1 Copyright 2001 by ASME

Proceedings of ETCE 2001

Engineering Technology Conference on Energy
February 5-7,2001, Houston, TX
ETCE2001-17137
GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE (GLCC

) COMPACT SEPARATORS FOR
WET GAS APPLICATIONS






Shoubo Wang, Luis E. Gomez, Ram S. Mohan and Ovadia Shoham
Petroleum and Mechanical Engg. Departments
The University of Tulsa
Tulsa, OK - 74104
Gene E. Kouba, Chevron Petroleum Technology Company
Houston, TX - 77082




ABSTRACT
Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC
1
) separators are
becoming increasingly popular as attractive alternatives to
conventional separators as they are simple, less expensive, have
low-weight, and require little maintenance. However, present
studies focus on GLCC designs and applications at relatively
lower gas velocities (below the minimum velocity for onset of
liquid carry-over in the form of mist flow). With appropriate
modifications GLCCs can be used for wet gas and high gas oil
ratio (GOR) applications, characterized by higher gas
velocities, to knock out the liquid droplets from the gas core.
The objectives of this study are to design a novel GLCC
capable of separating liquid from a wet gas stream; conduct
experimental investigations to evaluate the GLCC performance
improvement in terms of operational envelope for liquid carry-
over; and, measure the liquid extraction from the gas stream.
Specific design guidelines for wet gas GLCC are also
formulated based on the experimental studies. This
investigation provides new capabilities for compact separators
for wet gas and high GOR (exceeding 90%) applications.

INTRODUCTION
The development of gas liquid cylindrical cyclone
separators has had tremendous impact on the oil and gas
industry due to their compactness and efficiency, which are
crucial for offshore and subsea applications. To date, GLCC
technology has been focused on the design, control and
performance evaluation at relatively low gas velocities (below

1
GLCC

- Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone - copyright, The

University of Tulsa, 1994
the minimum velocity for onset of liquid carry-over in the form
of mist flow) through developing mechanistic models, dynamic
models and experimental studies. Kouba et al.
1
; Gomez et al.
2
;
Mohan et al.
3
, Wang et al
4, 5, 6
and Chirinos et al
7
provided the
details of GLCC design, control system studies, experimental
investigations and field applications. The configuration and
design of this technology is challenged by the inevitable liquid
carry-over in the form of droplet and liquid film in an annular
region at high gas velocities. Figure 1 shows the schematic of
the current GLCC compact separator equipped with a liquid
control valve on the liquid leg and a gas control valve on the
gas leg for controlling the liquid level and/or pressure in the
GLCC. It is simply a segment of pipe mounted vertically with
an inclined inlet section. Gas-liquid mixture is introduced into
the GLCC through a tangential inlet nozzle, which has a cross-
sectional area of approximately 25% of the full-bore inlet pipe.
Gravitational and centrifugal forces in the inlet region of the
GLCC separate gas-liquid mixture. Liquid phase goes down
through the liquid leg exiting the separator from the bottom of
the GLCC. Gas phase goes up through the gas leg exiting the
separator from the top of the GLCC. The liquid level control
and/or pressure control ensure proper operation for different
flow conditions, eliminating or reducing liquid carry-over into
the gas stream and/or gas carry-under into the liquid stream.
The liquid carry-over operational envelope for metering loop
configuration and percent liquid carry-over at flow conditions
close to the operational envelope were studied by Chirinos et
al
7
. Their study focused on the performance of the GLCC at low
gas superficial velocity, say, less than the onset of mist flow
velocity. The onset of mist flow velocity,
crit
, is defined as the
2 Copyright 2001 by ASME
minimum gas velocity, which is required to initiate liquid carry-
over in the form of fine droplets (Kouba et al
1
), namely,

25 . 0
2
6812 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
g l
e crit
W

(1)

where
e
W is the Weber number, equal to 8 for small droplets.
As the operating pressure increases, the onset of mist flow
velocity decreases significantly, which causes a very narrow
liquid carry-over operational envelope.
As more and more GLCCs are deployed in the field, the
need for high GOR and wet gas applications becomes critical
for oil and gas industry to handle high gas rates above the
critical velocity. The GLCC design is not optimized for these
applications due to liquid carry-over in the form of droplets and
annular liquid film. Although demisting devices can be
installed in the gas leg to remove liquid particles from the gas
stream, it may not be the best solution due to high maintenance
costs and pressure losses. Stewart et al.
8
gives an overview of
advantages and disadvantages of current demisting devices.
The objectives of this study are to design a novel GLCC
capable of separating liquid from a wet gas stream; conduct
experimental investigations to evaluate the GLCC performance
improvement in terms of operational envelope for liquid carry-
over; and, measure the liquid extraction from the gas stream.
Specific design guidelines for wet gas GLCC are also
developed based on the experimental studies.

PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
The current GLCC configuration cannot tolerate very high gas
velocity due to the occurrence of liquid carry-over in the gas
stream. A schematic of the modified GLCC for high gas velocity
is shown in Fig. 2. The modifications are the addition of the
liquid film extractor and the liquid return pipe, which is
connected to the liquid leg. The liquid film extractor consists of
an annular, spacing between the vortex tube (GLCC section
near and above the inlet) and the vortex finder (upper part of
the GLCC), and a liquid outlet at the bottom of the extractor.
There are two vortex finder configurations possible, namely,
regular pipe and reduced pipe, as shown in Fig. 3. The upper
end of the vortex tube is machined from inside, forming an
inside cone with a sharp edge at the top. Similarly, the lower
end of the vortex finder is machined outside and an outside
cone is formed with a sharp edge at the bottom.
The mechanisms responsible for gas-liquid separation in a
wet gas GLCC are described below. Gas liquid mixture at high
velocities flows into the GLCC through an inclined tangential
inlet nozzle, in the form of annular mist flow. The liquid phase
enters mainly through the lower part of the nozzle and is forced
downward along the GLCC wall with high tangential velocity
and is separated from the gas phase. The gas phase with fine
liquid droplets enters through the upper part of the nozzle. Due
to the centrifugal forces the liquid droplets are forced to the
GLCC wall, forming a thin swirling liquid film. Part of the
swirling liquid film is forced upward by the high gas swirling
flow. Due to the high tangential velocity of the upward swirling
gas flow, these fine liquid droplets move both radially toward
the GLCC wall and axially toward the gas stream exit. On the
other hand, the gas core with high axial velocity tends to entrain
the liquid from the liquid film due to the interfacial forces. But
the high centrifugal forces can push the droplets toward the wall
if the tangential velocity is high enough. Due to its decay in the
axial upward direction, the magnitude of the tangential velocity
may not be high enough to keep the liquid droplets near the
wall. As a result, the liquid is re-entrained into the upward
flowing gas core and causes liquid carry-over. The location of
the liquid film extractor should be optimal so as to enable the
liquid droplets in the gas core to be separated by the centrifugal
forces, and is removed in form of liquid film before it is re-
entrained in the gas stream.
If the gas velocity is not high enough, the fine liquid
droplets cannot be forced towards the GLCC inner wall. As a
result, the liquid swirling upward film flow cannot be formed,
thereby, reducing the separation efficiency. On the other hand, if
the gas velocity is too high, liquid film will be re-entrained in
the gas core and carried over. It may be noted that at high liquid
flow rates, more liquid is pushed up and forms a thicker liquid
upward swirling film, which is easier to be picked up by the gas
core.

MECHANISTIC MODELING
The mechanistic model used in this study is composed of sub
models published precisely. These sub models are reviewed
briefly below.
Liquid Entrainment in the Inlet Pipe. The liquid droplet
entrainment in the gas core at the inlet section is an important
parameter for predicting the liquid phase split and separation
efficiency. Meng et al.
9
conducted experimental study of low
liquid loading gas-liquid flow in near-horizontal pipes. Based
on their data, the liquid droplet entrainment fraction for slightly
inclined pipe can be above 80% for high gas velocities. Ishiis
correlation
10
matched the experimental data only for
entrainment fractions less than 40%. At present, no correlation
is available for high entrainment rates.
Inlet Nozzle Analysis. A mechanistic model to determine
liquid film and gas core velocities through the inlet nozzle was
developed by Gomez et al.
2
. The model is flow pattern
dependent, which considers the annular and mist flow patterns.
This model provides the liquid film analysis and gas core
analysis, where the liquid entrainment, as suggested by Gomez
et al., is determined by Wallis correlation.
Gas Swirling Flow Characterization. The inlet nozzle
analysis will provide the gas and liquid tangential velocities and
the liquid droplet separation process. The gas upward swirling
flow model can be used to predict the minimum droplet size
being forced to the GLCC wall.
A concept to quantify the swirling decay along the upper
part of the GLCC was suggested by Chang and Dhir
11
(1994).
3 Copyright 2001 by ASME
They considered a local swirl intensity factor, , which is
defined as the ratio of tangential to total axial momentum flux at
a given cross section.
The local swirl intensity, , as a function of the axial
location is given by,

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
7 . 0
sep
35 . 0
GLCC
inlet
93 . 0
GLCC
inlet
d
z

M
M
113 . 0 exp
M
M
48 . 1
(2)
and,

phase sep
sep t
GLCC
inlet
A m
A m
M
M
2
2
&
&
=
(3)

where,
t
m& is the corresponding total liquid or gas mass
flow rate through the slot ,
sep
m& is the total liquid or gas mass
flow rate in the GLCC, and A
sep
and A
phase
are the cross
sectional area of the GLCC, and the actual area occupied by the
liquid or gas phases at the slot, respectively.
For simplicity a linear tangential velocity distribution is
adopted and is given by,

sep
w t t c
R
r
(z) v (r) v =
(4)

Furthermore, the maximum value of the tangential velocity
at the wall can be determined by using the swirling intensity
concept. Once is determined at any cross-section of the
GLCC, one can obtain the maximum tangential velocity, which
occurs at the wall of the pipe, for any axial location is given by
Gomez et al.
12
,


2
3
v (z) v
avg w t
=
(5)

Droplet Trajectory. Gomez et al.
12
(1999) presented a model
to analyze the upper part of the GLCC, where due to the
turbulence intensity of the swirling gas flow, droplets move
radially towards the wall of the GLCC with an absolute velocity
v
ar =
v
dr
and axially upward with an absolute velocity, v
az =
v
sg
+ v
dz
(r). Noted that v
dr
and v
dz
are the relative droplet velocities
in the radial and axial directions, respectively (neglecting the
fluid radial velocity), and v
sg
is the superficial gas velocity in
the axial direction. In this case, the particle trajectory model is
used to obtain the droplet trajectory by performing a numerical
simulation of the droplet locations for successive time intervals,
starting from the instant at which the droplet is released at the
GLCC center above the inlet. If a droplet travels sufficiently
radially outwards hitting the GLCC walls, it may form a
swirling liquid rivulet spiraling upwards forced by the gas flow
at high velocities.
The equation of motion of a droplet was used to calculate
the velocity field at any location in the upper part of GLCC.
The radial motion of a droplet can be determined by balancing
the droplet centrifugal/buoyancy and drag forces in the radial
direction (local equilibrium). The expression for radial droplet
slip velocity was simplified by considering the swirling decay
factor, (z), yielding:

r
Cd
d

d
z v
(r) v
d
g
g l
sep
sg
dr
3
) ( 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(6)

Similarly, by balancing the gravitational/buoyancy and drag
forces axially, the droplet slip velocity in the axial direction, as
per Stokes law, assuming laminar flow, is given as:

g
d g p
dz

d ) (
(r) v
18
2

=
(7)

The velocity used for the drag force calculation, v
dd,
is
based on the resultant of the relative velocities of the droplet,
and is given by,

) ( ) (
2 2
) ( r v r v v
dz dr dd
r + =
(8)

The expression for drag coefficient, Cd, as suggested by
Magnaudet
13
(1997), is given as,

( )
687 0
Re 15 0 1
Re
24
.
. Cd + =
(9)

where Re is the Reynolds number of the droplet, which is
calculated based on diameter, d
d
, density,
d
, and the resultant
relative velocity, v
dd
, of the droplet, and the viscosity the
continuous phase,
g
.
The droplet moves radially at an absolute velocity, v
ar
(r),
which can be equated to v
dr
(r) by neglecting the radial velocity
of the continuous phase, v
gr
(r). The axial velocity of the droplet,
v
az
(r), is equivalent to the resultant of the surrounding fluid
velocity v
gz
(r) and the droplet velocity v
dz
(r). Equating the time
period for the radial and axial movements of the droplet and
solving for axial distance yields the governing equation of
droplet trajectory in a swirling flow field. Integration of this
equation along the radial direction gives the total trajectory of
the droplet, namely,

4 Copyright 2001 by ASME
) (

= = dr
(r) v
(r) v (r) v
dr
(r) v
(r) v
z
dr
dz gz
ar
az
d
(10)

The gas vortex characterization around the inlet region can
be used to predict the liquid phase split around the inlet region
and the film thickness of the upward swirling film. The
principal factors that contribute to the separation efficiency are
the interface shape, gas velocity distribution and the pressure
distribution in the vortex. The interfacial interaction between
the gas core and the liquid swirling film in the upper part of the
GLCC depends upon the mechanisms of liquid droplet
formation, interface shape and the interface turbulence intensity.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Experimental Facilities. Experimental facilities include a
standard air-water two-phase flow loop with upstream metering
section using Coriolis mass flow meters for air and water,
GLCC test section, data acquisition and control systems. Figure
4 shows the GLCC test section, which is a 3 GLCC with a 3
inclined inlet pipe and a tangential inlet nozzle with an opening
area of 25% percent of the inlet pipe cross section area. The
liquid film extractor is located just above the inlet. A liquid
control valve in the liquid leg is used to control the liquid level
using the liquid level signal provided by the liquid level sensor,
and a gas control valve in the gas leg is used to control the
operating pressure using the pressure signal provided by the
pressure transducer. The liquid film extractor just above the
inlet consists of a 4 trap annular, a 1 spacing between the
vortex tube and the vortex finder and a 1.5 liquid return pipe to
the liquid leg. The upper end of the vortex tube is machined
inside the pipe wall and forms a small pipe extension with a
sharp edge. The lower end of the vortex finder is machined
outside and forms a cone with a sharp edge.
Experimental Results. The experimental results include the
operational envelopes for liquid carry-over and measurement of
liquid extraction by the liquid film extractor.
Operational Envelope. The operational envelope for liquid
carry-over is a plot of superficial gas velocity (
sg
v ) versus the
superficial liquid velocity (
sl
v ) for the onset of the liquid carry-
over observed in the gas stream. The procedure for generating
the operational envelope experimentally is as follows:

1. Start with high liquid superficial velocities and low gas
superficial velocities.
2. Fix
sl
v and match
sg
v until the onset of the liquid
carry-over in the gas stream is observed.
3. Record the corresponding values of
sl
v and
sg
v .
Repeat for lower
sl
v and higher
sg
v for the onset of
liquid carry-over.
4. Plot the operational envelope, namely,
sl
v vs.
sg
v .

If the operating conditions are below the operational
envelope, no liquid carry-over is occurs. If the operating
condition is above the operational envelope, liquid carry-over is
observed. Figure 5 shows the experimental results of the
operational envelopes for different GLCC configurations;

1. Operational envelope for the original GLCC without
liquid level control.
2. Operational envelope for the original GLCC with
liquid level control.
3. Operational envelope for the modified GLCC for wet
gas applications with liquid level control.

As can be seen, the operational envelope for the original
GLCC terminates at a superficial gas velocity of 20 ft/s. Beyond
this gas velocity, the gas will blow out through the liquid leg
because of the low liquid level in the GLCC. The liquid level
control extends the operational envelope both in the high liquid
velocity and high gas velocity regions. But the operational
envelope terminates at superficial gas velocity of 33 ft/s, which
is the gas critical velocity for the onset of mist flow. Beyond
this gas velocity, mist flow occurs at the upper part of the
GLCC and liquid is carried-over either by fine droplets or by
liquid film along the pipe wall. With the modified GLCC, high
velocity of the gas core through the tangential nozzle pushes the
liquid droplets in the gas core towards the pipe wall forming an
upward liquid film swirling flow. The liquid film extractor
removes all the upward liquid film before the liquid gets re-
entrained into the gas core. Therefore, the modified GLCC can
operate at very high gas velocities (beyond 33 =
crit
ft/s) and
still can tolerate superficial liquid velocities up to 0.5 ft/s. The
operational envelope for the modified GLCC terminates at
superficial gas velocity of 58 ft/s because of the capacity
limitation of the compressor. The operational envelope can
extend further in the higher gas velocity region until the axial
gas velocity is high enough to re-entrain the liquid into the gas
core.
Measurement of Liquid Extraction. It is very difficult to
measure the liquid carry-over for a conventional GLCC
operating at high gas velocities due to the occurrence of mist
flow of the gas stream. This can be achieved using the liquid
film extractor of the modified GLCC at high gas velocities for
liquid superficial velocities below the operational envelope, say,
less than 0.5 ft/s. At these gas and liquid flow conditions the
liquid film extractor can extract all the liquid flowing upwards
without any liquid carry-over in the gas stream. This can be
considered to be the actual liquid carry-over for a conventional
GLCC. The experimental results are presented as two cases, one
based on the liquid superficial velocity and the other based on
the liquid loading.
Case 1: In this case, several superficial liquid velocities
between 0.1 ft/s and 0.5 ft/s were tested for different superficial
gas velocities to obtain the amount of liquid extraction in terms
of absolute quantity and as percentage of the inlet liquid
5 Copyright 2001 by ASME
volumetric flow rate. The procedure for obtaining the data is as
follows:

1. Choose a
sl
v , which is less than the maximum value
(0.5 ft/s) that the GLCC can tolerate for high gas
velocities;
2. Increase
sg
v until the formation of the upward liquid
swirling film is observed (around 40 ft/s at
atmospheric pressure) while maintaining the same
sl
v ;
3. Wait until the gas and liquid flow reach steady-state;
4. Close the valve at the bottom of the liquid return pipe
and record the initial level and time starting to trap
liquid in the return pipe from the liquid extractor;
5. Read and record the level increment after a known
time interval for one data point;
6. Increase
sg
v by 5 ft//s while keeping the
sl
v constant,
repeat steps 4 and 5 for another data point;
7. Repeat step 6 until the maximum
sg
v (60 ft/s) is
reached for one set of data;
8. Modify the
sl
v and repeat steps 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 for
another set of data;

Figure 6 shows the plots of absolute quantity of liquid
extraction versus
sg
v for different
sl
v . The following
observations can be made:

The liquid extraction trend is different for higher and
lower superficial liquid velocities. At higher
sl
v (exceeding 0.4 ft/s), the amount of the liquid
extraction decreases with the increase of
sg
v initially,
and increases after a
sg
v of 55 ft/s. However, at lower
sl
v (less than 0.4 ft/s) the liquid extraction increases
with the increase of
sg
v . The liquid extraction is fairly
constant at
sl
v of 0.4 ft/s. This phenomenon can be
explained through the inlet nozzle analysis. At higher
liquid flow rates (0.5 ft/s), the liquid film level at the
inlet nozzle is relatively high and sensitive to the gas
flow rate. With the increase of the gas flow rate, the
liquid is accelerated through the nozzle and more
liquid is pushed downwards due to the inclined inlet.
As a result, the liquid extraction decreases with the
increase of
sg
v . When the gas velocity reaches, say, 55
ft/s, this nozzle effect is diminished and more liquid is
picked up by the gas core.
The amount of liquid extraction increases with the
increase of liquid superficial velocity at the same gas
velocity. This can be expected intuitively due to the
presence of more liquid in the upper part of the GLCC.

Figure 7 shows the plots of the same data as percentage of
the inlet liquid volumetric flow rate. As can be seen, the liquid
extraction trend for different flow conditions is similar to the
plots in Fig. 6. But at high gas velocities (larger than 55 ft/s), all
the liquid extraction curves overlap for different liquid flow
rates. It can be noted that the liquid extraction is in the range of
0.5-3.2%.
Case 2: Percent liquid extraction for different inlet liquid
loading. The liquid loading is defined as,


Gas MMcft
Liquid cft
Loading Liquid =
..(11)

The procedure for obtaining the data is as follows:

1. Fix a liquid loading;
2. Choose a
sg
v , determine the corresponding liquid
flow rate based on the liquid loading;
3. Follow steps 3, 4 and 5 of case 1;
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for different
sg
v at same liquid
loading.
5. Repeat 2, 3 and 4 for different liquid loading.

Figure 8 shows the percent liquid extraction for different
liquid loadings. The following observations can be made:

For lower liquid loading (less than 1800), the liquid
extraction curves nearly overlap in the whole range of
superficial gas velocities.
For higher liquid loading (larger that 1800), the
percent liquid extraction is much larger than that for
lower liquid loading in the relatively lower gas
velocity (less than 55 ft/s) region. For
sg
v larger than
55 ft/s, the percent liquid extraction curves overlap for
different liquid loading conditions.

GLCC Design Guidelines for Wet Gas Applications
The GLCC design guidelines for wet gas applications are
formulated based on the physical flow mechanisms,
experimental data and modeling. These design guidelines
should be considered as the limiting design parameters
appropriate for each element of the GLCC, to ensure proper
performance for wet gas operations. The specific elemental
GLCC design criteria are given below:
GLCC Diameter: The GLCC diameter is determined by the
superficial gas velocity. Based on the experimental data at low
pressures, the axial gas velocity in the GLCC should be high
enough, say, twice the critical velocity, to push the liquid
droplet to the wall and take the liquid film up to the liquid
6 Copyright 2001 by ASME
extractor, but low enough to maintain the angle of upward
swirling liquid film flat. The recommended gas velocity in the
GLCC is between 2-3 times of the critical velocity. In order to
avoid liquid carry-over in the gas stream, the liquid superficial
velocity should be less than 0.5 ft/s.
Inclined Inlet Diameter and Inclination Angle: The inlet
diameter should be as large as possible to promote liquid
stratification. For annular/mist flow, the pipe diameter is not as
important as that for liquid dominated flow. It is recommended
that the inclined pipe diameter is the same as the GLCC body
due to high gas velocity. The inclination angle of the inlet is
very important for the liquid split through the inlet nozzle. The
recommended inclination angle is between 20
0
to 30
0
based
on the experimental data. The length of the inlet pipe should be
around 10 times that of the GLCC diameter to promote liquid
stratification.
Inlet Nozzle Area: The inlet nozzle area should be small
enough to ensure that the mixture tangential velocity is in the
range of 4-5 times of the axial gas velocity in the GLCC, in
order to force the fine liquid droplet to the pipe wall. But it
should be as large as possible to reduce the chances of liquid
droplet formation through the nozzle. Also, the tangential
velocities at the GLCC entrance should be lower than the
erosion velocity in accordance to the API RP14E or any other
appropriate erosion guidelines.
Liquid Film Extractor: It includes the extractor annulus,
length of the low part of the annulus, spacing between the
vortex tube and the vortex finder and the liquid return pipe. The
dimension of the annulus is recommended to be one fifth of
GLCC diameter. The length of the lower part of the annulus
should be large enough to collect the extracted liquid without
flooding the extractor (one half of the GLCC diameter). The
spacing of the liquid extractor should be wide enough to let the
liquid film diverge to the annulus, but small enough to ensure
no secondary flow around the gap (between one fourth and one
third of the GLCC diameter). It is necessary to machine the top
end of the vortex tube and form an inside cone to divert the
liquid film to the annulus through the gap. Also, it is necessary
to machine the bottom end of the vortex finder or use a reduced
diameter pipe to form an outside cone so as to enable the liquid
droplets to hit its outside and fall down to the annulus. The
diameter of the liquid return pipe should be large enough to
drain the extracted liquid and provide a stable liquid level,
which can be used as a reliable level signal to control the liquid
level in the GLCC.
GLCC Height (upper and lower parts): The length of the
upper part of the GLCC above the inlet should be long enough
to install the liquid film extractor. The optimal location of the
liquid film extractor should be based on the droplet trajectory to
allow the fine droplets move to the GLCC wall. But it should be
close to the upper part of the inlet to avoid liquid re-entrained in
the gas core. The recommended location of the liquid film
extractor is 2-3 times of the GLCC diameter above the inlet.
The length of the vortex finder is determined by the
construction limitation. The length of the lower part of the
GLCC below the inlet should be sufficient enough to maintain a
finite liquid column below the vortex, for different flow
conditions. This will provide sufficient residence time for the
separation of bubbles from the liquid phase and prevent the
entrapment of bubbles in the exiting liquid stream. The
recommended value for the length of the lower part of the
GLCC is 4 to 5-ft minimum for GLCCs less than 1-ft diameter.
For larger diameter GLCCs, it should be based on bubble
trajectory analysis.
Liquid and Gas Exit Pipes: The diameters of the liquid
and gas exit pipes should be determined based on the
downstream equipment. The performance of the GLCC will not
be affected by the configurations of the liquid and gas exit pipe
if the liquid level is very well maintained in the GLCC by a
suitable level control system. For a metering loop configuration
without liquid level control, the liquid and gas leg should be
properly designed so that the pressure drops along the liquid
and gas legs are balanced to maintain the liquid level in the
GLCC in an acceptable range.

CONCLUSIONS
A modified GLCC for wet gas applications has been
developed and tested. The liquid film extractor and the
liquid return pipe enable the GLCC to be operated at high
gas velocities (beyond the critical velocity) without liquid
carry-over in the gas stream.
Detailed experimental investigations have been conducted
to evaluate the performance of the modified GLCC in terms
of operational envelope for liquid carry-over and liquid
extraction by the liquid film extractor at high gas velocities.
The separation mechanism is high g forces pushing the
liquid droplets to the GLCC wall and forming an upward
swirling film. The liquid film is extracted by a liquid film
extractor, which is installed just above the inlet, and is
returned to the liquid stream through a liquid return pipe.
The experimental results show that the operational
envelope for liquid carry-over expands in the high gas
velocity region (up to 60 ft/s) and the highest liquid
velocity that can be tolerated is about 0.5 ft/s. The Results
also show that the liquid film extractor can remove all the
upward swirling liquid film along the upper part of the
GLCC wall without any liquid carry-over through the gas
stream for high gas velocities, say, 40-60 ft/s, and low
liquid velocities, say, less than 0.5 ft/s.
The preliminary design guidelines based on the models and
the experimental investigations are provided for high GOR
and wet gas applications.

NOMENCLATURE
A = cross sectional area (ft
2
)
d = diameter (ft)
Cd = drag coefficient (-)
M = momentum (lbf)
7 Copyright 2001 by ASME
m& = mass rate (Lbm/s)
r = radial distance (ft)
R = pipe radius (ft)
Re = Reynolds number (-)
v = velocity (ft/s)
We = Weber number
z = axial distance (ft)
Greek Letters
= incremental
= viscosity (lbf s/ft
2
)
= density (lbm/ft
3
)
= swirl intensity (-)
= surface tension ( dyne/cm)
Subscripts
a = absolute
avg = average
crit = critical
d = droplet
g = gas
inlet= inlet
l = liquid
dd = resultant velocity of droplet
r = radial coordinate
s = superficial
sep = separator
t = tangential
w = wall
z = axial coordinate

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Tulsa University Separation
Technology Projects (TUSTP) member companies for
supporting this project.

REFERENCES
1. Kouba, G.E., Shoham, O. and Shirazi, S.: Design and
Performance of Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separators,
Proceedings of the BHR Group 7
th
International Meeting on
Multiphase Flow, Cannes, France, June 7-9, 1995, pp. 307-327.
2. Gomez, L.E., Mohan, R. S., Shoham, O., and Kouba, G.E.:
Enhanced Mechanistic Model and Field Application Design of
Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separators, SPE 49174,
presented at SPE Annual Meeting, New Orleans, September 27-
30, 1998.
3. Mohan, R., Wang, S., Shoham, O. and Kouba, G.: Design and
Performance of Passive Control System for Gas-Liquid
Cylindrical Cyclone Separators, ASME J. Energy Resources
Technology, v. 120(1), March 1998, pp. 49-55.
4. Wang, S., Mohan, R., Shoham, O. Marrelli, J.D. and Kouba, G.:
Optimal Control Strategy and Experimental Investigation of
Gas-Liquid Compact Separators, SPE 63120, presented at the
SPE 75
rd
Annual Meeting, Dallas, October 1-4, 2000.
5. Wang, S., Mohan, R.S., Shoham, O., Marrelli, J. D. and Kouba,
G.E.: "Development of Integrated Control Strategies and System
Simulators for Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone," ASME
Transactions, Journal of Energy Resources Technology,
December 2000.
6. Wang, S., Mohan, R.S., Shoham, O., Marrelli, J. D. and Kouba,
G.E.: "Performance Improvement of Gas Liquid Cylindrical
Cyclone Separators Using Integrated Liquid Level and Pressure
Control Systems," ASME Transactions, Journal of Energy
Resources Technology, December 2000.
7. Chirinos, W.A., Gomez, L.E., Wang, S., Mohan, R., Shoham, O.
and Kouba, G.E., "Liquid Carry-over in Gas-Liquid Cylindrical
Cyclone Compact Separators," SPE Journal, Vol.5, No.3,
September 2000, pp259-267.
8. Stewart, A.C., Chamberlain, N.P. and Irshad, M.:A New
Approach to Gas-Liquid Separation, SPE 50685, presented at
the SPE European Petroleum Conference, Hague, Netherlands,
October 20-22, 1998.
9. Meng, W., Chen, T.X., Kouba, G.E., Sarica, C. and Brill, J.P.:
Experimental Study of Low Liquid Loading Gas-Liquid Flow in
Near-Horizontal Pipes, SPE 56466, presented at the SPE 74
rd

Annual Meeting, Houston, October 3-6, 2000.
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Annular Flow, Int. J. of Heat Mass Transfer (1989) 32, No. 10,
1835.
11. Chang, F. and Dhir, V. K.: Turbulent Flow Field in
Tangentially Injected Swirl Flows in Tubes, Int. J. Heat
and Fluid Flow, October 1994, vol. 15, pp. 346-356.
12. Gomez, L.E., Mohan, R.S., Shoham, O., Marrelli, J.D. and
Kouba, G.E.: Aspect Ratio Modeling and Design Procedure for
GLCC Compact Separators, ASME J. Energy Resources
Technology, vol. 121 (1), March 1999, 15-23.
13. Magnaudet, J. J.: The Forces Acting on Bubbles and
Rigid Particles, FEDSM, ASME, Vancouver, Canada,
June 22, 1997.











8 Copyright 2001 by ASME
Fig. 1 Schematic of GLCC Compact Separator Fig. 1 Schematic of GLCC Compact Separator
Gas-Liquid
Inlet
LC
PC
Liquid Outlet
Gas Outlet
Liquid Level
Controller
GCV
LCV
Level Sensor
Pressure
Controller
Pressure Sensor
Liquid Film Extractor
Liquid Return Pipe
Vortex Finder
Vortex Tube
Fig. 2 Schematic of Modified GLCC Compact Separator for Wet Gas Applications
Gas-Liquid
Inlet
LC
PC
Liquid Outlet
Gas Outlet
Liquid Level
Controller
GCV
LCV
Level Sensor
Pressure
Controller
Pressure Sensor
Liquid Film Extractor
Liquid Return Pipe
Vortex Finder
Vortex Tube
Gas-Liquid
Inlet
LC LC
PC PC
Liquid Outlet
Gas Outlet
Liquid Level
Controller
GCV
LCV
Level Sensor
Pressure
Controller
Pressure Sensor
Liquid Film Extractor
Liquid Return Pipe
Vortex Finder
Vortex Tube
Fig. 2 Schematic of Modified GLCC Compact Separator for Wet Gas Applications
9 Copyright 2001 by ASME
Annular
Vortex
Finder
Liquid
Return
Pipe
Liquid Film
Extraction
Spacing Vortex
Tube
Fig. 3 Schematic of Liquid Film Extractor
a: Regular Pipe Vortex Finder
b: Reduced Diameter Vortex Finder
Annular
Vortex
Finder
Liquid
Return
Pipe
Liquid Film
Extraction
Spacing Vortex
Tube
Annular
Vortex
Finder
Liquid
Return
Pipe
Liquid Film
Extraction
Spacing Vortex
Tube
Fig. 3 Schematic of Liquid Film Extractor
a: Regular Pipe Vortex Finder
b: Reduced Diameter Vortex Finder
Figure 4 - Test Section
Annulus
Vortex Finder
Liquid Return
Pipe
Liquid Film
Extraction Spacing
Vortex Tube
Annulus
Vortex Finder
Liquid Return
Pipe
Liquid Film
Extraction Spacing
Vortex Tube
10 Copyright 2001 by ASME
Figure 5. Operational Envelope for Liquid Carry -Over Figure 5. Operational Envelope for Liquid Carry -Over
Fig. 6 Liquid Extraction Absolute Quantity for Different Liquid Rates Fig. 6 Liquid Extraction Absolute Quantity for Different Liquid Rates
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
35 40 45 50 55 60
Vsg (ft/s)
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

L
i
q
u
i
d

E
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

(
c
f
/
m
i
n
)
Vsl=0.5 ft/s Vsl=0.4 ft/s
Vsl=0.3 ft/s Vsl=0.2 ft/s
Vsl=0.1 ft/s
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Vsg (ft/s)
V
s
l

(
f
t
/
s
)
LC recombined outlet
No LC recombined outlet
Modified GLCC
11 Copyright 2001 by ASME

Fig. 8 Liquid Extraction Percentage for Different Liquid Loading
Fig. 7 Liquid Extraction Percentage for Different Liquid Rates

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
35 40 45 50 55 60
Gas Velocity (ft/s)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

L
i
q
u
i
d

E
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Vsl=0.5 ft/s
Vsl=0.4 ft/s
Vsl=0.3 ft/s
Vsl=0.2 ft/s
Vsl=0.1 ft/s
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
35 40 45 50 55 60
Vsg (ft/s)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

L
i
q
u
i
d

E
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
Liquid Loading=900 Liquid Loading=1200
Liquid Loading=1800 Liquid Loading=2500
Liquid Loading=8000