1

2009

.....................................................................................................3
1 ...................................................................................................6
......................................................................................6
1.1. .............................................................................6
1.2. .......................................................11
1.3. .....................................................................13
1.4. .....................................................................18
2 .................................................................................................25
.................................................................................25
2.1. .........................................25
2.1.1. ...................................................................25
2.1.2. ..................................................................26
2.1.3. .........................................................29
2.1.4. .............................................................31
2.2. ..........................................................................33
2.2.1. ................................................................................33
2.2.2. ..................................................36
2.2.3. ....................................................................39
2.3. .............................................................43
3 .................................................................................................49
.....................................................................49
3.1. ..........................................................................49
3.2. ................................................................51
3.2.1. ...............................................................................51
3.2.2. ......................................................................................53
3.3. ..............................................55
3.3.1. ..........................................................................................55
3.3.2. ......................................................................58
3.3.3. .................................62
4 ................................................................................................65
.....................................................................................................65
4.1. ;..........................................65
4.2. ; ....................................................68
4.3. ;.......................................71
..............................................................................................75

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Patrick Riley, A Possible Explanation of Rousseaus General Will in Christopher W. Morris, The
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11
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14
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11
1.2.

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Mill James Madison. Federalist Papers,
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Federalist Papers
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18
19

Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .132-133

David Held, op. cit. p.187

12
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Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .162-163

Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .143
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13
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14


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Weber ,
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27

Peter Bachrach, The Theory of Democratic Elitism, Boston: Little, Brown and Co 1967, pp.2-3
Ibid. p.5
29
David Held, op. cit. pp.154-155
30
Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .212-213
28

15
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David Held, op. cit. p.165

Joseph Schumpeter, , , : 2006, .334335

32

16
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33

, .373-374
Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .225-226
35
Peter Bachrach, op. cit. p.10
34

17
Mosca

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Ibid. pp.12-13
Ibid. pp.15-17
38
Ibid. p.32
37

18

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1.4.
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Ibid. pp.39-41
David Held, op. cit. pp.186-187

19
Barrington Moore
41 .

Robert

Dahl

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Dahl
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41

Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .253-254

Robert A. Dahl, A Democratic Paradox?, Political Science Quarterly Vol.115 no1 (Spring 2000),
p.37
43
Robert A. Dahl, Pluralist Democracy in the United States, Chicago: Rand Mc Nally and Co 1967,
pp.15-17
42

20
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Ibid. pp.24-26
Ibid. p.61
46
David Held, op. cit. p.195
47
Peter Bachrach, op. cit. p.89
45

21
3 .

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Dahl

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McPherson Dahl,
Schumpeter,
. Schumpeter
Dahl, ,
. 48

Jurg Steiner, European Democracies, New York: Longman 1998, p.126

Ibid. p.123
50
Ibid. p.127
51
Peter Bachrach, op. cit. p.95
49

22
,
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52 .
Schumpeter Dahl
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McPherson, John Rawls,

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52

C. B. McPherson, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1973, p.78
Ibid. pp.79-80
54
Ibid. p.88
53

23
,
,
, minimum,
,
55 .
Isaiah Berlin
.
Berlin : ,
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Berlin
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Dahl

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55

Ibid. pp.89-90
Ibid. p.98
57
Ibid. p.105
58
Ibid. p.109
56

24
,
:
59 .

59

David Held, op. cit. p.203

25

2.1.
2.1.1.

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61
Manfred G. Schmidt, , , :
2004, .344

26
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2.1.2.



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Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .345

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27
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, . . .92-98
Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Baltimore and London:
The Johns Hopkins University Press 1994, p.6
67


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28
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Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .346
70
Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, op. cit. p.5
71
Ibid. pp.11-12
69

29

,

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72 .


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73 .
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9 , 1966 74 .

2.1.3.

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(cabinet)

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75 .

72

Ibid. p.8
Ibid. pp.8 &19
74
Robert A. Dahl, Pluralist Democracy in the United States, Chicago: Rand Mc Nally and Co 1967,
p.81
75
, . . .49-50
73

30


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Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .423

, .429
78
Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, op. cit. p.13
79
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31
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2.1.4.

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Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .363

, .353-354

32

82 .

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premier presidential
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85
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83

33
(premier presidential)

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Bartolini,


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2.2.
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Bundesrat,
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86

Oleh Potsyk, Troubled Semi-Presidentialism: Stability of the Constitutional System and Cabinet in
Ukraine, Europe Asia Studies Vol.55 no7 (November 2003), p.1078
87
Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, op. cit. p.50

34

Bundestag.

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Jurg Steiner, European Democracies, New York: Longman 1998, p.108

35
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Yves Meny, , , : 1995, .143
92
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36
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2.2.2.

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Robert A. Dahl, op. cit. pp.119-120

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Robert A. Dahl, op. cit. pp.79 &94-97
94

37

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Jurg Steiner, op. cit. p.83

38
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1949, ,

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, . . .71 &87-89
, Teodor Heuss, ,
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Roman Herzog 1994, .
, Horst Koehler . Jurg Steiner,
op. cit. pp.92-93
100
, . . .55-56
99

39
1947
.

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101 .

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2.2.3.

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101
102

, .63-65
Jurg Steiner, op. cit. p.67

40
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103

Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, op. cit. p.9

Gerald M. Easter, Preference for Presidentialism: Post-communist Regime Change in Russia and
the NIS, World Politics Vol.49 no2 (January 1997), p.189

104

41

, ,

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.

1994-98 105 .

.

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106 .
.


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105

M. Steven Fish, Post-communist Subversion: Social Science and Democratization in East Europe
and Eurasia, Slavic Review Vo.58 no4 (Winter 1999), p.803
106
Ibid. p.804

42
2008,
107 .


.
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,
108 .

. 1000 .
1993 1996


,
109 .
,

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9 110 .
,
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,

107

, . :
, : 2008, .95
108
Oleh Protsyk, Ruling with Presidential Decree Making in Russia and Ukraine, Europe Asia
Studies Vol.56 no5 (July 2004), p.653
109
Ibid. p.638
110
Ibid. p.651

43
,
, .

2.3.

, .
,
,
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: ,

,
. ,
111 .

,

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.
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111

Jurg Steiner, op. cit. p.96

44

112 .

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114 .
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115 .
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112

Ibid. p.97
Robert A. Dahl, op. cit. p.143
114
Oleh Potsyk, Troubled Semi-Presidentialism: Stability of the Constitutional System and Cabinet in
Ukraine, Europe Asia Studies Vol.55 no7 (November 2003), p.1089
115
Yves Meny, . . .349-350
113

45
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.
,
.
.

116 .

,
. ,

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117 .

.
,
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118 .

. ,
116

Jurg Steiner, op. cit. p.98

Yves Meny, . . .351-353
118
Jurg Steiner, op. cit. p.99
117

46
,

.
.
,
119 .
1958

.
.

,
. ,
120 .

,

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121 .
,
,


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119

Ibid. pp.101-102
, . . .79
121
Yves Meny, . . .355
120

47

122 .
,

.

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. 9
.
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,

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123 .

,

,
124 .
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24 1974 ,
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(12 , 9 ),
125 .

,
,
.
122

Robert A. Dahl, op. cit. p.165

Yves Meny, . . .362
124
Taft,
Pompidou. , ,
, .
125
Yves Meny, . . .366
123

48
, ,
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6 16
, 5 15 .
, ,


126 .

126

, .360

49

3.1.
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50
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.

128

Manfred G. Schmidt, , , :
2004, .401-402
129
Yves Meny, , , : 1995, .365

51
,
, 130 .

.
, ,
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.



131 .

3.2.
3.2.1.

, ,

132 .
,

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,
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, ,
:
,
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,

130

Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .411-412

, .410
132
, . :
, : 2008, .63
131

52
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133 .
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1891 ,
.
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1949 .
,

135 .
Lipset
, adjunct
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. ,

,

133

, .65-67
Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .404
135
, . . .407-408
134

53
,
.

,
,
136 .
19 A. V.
Dicey,
plebiscite. ,

. ,
137 .


. , ,

138 .

3.2.2.
-
.
.

.

.

,
.

136

Arthur Lipow, Political Parties and Democracy, London and Chicago: Pluto Press 1996, pp.35-36
Ibid. p.37
138
, , :
1984, .75
137

54
, .
139 .


.

. Lawrence Lowell,
Harvard,

140 .


. Woodrow Wilson, ,
1910 ,
.
Wilson,


.
,

141 .

,
.

.

,

139

Report of the Chief Electoral Officer on the recall process in British Columbia, November 2003
p.60
140
Rod Farmer, Power to the People: The Progressive Movement for the Recall, 1890s-1920, The
New England Journal of History, Winter 2001 Vol.57 no2 pp.66-7
141
Ibid. p.77

55
.
142 .

3.3.

3.3.1.

:

,
143 .

, .

, 144 .
,
.
. ,

,
50.000 7.
.
100.000
,
.

. 20
,
145 .

142

Ibid p.73
Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .414
144
Jurg Steiner, European Democracies, New York: Longman 1998, p.109
145
Ibid. p.100
143

56
,

.

. ,
, ,

,
. ,
146 .
,
26
. ,
,
,
.
147 .

.
1850-1880.
Argovie Schaffhausen
. Lucerne, Soleure
Thurgovie 1869,
1870.

1872

, .
Argovie Schaffhausen
, .
,
148 .

146

Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .399

. , . . .29
148
, .30-1
147

57

,

.

, .
,
.

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.

,
149 .

.
Schaffhausen
, Ticino (Tessin)
, 15 60
. ,
12 .
4 5 , Thurgovie
150 .

. 1991 14%

.

149

Report of the Chief Electoral Officer on the recall process in British Columbia, November 2003
p.29
150
Ibid p.29 . , . . .30-1

58

151 .

.
60 70 1.
6.
. ,
.

.
.
, .
, 30%.
78% .

,
152 .

3.3.2.
19
,

, 153 .


. ,
,
,
.

151

Wolf Linder, Swiss Democracy. Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies, London:
St. Martins Press 1994 p.134
152
Jurg Steiner, op. cit. p.111
153
Arthur Lipow, op. cit. p.13

59
.

WASP,

154 .


,
.
Los Angeles Times
,

agitators

.


.
,

,

.

,
155 .

. 1884 1990
1098 . 31
,
Ronald Reagan Gray Davis 2003.
,

. 1921
1988 ,
.

154
155

Yves Meny, . . .366

Arthur Lipow, op. cit. p.19

60
. 16
156 .

.

..
.
,
157 .

,
1850.

. 1776

. 1780

. (178189) ,
, .
,
158 .
1890
,
.
.

.
1908 ,
, .
1903
156

Floyd Feeney, The 2003 California Gubernatorial Recall, International Convention on Electoral
Campaigns, Venice International University 18-20 December 2003, p.4
157
Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .415
158
Floyd Feeney, op. cit. p.3

61
.

, ,
159 .
,
.
.

.

(impeachment) .
,
.

impeachment
.

, .
.
10%
40% ,
25%.

, .

90 , 160 .
, Henry
Demarest Lloyd,
.
.

, ,
159
160

Rod Farmer, op. cit. pp.72-3

Ibid. pp.65 & 71-2

62
.
:

. ,
,
161 .


,

,

162 .

3.3.3.

,
. 30 ,

.

1974,
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Arthur Lipow, op. cit. p.14

Ibid. p.15
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Yves Meny, . . .361-363

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64
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65

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66
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67

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171

, .77
Peter Bachrach, The Theory of Democratic Elitism, Boston: Little, Brown and Co 1967, p.24
173
Joseph Schumpeter, . . .358-362
172

68
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69
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Manfred G. Schmidt, , , :
2004, .386-387
176
, .375
177
Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Baltimore and London:
The Johns Hopkins University Press 1994, p.21

71

4.3. ;


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Arthur Lipow, Political Parties and Democracy, London and Chicago: Pluto Press 1996, p.40
Wolf Linder, Swiss Democracy. Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies, London:
St. Martins Press 1994 pp.130-1

179

73
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2003
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180

Rod Farmer, Power to the People: The Progressive Movement for the Recall, 1890s-1920, The
New England Journal of History, Winter 2001 Vol.57 no2 p.70
181
Wolf Linder, op. cit. pp.142-3
182
Ibid p.20

74
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183

Yves Meny, , , : 1995, .369-371

Manfred G. Schmidt, . . .406
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, V ,
, : 2006

, IV VI,
, : 1987

(),
, : 2005

, ,
: 1984

, .
: , :
2008

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2007

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Meny Yves, , , :
1995

Meny Yves, , , :
1995

.,
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1997

Schmidt Manfred G., ,

, : 2004

Schumpeter Joseph, , ,
: 2006

, ,
, : 1996

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