any illicit drug) to register with the Bureau of

Internal Revenue and pay for a tax stamp. Private individuals were not allowed to purchase these stamps, and possession of narcotics was permitted only if prescribed by a doctor. The constitutionality of narcotic prohibition was justified by its framing as a revenue measure, though the real intention was to regulate possession. 27

Marihuana / Marijuana
La cucaracha, la cucaracha, ya no puede caminar porque le falta, porque no tiene marihuana pa fumar. - lyrics to La Cucaracha Marihuana, or as its commonly written, marijuana, is a term of Mexican origin that refers to cannabis flowers. Laborers who immigrated to the United States during the Mexican Revolution of the early 20th century were met with prejudice and exploitation; here they worked long hours for low pay, yet they were insulted for idleness. Americans began to associate this prejudice with a common possession and pastime of the laborers, marihuana. Tabloids and politicians were quick to propogate the term as the menace of the immigrants. As word spread, additional prejudice, particularly against black Americans, was soon affiliated with marihuanafrom sexual violence to jazz music, any taboo of the time could be traced to the substance. 28

Fig. 14

Propaganda

The Federal Bureau of Narcotics

Harry J. Anslinger was appointed the first commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) when the agency was established in August of 1930. Devoted to the position, Anslinger held sincere convictions that any and all narcotics posed a great danger to the United States. As anti-marihuana sentiment spread throughout the nation, states sought out legislation against the substance. Making the rounds during this time was the Uniform Narcotics Act, a new law that built upon the Harrison Act. If passed, the enacting state gained the power to arrest illegitimate possessors of outlawed narcotics. Anslinger and the FBN saw this as an ideal opportunity to classify marihuana as a prohibited narcotic. So began the effective, fear-driven, government-sponsored campaign against the cannabis plant, which convinced many states that adopted the new narcotics law to include marihuana. This, however, was only the beginning. Outright prohibition was in the works, the effects of which were yet to come.29

(14

Fig. 15 Harry Anslinger

Fig. 16 Marihuana Stamp

The term "marihuana" means all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted from any part of such plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds, or resin but shall not include the mature stalks of such plant, fiber produced from such stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of such plant, any other compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such mature stalks (except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is incapable of germination.

The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 imposed a prohibitive tax on the transfer of marihuana in the same vein as the Harrison Act. If the special tax was not accounted for in every marihuana transaction, violators risked a $2,000 fine and five years imprisonment. The act was presented to the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives in the spring of 1937. After years of preparation, Harry Anslinger used his amassed knowledge of marihuana horror stories to rally against the absolute evils of the plant. If the representatives hadnt yet heard of the dangers of marihuana, Anslinger made certain that he would get the point across: Opium has all the good of Dr. Jekyll and all the evil of Mr. Hyde. [Marihuana] is entirely the monster Hyde, the harmful effect of which cannot be measured. 30 This perspective did not go unchecked. Among others, testimonies were given by Dr. William C. Woodward of the American Medical Association, Ralph Loziers of the National Oil Seed Institute, and hemp manufacturer Matt Rens who later addressed the Senate Committee on Finance. In defense of the integrity of their respective industries, these men all decried the consequences of the imposed tax.31 However, the sensible testaments of the experts made no lasting impression. An apathetic and ill-informed Congress passed the bill without any controversy. On August 2nd, 1937, the Marihuana Tax Act was signed into law, and cannabis was banned from American soil.

- Marihuana, as Defined by the Marihuana Tax Act. 32

HEMP FOR VICTORY & THE WAR ON DRUGS

in the news:
Federal Bureau of Narcotics becomes Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs, then becomes Drug Enforcement Agency FBN to BNDD to DEA, more power, resources. 33 Government sprays poison in effort to kill wild weed Airplanes spray Paraquat domestically & abroad. 34 U.N. Enacts Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs Cannabis prohibited world-wide in 1961. Mandatory min. prison sentences established for drug offenses Fig. 17 Introduction to the 1942 Film
Hemp for Victory (Motion Picture) U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1942. 14 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.
Summary: Explains that the war cut off the supply of East Indian coarse fibers, and stresses the need for Americangrown hemp for military and civilian uses. Portrays farm practices of hemp growers in Kentucky and Wisconsin. 35

Leary v. US overturns 37 tax act

Reality is stranger than fiction. In an amazing twist, Dr. Timothy Leary succeeded in challenging his marihuana conviction and the constitutionality of the Marihuana Tax Act In 1965, Leary was placed under arrest when officers found small amounts of cannabis in his car while he was returning home from vacationing in Mexico with his family. The argument was made that in order for Leary to oblige by the tax act under these circumstances, he was required to identify himself as a transferee of marihuana who had not paid the special tax. By doing so, Leary risked self-incrimination. The court was unanimous in its decisionthe conviction was overturned and the law was declared unconstitutional.36 see LEARY

n unexpected change in policy took place during World War II when the U.S. government carried out another propaganda campaign, this time promoting cannabis cultivation for industrial uses. Only 5 years after the imposition of prohibition, the Department of Agriculture released a short film

Non-violent first-time offenders imprisoned.37 No-Knock S.W.A.T.

entitled Hemp for Victory that urged farmers across America to grow hemp for the war effort. Essential fibers that had once been cheaply imported from islands in the Pacific were no longer within reach. The government, in need of a secure and steady supply of raw materials, turned to the history books and decided to put its faith into an age-old, sure-fire source of fiber, cannabis sativa.

The existence of the video was long denied by the government until a lone listing was discovered in the old card catalogs of the USDA library. No electronic record of the film could be located.38 The file was claimed to be found by Jack Herer, activist and author of the book The Emperor Wears No Clothes. In his book, Herer writes see VICTORY

Nixon Acts to control substances

President declares War on Drugs
In light of the decision to overturn the Marihuana Tax Act, the Nixon Administration took it upon itself to devise a new piece of legislation that would encompass all federal positions on substances deemed prohibited. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was passed in 1970. Contained within this law is the Controlled Substances Act, which establishes a ranking system of five schedules for prohibited substances. Schedule I is the highest, designated for substances with high potential for abuse and no recognized medical value. Cannabis has been included as a Schedule I substance since the inception of the law. Most narcotics are listed as Schedule II, which permits the prescription of see SUBSTANCES

Special interests
Fig. 18

influenced tax Act

Cultivation of cannabis punishable by death Death Penalty Act of 1994 allowed capital punishment for those involved with criminal enterprises dealing in massive amounts of prohibited substances.39
An array of allegations have come to light regarding the initial prohibition of cannabis with the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. Political observers have noted that in the wake of the Great Depression, the budget of Bureau of Narcotics was cut by $200,000 and the number of agents on payroll was reduced. Fearing for the declining power of the department, Anslinger was compelled to prove that a new narcotic threatened the nation.40 Further inquires have suggested that capital connections can also be attributed to the acceptance of the Tax Act. Heart Newspapers, the largest chain in the country, was known to publish outlandish and bigoted stories that contributed to the nationwide spread of anti-marihuana sentiment. Hearst Newspapers was a big stakeholder in the paper industry alongside the Du Pont Corporation, which processes chemicals and synthetic see CONSPIRACIES

More coverage inside:

HOW USEFUL CAN ONE PLANT BE?

Fig. 19

17)

TEXTILES . apparel . diapers . fabrics . handbags . working gear . denim . socks . shoes . fine textiles (from cottonized fibers)

TECHNICAL TEXTILES . twine . rope . nets . canvas bags . tarps . carpets . geotextiles

OTHER INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS . agro-fiber composites . compressionmolded parts . brake/clutch linings . caulking

PAPER . printing . paper . fine and specialty papers . technical filter paper . newsprint . cardboard & packaging

BUILDING MATERIALS . fiberboard . insulation material . fiberglass substitute . cement blocks . stucco and mortar

BAST FIBERS HURDS (SHIVES)

. animal bedding . mulch . mushroom compost LEAVES

FOODS . salad oil . margarine . food supplements

TECHNICAL PRODUCTS . oil paints . solvents . varnishes . lubricants . printing inks . putty . coatings . fuel

PERSONAL HYGIENE . soap . shampoo . bath gels . cosmetics

abrasive fluids

CELL FLUID

HEMP STALK WITH SEEDS

HEMP OIL

SEEDS

SEED CAKE (after pressing) . animal feed . protein-rich flour

. pest resistance . weed suppression . elimination of pesticides without disadvantages . pollen isolation . soil improvement in crop rotation

HEMP PLANT
AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS FOODS . granola . birdseed

WHOLE PLANT

Fig. 20

. boiler fuel . feedstock

(18

Textiles
Hemp fibers are longer, stronger, more absorbent, and more mildew-resistant than cotton fibers. Fabrics containing at least 50% hemp block out UV rays more effectively that other fabrics. Compared to cotton or synthetics, hemp fabrics also keep the wearer cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. Hemp textiles can be used for bedspreads, blankets, backpacks, carpeting, clothing, curtains, luggage, mattresses, ropes, sails, sheets, tents, towels, and upholstery, to name only a sampling.41

Fig. 21 - Clothing

Paper
One acre of hemp can sustain the production rate of four acres of trees.42 Hemp paper requires minimal bleaching, resists decomposition, and can be recycled several more times than wood. Hemp can produce high-quality papers for Books, newspapers, and magazines, as well as tissue and packaging materials.43

Fig. 22 - Rope

Fig. 23 - Retail hemp paper

Fig. 24 - Twine

19)

Fig. 25 - Fiberboard

Construction Materials
Hemp can be used in the fabrication of building composites, including paneling, fiberboard, and support beams. Fiberboards made of hemp are twice as strong as wood. A cement-like material made from hemp and lime, known as hempcrete, can be used in foundations, walls, floors, and ceilings, and for interior or exterior plaster. Hempcrete is stronger and five times lighter than concrete. It is also insulating, fire-retardant, and resistant to insects and mold. 44

Fig. 26 - Hempcrete

Fig. 27 - Insulation

Bioplastics
A variety of alternatives to petrochemical plastics can be fabricated out of hemp and other plants. Hemp-based plastics have been used to make biodegrabable furniture, automobile interiors and exteriors,utensils, musical instruments, snowboards, skateboards, and packing Fig. 28 - Disposable/degradable forks materials. 45

Oils
Whether it be applied, employed, or ingested, hemp seed oil is an invaluable resource. Hemp seed oil can be extracted and used like other vegetable oils as a cooking ingredient and even a biofuel. Rudolf Diesel designed his namesake engine to run on vegetable oils such as soy, hemp, and flax. The extracted essential oil is also used in massage oils, lip balms, soaps, shampoos, salves, lotions, and perfumes. Still other industries utilize hemp seed oil as a basis for paints, varnishes, and resins.46

Fig. 29 - Shelled Hemp Seeds

(20

Food
Hempseed has nourished humanity for time immemorial. It is a complete protein and one of the richest known sources of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids. Hempseed provides every 47 amino acid a healthy human requires.

The medicinal properties of cannabis have been studied and documented for eons, to the days of De Materia Medica in ancient Greece and beyond.48 Even in the United States, cannabis accounted for half of all medicine sold and was the number one analgesic prior to prohibition and the isolation of aspirin.49 Recently, American interest in the medicinal aspects of cannabis has increased and several states have voted to legalize cannabis for medical use. And though it would seem that little has changed in federal policy, in 2003 the United States government filed patent 6,630,507: Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants. 50 The consequences of medical cannabis are extensive and deserving of more elaborate focus.

21)

In an attempt to tie together loose ends, and through only rudimentary lenses of research, this investigation of the cannabis plant helps to clarify the socially-shattering consequences of the relationship between cannabis and humanity.
Clarity is key to our progression towards more sustainable modes of living. We process infinitely more information than any other generation, yet so many of us are entrenched in ignorance against otherwise essential knowledge. Misinformation and ungrounded opposition, whether deliberate or not, prohibit progress. Only through inquiry do we begin to reveal sources of grounded actualities. With accurate information, we are able to make intelligent judgements and continue onward. Over 6,000 years of collective knowledge was all but forgotten in the past century. Powered by propaganda, the prohibition of cannabis disrupted legitimate industries and turned people away from a plant that has been with us since the beginning. We were told it was a menace, a culprit in countless crimes, and the cause of great chaos. We were told to Just Say No and walk away. We were forced to listen and forget what we already knew. We forgot what we could do with cannabis and what cannabis could do for us. We even forgot its name. But now, everything is beginning to change. Unprecedented actions are underway. Decriminalization, legalization once forbidden fantasies that are now realities. However, the taboo still thrives across the nation and the world. Ignorance will fall to education. Spread awareness all over the earth. Enlighten people about the consequences of cannabis.

Fig. 30

Cannabis

(22

1. S. Benet, Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp, Cannabis and Culture. Ed. V. Rubin (Chicago: Mouton, 1975), 39-49, accessed 12 Dec. 2012, <http://web.acsalaska.net/ ~warmgun/sm410.html>.; R. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp (Rochester: Park Street, 1996), 107, 113. 2. Classification information provided by the New England Grass Roots Institute and found in J. Cervantes, Chapter Two: Seeds and Seedlings, Marijuana Horticulture (Sacramento: Van Patten, 2006), 10-13. 3. E. L. Abel, Introduction, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, accessed 14 Dec. 2012, <http://druglibrary.org/ schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/abel.htm>. 4. J. W. Roulac, Hemp Horizons: The Comeback of the World's Most Promising Plant (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 1997), 7-8. 5. Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 7-8. 6. Information on the global consequence of cannabis: . Europe: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 114-120; Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 79-95. . Russia: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 119. . Mesopotamia: Ibid., 107-110. . Afghanistan: Cervantes, Marijuana Horticulture, 13. . Egypt: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 111-113, 118. . Southern Africa: B. M. Du Toit, Dagga: The History and Ethnographic Setting of Cannabis Sativa in Southern Africa, Cannabis and Culture, Ed. V. Rubin (Chicago: Mouton, 1975), 81-118, Drug Text, Drugtext Foundation, accessed 12 Dec. 2012. <http://www.drugtext.org/Cannabis-and-Culture/dagga-the history-and-ethnographicsetting-of-cannabis-sativa-in-southern-africa.html>. . China: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 103-107; Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 27-28, 82. . Japan: Ibid., 28-29, 85. . Taiwan: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 103. . Bengal: Ibid., 107. . India: Ibid. . Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia: Cervantes, Marijuana Horticulture, 11. . Australia: Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 79-80.

23)
. . . . . . . . .

Notes cont.
Canada: Ibid., 80-81. Jamaica, Mexico, Colombia: Cervantes, Marijuana Horticulture, 10. Chile: Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 30. Britain: Ibid. France: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 116. Spain: Ibid., 118; Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 30. Rome: Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 115. Carthage: Ibid., 111. Greece: Ibid., 114-115; Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 29-30. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 127. Ibid., 125. Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years. Ibid.; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 126. Ibid. Ibid. G. M. Herndon, Hemp in Colonial Virginia, Agricultural History 37.2 (1963): 86-93, JSTOR, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3740780>. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 128; Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 129-133. Ibid. Ibid., 129. Abel, Chapter 4: Cannabis Comes to the New World, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; J. Herer, Chapter 1: Overview of the History of Cannabis Hemp, The Emperor Wears No Clothes, Ed. Leslie Cabarga et al., 12th ed. (Van Nuys, CA: Ah Ha, 2010), JackHerer.com. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 129; Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 32. Ibid. Cultivation information found in Roulac, Chapter Six - The Farming of Hemp, Hemp Horizons, 129-160. Watts, Steven. Chapter 24 - Educator. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (New York: Vintage, 2006), 483.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

19. 20. 21. 22.

Notes cont.
23. 24. 25. 26.

(24

27. 28.

29.

30. 31.

32.

33. 34.

35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

Soybean Car, Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford. Herer, Chapter 3: New Billion-Dollar Crop, The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Ibid.; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 139. Abel, Chapter 10: Americas Drug Users, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, United States Statutes at Large, 59th Cong., Sess. I, Ch. 3915, 768-772, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ed. Michael North, 2004, accessed 13 Dec 2012, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22116/>. Abel, Chapter 10: Americas Drug Users, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 144-145. Abel, Chapter 11: Reefer Racism and Chapter 12: The Jazz Era, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 145-151. Abel, Chapter 11: Reefer Racism and Chapter 12: The Jazz Era, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp 151-154. Ibid., 156. Abel, Chapter 13: Outlawing Marijuana, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Herer, Chapter 4: The Last Days of Legal Cannabis, The Emperor Wears No Clothes; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 154-159; Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 48-52. Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551, 2 Aug. 1937, Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, <http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/ mjtaxact.htm>. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 169. Ibid., 170-172; R. A. Jones, U.S. Revives Plan to Kill Marijuana With Paraquat. Los Angeles Times, 28 July 1985, accessed 21 Dec 2012,<http://articles.latimes.com/198507-28/news/mn-5386_1_marijuana-eradication>. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 162. Leary v. United States, Supreme Court, 19 May 1969, FindLaw, Thomson Reuters, accessed 22 Dec. 2012, <http://laws.findlaw.com/us/395/6.html>. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 176-178. Ibid., 161-162. C. Conrad, Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa, (Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1997), 157

25)
40. 41. 42.

Notes cont.

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Abel, Chapter 13: Outlawing Marijuana, Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years; Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 151-152. Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 121. L. H. Dewey and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material, United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 404, 14 Oct. 1916, Project Gutenberg, 25 Feb. 2006, accessed 24 Dec. 2012, <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17855/17855h/ 17855-h.htm>. Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 119-120. Ibid., 117-118. Ibid., 120. Ibid., 118-119 Ibid. Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 114. Herer, Chapter 6: The Body of Medical Literature on Cannabis Medicine, The Emperor Wears No Clothes. A. J. Hampson, Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants, the United States of America as Represented by the Department of Health and Human Services, assignee, patent 6630507, 7 Oct. 2003, USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database, USPTO.gov, accessed 26 Dec. 2012.

Cover Photo Adapted from E. Soiferman, Pure Power,, Flickr, Yahoo!, 15 July 2010, accessed 5 Dec. 2012, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ ezrasoif/4822923826/>. Figure 1 Adapted from File:Cannab2_new.png, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 July 2008, accessed 9 Dec. 2012, <http://commons.wikimedia .org/wiki/File:Cannab2_new.png> Figure 2 Original illustration by Matt Minott.

Media Cont.

(26

Figure 3 E. Small and and D. Marcus, Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America, NewCROP, Purdue, accessed 22 Dec. 2012, <http://www.hort. purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/images/hemp12.jpg>. Figure 4 Original illustration by Matt Minott. Figure 5 Adapted from Meul, File:CarteChanvreVert.svg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Dec. 2007, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, <http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarteChanvreVert.svg>. Figure 6 J. Cooper, Field of dreams, Flickr, Yahoo!, 23 Sept. 2005, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/jordoncooper/52523572/>. Figure 7 N.L. Britton and A. Brown, An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions, 3 vols, Vol. 2: 6 (Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1913), USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database, accessed 14 Dec. 2012, <http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=amca2>. Figure 8 Adapted from File:Map_of_territorial_growth.svg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Jan. 2009, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, <http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg>. Figure 9 Jefferson, Thomas, Declaration of Independence Rough Draft, 1776, Manuscript, Library of Congress, MyLOC, accessed 13 Dec. 2012, <http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/creatingtheus/DeclarationofIndependence/ BattleJoined/ExhibitObjects/declarationroughdraft.aspx>. Figure 10 Postcard of a Kentucky Hemp Field, Kraemer Art Co., The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., The Library of Congress: American Memory, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, <http://hdl.loc.gov/ loc.rbc/lprbscsm.scsm1043>.

27)

Media Cont.

Figure 11 Soybean Car, Benson Ford Research Center, The Henry Ford, accessed 17 Dec. 2012, <http://www.thehenryford.org/research/soybeancar.aspx>. Figure 12 New Billion Dollar Crop, Hemphasis, accessed 15 Dec. 2012, <http://www. hemphasis.net/History/1938PopMech/1938popmech.htm>. Figure 13 The Huffington Post, 3 Feb. 2010, accessed 20 Dec. 2012, <http://images. huffingtonpost.com/2010-02-03-historiccannabisLloydLabelC.jpg>. Figure 14 Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 147. Figure 15 Harry J. Anslinger, H J. Anslinger papers, 1835-1975 (bulk 1918-1963), Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Special Collections Library, University Libraries, Pennsylvania State University, Flickr, Yahoo!, accessed 20 Dec. 2012, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/pennstatespecial/6993340434/>. Figure 16 U.S. Government, File:Producer_of_marihuana.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 May 2008, accessed 20 Dec. 2012, <http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Producer_of_marihuana.jpg>. Figure 17 Robinson, The Great Book of Hemp, 160. Figure 18 R. Sitler, File:Members of the 60th Security Police Squadron's Base Swat Team.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Jul. 1995, accessed 23 Dec. 2012,<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Members_ of_the_60th_Security_Police_Squadron%27s_Base_Swat_Team.jpg>. Figure 19 A. Chebotarev, File:USO-xx and Zolotoniski-xx hemp strains 010.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Sep. 2009, accessed 22 Dec. 2012, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USO-xx_and_ Zolotoniski-xx_hemp_ strains_010.jpg>. Figure 20 Adapted from Roulac, Hemp Horizons, 15.

Media Cont.

(28

Figure 21 adidas Originals Men's Gazelle 2 Hemp Fashion Sneaker, Amazon, accessed 24 Dec. 2012 <http://www.amazon.com/adidas-Originals-Gazelle-HempFashion/dp/B002TOJ6QO/>; Tilley Endurables TH4 Hemp Hat, Tilley, ibid. <http://www.amazon.com/Tilley-Endurables-Hemp-Hat--Mocha/dp/ B000OITYVY/>; Himalaya Hemp Button Shirt, Himalaya Hemp, ibid., <http:/www.amazon.com/Himalaya-Hemp-Button-Shirt-M-Natural/dp/ B0081753NS/>; Hemp Long Wrap Skirt, Old Glory, ibid., <http://www. amazon.com/Hemp-Long-Wrap-Skirt-Black/dp/B000CRV8HA/>. Figure 22 New 10mm Thick 10m Long Organic Hemp Rope, LVG, ibid., <http://www. amazon.com/10mm-Thick-Long-Organic-Hemp/dp/B002TF8MAO/>. Figure 23 Hemp Sketch Paper Pack 8.5" x 11", Green Field Paper Company, ibid., <http://www.amazon.com/Hemp-Sketch-Paper-Pack-8-5/dp/B0055DP3D6/>. Figure 24 Natural Polished 20# Hemp Twine 100g Ball, Hemp Basics, ibid., <http:// www.amazon.com/Natural-Polished-Hemp-Twine-100g/dp/B005L99ZBK/>. Figure 25 E. Wetzig, File:Spanplatte.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 November 2009, accessed 26 Dec. 2012 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Spanplatte.jpg> Figure 26 O. Duport, File:Bloc de chanvre ep 15cm.gif, Atelier du Chanvre, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 December 2007, accessed 26 Dec. 2012 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Bloc_de_chanvre_ep_15cm.gif>. Figure 27 C. Gahle, File:Hanfdaemmstoff_CG.jpg, nova-Institut GmbH, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 2007, accessed 26 Dec. 2012, <http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hanfdaemmstoff_CG.jpg>. Figure 28 Legalizace, forks, Flickr, Yahoo!, 24 April 2011, accessed 26 Dec. 2012, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/60743478@N08/5649578849/>.

29)

Media Cont.

Figure 29 L. Kov , File:Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 May 2009, accessed 27 Dec. 2012, <http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Konopne_seminko_loupane.jpg>. Figure 30 Craik Sustainable Living Project, July 24, 2005 - Hemp field, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 Nov. 2009, accessed 28 Dec. 2012, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/44244119@N08/4071904569>.

George Washington: Peale, Rembrandt, George Washington, 1854, Fine Arts Museums, San Francisco, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Dec. 2012.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Rembrandt_Peale_-_George_Washington_-_Google_Art_Project_(721252).jpg> Alexander Hamilton: Trumbull, John, Alexander Hamilton, 1806, Washington University Law School, St. Louis, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 13 Dec. 2012. <http:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine.jpg> Benjamin Franklin: Duplessis, Joseph-Siffred, Benjamin Franklin, 1785, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 13 Dec. 2012. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg>. Thomas Jefferson: Peale, Rembrandt, Thomas Jefferson, 1800, The White House Art Collection, Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed 13 Dec. 2012. <http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tjefferson.jpeg>.

(30

Abel, Ernest L. Marijuana: The First 12,000 Years. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Accessed 14 Dec. 2012. <http://druglibrary.org/ schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/abel.htm>. Amazon.com. Accessed 24 Dec. 2012. <http://www.amazon.com>. Benet, Sula. Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp. Cannabis and Culture. Ed. Vera Rubin. Chicago: Mouton, 1975. 39-49. Accessed 12 Dec. 2012. <http://web. acsalaska.net/~warmgun/sm410.html>. Cervantes, Jorge. Marijuana Horticulture: The Indoor/Outdoor Medical Grower's Bible. Sacramento: Van Patten, 2006. Conrad, Chris. Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1997. Dewey, Lyster H. and Jason L. Merrill. Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 404. 14 Oct. 1916. Project Gutenberg. 25 Feb. 2006. Accessed 24 Dec. 2012. <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/ 17855/17855-h/17855-h.htm>. Du Toit, Brian M. Dagga: The History and Ethnographic Setting of Cannabis Sativa in Southern Africa. Cannabis and Culture. Ed. Vera Rubin. Chicago: Mouton, 1975. 81-118. Drug Text. Drugtext Foundation. Accessed 12 Dec. 2012. <http://www. drugtext.org/Cannabis-and-Culture/dagga-the-history-and-ethnographic-settingof-cannabis-sativa-in-southern-africa.html>. Flickr. Yahoo!. Accessed 5 Dec. 2012. <http://www.flickr.com/>. Hampson, Aidan J. Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants. The United States of America as Represented by the Department of Health and Human Services, assignee. Patent 6630507. 7 Oct. 2003. USPTO Patent Full-Text and Image Database. USPTO.gov. Accessed 26 Dec. 2012. Hemp for Victory. Dir. Raymond Evans. United States Department of Agriculture, 1942. Internet Archive. Accessed 18 Dec. 2012. <http://archive.org/details/ Hemp_for_victory_1942>. Herer, Jack. The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Ed. Leslie Cabarga, Jeannie Herer, and Roland A. Duby. 12th ed. Van Nuys, CA: Ah Ha, 2010. JackHerer.com. Accessed 13 Dec. 2012.

31)

Bibliography cont.

Herndon, G. M. Hemp in Colonial Virginia. Agricultural History 37.2 (1963): 86-93. JSTOR. Accessed 15 Dec. 2012. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3740780>. The Huffington Post, 3 Feb. 2010, accessed 20 Dec. 2012. <http://images.huffingtonpost .com/2010-02-03-historiccannabisLloydLabelC.jpg>. Jones, Robert A. U.S. Revives Plan to Kill Marijuana With Paraquat. Los Angeles Times. 28 July 1985. Accessed 21 Dec 2012. <http://articles.latimes.com/1985-07-28/ news/mn-5386_1_marijuana-eradication>. Leary v. United States. Supreme Court. 19 May 1969. FindLaw. Thomson Reuters. Accessed 22 Dec. 2012. <http://laws.findlaw.com/us/395/6.html>. Marihuana Tax Act. Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551. 2 Aug. 1937. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Accessed 16 Dec. 2012. <http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/ hemp/taxact/mjtaxact.htm>. New Billion Dollar Crop. Hemphasis. Accessed 15 Dec. 2012. <http://www. hemphasis.net/History/1938PopMech/1938popmech.htm>. Pure Food and Drug Act. United States Statutes at Large, 59th Cong., Sess. I, Ch. 3915, 768-772. 1906. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Ed. Michael North. 2004. Accessed 13 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22116/>. Robinson, Rowan. The Great Book of Hemp. Rochester, VT: Park Street, 1996. Roulac, John W. Hemp Horizons: The Comeback of the World's Most Promising Plant. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 1997. Small, Ernest and David Marcus. Hemp: A New Crop with New Uses for North America. Eds. J. Janick and A. Whipkey, Trends in New Crops and New Uses. Alexandria: ASHS Press, 2002. 284326. NewCROP. Purdue. Accessed 22 Dec. 2012. <http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-284.html> Soybean Car. Benson Ford Research Center. The Henry Ford. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.thehenryford.org/research/soybeancar.aspx>. USDA, NRCS. Amaranthus cannabinus (L.) Sauer tidalmarsh amaranth. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team. Greensboro, NC. Accessed 14 Dec. 2012. <http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=amca2>. Watts, Steven. Chapter 24 - Educator. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century. New York: Vintage, 2006. 479-98. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed 12 Dec. 2012. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/>.