Morrow 1 Justin Morrow Mrs.

Keep AP Chemistry 21 December 2012 Iodine Clock Reaction Lab Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the rate law of the iodine clock reaction by using the method of initial rates. Theory Sodium meta-bisulfite (Na2S2O5) undergoes the following transformation when dissolved in water where it dissolves and reacts with the water to form bisulfite (HSO3-): Na2S2O5 + H2O 2HSO3- + 2Na+ When mixed with potassium iodate (KIO3) the following reaction mechanism is proposed leading to the observed color change:

IO3- + 3HSO3- I- + 3H+ + 3SO42I- + IO3- I2 + O32I2 + HSO3- + H2O 2I- + SO42- + 3H+

Slow Fast Fast

If we assume the reactions following the first are much faster in comparison, the rate of the first reaction can be determined by varying the initial amounts of reactions and measuring the rate. Assuming all of the sodium meta-bisulfate is consumed by the time the color change takes place, Rate = -[HSO3] / t This rate can be equated to: Rate = k [ IO3- ]x [ HSO3- ]y Mathematically, the variables can be determined with sufficient data.

Procedure

Morrow 2 1. Prepare a series of 4 solutions called solution B by mixing differing amounts of 0.10 M sodium meta-bisulfite, starch solution, and distilled water. 2. Prepare a second series of 4 solutions (solution A) by diluting 0.20 M potassium iodate solution with distilled water. 3. Pour solution B into solution A quickly while stirring and time the reaction using the second hand of a watch (or a digital timer). Note the initial concentrations of potassium iodate and bisulfate ion, and time for color change. Results Calculation Example 1 Initial Concentration of sodium meta-bisulfite (Na2S2O5) and potassium iodate (KIO3)

Run 1 2 3 4

Volume 0.1M Na2S2O5 10.mL 10.mL 10.mL 5.mL

Total Volume 280.mL 280.mL 280.mL 280.mL

MdVd=McVc Md(280mL)=(.10M)(10.mL) Md=.0036M Na2S2O5

Run 1 2 3 4

Volume 0.20M KIO3 100.mL 50.mL 25.mL 100.mL

Total Volume 280.mL 280.mL 280.mL 280.mL

MdVd=McVc Md(280.mL)=(.20M)(100.mL) Md=0.071M KIO3

Morrow 3 Run 1 2 3 4 Concentration Na2S2O5 0.0036M 0.0036M 0.0036M 0.0018M Concentration KIO3 0.071M 0.036M 0.018M 0.071M

Calculation Example 2 Initial [IO3-] and [HSO3-] [Na2S2O5] * 2 = [HSO3-] (as taken from the balanced reaction equation) (0.0036M Na2S2O5) * 2 = 0.0072M HSO3[KIO3] * 1 = [IO3-] (as taken from the balanced reaction equation) (0.071M KIO3) * 1 = 0.071M IO3

Calculation Example 3 Initial (Average) Rate Rate = -[HSO3] / t 0.071M / 4.2s = 0.017 mol L-1 s-1

Run 1 2 3 4

Time 4.2 s 8.5 s 16.8 s 8.9 s

Initial [IO3-] 0.071M 0.036M 0.018M 0.071M

Initial [HSO3-] 0.0072M 0.0072M 0.0072M 0.0036M

Rate 0.0017 mol L-1 s-1 0.00085 mol L-1 s-1 0.00043 mol L-1 s-1 0.00041 mol L-1 s-1

Rate Law Between runs 1 + 2, and 2 + 3 the initial [IO3-] halves. The rate also halves when comparing these runs. Therefore, the order of reaction with respect to [IO3-] is 1st order. While the [HSO3-] is halved, (in comparing runs 1 + 4) the rate changes by a factor of 1/4. Therefore, the order of reaction with respect to [HSO3-] is 2nd order. Calculating K With the rate law of: Rate = k [IO3-][HSO3-]2 We can calculate the value of the rate constant.

Morrow 4 Rate = 0.0017 mol L-1 s-1 [IO3-] = 0.071M [HSO3-] = 0.0072M 0.0017 mol L-1 s-1 = k(0.071M)( 0.0072M)2 K = (0.0017 mol L-1 s-1)/(3.7E-6 mol3 L-3) K = 460 L2 mol-2 s-1

Discussion Although the rate calculated is fairly accurate, there is some error produced by the procedure. It was assumed that the initial rate is found by the slope of the starting concentration to the ending concentration (because the [HSO3-] cannot be found until it is gone). This is not true because the initial slope is steeper than the calculated slope.

[HSO3-]

Calculated rate

Initial rate

time

Therefore, the calculated initial rate is lower than the real initial rate.

Conclusion Therefore, the calculated rate law of this reaction is: Rate = (460 L2 mol-2 s-1) [IO3-] [HSO3-]2