Emotionally charged: A practice-centred enquiry of digital jewellery and personal emotional significance

Jayne Wallace

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

July 2007

Acknowledgements
Firstly I would like to offer huge thanks to my supervisory team. To Andy Dearden for his continuous guidance, invaluable knowledge, patience, generosity of spirit and keenness to embrace ideas surrounding jewellery - all were invaluable to me. Thanks to Tom Fisher for accepting the difficult task of taking over supervision at a late stage in the research and for guidance and help through the writing up. To Mike Press for his nurturing attitude, boundless enthusiasm, insights into the potential of research and his friendship. He has been a wonderful and inspirational tutor. I would also like to thank Hazel White for her encouragement to embark on research, for wonderful discussions about jewellery and for her support. Thank you to each of you for the opportunities you have given me throughout the research process. Although not an official member of my supervisory team I would like to say a tremendous thank you to Patrick Olivier at Newcastle University for finding digital jewellery an interesting and intriguing idea and for his amazing support in the fine grained editing of the thesis over the past year; he has made a world of difference to the completion of this work. Thank you to the individuals who agreed to be participants in the process. To Gene, Mark & Ben for involvement in the early stages of the stimuli, for giving of their time and engaging in discussions about the work. To Ana, Emma & Faith for their time, interest, being involved in responses to the stimuli as well as the pieces themselves and for being truly inspirational individuals. Special thanks goes to Katie Davies for help in making the films that accompany each piece, for her generosity, patience and enthusiasm. To Christoph Zellweger for images of his work, but more importantly for his great propensity to discuss work and ideas, eagerness to embrace new ideas and spend time (even international phone calls) talking through ideas a wonderful inspirational tutor. Ulrike Bartels and Malin Lindmark Vrijman for their willingness to discuss perspectives on jewellery and practice. Their work has been a great inspiration to me thank you both. Thank you to Peter Wright and John McCarthy for inspirational discussions and collaborations. Both have generously given of their perspectives, shown great interest in my work and helped nurture my ideas. Thank you for the opportunities you have given me and for your openness to engage with the idea of digital jewellery. Also thank you to Stephen Bottomley for valuable insights and support and to Graham Long at York University for discussions around the digital aspects of the pieces. Great thanks go to Daniel Gratiot and family for wonderful images of Nicole Gratiot Stbers work. Equally, thank you to Hiroko Ozeki for beautiful images of her work, to Lin Cheung, to Gallery Marzee and to Galerie Louise Smit for permission to use images in this thesis. To Jane Harris, Roberta Bernabei, Fiona Candy, Lui Ciolfi, David Humphrey, Sandy Black and Andrew Chetty for interest in the research, discussions and invitations to speak at seminars and student cohorts and opportunities to exhibit the work. A huge thank you goes to Culture Lab at Newcastle University for hosting me for a year as an artist in residence and supporting the write up as well as the development of new work. To the ceramics department at Chesterfield College for firing the porcelain objects for Traces. To jewellery technicians Steve and Roy at Sheffield Hallam University for years of support and Sheffield humour. To my fantastic peers in Culture Lab at Newcastle University who have made the final stage of writing up fun. Thank you to my fellow students at Sheffield Hallam University a brilliant group of people who have been enthusiastic about craft, art and design research. In particular my thanks go to Peter Walters, Jenny Hutton & Michael Hohl for years of support, belief, discussion and chair aerobics you are all stars. Finally the biggest thank you is for my Mum and my husband Gary for their never-ceasing support and encouragement through all the ups and downs of the PhD. You are wonderful.

Previous presentation
Elements of this research have been presented in workshops, conferences, books and journals over the past five years. In (Downs, J. & Wallace, J. 2002) I presented collaborative research with Jennifer Downs to the Design and Emotion conference 2002, organised by the Design and Emotion Society and the Design Research Society. This research explored the use of a personal construct psychology tool to learn aspects of how jewellery was perceived and understood. In (Wallace 2003) I presented early stages of the research and achieved a place at the conference doctoral consortium at HCI2003: Designing for Society organised by the British HCI Group. This paper described my formulations of a contextual review (extended in Chapter 2), critique of current digital devices (extended in Chapter 3) and methodology (extended in Chapters 4 & 5). The international contemporary jewellery convention Ars Ornata 2003 Zurich, gave me the opportunity to present and discuss early stages of the research relating to jewellery and personal emotional significance (extended in Chapters 4 & 5) to an audience of contemporary jewellers. A research seminar hosted by the University of Central England, Birmingham Institute of Art and Design 2003 also gave me the opportunity in 2003 to present my research to peers across the UK academic community in art and design. In (Wallace, J. & Press, M. 2003) I collaborated with Mike Press to describe the value of a jewellers perspective to the design and consideration of wearable digital objects for the Sixth Asian Design Conference, 2003, Japan (extended in Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 5). I was invited to present my research at a multi-disciplinary research seminar focusing on the experience of technology at the Interaction Design Centre, University of Limerick, 2004. In (Wallace, J & Press, M 2004 [1]) I presented a collaborative paper, written with Mike Press at the PixelRaiders2 conference, Sheffield Hallam University. The paper (extended in Chapter 4) presented the concept of beauty as an emotional term related to enchantment, intuition and empathy and as a key aspect of craft practice, stating the relevance of craft to design in a digital age. The paper won the conference award for best paper and was selected for publication in the Design Journal (Wallace, J. & Press, M. (2004[2]). I was an invited keynote speaker at the ChallengingCraft conference, Grays School of Art, Aberdeen, 2004. The conference focused on the validity of craft to our current age and how the many aspects of craft practice and the resulting artefacts may have new relevancies in a developing digital age. I was able to present (Wallace, J. 2004) the first of my digital jewellery proposals at this conference and offer my perspectives on the valuable qualities of craft practice to a digital age (extended in Chapters 2,3,4,5 &7). I collaborated with Andy Dearden (Wallace, J. and Dearden, A. 2004) on a chapter for the book Future Interaction Design edited by Pirhonen et al. (2004) published by Springer Verlag. We used the opportunity to discuss digital jewellery as experience, taking aspects 3

of Wright and McCarthys (2004) work on experience to digital and non-digital jewellery. We explored the relevance of a framework for experience to the design and consideration of what digital jewellery could be and our approach to design in this area (related work can be found in Chapters 4, 5, & 7). Direct collaboration with McCarthy and Wright led to (McCarthy, J. Wright, P., Wallace, J. and Dearden, A. (2004 [1&2] & 2006) in which we focused on the experience of enchantment in human-computer interaction and digital jewellery presented at CHIFringe 2004 and DIS 2004 conferences and selected for publication in Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Journal 2006. This work drew from my previous collaborations on beauty with Mike Press and enabled me to consider further the role of enchantment for digital objects (extended in Chapter 4 & 7). In (Wallace, J, Dearden, A & Fisher, T. 2005) I presented to the Wearable Futures conference the three final digital jewellery pieces along with methods and perspectives leading to these. Our paper focused on contextualizing the future potential of wearable technologies. The paper was selected for publication in the journal AI and Society 2006 (Wallace, J, Dearden, A and Fisher, T. 2006) (extended through Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7). Films of each piece were exhibited as part of the Wearable Futures 2005 conference and as part of Interrogating Fashion at the ICA, London and London College of fashion (2005). I have presented the research to art and design departments at Loughborough University during 2005 & 2006 as part of my role as visiting lecturer. I have also been invited to present the research to art and design departments at the University of Central Lancashire (2006) and the Royal College of Art Goldsmithing, silversmithing, metalwork and jewellery department (2007). I was a guest presenter at the Royal College of Art AHRC Methods Network Expert Seminar Blue Skies and Singing Rings in 2006, where I was able to present my methods, overview of my approach and final pieces to leading contemporary jewellers, craftspractitioners, researchers and developers of digital technologies. I have collaborated with Wright and McCarthy in 2007 (Wright, P, Wallace, J and McCarthy, J. (In press)) for TOCHI; the leading journal in HCI to focus on the aesthetics of experience centred design, using one of the doctoral pieces (blossom) as a case study. In (Wallace, J, Jackson, D, et al. 2007) I presented my methods, research approach and final pieces to the FACT workshop Northumbria University along with pieces of digital jewellery made following the doctoral research. It was key to demonstrate the implementation of the relevant technologies within some of the doctoral work and to articulate the value of jewellery as intimate forms of object to researchers and technology developers.

Abstract
The aim of this research was to explore the possible integration of digital technologies and contemporary jewellery towards the development of digital jewellery; jewellery objects embedded with electronic components. I sought to investigate the relevancies and appropriateness of such integration as extensions of contemporary jewellery through personally and emotionally significant experience. A critical contextual review reveals that wearable digital objects are fast emerging phenomena, but that the majority of existing approaches to their development, both conceptual and physical, are from outside the field of contemporary jewellery. In consequence the majority of developments commonly miss many of the subtleties and dynamics of what contemporary jewellery can be. Notable differences relate to interpretations of the aesthetics of jewellery, the relationship jewellery may have with the body and the role jewellery may play within human relationships. This critique is extended through the notion of the gadget. Current approaches to the design of wearable digital objects are led chiefly by an opportunistic use of the body as a mobile location serving to satisfy an increasing desire for ubiquitous computing. Such approaches encourage interpretations of digital objects as function led devices that have a transferable significance, are part of a fast paced consumption cycle and neglect considerations of emotionally rich interactions between people and digital objects. I have developed a practice-centred methodology rooted in craft practice that tests the appropriateness of contemporary jewellery practice as a creative strategy and research tool in the development of personal and emotionally significant digital jewellery. My process focuses on the involvement of individual participants with the aim of weaving aspects of their personal histories that are emotionally meaningful to them into pieces of digital jewellery. Innovative methods (stimuli) draw on methods from Interaction Design and atypical approaches to contemporary jewellery practice to facilitate contemporary jewellery practice as a directly social activity. In addition the research develops a perspective of the interconnected sensibilities within craft practice, of beauty, enchantment and empathy that enable it to offer an approach centred on the social and discursive elements of emotion. The participants responses to the digital jewellery proposals reveal insights into opposing expectations and assumptions of digital objects and jewellery objects and also how the digital jewellery proposals were interpreted and appropriated in a personally emotionally significant context. Additional insights are revealed relating to perceptions of jewellery as intensely personal types of objects, strong connections between participants inter-personal human relationships and their personal criteria for beauty and to shifts between how the participants referred to the pieces as personal or shared experiences depending on whether they regarded them as a piece of digital or non-digital jewellery. The research culminates in a body of work, both physical and conceptual that has relevance for both design and theory. Contributions to knowledge are claimed in the following areas: The novelty of the investigation to explore the relevancies and appropriateness of digital jewellery for personally and emotionally significant experience. 5

The identification that the highly prescriptive and limited nature of existing approaches to digital objects limit our experiences as well as our expectations and assumptions of what digital can be. The characterisation of jewellery as a particular, intimate form of object that has a strong role within our developing sense of self and within meaningful and personal human relationships. And the utilisation of jewellery as a vehicle through which to explore the potential for digital objects to have a meaningful and personally significant context. The extension of contemporary jewellery practice through this utilisation; through creating a characterisation of contemporary jewellery practice as a process centred on emotion as social, discursive and human-relational; and through a hybrid methodology, where jewellery and craft processes integrated methods from HCI. The creation of a reflective view of craft practice as an innovative, empathic creative strategy relating strongly to beauty, which identifies the value of craft practice to a digital culture. The resulting series of physical jewellery objects that are both physical and conceptual propositions of digital jewellery. They act as challenges and alternatives to current assumptions of digital qualities and demonstrate that digital jewellery may be personally meaningful and have a different pace and texture to current digital objects. Each individual piece proposes a different class of object. The identification of the following from the participants responses: strong connections between inter-personal relationships and a personal criteria for beauty: shifts in their perceptions of jewellery from personal (non-digital) to shared with an intimate group of people (digital): complex tensions around the idea of digital jewellery that related to assumptions of materials, aesthetics, functionality, status of object and lifespan.

Table of contents
Acknowledgements.............................................................................................. 2 Previous presentation ........................................................................................... 3 Abstract .............................................................................................................. 5 Table of contents.................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 11 1.1 Scope and methods .................................................................................. 15 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................... 18 1.3 Thesis structure ....................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Contextual review ......................................................................... 21 2.1 Jewellery ................................................................................................. 23 2.1.1 Historical context ............................................................................. 23 2.1.2 Contemporary jewellery................................................................... 24 2.1.2.1 Jewellery as a vehicle for comment and expression................... 25 2.1.2.2 Exploring a makers own sense of selfhood .............................. 28 2.1.2.3 My precious .......................................................................... 30 2.1.2.4 Dialogue................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.5 The body .................................................................................. 36 2.2 Wearable computing and body-centric digital objects .............................. 38 2.2.1 The wearable computer .................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Digital jewellery from non-jewellers ................................................ 42 2.2.2.1 Digital jewellery and human-computer interaction.................... 42 2.2.2.2 Digital jewellery and industrial design ...................................... 45 2.2.2.3 Digital jewellery propositions from contemporary jewellers...... 50 2.3 Beyond current approaches to digital jewellery........................................ 57 Chapter 3: The gadget ..................................................................................... 59 3.1 The gadget in popular culture .................................................................. 61 3.2 Function .................................................................................................. 64 3.3 Cycle of production and critical voice...................................................... 68 3.4 Digital + Jewellery .................................................................................. 70 3.5 Towards digital jewellery ........................................................................ 74 7

Chapter 4: Methodology 1: theoretical development of methodology........... 77 4.1 Creating digital jewellery......................................................................... 78 4.2 Current methodologies............................................................................. 80 4.3 Craft as research methodology................................................................. 84 4.4 Beauty, enchantment and empathy........................................................... 91 4.4.1 Beauty.............................................................................................. 92 4.4.2 Enchantment .................................................................................... 95 4.4.3 Empathy........................................................................................... 97 4.4.4 Beauty and craft practice.................................................................. 99 Chapter 5: Methodology 2: development and practical application of methods through exploratory studies...................................................................... 101 5.1 Socially embedded practice ................................................................... 102 5.2 Experience and personally emotional significance ................................. 105 5.3 Exploratory studies................................................................................ 111 5.4 Selection of participants......................................................................... 112 5.5 Description of individual methods ......................................................... 113 5.5.1 Reflections on stimuli design.......................................................... 120 5.5.2 The process of response ................................................................. 122 5.5.3 My approaches to designing from the stimuli responses ................. 123 5.6 Piece made for Faith.............................................................................. 127 5.7 Piece made for Emma............................................................................ 130 5.8 Piece made for Ana ............................................................................... 134 5.9 Reflections on exploratory studies ......................................................... 137 Chapter 6: The participants responses to the digital jewellery proposals 141 6.1 The response process ............................................................................. 142 6.2 Observations concerning the interview/discussion sessions.................... 146 6.3 Synopses of individual responses........................................................... 148 6.3.1 Synopsis of Faiths response .......................................................... 148 6.3.2 Synopsis of Emmas response ........................................................ 149 6.3.3 Synopsis of Anas response............................................................ 151 6.4 Personal emotional significance............................................................. 153 6.4.1 Personal responses relationships and criteria of beauty ................ 153 8

6.4.2 Fit and resonance ........................................................................... 155 6.4.3 Personal becomes shared................................................................ 164 6.5 Digital jewellery tensions ...................................................................... 166 6.5.1 Expectations and assumptions ........................................................ 166 6.5.2 Object status................................................................................... 168 6.5.3 Permanent v transient ..................................................................... 172 6.6 Reflections on findings .......................................................................... 176 Chapter 7: Discussion, conclusions and future directions............................ 178 7.1 Thesis summary..................................................................................... 179 7.2 Reflections on my process ..................................................................... 186 7.3 Rethinking digital objects ...................................................................... 189 7.4 Digital jewellery: a new category of object ............................................ 192 7.5 Objectives revisited ............................................................................... 194 7.6 Contributions to knowledge................................................................... 197 7.7 Extending the exploration of digital jewellery........................................ 200 References ...................................................................................................... 203 List of Illustrations......................................................................................... 222 Appendices ..................................................................................................... 229 Appendices: Table of contents....................................................................... 230 Appendix A: Examples of Christoph Zellwegers contemporary jewellery 232 Appendix B: Materials and processes from the three exploratory studies 233 1: For Faith ...................................................................................................... 234 1.1 Faiths stimuli returns............................................................................ 234 1.2 My initial thoughts ................................................................................ 243 1.3 Development of idea.............................................................................. 246 1.4 Development of film.............................................................................. 248 1.5 Technological reality ............................................................................. 252 2: For Emma.................................................................................................... 255 2.1 Emmas stimuli returns.......................................................................... 255 2.2 My initial thoughts ................................................................................ 263 2.3 Development of idea.............................................................................. 266 2.4 Development of film.............................................................................. 269 9

2.5 Technological reality ............................................................................. 273 3: For Ana........................................................................................................ 276 3.1 Anas stimuli returns ............................................................................. 276 3.2 My initial thoughts ................................................................................ 284 3.3 Development of idea.............................................................................. 287 3.4 Development of film.............................................................................. 291 3.5 Technological reality ............................................................................. 295 Appendix C: Materials and processes for the participant responses........... 297 1: Documentation given to participants in the response process........................ 298 1.1 Text accompanying the jewellery and film............................................. 298 1.2 Ethics protocol....................................................................................... 299 1.2.1 Rights to confidentiality ................................................................. 299 1.2.2 Pre-interview ethics text................................................................. 299 2: Participants initial responses ....................................................................... 301 2.1 Faith response journal............................................................................ 302 2.2 Faith response photographs.................................................................... 306 2.3 Emma response journal.......................................................................... 307 2.4 Emma response photographs ................................................................. 309 2.5 Emma additional text............................................................................. 311 2.6 Ana response journal ............................................................................. 313 3: Coding and analysis process......................................................................... 317 3.1 Initial coding scheme............................................................................. 317 3.2 Emergent coding scheme ....................................................................... 319 3.3 Examples of coding ............................................................................... 321 4: Transcripts of interview/discussion sessions................................................. 326 4.1 Transcript of interview with Faith.......................................................... 327 4.2 Transcript of interview with Emma........................................................ 373 4.3 Transcript of interview with Ana ........................................................... 407

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1 Introduction
As computing and digital technologies become more ubiquitous in their conception, possibilities of bridging digital objects with the human form are increasing. Designers are seeking to site technology on the body (corporate examples include IBM [1&2], Philips (2000), Nokia [1] and Nike [1]). In tandem, theorists are considering the relationship between technology and the body (Norman in his predictions of wearable technology and body implants (1998), Coyne in terms of embodiment, corporality, our experience of the real and conversely disembodiment in cyberspace (1999), Trend approaching the issue in terms of the diminishment of physicality in our experiences as our use of technology grows (2001) & Rheingold in discussing the developments, implications and possible consequences of wearable computing and cyborgs (2002)). As digital technologies extend their reach into our lives, our increasing interactions with them raises the potential for captivation, enchantment and fascination (McCarthy & Wright (2003, 2004), Coyne (1999)), or conversely, frustration, apathy and doubt (Norman (1998, 2004), McCullough (1996), Cooper (1999)). Despite the views of Norman (1998) and McCullough (1996) that technology led design has resulted in a climate where technology is too intrusive the increased miniaturisation and mobility of digital technologies has led to a number of proposals for digital objects which use jewellery as a way to locate communication and information devices on the body. However, these developments are emerging from outside the field of contemporary jewellery. Consequently digital jewellery is significantly under-explored within contemporary jewellery practice and the emerging developments from other fields present a narrow interpretation of both jewellery and digital technologies. In terms of aesthetics there is a distinct naivety regarding the form, material, connection with the body and scope of interaction of a digital jewellery object. Moreover there is a paucity of approaches that consider emotional and intimate attachments people form with and around objects. These limitations are evident in both physical and conceptual constraints. Beyond this, the qualities that we have come to associate with the digital are born from a predominantly consumer electronics field and are both narrow and hindering if we wish to consider digital 11

technologies having wider, more emotional scope in our lives. Therefore an exploration of digital jewellery that addresses these issues and seeks to escape the limiting assumptions we have of the digital is needed. In collaboration with McCarthy and Wright (McCarthy, Wright, Wallace & Dearden, 2005) I maintain that there is a need to extend our understanding and vision of digital experience into ones ripe for enchantment. McCarthy & Wright (2004) call for a new way of visualising experience with technology: as creative, open, relational and a constituent in felt experience. This kind of approach relates to the felt, emotional and sensual qualities of our experience. Corporate design inevitably conceives wearable digital objects in terms of mass consumption. This has an impact upon the types of interaction proposed, the aesthetics and the interpretations of jewellery objects. Jewellery is often a component of the context of an intimate relationship between people. The relationship between an individual and a piece of jewellery can therefore be personally meaningful. Craft practice can be an intimate and empathic process engaging a practitioner as an individual in the expression of personal ideas through the creation of objects. More specifically it is a form of practice that fuses learned knowledge of making with the desire to create objects for people. The human is very present in craft objects, both in the trace of the maker and in the humanising of various processes, materials and technologies. As such craft as a practice presents a unique approach to the design of digital objects, yet with a few notable exceptions (e.g. McCullough 1996), there have been few attempts to examine crafts implications for design in an increasing digital culture. Contemporary jewellery also has a very unique position both in terms of discipline and medium. Based in craft practice but crossing borders with design and fine art it has a conceptual breadth that enables it to offer valid discourse in each area. As a form of object it is fluid in terms of function, whilst being centred in human relationships and the projection of self to others and to ourselves. It therefore offers a ripe environment within which to explore the potential of personal emotional significance in new digitally interactive forms of jewellery objects.

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My chief aim in this research was to explore the possible integration of digital technologies and contemporary jewellery. I endeavoured to investigate the relevancies and appropriateness of digital jewellery for personal, emotionally significant experience. In order to understand the current terrain in this area I reviewed current approaches to body centric digital objects and found that existing approaches characterise the digital in a particular way. This dominant casting or characterisation was shown to have limited both our experience and expectations of digital objects. By contrasting such work with examples from contemporary jewellery I was able to illustrate that jewellers had taken very different approaches to the design and contextualisation of body centric objects. To illuminate the differences further the gadget served as an extreme case of object that exemplified the highly prescriptive and limited nature of our collective assumptions as to the aesthetics and functionality of digital objects. Both gadget critique, and the collective expectations of digital technologies supported a set of anti-objectives for my research. The role played by jewellery within this enquiry is essentially threefold as lens, tool and vehicle. I acknowledged that it is an unusual and particular form of object: intimate, human-relational, acting as a conduit to other times, places and experiences and as such often having a strong role within our developing sense of self. As a lens jewellery has been something through which to view and critique current approaches to body centric digital objects. As a tool it has been a form of object through which to propose and demonstrate new aesthetics and contexts for digital technologies. And as a vehicle it has provided a means through which to explore new areas and aesthetic potentialities of the digital terrain. As a result of this enquiry I sought to extend the context of contemporary jewellery practice. This research presents digital technologies as a new extension to the creative palette for jewellers. It also demonstrates a different approach to the development of digital objects, from the perspective of a jeweller. I have characterised my practice as a process centred on social, discursive and human-relational aspects of emotion and demonstrated the relevance of craft and contemporary jewellery practice through my hybrid methodology, within the field of Human Computer Interaction.

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Leading on from this last point I have endeavoured to characterise craft practice and its relevance for design in a digital culture. This centred on my vision of craft as an innovative, empathic creative strategy relating strongly to beauty. Finally I created a series of physical jewellery objects that represented digital jewellery propositions resulting from my engagement with a small number of participants. The jewellery pieces represented both physical and conceptual propositions that acted as challenges and alternatives to current assumptions of digital qualities and presented a personally meaningful form of digital jewellery. My goal was not to digitally realise the pieces at this stage, but to be aware through discussion with electronics specialists that my propositions were sound and easily realisable.

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1.1 Scope and methods

This research is about the design and application of personally emotionally significant digital jewellery using the perspective and methods of a contemporary jeweller. My proposal centres on a vision of craft practice as an innovative, creative strategy, engaging with particular sensibilities and sensitivities. My methodology has been, in part, to use my practice as a contemporary jeweller to work with people on an individual basis to gain empathic understanding of aspects of their lives. My aim was to access personally meaningful elements of my participants lives and to interpret these fragments through the design of digital jewellery. It is important to note that there are also developments in digital textiles and clothing, which overlap with the focus of this research in terms of mobile digital technologies worn on the body. However, in this research I have focused on body centric objects rather than garments or textiles. The research process has culminated in a body of work, both physical and conceptual. The results have relevance for both design and theory with regard to our experience of digital objects, of creative practice within digital culture and the value of contemporary jewellery as a process centred on social, discursive and human-relational aspects of emotion. I first explored the potential of digital jewellery in my masters practice through which I created jewellery relating to different aspects of communication. Many of these pieces directly referenced the use of digital technologies. Bare (1997 no image available) explored the use of digital technologies within jewellery forms as sensors of bodily biometrics, translating the data gathered from a body into pulses of light, Echo (figs. 1 & 2 1999) related to a popularised aesthetic of futuristic, space-age technological objects worn on the body and Speak Up (figs. 3, 4 & 5 1999) acted as a personal commentary on the increased prevalence of mobile and stationary surveillance devices. Each of these pieces and series were made to question both my own and an audiences opinion of the increased use, reliance on and expectations of digital technologies. 15

Figs. 1 & 2 Jayne Wallace 1999 Echo Silver and steel

Figs. 3, 4 & 5 Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel and plastic coated wire

Through developing the pieces and critiquing existing forms of information and communication devices I became aware that the issues raised by the potential integration of digital technologies and jewellery were considerable. From my position as a contemporary jeweller I had a contribution to make and a particular location, centred in my practice, which differed from many of the positions of other people designing and conceiving digital objects located on the body. I had the opportunity to ask many more questions and to explore a particular path forward into how integration may be possible that is an extension of contemporary jewellery. 16

My approach has been centred in my craft practice, which has an inherent hybrid aspect arising from engagement with issues extraneous to craft practice itself in order to fuel or inform ideas within practice once again. However, through this research, my practice has embraced further hybridity, by engaging with theory, method and practice connected to, but outside of my field of study. In bringing together separate disciplines one aim has been to extend the existing sensitivities and sensibilities of my own practice as a contemporary jeweller. Moreover, I believe it is important for contemporary jewellers to engage with the potential of digital technologies, as such materials can be an extension of a makers palette, and to be aware of the development of wearable digital objects; as these developments share common ground with jewellery.

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1.2 Objectives
1. To critically review the current capabilities and development of digital devices and ubiquitous computing particularly in the context of jewellery and body centric digital objects. 2. To identify key qualities of contemporary jewellery as a genre of object in order to highlight the potential relevance of an approach centred in contemporary jewellery practice to the design and conception of digital jewellery. 3. To identify qualities currently associated with gadgets that serve as a set of antiobjectives for the development of digital jewellery. 4. To identify existing expectations and assumptions of digital jewellery. 5. To develop and demonstrate research methodologies for integrating digital technologies with contemporary jewellery, presenting a critical reflection of the methodological and design issues arising from the investigation, identifying issues for wider contemporary practice. 6. To investigate the relevance of craft practice as a creative strategy in the developments of body centric digital objects and our experiences within digital culture. 7. To produce a body of work, both conceptual and physical, that explores and represents design propositions that integrate digital technologies with contemporary jewellery in relation to personal emotional significance.

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1.3 Thesis structure

Following the introduction, chapter 2 will present a contextual review focused on two categories of object: contemporary jewellery and pervasive computing relating to wearable computing and body-centric digital objects. The review will draw on craft, contemporary jewellery, industrial design, HCI and interaction design to review the context and different approaches to the development of each category of object. The chapter will identify gaps in existing design and literature that this research endeavours to address and will also offer a context, position and grounding for this research. Chapter 3 (The gadget) will seek to establish a critique of current motivations and approaches towards digital objects centred on the notion of the gadget, drawing attention to the ways many current functionalities of digital objects limit our experiences as well as our expectations and assumptions of digital objects. Key differences will be asserted between contemporary jewellery objects and digital objects and the chapter will detail how this critique of gadgets and the underlying assumptions and expectations of them serves as a set of anti-objectives for the digital jewellery resulting from this research. Chapter 4 (Methodology 1) will present the theoretical development of my methodology. With personal emotional significance in the development of digital jewellery as the central elements to this work this chapter begins by presenting a spectrum of conceptions of emotion from biological correlates, to felt experience and personal biography. This contextualisation of methodologies exploring emotion will show that practical and theoretical attempts to address emotional qualities of experience are at present limited. The chapter continues to explore alternative methodological approaches that consider craft practice as an intellectual form of making with particular qualities relating to beauty, enchantment and empathy. These latter qualities (beauty, enchantment and empathy) are explored in detail and developed to form principal theoretical perspectives that support this research and a particular standpoint in relation to craft practice.

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Chapter 5 (Methodology 2) will outline the development and practical application of methods through exploratory studies involving individual participants. The rationale behind the individual exploratory studies will be detailed centring on the use of contemporary jewellery practice as a direct social activity and as a way of facilitating considerations of digital jewellery as intimate, personally emotionally significant objects based on an individuals personal biography. Chapter 6 will explore how the digital jewellery proposals were perceived by the participants highlighting key insights from the responses relating to firstly the participants feelings of the digital jewellery proposals in relation to personal emotional significance and secondly the participants thoughts and feelings concerning a tension around the integration of digital technologies and jewellery objects. Chapter 7 will offer reflections on the approach that has been adopted and issues that have arisen from the research outcomes. The perspective of digital jewellery, as a new category of object, that has been developed through this research will be articulated. Finally the chapter will detail the research conclusions in relation to the initial objectives and will outline the theoretical contribution this research claims to make, stating the potential for further research.

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2 Contextual review

Digital jewellery can be contextualised from two distinct perspectives: contemporary jewellery practice and pervasive computing practice relating to wearable computing and body-centric digital objects. Through a historical review of jewellery as a social signifier it can be seen that contemporary jewellery is both rooted in this context, but also a category of object that has moved beyond this. Contemporary jewellery often operates as a vehicle through which to present an idea and a means for jewellers to comment on issues connected to jewellery or themes extraneous to the subject. A review of approaches to wearable computing shows a stark contrast between the concerns of pervasive interaction designers and those of contemporary jewellers. In particular, contemporary jewellery practice has demonstrated its value for exploring notions of felt experience. With a view to framing the potential of digital jewellery practice a number of these notions are explored: the use of jewellery practice as a vehicle for the exploration of a makers sense of selfhood; preciousness originating from personal significance stemming from an individuals personal biography and experience of human relationships; the use of jewellery as part of a dialogue and as a tool to facilitate dialogue; and contemporary jewellery as a particular form of object that has an intimate and constant relationship with the body, not defined by wearability. Consideration of wearable computing and body-centric digital objects reveals a shift in our relationships with, and experiences of, digital technologies during the last sixty years. By examining the developments in wearable computing (or wearables) and digital jewellery proposals from non-jewellers and contemporary jewellers, the contrasts between developments in body-centric digital objects and contemporary jewellery can be highlighted. Developments in wearable computers are shown to centre on the computer as a permanently worn and permanently on communication and information device. In contrast with contemporary jewellers, the makers of wearables regard wearability as a primary concern, often in spite of discomforts of scale and weight. Contrasts arise on a number of 21

other dimensions relating to: interaction, usability, aesthetics, the relationship between the object and the body, and the role of digital technologies in human relationships. Digital jewellery proposals from non-jewellers generally originate from a desire to enable ubiquitous mobile technology use. In such cases the body is predominantly seen as a convenient location on which to place digital devices, and jewellery is conceived as a conventional form of adornment. Many examples can be shown to be technology led, simply redeploying functionalities and interaction paradigms from existing devices. These approaches fail to significantly address notions of personal significance and affective potential. Similarly, industrial design proposals for wearable technology emphasise a conventional futuristic aesthetic at the expense of a wider conception of the nature of digital jewellery. In contrast, proposals from contemporary jewellers can be shown to emphasise human relationships, a wider aesthetic, a more considered relationship between digital jewellery and the body, and implicit and unconventional interaction. Another significant aspect of jewellery centred approaches is their articulation of the value of craft practice in the development of digital objects. However, there is a paucity of approaches that examine the emotional significance of objects in relation to personal histories and narratives whereby emotion can be considered a discursive and social phenomenon.

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2.1 Jewellery
Jewellery as a category refers to objects that in simple terms are worn, placed on, or relate to the body, though in reality there are many diverse extensions, subcategories and shifts in this relationship. This section positions contemporary jewellery as a practical and academic sub-discipline within the connected fields of art, design and craft, and establishes the perspectives and motivations of makers of contemporary jewellery focusing on themes and perspectives key to this research area.

2.1.1 Historical context

Historically, jewellery has operated as social and cultural signifier (Turner 1976; Metcalf 1993; Dormer & Turner 1994; Watkins 2002). Critics Dormer & Turner (1985) described jewellery as:
a shrewd monitor, reflecting the ups and downs not only of money and fashion, but also of political, social and cultural change. (Dormer & Turner, 1985: 178)

Anthropologist Randall White offered a rich interpretation of the role of jewellery in understanding aspects of any discovery of collective human coexistence. Jewellery, according to White (1989, 2002[1], 2002[2]), not only functions to denote or display social status, but more significantly acts as a defining signifier that a collective actually functioned as a society; jewellery is a central feature in social and cultural positioning.
" there has been a significant trend in social anthropology toward viewing social identity as constructed and communicated through the medium of bodily adornment we can no longer treat personal ornaments as mere trinkets. To the contrary, they were fundamental components of even the earliest Upper Palaeolithic social systems." (White, 2002[1])

Although in social anthropology, and in many jewellery texts, jewellery is valued as a social signifier, in laypersons terms common assumptions place jewellery primarily in the role of adornment or ornament; a role, which is often regarded as a fashion accessory (Baker 1978), or related to demonstrations of wealth and social status (Shields 1988;

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Peacock 2002; Turner 1996). Maker and gallery owner, Paul Derrez observed that for the wider public there are:
easy standard mass-produced pieces (Derrez, 2005: 11)

In Derrez statement we may interpret easy as jewellery objects that are wearable practically, recognisable as common forms of jewellery and objects that do not provoke questions or debate. The enduring historical context of such forms of jewellery is to reflect a form of belonging, a form of residing within the ideas and themes associated with jewellery, and, as Dormer and Turner (1994) argue, a consequence of this is that much commercial jewellery is designed to fit within a narrow conception of jewellery. However, these traditional clichs and roles of jewellery have been questioned, challenged and extended by a perspective of Western European jewellery rooted in craft practice stemming from the 1950s (Westin 1993; Turner 1976). This is contemporary jewellery.

2.1.2 Contemporary jewellery

Following the Second World War the impact of modernism and advances in technology and mechanisation led many jewellers to reappraise the methods and materials they used. A growing social and political awareness also led to re-evaluations of the motivations and relevance of jewellery practice (Turner 1996). This shift in perspective was championed by the New Jewellery Movement from the mid 1960s (Turner 1976; Turner 1996; Dormer & English 1995) and extended into jewellery education and practice as Contemporary Jewellery within the UK, often referred to as Art Jewellery or Studio Jewellery throughout the rest of Europe. Jeweller Caroline Broadhead states that contemporary jewellery:
sloughed off the assumed connotations of wealth, luxury, durability and privilege (Broadhead, 2005: 25)

Such perspectives continue to influence contemporary jewellery practice and design and position jewellery as a vehicle through which to explore more radical relationships between both self and object, and between maker, audience and practice (Hogg 2004; Watkins 2002; Partington 2004). Dormer and Turner (1994) asserted that contemporary jewellery is the term used to describe a certain genre of jewellery, which in general terms express concepts 24

other than those communicated by the function of the object. There are notable overlaps with the motivations of fine artists, in the use of objects as metaphor or signifier; though key differences include a continued and constant reference to the body and the role of craft practice in its production; as Christoph Zellweger states:
You can not make paintings without reference to painting, nor can you make jewellery without reference to jewellery and relating the jewellery itself to the body. (Zellweger, 1999)

Rosolowski (2002) and Partington (2004) claim that the contemporary jewellery perspective acts to provoke, challenge and extend assumptions as to the form and function of jewellery, though this is only possible by maintaining a connection to the roots and historical or traditional context of jewellery.

2.1.2.1 Jewellery as a vehicle for comment and expression

New Jewellery Movement makers such as Emmy Van Leersum and Gijs Bakker had a significant impact on how we conceive contemporary jewellery today. Their advocacy of inexpensive materials, expansion of the expressive and referential potential of jewellery, and rejection of narrow conceptions of form and body-object relationships (figs. 6 & 7), represented a deliberate social and aesthetic decision. Van Leersum and Bakker presented jewellery as a vehicle by which to question the social and cultural dynamics of jewellery consumption and production.

Fig. 6 Gijs Bakker 1967 Shoulder Piece Anodized aluminium

Fig. 7 Emmy Van Leersum1968 Necklace (object to wear)

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Contemporary jewellery has also served as a platform for ethical comment. In Gold makes blind by Otto Knzli (fig. 8) a black rubber armband completely concealing a gold ball, was made to challenge the audience, and the makers of jewellery, to consider the human injustices conducted in direct relation to the mining of gold. Viewers were led to consider whether they believe there is a gold ball within the piece and if so, whether they perceived the piece to be of greater value even though the gold was hidden. Attention was drawn to the importance of South Africa in gold production, where apartheid was still in operation when this piece was made, Knzlis aim was to question willingness to use or wear the products of such regimes. Bernard Schobingers Holiday in Cambodia (fig. 9) highlighted issues of social decline and human abuse. Schobinger stated that he felt a responsibility as a maker as someone with an audience, to draw attention to social and political injustice through the work he made (Turner 1996).

Fig. 8 Otto Knzli 1980 Gold Makes Blind Rubber and gold

Fig. 9 Bernhard Schobinger 1990 Holiday in Cambodia Silver

The notion that a jewellery object may be a vehicle for the expression of a statement (in these cases ethical statements) was a significant and motivating component of these pieces. This stems from a certain perspective within contemporary jewellery, that of Conceptual Jewellery in which the idea takes precedence over the object (Turner 1996). In 1968 jewellers Knzli, Schobinger and Degen chose to refer to themselves as Jewellery Artists and became advocates of the avant-garde jewellery movement where jewellery was 26

made not as adornment, but as message mediators (Riklin-Schelbert 1999). These perspectives echo and parallel similar developments in art occurring in the 1960s and were driven by the desire of jewellers to distance themselves from the use of jewellery as a statement of socio-economic status and develop it as a vehicle for comment on other social constructs, for example, morality, power and social decline (Riklin-Schelbert 1999). In the 1970s jewellers such as Joachim Baur and Manfred Nisslmller began to extend conceptual jewellery beyond both the notion of an object worn on the body, and the necessity for an object itself. Nisslmller offered amongst other things pieces of text as jewellery, and Baurs Schmuckrahmen (fig. group 10) used an empty picture frame as a device to surround or trap scenes, objects, and views, in the suggestion that they are the piece of jewellery.

Fig. group 10 Joachim Baur 1976 Schmuckrahmen (Jewellery frame) Wood and gold

Whether these pieces are accepted as jewellery remains a moot point (Poston 1994; Dormer & Turner 1994; Sandino 2002) but the primary significance of this work is that these pieces were made by jewellers exploring the medium of jewellery as a concept driven discipline and acted to challenge not only the confines of the subject, but the understanding of the opportunities for jewellery practitioners. There persists through contemporary jewellery a subtext of comment and provocation, which serves to demonstrate how contemporary jewellers have used their work as vehicles through which to make social and personal comment. Turner (1996) asserts that jewellery

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still has a role in our society, an enduring facility to express emotions and to communicate ideas. He posits that jewellers no longer have to produce pretty, decorative designs:
they can make stronger, more relevant work which might address the dilemmas in society and by so doing, oppose them. (Turner, 1996: 88)

Contemporary jewellery practice is now accepted as a critical and reflective process.

2.1.2.2 Exploring a makers own sense of selfhood

Connected to the idea of jewellery as a vehicle for comment and expression is the notion of contemporary jewellery as an exploration of a makers own sense of selfhood. Mah Ranas piece Lost but loved (fig. 11) is an example of a contemporary jeweller exploring her identity, distinct individuality, and what self meant to her. Lost but loved is a self-reflective piece, the making of which spanned a year, during which time Rana saved the hair she lost whilst washing it and kept it in twelve old jewellery boxes. At the end of the year she took some hair from each box and put it in a traditional gold locket, engraved Lost but loved. The piece taps into the historical vocabulary of jewellery, sentimentality and tradition. Description offered by Rana of the ceremony of making the piece lends a narrative backdrop to the final objects, which form a metaphor for the transience of, and attachments we have for, our physical appearance and youth. Beyond this reading, lies an autobiographical work, as Astfalck (2003) comments, Rana has shared with the audience a process of exploration into aspects of what she regards as self.

Fig. 11 Mah Rana 2001/02 Lost but loved Gold (antique locket) hair, and antique jewellery boxes

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This is not an unusual use of practice, many makers perceive themselves to be intimately linked with the work they make and use it to express issues central to their own understanding of selfhood. Clio Braga (fig12) specifies aspects of what self means for him; he describes the fragility of the human body and its inevitable transience (Braga 2005) as central interests in his exploration of selfhood.

Fig. 12 Clio Braga 2002-3 Rubros (in progress) Felt, cotton and red glass beads

Beyond the significance of the fragility of the human body as something that denotes being human Braga focus on these issues as a personal exploration of his sense of self. By focusing on the body, how people live with disease and attempts to cure themselves Braga uses his practice to explore his personal identity related to these issues and experiences. In the series Rubros (fig12) red glass beads were stitched tightly together over a mass of corpuscle-like forms to suggest blood cells in mutated states. In the connected series Full Blown, mortality and the vulnerability of the human body were explored through the creation of objects referencing the moment in time when a fatal disease emerges in the body (Braga 2005). As can be seen from this work, contemporary jewellers are both familiar and comfortable dealing with the theme of self-identity (see also Ozeki, Cheung & Eichenberg, section 2.1.2.3). In contrast with industrially designed products, which are typically presented as closed objects, that is, of a prescribed context of use, branded identity and managed meaning, many contemporary jewellery objects are presented as open objects which stem from the makers personal history and sense of self. Much contemporary jewellery welcomes ambiguity and is open to interpretation. 29

2.1.2.3 My precious

Explorations of the self in contemporary jewellery centre on personal criteria of preciousness related to those things that are personally meaningful and emotionally significant for an individual. Although a wearer or audience has the ability to perceive anything as precious, the desire to focus, through jewellery practice, on preciousness related to personal and emotional significance has endured for many jewellers. Themes such as memories, loss and connections to other people, places and experiences have been explored in these terms. Jewellery operates in part as objects that hold personal associations with an emotional meaning for the owner or maker, and as objects that function within a personal, emotional vocabulary between people. Metcalf argues that jewellery not only functions in this way, but because of its emotional significance can touch people (Metcalf, 1993). While some makers approach notions of loss and memory by seeking to maintain and save aspects of experience, others explore their memories and present interpreted fragments of it through their work (Eichenberg fig. 15). Hiroko Ozeki and Lin Cheung (figs. 13 & 14) created mourning jewellery that sought to reflect on loss and offer something new emerging from it.

Fig. 13 Hiroko Ozeki 2001 Tear Collector Silver

Fig. 14 Lin Cheung 1999 Memoria Ear pins. Silver and gold

Ozekis Tear Collector is a silver cupped rose petal made following the death of her Father. Cheungs piece Memoria is a pair of ear pins of which she says: 30

In memory of my Mother. Whilst sorting through her belongings, I came across several ear scrolls that did not belong to an earring. After putting her affairs in order, I gave the lost scrolls a meaning once more in the form of new jewellery. (Cheung, 2001: 25)

Where the maker handles personally significant subject matter, this intimacy can be reflected in the qualities of the jewellery pieces. As in much jewellery made by Iris Eichenberg (fig. 15) that draws on her childhood memories (Schouwenberg 1998) pieces often operate as puzzles and fragments of the makers story. Preciousness arises in an individuals feelings or more specifically the felt significance of objects because of their place in an individuals biography (Ozeki, Cheung and Eichenberg) and connects strongly to the significance of objects for an individuals sense of self (Rana and Braga see section 2.1.2.2).

Fig. 15 Iris Eichenberg 1998 Brooch Wool and silver

2.1.2.4 Dialogue Contemporary jewellery practice not only involves exploring or expressing selfhood as an individual maker, but also involves different forms of dialogue with an intimate or general audience, something that Broadhead describes as:
a continual two-way process (Broadhead, 2005: 25)

For some makers it is a way of exploring these feelings through making and then expressing them to an audience as a piece of jewellery (Knzli, Schobinger see section 2.1.2.1). Practice may also operate as a vehicle through which a maker can pursue an 31

internal dialogue in exploring their sense of self, personal experiences and biographies (Rana and Braga, section 2.1.2.2 Cheung and Ozeki section 2.1.2.3). For jewellers Cathy Chotard & Fabrice Schaefer (fig. group 16) jewellery practice as a dialogue has been explored more directly through Correspondences: an atypical use of practice and a project in which both makers communicated during the course of a year through producing and exchanging jewellery alone. During this time the pieces became the elements of an extended dialogue between the two makers. Although the meanings, interpretations and communications were not disseminated to a wider audience, the project can be interpreted as an externalisation of the implicit intimate dialogue of making. Here the continuous dialogue of making is teased open by discretising exchanges between the two makers in the form of jewellery objects.

Fig. 16 group images Cathy Chotard and Fabrice Schaeffer 2003 Correspondences 10 rings by each maker, mixed media

As already established (sections 2.1.2.2 & 2.1.2.3) jewellery often functions largely within and to signify interpersonal relationships. These associations and referents give jewellery particular and distinct qualities that afford dialogue around these notions.

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Fig. 17 Astfalck, Paxman & Horn 2004 The meeting of hearts and hands Mixed media

In The meeting of hearts and hands (fig 17) jeweller Jivan Astfalck collaborated with photographer Kate Paxman and curator Andy Horn, within a series of exhibitions titled Self (Craftspace 2004), to explore the role of belonging in relation to cultural, physical and personal identities. The collaborative described their search to characterise and explore jewellery practice within lived experience rather than objectified comment making. Their approach features within a development in jewellery practice where practice itself is increasingly embedded in a direct relationship with the audience it is made for. This development can be charted from the increase of work that plays with and comments on the structures and dynamics of social and inter-personal relationships (Sandino 2002) to jewellers who make pieces that evolve through the interaction with the wearer (Astfalck et al 2004) and where practice becomes a form of action research, embedded in collaboration with the particular audience. In The meeting of hearts and hands a group of female refugees, living in Birmingham, shared aspects of their pasts with one other to develop an understanding of what belonging meant to each person. One outcome of the project was a piece of jewellery made collectively, symbolic of the groups shared stories and feelings. Astfalck et al (2004) described the role of creative practice as a way to:
open up access to a poetic discourseleading us to new understanding, explanations and discoveries focused on an exploration of identity, drawing upon narratives of memory, experience and sense of self (Astfalck et al, 2004)

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Astfalck used the term poetic discourse where language is used for its aesthetic qualities to convey an emotion or express feelings in addition to, or instead of, purely notational and semantic content. The ambiguity of connotational meaning in poetry resists the single definitive reading, leaving language open to multiple interpretations. By focusing on a particular theme that is inspired by the emotional content of personal stories shared by a group of people, this practice enables conversations that purposefully lead to new understandings of the theme. This approach draws influence from an earlier project KPZ-02 by Ulrike Bartels and Malin Lindmark Vrijman. KPZ-02 (Bartels & Lindmark Vrijman, 2002) was an interactive art project based in Amsterdam instigated by the council and inhabitants of a residential area within the Baarsjes, a culturally diverse neighbourhood. One aim of the project was to enhance interpersonal contact in the area between the neighbours. Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman described their focus as:
the personal relationship between people and objects where the personal and emotional are involved (Bartels & Lindmark Vrijman, 2002)

One central theme was home and within one strand of the project members of the community shared, with each other and the jewellers, their stories of what home meant to them. These were interpreted by the jewellers through the making of pieces of jewellery and other objects for each participant (figs. 18 & 19).

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I possess one of my mothers dresses. I keep it in my closet but Id never wear it (participant)

At home I can shut the door behind me. I dont have to carry myself like out there on the street. (participant)

Fig. 18 Ulrike Bartels and Malin Lindmark Vrijman Dress Gold chain and jewellery box project KPZ-02

Fig. 19 Ulrike Bartels and Malin Lindmark Vrijman Handle Chain Gold plated aluminium Project KPZ-02

Similarly to Astfalck they describe their practice as an opportunity to play an active part in society. They maintain that everybody has a story to tell and state that:
(we) are prepared to make the effort that is needed to make it heard, or more accurately, seen. (Bartels & Lindmark Vrijman, 2002)

Both projects by Astfalck et al, and Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman have adopted an altruistic stance through the use of their practice as a tool to open up channels for dialogue. They use practice to engage with groups of people and individuals to facilitate dialogue around issues of community thereby offering new insights into the role of contemporary jewellery practice as an effective medium to explore notions of identity, felt experience and human relationships.

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2.1.2.5 The body

Before considering the nature of wearable digital objects it is important to characterise the relationship between contemporary jewellery and the body. Bruce Metcalf asserts that jewellery is
inextricable from the presence of a living person (Metcalf, 1993: 23)

His statement shows jewellery to have a constant relationship with the body. However, it is important to recognise that in contemporary jewellery this relationship is not dependent on a jewellery object being worn, or even being wearable, as work by Rikkinen (fig. 20) and Fink (fig. 21) demonstrate. Rather, for many contemporary jewellers it is the idea of the jewellery object being worn on the body that is the key component of this relationship (White fig. 22). Metcalf (1996) describes this as the flexible criterion of wearability in contemporary jewellery.

Fig. 20 Anna Rikkinen 2002 Angel Print on glass

Fig. 21 Bernhard Fink 1995 Mirror Ring Glass mirror

Fig. 22 Hazel White 1995 Defence mechanism #4 Steel and surgical glue

Wearability has been explored to extremes in contemporary jewellery, from the physical permanence of a jewellery object on the body (Skubic 1975; White, 1995) to the transience of jewellery made from light (Dahm, 1989) and shadow (Juriens 1997). In contemporary 36

jewellery practice wearability is a considered aspect, often employed to strengthen the concept of the piece. In contemporary jewellery the body is more than spatial convenience but it is a unique location, regarded commonly by contemporary jewellers as the site of self (Braga, Eichenberg, Rana section 2.1.2.2 & 2.1.2.3) as Michal Ann Carley states:
Ultimately, the site of substantiation is the body. With it we live and breath onto it we adorn and attach markers of our being. (Carley, 1997: 22)

The role of the body for many jewellers is the site of our experiences, of our sense of self and, as Priimgi (1997) claims, the border between ourselves and the environment. Therefore, jewellery has considerations of self and personal meaning as a central focus and has the potential for qualities that may be absent from other forms of objects that we encounter. Thus, jewellery has a unique position as a medium. As Rosolowski (2002) maintains because of this relationship with the body jewellery is the locus of intimate interactions and affords the maker unique avenues for expression.

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2.2 Wearable computing and body-centric digital objects

There has been a radical shift in our relationships with, and experiences of, digital technologies during the last sixty years (Greenhalgh 2002). Developments of body-focused digital objects have fundamentally altered our relationship with digital technologies, both physically and emotionally. Early conceptions of technology-physiology fusions were cautionary tales, illustrated in Langs vision of the future Metropolis (1926) (fig. 23) and Kit Pedlers Cybermen 1966 (fig. 24), in which emotions and sense-of-self of the emergent entity are sacrificed in the synthesis.

Fig. 23 Fritz Lang 1926 Metropolis

Fig. 24 Kit Pedler 1966 (original) Cyberman Dr Who

In contrast, contemporary visions emphasise the assignment of human qualities to machines. Chris Cunninghams music video (figs. 25 and 26) for Bjrks All is Full of Love portrays two robots falling in love as they are manufactured. Similarly, Cynthia Breazeals Kismet (fig. 27) is an experiment in social robotics in which a gremlin-like robot aims to elicit emotionally engaged responses from its human companions (Breazeal, 2000).

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Figs. 25 & 26 Bjrk 2001 All is full of love music video directed by Chris Cunningham

Fig. 27 Cynthia Breazeal 2000 Kismet Social robotics experiment

Both examples demonstrate a change in perception and imagined possibilities of digital objects, on the part of both artists and technologists, in which human emotions and individual experience are key elements of the development of digital technologies. Some modern approaches to the synthesis between digital technologies and the body retain an echo of Langs vision. Isao Shimoyamas cockroach (1997) (figs. 28 & 29) moved in reaction to electronic signals sent to its body via implanted electrodes.

Figs. 28 & 29 Isao Shimoyama 1997 Robo-roach Cockroach with electronic implants

Whilst Shimoyamas research involved only insects, Digital Angel (Applied Digital Solutions 2003), Soulcatcher (Cochrane 1998[1 & 2]) and Kevin Warwicks Project Cyborg 2.0 (2002) incorporate the implantation of digital technologies into the human body. Digital Angel was proposed as a form of surveillance, Soulcatcher was motivated by Cochranes desire to capture thoughts and feelings on a silicon chip (Grossman 1998) and 39

Project Cyborg 2.0 was an experiment to link the human nervous system to a computer with a view to recording the physiological manifestations of human emotions. Inevitably, such work raises fundamental moral and ethical questions relating to the motivations for, and appropriate use of, technology-body integrations.

2.2.1 The wearable computer The phenomenon of the wearable computer has arisen from the desire to create a mobile, personal computer system. The computer science vision of the wearable computer is typified by the MIT wearables group (fig 30):
to shatter this myth of how a computer should be used. A persons computer should be worn, much as eyeglasses or clothing are wornWith heads-up displays, unobtrusive input devices, personal wireless local area networks, and a host of other context sensing and communication tools, the wearable computer can act as an intelligent assistant, whether it be through a Remembrance Agent, augmented reality, or intellectual collectives. (MIT, 2000)

Steve Mann (1998), the pioneer of mobile computing, defined the wearable as a computer that is permanently worn, on, accessible, and open to commands during all activities, controlled by, and subsumed into, the users personal space (figs 31 & 32). Wearables are an element of Mark Weiser s Ubiquitous Computing proposal (1993) in which all everyday objects have computational resources embedded within them. Conceptions of wearable computing have a distinct aesthetic drawing from the notion of the cyborg (Rhodes 1997, Mann 2001), a term1 used to describe a human augmented with technological attachments (Clynes & Kline 1960). Rhodes (1997) described the notion of the cyborg as a key influence in the development of wearable computing.

The word cyber originates from the Greek kybernan meaning to steer or control.

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Fig. 30 MIT Wearables group Version 1.0 Circa 1997

Fig. (group) 31 Steve Mann Wearables circa 1980 1998

Fig. 32 Steve Mann circa 2005 Eyetap Wearable computing

The makers of wearables aim to house the personal computer on the body maintaining the convention of screen, keyboard and mouse. Wearables have been worn (by their originators) despite their bulky size and weight, and it is readily apparent that considerations of the aesthetic possibilities or the intimate nature of the relationship between the body and the object remains under-explored. Technological innovation has to date been the dominant concern for wearables research. Thad Starner (2001) outlined the challenges facing the development of wearables as power use, heat dissipation, networking, interface design and privacy; with no mention of the users emotional experiences of such devices. Wearable computing perspectives on the relationship between technology and the human body are fundamentally limited both in terms of physical conception and emotional diversity and richness. The relationship between person and computer is dominated by a 41

fascination with mobile and ubiquitous computer use, and barely questioned beyond this. Though recent notions within the wearables community include social weight (Kettley, 2002), the impact on social interaction when wearing a computer in public, there is a distinct absence in the wearables literature of discussion concerning the beauty of form and interaction, or the felt significance to the artefacts.

2.2.2 Digital jewellery from non-jewellers Wearable computing has not considered the relationship between technology and jewellery. However, proposals for body-centric technology that do not place such a central emphasis on ubiquitous computer use have originated from non-jewellery disciplines. Examples of digital jewellery have been presented by both human-computer interaction researchers and by industrial designers.

2.2.2.1 Digital jewellery and human-computer interaction Bubblebadge (figs. 33 & 34) and Body Coupled FingeRing (fig. 35) are examples of early human-computer interaction outputs. Each example posits jewellery as a vehicle for digital communication, and the body as a mobile location for such devices.

Figs. 33 & 34 Jennica Falk & Staffan Bjrk 1999 The Bubblebadge: A wearable Public Display

Fig. 35 Fukumoto Masaaki & Tonomura Yoshinobu 1997 Body Coupled FingeRing: Wireless Wearable Keyboard

The Bubblebadge houses a digital display, to display text generated by the wearer, by a specific environment or by the viewer. In one scenario the brooch could show the viewer if they had received any new emails, at which point the viewer may end the conversation with 42

the wearer and go and check her or his emails. Such ideas alone obstruct any face-to-face interaction occurring between wearer and viewer. Falk and Bjrk (1999) described jewellery as primarily eyecatchers suggesting that their interpretation hinged on jewellery as a vehicle for mobile information display rather than anything more personally significant. The significance and potentially rich experiences of viewing or wearing jewellery discussed through section 2.1 are absent in such interpretations. FingeRing similarly focuses on usability and treats the body as a convenient location to situate an electronic device. Sensors are attached to each finger in the form of rings to facilitate the input of data into a portable or wearable personal digital assistant (PDA). Though jewellery terminology is employed in the title, FingeRing ignores any considerations of how contemporary jewellers have developed hand and finger worn objects, or the wider significance of the designs to the wearer. Other examples of exploratory projects addressing jewellery and digital technologies conducted by non-jewellers are StoryBeads (Barry 2000), Wearable Dreams (Ossevoort 2002), and Electro-Jewels (Dekoli 2002). StoryBeads (figs. 36, 37 & 38) are small pod shaped plastic beads encasing computers that store and transmit digital text or images. The beads connect together as a necklace with a central pod housing a display screen. Once connected to a network each bead can download text or images and then display them on the necklace display. Barry worked with children using story telling and sharing personal stories as a way to generate the images and text stored by the beads.

Figs. 36, 37 & 38 Barbara Barry 2000 StoryBeads Plastic and electronic components

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ElectroJewels (figs 39, 40 & 41) was a two-week workshop during which children and relatives participated with engineers and a professional jeweller to make quick wearable objects with embedded electronics and LEDs.

Figs. 39, 40 & 41 Margarita Dekoli 2002 ElectroJewels

Wearable Dreams (figs. 42 & 43) used a questionnaire to explore the variety of relationships between people and their favourite wearable objects. Using this information Ossevoort developed stories around the answers and expanded the stories into interaction scenarios. Two responses were interpreted as forms of digital jewellery.

Fig. 42 Stijn Ossevoort 2002 WearableDreams

Fig. 43 Stijn Ossevoort 2002 WearableDreams

Each of the three projects focused on potential interactions between people and digital objects, rather than jewellery objects themselves, and used jewellery as a platform to explore the interactions. Interestingly, none of the researchers were jewellers, and although in some cases jewellers were involved in some aspects of the process, the interpretations of jewellery were very limited. At most jewellery was interpreted as an accessory and relied 44

on basic fabrication methods such as stringing beads. The forms served predominantly as a casing for the electronics. In their defence the projects do not purport to contribute to the field of contemporary jewellery. The intention of the projects was to use engagement in a creative practice (telling stories and making jewellery) to facilitate the exploration of wearable digital objects. In this respect they are particularly significant steps in the use of jewellery as a vehicle to explore human experiences and relationships.

2.2.2.2 Digital jewellery and industrial design IBM Research has been exploring digital jewellery through the work of Denise Chan, a mechanical engineering graduate (figs 44, 45 & 46). Chans concept was a set of jewellery objects, which together functioned as a wearable mobile phone.

Figs 44, 45 & 46 IBM Research concepts 2000 Digital jewellery

To indicate an incoming call a light flashed on the ring, the phone number of the caller was displayed on the bracelet, and to answer the call a button could be pressed on the bracelet, the speakers were situated in the earrings and the microphone in the necklace (Spring 2000). Cameron Miner, founder of IBMs Almaden designLab and lead researcher on the digital jewellery project justified the research on the grounds that:
if you have something with you all the time, you might as well be able to wear it (Miner, 2003)

IBM also described a chief motivation being the usability challenge of multi-functional devices and considered that it had found an answer to this problem: 45

by taking the interface apart, putting it in the appropriate places, and allowing them to communicate wirelessly, IBM thinks it has a practical way to solve the problem. (Schwartz, 2003)

This emphasis on function masks significant problems concerning the relevance of such devices to people, or how such devices can enhance communication between people. IBMs endeavours typify an approach to digital jewellery that is driven by the desire to translate existing digital devices into wearable, ubiquitous devices. Aesthetically the jewellery proposed by IBM follows generic notions of how a necklace, ring or bracelet should look, what Derrez referred to as easy (section 2.1.1), and these interpretations are only altered, slightly, to offer a form, which adheres to a cultural stereotype of a futuristic aesthetic. Such futuristic proposals are deemed suitable by the designers to fit into a category of digital jewellery (see the discussion of the gadget in Chapter 3). Research and development at Philips (2000 [1 &2]) has produced concepts for the integration of technology in communities, homes, clothing and jewellery. Philips is an example of a company with a number of user-centred approaches to the design of digital devices:
The traditional design disciplines are integrated with expertise from the human sciences and technology through a multi-disciplinary, research-based approach that makes it possible to create new solutions that satisfy and anticipate users needs and aspirations. (Philips [2])

New Nomads was Philips exploration into wearable electronics, predominantly featuring clothing for a workplace or sports environment, but also jewellery in the form of buttonhole phone earpieces (figs. 47, 48 & 49) and piercings (figs. 50 & 51) that glow to alert a wearer. The pieces echo qualities of products or electronic appliances, both in terms of an aesthetic that is evident in other Philips appliances and in terms of functionality, where jewellery operates as a mobile phone or pager. Philips has interpreted jewellery as a generic accessory or cyber clubbing packaging for existing functionality.

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Figs. 47, 48 & 49 Philips 2001 Buttonhole phone earpieces New Nomads concepts

Figs. 50 & 51 Philips 2001 Piercings New Nomads concepts

Adopting a social and cultural perspective that aims to satisfy and anticipate users needs (Philips [2]) distinguishes Philips from IBM. Yet despite a human centred and multidisciplinary approach, it is not apparent that there is a jeweller within the design team, and there is an absence of openness to form and modes of interaction (in contrast with Philipss home and furniture concepts). Once again digital jewellery is equated with objects that are small enough to be unobtrusive, constantly connected, and capable of being located on the body. The notion of the user results in an inevitable emphasis throughout the design process on functionality and how a device is used. The contemporary jewellery notion of the wearer contrasts markedly with that of the user. The user interacts with an object because it enables or carries out a certain function. The wearer is engaged in a more body-centric relationship with the object. A jewellery object may be an extension of the wearer, and wearing jewellery relates to being with and intimately engaged with an object. Approaches that consider digital jewellery only from the perspective of the user are narrow conceptions of the relationship between body and object and what it means to wear something. IDEOs Technojewelry proposals for digital jewellery (figs. 52 & 53) include Cellphone Rings, where the ear piece and mouth piece are embedded in finger jewellery, and GPS Toes, toe rings which act as directional indicators and are wirelessly connected to a GPS receiver kept in a bag or worn on a belt. Elements of these designs show a more sensitive understanding of what it means to integrate an object into your appearance by wearing it. Their focus on the hands and feet are described by IDEO as: 47

 non intrusive locations for useful innovations, these concepts prove that new devices neednt look alien to your person and that we can make technology adapt to our lifestyles rather than the other way around. IDEO [2]

IDEO demonstrate some consideration that their Technojewelry should echo aspects of when and where it is going to be worn. Wearing an object and using an object are considered in unison; however, the forms draw on the predominant futuristic aesthetic of product based corporate design (Chapter 3 The gadget section 3.1). Once again, jewellery is characterised primarily by its quality of being non-intrusive and located on the body. Fundamental aesthetic and conceptual concerns of contemporary jewellery practice, such as choice of material, methods of production, the relationship to the body and affective potential, are not apparent in these designs.

Fig. 52 IDEO 2001 Technojewelry Digital jewellery concepts

Fig. 53 IDEO 2001 GPS toes Digital jewellery concepts

In contrast to standard product design interpretations, Jozeph Forakis developed a number of wearable digital objects incorporating propositions for new concepts of functionality (fig. 54).

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Fig. 54 Jozeph Forakis 2001 Others Eyes Digital jewellery proposition

Others Eyes (fig. 54) is described as:

[a] shared experience system, which allows someone to see through someone elses eyes, using a handheld miniature camera (Terragni, 2002: 151)

The proposition of a shared experience suggests consideration of a positive emotional exchange, and mutual event. The openness of Forakis digital objects contrasts with the covert surveillance applications of miniaturised camera technology. By taking existing technologies and offering new concepts of use, Forakis emphasises interaction between people centred on their individual felt experience. This approach distinguishes this work from the most industrial design proposals for digital jewellery. However, once more a limited interpretation of the potential form and materials used is apparent. Existing proposals for wearable and body-centric digital objects from non-jewellers fall short on four fronts. Firstly, the human body is regarded as a convenient location for digital objects, jewellery is considered merely to be a vehicle for locating these objects on the body. Secondly, most proposals simply deploy the functionalities of existing products in proposals for jewellery. Such function-driven approaches fail to capture the potential for digital jewellery to enrich and enhance peoples lives in new ways. Thirdly, an extremely narrow interpretation of what jewellery is, or can be, is evident in regard to form, material, methods of production, functionality and relationship between jewellery and the body.

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Finally, there is a limited conception of a digital object aesthetic with designers clinging to a futuristic clich (Chapter 3 The gadget section 3.1).

2.2.2.3 Digital jewellery propositions from contemporary jewellers Within the field of contemporary jewellery, ideas associated with technology and digital culture have been explored as themes within non-electronic jewellery objects (Filmer 1995; Noten 1996). Tentative steps have also been made towards digital jewellery itself. Ira Shermans collection of wearable technological devices aimed to highlight the changing role of technology in our everyday life. The Arbitrator (fig. 55) holds an arguing couple together for a set period of time, with a view encouraging a resolution. The use of technology in Shermans work is his suggestion of how the evolution of wearable technology could play out.

Fig 55. Ira Sherman 1996 The Arbitrator Steel, Stainless Steel, Brass, Plastic, Electrical Components

Nicole Gratiot Stber used technology to express ideas of human communication (figs. 56, 57 & 58). Her jewellery reacts to interaction between people using sensors and light sources that illuminate when the forms are touched. Gilhooley (1997) described the relationship between these pieces and the person interacting with them as reciprocal; the body responds to the digital changes in the jewellery, and the jewellery responds to the human touch.

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Figs. 56 & 57 Nicole Gratiot Stber 1994 For Two Rings Magnets, stainless steel, perspex, LEDs with electronic components

Fig. 58 Nicole Gratiot Stber 1994 Light Brooches Stainless steel, plastic, LEDs, electronic components

Nicole Gratiot Stber 1994 all rights reserved. Photographer Christoph Grnig. Image courtesy Daniel Gratiot.

The focus of the pieces is human contact both in terms of relationships, and gestural, tactile connections. The manner in which the pieces react to touch demonstrates an appropriate and human-centred approach. Daniel Gratiot (2004) describes the work as:
A series of works that make visible an exchange of that which is normally not seen. (Daniel Gratiot, description accompanying image, private communication.)

Gilhooley (1997) describes Stbers work as an example of the use of technology as a medium for communication and self-expression. The narrative structure of the pieces reflects a human encounter in the way the technology comes to life. The gesture of holding hands is amplified by the illumination of the jewellery. The pieces highlight the thrill of touch and also the potential embarrassment of the public display. Stbers work offers a playful application of digital jewellery in human relationships. As distinct from the existing forms and functionalities of digital devices, it stands as an early example of contemporary jewellery objects that have crossed the boundary into digital jewellery. Christoph Zellweger in collaboration with designer Peter Russell Clark and London-based electronics company Scintillate (figs. 59 - 62) produced a collection of digital jewellery involving precious metals and light emissions activated by touch sensors. Zellweger stated:

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"In designing these pieces we wanted the softening of technologythe ultimate goal was to make the light itself the jewel" (Zellweger, 2003[2])

Figs. 59 & 60 Christoph Zellweger, Peter Russell Clark & Scintillate 2000 digital jewellery Precious metals, crystal, electronic components

Fig. 61 & 62 Christoph Zellweger, Peter Russell Clark & Scintillate 2000 digital jewellery Precious metals, crystal, electronic components

Zellweger (2003[2]) saw the project as progressive because technology did not lead the process, but that the initial brief of digital jewellery for a mass market restricted the concept and design of the jewellery. He also felt there to be a tension arising from the assumptions and expectations people have of digital objects and the fast pace of technological advancement. Zellweger implies that creating a mass-produced object was detrimental to his conception of digital jewellery. In comparison with his non-electronic pieces (see Appendix A) the digital jewellery are conservative in concept, form and material. The focus of the digital jewellery was the technology; whether in terms of softening technology or the progressive nature of the technology used. In contrast, Zellwegers non-electronic jewellery inhabits what he describes as the Avant-garde edge of contemporary jewellery.
There is always a concept behind jewellery we always refer to contemporary jewellery, but maybe the faction of contemporary jewellery we are talking about is the Avant-garde. They make statements, highest risk Avant-garde jewellers, (are) not interested in the commercial, but the statement - interested in exploring the edge (Zellweger, 2003 [2])

Moi Sompit Fusakul conducted practice based research into Interactive Ornaments (figs. 63 & 64) ending in 2002. Crowley (2002) described the resulting pieces as:
prototype jewellery that interacts dynamically with the wearer by indicating emotional changes in the wearers mind. Crowley 2002

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Through collaboration with technologist Kevin Warwick she produced three fashion pieces created with the aid of technology (Crowley, 2002) that sensed a wearers heartbeat and responded in three different ways. Vein 2 changed colour as the wearers heartbeat increased, Anemone pulsated light from flower-like forms worn on the shoulder in rhythm with the heart beat and, Aliform, meaning wing shaped, responded to a heart beat by swelling and changing shape. Her approach was driven by the desire to make jewellery that was responsive to human emotions. By sensing physiological changes Fusakuls intention was to create objects that display emotional changes in the wearer, though her reliance on physiological signatures made no attempt to incorporate social or discursive aspects of emotion.

Fig. 63 Moi Sompit Fusakul 2002 Aliform NiTiNol shape memory alloy, radiant colour mirror film, vactan plastic film & electronic components

Fig. 64 Moi Sompit Fusakul 2002 Vein2 Sideglow, pvc, vac formed plastic, rose gold plated base metal, iridescent glass beads & electronic components

Outlining her motivations and approach as a response to an increasingly synthetic and

denatured world Fusakul aimed to use the integration of digital technologies in the creation

of jewellery that could reflect externally the internal biological changes occurring in the wearers body (Fusakul, 2005).
In general jewellery simply serves as an ornamental object, to decorate and enhance the physical beauty of the wearer or to advertise his/her wealth, personal characteristics, and beliefs. Jewellery has often not been considered as a medium of expression. (Fusakul 2002, introduction doctoral thesis)

Fusakuls doctoral research made significant steps within hybrid practice and the potential for integration of digital technology within jewellery. Her work prioritised the realisation of 53

her pieces technically and technologically and as such an articulation of hybrid practice or how her work extends contemporary jewellery and craft practice is as yet un-represented. Similarly her choice to focus on jewellery as ornament or fashion pieces selects one particular thread of jewellery and is limiting in the scope of contemporary jewellery where jewellery has been conceived, presented and experienced as a medium of expression. Ulrike Oberlack (figs. 65, 66 & 67) is conducting research exploring the use of light within jewellery and dance-based performance described as:
light as body adornmentto exploit the intrinsic characteristics of light on the body creating new visions of adornment. (Oberlack, 2004: 91)

Figs. 65, 66 & 67 Ulrike Oberlack 2004 light as body adornment Mixed media, LEDs and electronic components

The principal concerns here are the expressive potential afforded by the light for the dancers, and the use of digital technologies to extend the context of contemporary jewellery. This adornment and performance-centred perspective focuses on jewellery as a public display rather than as private, personal objects. Oberlacks agenda is concerned with the relationship between light, the body and the bodys movements during dance performance, and the interplay afforded by the objects and the light emissions between different bodies moving together. The design of the jewellery objects arise from the developing context of Oberlacks practice and personal aesthetic. Sarah Kettley (figs. 68, 69 & 70) has explored the crafting of wearable computers at the boundary of Human-Computer Interaction and Craft (Kettley 2005). 54

My research concerns the positive role that craft may play in the creation of novel personal technology products (Her forms explore) the natural environment, in particular land, sea and skyscapes, to inform a familiar aesthetic for the technology-shy. (Kettley, 2004: 61)

Fig. 68 Sarah Kettley 2004/5 Speckled pendant with ProspeckII Perspex, formica, gold leaf

Fig.69 Sarah Kettley 2004/5 Detail of pendant with ProspeckII Perspex, formica, gold leaf

Fig. 70 Sarah Kettley 2004/5 Speckled brooch with ProspeckII Perspex, formica, gold leaf

Focusing on social relationships, and interactions within a group of friends, Kettley made a series of wirelessly networked brooches and pendants. The detection of another jewellery piece causes LEDs to illuminate and the trace of a meeting between friends is left displayed as a light pattern on the pieces. Kettley asserted the value of ambiguity within the functionality of the pieces, allowing the wearers and viewers of the jewellery to interpret, personally, the social significance of the patterns of light displayed. By emphasising the value of craft perspectives and processes in the design and conception of novel wearable technological products she offers a perspective which supports many claims within this research also detailing the value of different aspects of craft for the design of digital jewellery and as a form of production within digital culture. Most recently jewellers Hazel White and Sandra Wilson have begun to explore jewellery and digital environments. Whites collaboration with Ewan Steel, a multimedia artist (figs. 71 & 72), investigates the interaction between tangible jewellery objects and code-based applications (i.e. multimedia software applications). The interaction allows a wearer to direct onscreen content through the wearing and manipulation of a simple silver chain, enabling an interaction between an object and the digital system, a concept also employed by jeweller Sandra Wilson (2005) to present jewellery objects with relevant video and

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audio, using motion sensors to trigger audio recordings as the viewer approaches jewellery displayed in a showcase (White 2005).

Fig. 71 Hazel White & Ewan Steel 2005 Prototype modular jewellery Silver chain

Fig. 72 Hazel White & Ewan Steel 2005 Details from Swarm (screen based visual element of the work)

Digital jewellery propositions from jewellers demonstrate a growing acknowledgement of the potential to extend contemporary jewellery objects. In many cases digital jewellery has been a direct attempt to use the interactive capabilities of the digital to realise greater social and emotional expressiveness (Sherman, Stber, Fusakul, Kettley). Unsurprisingly, the digital jewellery practice of contemporary jewellers demonstrates a wider scope of functionality, aesthetic form, and context of use, than is evident in the propositions of nonjewellers. The gestation of a contextualisation of digital jewellery in relation to the discipline of contemporary jewellery can also be identified (Kettley, Oberlack, White, Wilson). The fusion of craft skill and technological innovation occurring in these propositions of digital jewellery is a transformative moment in the development of contemporary jewellery and the experience of digital objects. We can see from these examples that the questions that these jewellers raise, and seek to engage with, are not matched by current approaches or perspectives from other disciplines. It is also evident that the transformative environment that a fusion of jewellery and digital technologies creates refers crucially to the scope and potential for extensions of contemporary jewellery practice.

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2.3 Beyond current approaches to digital jewellery

This review has demonstrated the broad range of approaches and motivations to the conception and design of contemporary jewellery and wearable digital objects. From each approach and field arises a different interpretation of what constitutes a jewellery object. This in turn has had a significant impact on digital jewellery proposals. The review has formed a basis for the articulation of my personal position for digital jewellery. Contemporary jewellery is an exploratory practice, which functions largely to expand the potential role and meanings associated with or represented by jewellery. A connection to the traditional and historical contexts and associations of jewellery facilitates these expansions by providing a background for contemporary jewellers to reflect on and respond to. The review has highlighted that a central and significant aspect in contemporary jewellery is a focus on human relationships, personal identity and selfhood. Jewellery objects commonly function as objects that hold personal emotional significance for their owners, as a connection to people, places and experiences and this phenomenon is commonly explored by contemporary jewellers through their practice. Jewellery objects have a particular intimacy, distinct from many other kinds of object, both in terms of their physical connection with the body, and their human-relational contexts. Wearability is a fluid consideration for contemporary jewellery, rather than a defining or driving aspect. Many contemporary jewellery pieces have limited wearability or are un-wearable; a physical and conceptual relationship between jewellery and the body is a more important aspect in contemporary jewellery. Differences in the approach to the design of body centric digital objects between contemporary jewellers and non-jewellers highlight the gaps in current approaches and perspectives. A lack of engagement with the personal significance, aesthetic and emotional aspects of wearable computing (from non-jewellers), serves to demonstrate how the potential relationship between computer and body is under-explored. Wearable computers are not made or considered in terms of jewellery, but do have an impact on how nonjewellers consider both the developments and scope of wearable digital objects to be unfolding. By limiting designs to existing forms of wearable objects, i.e. helmets, watches 57

and eyeglasses the makers of wearables are missing many interesting opportunities and forms of wearable object. Interpretations of jewellery from non-jewellers demonstrate a general low level of interpretation of what a jewellery object may be. Many designs of digital objects are inspired by the technologies that make them possible, rather than the people who will experience them. Although the questions raised and considered by contemporary jewellers as to the relevance and possible concepts of digital jewellery are not matched by current approaches or perspectives from other disciplines there is still a lack of contextualisation of digital jewellery within the field of contemporary jewellery, and the value of these developments are currently under-stated. Future digital jewellery objects have the potential to combine the human-relational contexts that jewellery has upheld historically, with the expanded exploratory and questioning roles afforded throughout contemporary jewellery practice.

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3 The gadget

www.glasbergen.com

Differences between the perspectives of jewellers and non-jewellers to the design of body centric objects can be supplemented by a critique of current motivations and approaches towards digital objects centred on the notion of the gadget. Despite early conceptions of a gadget as an object that is interesting for its ingenuity (Collins 2000: 484) the gadget can be better described as a novelty-focused object with a short life span and fleeting significance. The positioning and qualities of gadgets that give rise to such observations have their origins in ideas and assumptions stemming from spy accessories and retro futuristic visions. In many cases digital objects have become synonymous with gadgets and as a result are laden with the same assumptions and expectations. Conceptions of gadgets are far removed from those usually associated with jewellery or contemporary jewellery objects and are in part responsible for the intellectual resistance to the integration of digital elements within jewellery. The properties of gadgets can be explored in terms of personal significance, identity, lifespan and function. By drawing on key philosophical positions to detail different forms of function, wearable computing, wearable digital objects, gadgets and digital jewellery can be contrasted. Whilst contemporary jewellery resides in the realm of human-relational attachment, communication, and personal emotional significance, gadgets provide a fleeting amusement stemming from their technological novelty. Differences in approaches 59

to the production and conception of objects, from both an industrial design and contemporary jewellery perspective, highlight a tension that arises from the blurring of boundaries between digital objects and non-electronic objects of our everyday experience (such as jewellery and furniture). These issues can be explored through an examination of excursions into digital practice, for example, Zellwegers (2003[1]) collaboration on a mass production digital jewellery project and Dunne and Rabys (2001) Design Noir project. These examples give rise to insights as to the assumptions and expectations of gadgets. Zellweger felt that the connotations of a gadget were commonly connected to digital objects and were detrimental to the meaning and significance of his work, undermining a seriousness that he strived for in the contemporary jewellery that he made and something that was at odds with the drive in contemporary jewellery for an expression of self identity and emotional significance. Dunne and Rabys participant viewed gadgets as commonplace and impersonal objects, identifiable by physical attributes exposing their functionality, with a lack of intriguing qualities. As such gadgets were viewed as dismissible objects that can be easily read as something centred on a particular function, rather than something that begs inventive interpretation from a viewer.

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3.1 The gadget in popular culture

The term gadget is described by Collins Dictionary as a small mechanical device or appliance and any object that is interesting for its ingenuity (Collins 2000: 484). This description suggests an object of novelty, remarkable and attractive because of its originality and inventiveness, and offers the gadget as both an intriguing object and a positive notion. However, other sources present the gadget as the device used by the bumbling fool, as in the cartoon Inspector Gadget, who owns a device for any, every, and no purpose (Gadget1 2007). Contemporary living magazines, such as Innovations (Innovations 2007), reside in a marketing niche for devices for even the most mundane and manually undemanding everyday tasks. There are two sides to the functional characterisation of the gadget. The dominant image is of the device with a specific or limited purpose. An alternative characterisation of the gadget is as an overly multifunctional device (where the novelty is the very multifunctionality). A gadget is valued for its novelty but this in turn contributes to its fleeting character and short lifespan. In Western culture the gadget evokes the image of the James Bond spy accessory. The role of the gadget here is complex, Bond is a gentleman spy who does not rely on his gadgets, but who uses them in extreme circumstances. Bond gadgets work in a world of fantasy, a point Baudrillard (1996) makes concerning the electronic gadget, which he describes as the subject of a science of imaginary technical solutions. The notion of the spy has prevailed through gadget functionalities and aesthetics. Gadgets often have a machined aesthetic; sleek metallic silver or black miniaturised forms with little ornamentation. Another property strongly associated with the spy gadget is miniaturisation; digital gadgets that are small enough to be carried in a pocket or concealed easily, evoking the possibility of their deployment as tools of espionage. Early projections of a futuristic space age gave rise to an aesthetic that has had a significant influence on the design of digital devices. The proposition of space travel in the 1950s and 60s, had an impact on the design aesthetics in many areas of everyday life including housing, clothing and furniture (figs. 73 - 76). 61

Fig. 73 Paco Rabanne 1967 68 Aluminium mini dress

Fig. 74 Pierre Cardin 1967 Cosmocorps

Fig. 75 Nolan Bushnell for Nutting and associates 1971 Computerspace

Fig. 76 Sanyo Electric Corporation 1970 Living capsule

Visions of the future, such as Fritz Langs (fig. 23 Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.2) dystopian future of Metropolis (1927) and Jean Claude Forests Barbarella (1962), both fed and reflected the futuristic aesthetic. These initial designs of space age futurism were born from modernist visions of the future centred on optimism. As Topham (2003) asserts:
There was a popular feeling that if human beings could travel into space then surely anything was possible. (Topham, 2003: 39)

Space travel as a factor in modernity gave life a particular pulse and texture, a feeling of progress and optimism, of exploration and discovery responded to by designers and artists through concepts and functionalities that embraced the new possibilities that technology promised to bring. Life was supposed to improve because of new technologies; a notion echoed in the 1935 Du Pont slogan:

Better things for better living through chemistry (Du Pont, 1935)

Although the space age promise of how life would be was unfulfilled, current developments in digital technologies have reignited such visions. Associations between aesthetics, materials and expectations of digital technologies and digital culture draw influence heavily from the futuristic visions of the 1950s and 60s. The current retrofuturism is evidenced through an assumed futuristic aesthetic adopted by many designers 62

(IDEO (2000 & 2001), Philips (2000), IBM (IBM1&2 & Miner 2003), Nokia (Nokia1), Nike (Nike1)) dictating what digital objects are assumed to look like based on the 1950s and 60s visions and to a large extent how they are expected to perform; usually in terms of ubiquity, repeatable function and constant access. Perhaps retro-futurism is born from a desire to hold on to a future that was always promised, but denied to us. Designers of digital objects today who employ an aesthetic vocabulary grounded in notions of espionage (Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.2.2.2 i.e. figs. 45 - 49) or a space age (Chapter 2 Contextual review sections 2.2.2.1 & 2.2.2.2 i.e. figs. 42, 52 & 53) can be criticised for designing illustrations or descriptions of a fetishised caricature and not engaging with new possibilities relevant to contemporary life.

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3.2 Function
A gadget is an object, which is designed to enable completion of a task, and is valued for the novelty by which it does this. Novelty is in essence transient, as subsequently is the value we attribute to the gadget itself. Beyond this a gadget has a transferable significance. As a result the attachment a person has with a gadget is grounded in the functionality of the object itself and, partly because of the transitory nature of gadgets, the object represents elements of a consumer identity or fashion rather than elements of an individuals identity. Although any object, including gadgets, may become personally significant to us, gadgets are not designed to be personally significant. Gadgets are, in general terms, replaceable. Newness and novelty are not undesirable qualities per se, but they are not foundational qualities within contemporary jewellery (Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.1.2). Gadgets reflect the modern motivation towards all things new and progress. Whilst many examples of contemporary jewellery also demonstrate a drive to create something new and not seen before, there are equally strong drives to explore very different themes, for example, the enduring nature of human-relational attachment. Jewellery operates outside the world of task completion, but this is not to say that jewellery is without potential utility. To establish a clearer distinction between the ways different categories of objects operate, the notion of function must be considered. Beth Preston (2000) addressed the problem of defining function by describing and linking the key philosophical research positions relating to the issue. Preston views the two prevailing (and seemingly competing) philosophical conceptions of function as complementary. Preston characterises Ruth Millikans (1984, 1993) conception of proper function as:

The proper function of a thing is what it is supposed to do, given what the ancestors it has been copied from in fact did (Preston, 2000: 27)

Here function is specified and denoted by a causal-historical account. Preston described this perspective as strongly normative, expressing standards of performance, meaning any other performances of a thing are either irrelevant idiosyncrasies or malfunctions. Preston 64

describes Robert Cummings (1975) system function as offering an understanding of function:

as a matter of what artefacts do in fact do in the way of useful performance. (Preston, 2000: 46)

Here function is understood by its current performance, or disposition to perform within the system in which it is embedded. This perspective takes into account the multi-layered, lateral and ad-hoc roles an object may perform. Preston draws on Michael Schiffer (1992) in identifying different types of function. Schiffer classifies function in terms of the kind of purpose they embody, distinguishing technofunction, sociofunction and ideofunction. Technofunction is the utilitarian function of a thing, for example, Schiffer described the technofunction of a chair to be to support seated humans. Sociofunction involves the manifestation of social factors, for example, the sociofunction of an expensive luxury chair is to manifest the economic status of its owner. Finally ideofunction involves ideological symbolism, for example, the wearing of garments as a component of a religious ceremony. These types of function are not mutually exclusive. An object may, and typically will, embody a combination of functions. As Preston observes:
it is clearly the exception rather than the rule for a thing to only have one function. (Preston, 2000: 30)

Function type facilitates a nuanced analysis of gadgets, digital objects and contemporary jewellery objects. If we consider digital jewellery as an extension of contemporary jewellery, motivated by the ongoing debates and perspectives from within the field, then we may employ this classification of function to distinguish digital jewellery from wearables, as well as from wearable digital objects and gadgets. Jewellery is neatly pigeonholed by Preston as normally having only sociofunctions (Preston 2000), a classification, which is incomplete when we consider many non-electronic contemporary jewellery pieces. For example, Otto Knzlis Gold Makes Blind (Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.1.2.1 fig. 8) which operates as ethical prompt and political 65

statement relating to the classification of ideofunction. Contemporary jewellery often operates to denote more than the social context, material qualities or values often associated with jewellery historically. Wearable computers (Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.2) predominantly adhere to the proper function of a computer, maintaining the components of monitor, keyboard and mouse, whilst breaking away from computers as static objects. Wearable computing is proposed by its developers as a pioneering endeavour, but this is almost exclusively in relation to technological development, the focus is the technology; how computers as communication and information facilitators can be worn and accessed constantly, rather than emotionally rich or human-relational communications. Wearable digital objects from non-jewellers (Chapter 2 Contextual review sections 2.2.2.1 & 2.2.2.2) are chiefly based on an extended cycle of iterative, incremental versions based on proper function, where iterations of designs are based on the assumptions and expectations laid down by the previous version (e.g. incremental developments of mobile phones). The concepts of such products are not lateral, they evolve in incremental steps, perhaps altering slightly the technofunction, but maintaining the core idea of what has become the definition of what that object is supposed to do. Ideofunction and sociofunction are intrinsic to the wearable digital object but only within the narrow socio-economic conception of the consumer. A gadget is based largely on technofunction, and indeed often unnecessary utility or multiple technofunctions. The sociofunction of a gadget can be to highlight the owner as a particular class of consumer, and references more than simple economic status, but identifies the owner as a progressive consumer that is aware and open to technological innovation (e.g. the early adopter). The ideofunction of a gadget is to advocate the value of newness, novelty and technological progress. Digital jewellery, as an extension of contemporary jewellery operates to connect the proper functions of traditional jewellery, those of adornment, personal human-relational symbolism, and talisman, with the proper functions of contemporary jewellery, namely an 66

object through which to question, explore and expand individual themes and ideas. Contemporary jewellery operates predominantly in terms of system function, involving human-relational attachment and communication as well as personal emotional significance in how jewellery objects are actually interpreted and appropriated to suggest lateral and flexible forms and roles for the jewellery object, which impacts on the relationship to the categories of function. Unlike a gadget a contemporary jewellery object is not made to have a fleeting amusement or worth, it is based around the sociofunction of enduring attachment and often a connection to other people. A digital jewellery object may combine the human-relational contexts that jewellery has upheld historically with the expanded exploratory and questioning roles afforded throughout contemporary jewellery practice and extend these perspectives to a new proposal of the function of a digital object. The assumption that any digital object may easily be classed as a gadget arises from qualities, previously discussed, concerning category associations and life spans, crucial to each are the cycle of production and consumption and lack of critical voice.

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3.3 Cycle of production and critical voice

In discussing the current cycle of production of consumer objects journalist Matthew Wall argues:
No sooner has the latest miracle device burst onto the market than it is replaced by a shinier, faster version The technology cycle of development, launch, upgrade and replacement is becoming so short that many of us, as consumers, are suffering from technoia, a paranoid belief that the moment we buy a new gadget it will instantly become obsolete, which leads to a paralysing fear of shopping for all things electrical. (Wall, 2006)

This cycle of production goes hand in hand with the ethos and essence of the gadget. If an object is designed to rely on novelty, and subsequently endure only a short life span, then a new version or different novel device must be ready in the wings to take its place. The fast pace of production requires a matching consumption to sustain the cycle. Gadgets are not built to last, either physically or emotionally. There is a paucity of critical voices from industry in relation to this productionconsumption cycle. With the fast pace of current technological development reflection and criticism are of particular importance if we are to avoid what critics Bender and Druckrey (1994) described as a culture ornamented with gadgets but devoid of public accountability (Bender and Druckley, 1994: 9). Concepts and designs are proposed and put into production based chiefly on the new functionalities afforded by technological innovation, often with little or no evidence of critical reflection. In the examples of wearable digital objects or digital jewellery from product designers (Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.2.2.2) there is no evidenced debate or dialogue with jewellers or the themes pertinent within contemporary jewellery. The pace of production and consumption only exacerbates this situation as the emphasis is on the new or the next leaving little time for consideration. There is a need to consider alternative approaches and perspectives to those pushed and maintained by industry. Journalist Matthew Wall (2006) observed that designers and producers of digital gadgets and objects have a responsibility to make products that arent fit for landfill mere months after hitting the shops (Wall 2006). Academic and interaction designer Irene McAra McWilliam described humans, as shifting beings who evolve and change constantly, and 68

posited that one of our main problems is that we have no time to embed our experiences (McWilliam, 2002). Similarly, art curator Monica Gaspar (Gaspar 2003) has spoken of the speed at which we consume objects focusing on those we increasingly use and throw away, arguing that we do not get to know these objects because we do not spend enough time with them. Gaspar talks of the value of slow speed in terms of allowing someone to notice the banality of experience acting as a lens in the eye, which allows us to notice details.

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3.4 Digital + Jewellery

The predominant concepts and perspectives of industrial design highlight a fundamental difference between these approaches and those of contemporary jewellers. Design perspectives maintaining the fast production and life cycle of gadgets and other products is at odds with the perspectives and motivations within contemporary jewellery (Chapter 2 Contextual review). Commonly, the contemporary jeweller seeks to make objects of a slow pace, ones that have a lasting value in terms of personal emotional significance for the owner or audience.

Craft theorists such as Greenhalgh (2002) discussed the relevance of technology for makers of craft objects, and in recent years there has been an increase in the adoption of technology by craft practioners. However, very few contemporary jewellers go beyond the expression of ideas and aesthetics attributed to digital technology in their work. Christoph Zellweger, who collaborated on a commercial project to design digital jewellery in 2000, described one of his aims as to involve emotion in the piece (Zellweger, 2003[1]). Zellweger views jewellers as artists trained to think about self-identity and personal emotional significance, these factors differentiate jewellers from many of the other designers of wearable digital objects. By contrast, gadgets are not born from a motivation to involve self-identity or personal emotional significance in the object and human-object relationship. Zellweger reflected that when making a piece of digital jewellery the main challenge for him was how to make something that was emotionally rich and yet also technologically sophisticated. This suggests that he found the two concepts at odds with one another.

we are still not sure, if it is a gadget or if it is a jewel because er, when we started this idea like in 97, 98 in 2000 it was really ahead of things, in the time being, technology got so good, the lighting got so small now that every hand can do almost the same thing now, so there is a very short, er lifespan of these items, Im not sure if we succeeded on that level eitherand of course the idea of making it more interactive was also there, which we tried to resist, exactly to not get too close to gadgets (Zellweger, 2003[1])

Zellweger expressed an uncertainty concerning whether his pieces were jewellery or gadgets based on the cutting edge nature of the embedded technology and the amount of functionality involved. The suggestion is that when the technology was really ahead of 70

things the piece was not a gadget, but once the technology became common place and had been surpassed by new developments he regarded the piece differently. His comments were not based on the form of the piece, but the technology and the consideration of the piece as a possible gadget undermined his perceived success of the jewellery. He went on to ask the question
So how do you create a seriousness in your work, at the same time distinguish yourself from the whole gadget market? (Zellweger, 2003[1])

In this statement Zellweger acknowledged firstly that the connotations of a gadget, which are commonly connected with digital objects, are detrimental to the meaning and significance of his work, and secondly that in contemporary jewellery practice there is a desire to achieve seriousness in the work made. The desire for seriousness described by Zellweger is wholly at odds with a piece of work involuntarily falling into the category of a gadget. The gadget has been used as a vehicle for serious work by designers and artists such as Rebecca Horn and Panamarenco (Dunne 1999), who have used and subverted gadgets to question our assumptions about a given theme or social context. However, this is quite different from imposed assumptions of gadget properties upon an object. Jewellery is not often associated with a technofunction that is to say it is rarely thought of as having a utilitarian task orientated function. We develop attachments and consider jewellery objects to be important to us predominantly because of the socio or ideofunctions of the objects. Jewellery often holds or signifies associations of events or people for us. Conversely a gadget usually exists to perform one or multiple technofunctions. In terms of digital jewellery however the issue is more than concerning the technofunction of the jewellery. Interviews conducted by Dunne & Raby (2001) in their Design Noir project give a critical, reflective perspective of the potential relationships and imagined contexts people form and create with electronic objects in everyday life. A series of furniture objects were produced, which were purported to be digital, but which were actually placebo prototype objects. Each object was adopted by someone and lived in his or her home for a period of time.

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One participant in Dunne & Rabys (2001) project who had adopted a noir object reflected that it had characteristics of a digital interactive pet in that he felt it to be responsive like a real pet. However when asked if this association meant the object was gadget-like or gimmick-like he responded by stating:

The charm of this chair is that it is disqualified from being in the Furby category because it is not presented as a gadget. Its completely concealed. When we first got it, it didnt even have a switch. Its not gadget like at all. It wouldnt be nearly as attractive if you could change the sensitivity, or programme it to come on at different times or it had an alarm clock built into it. It would just be another gadget. (Dunne & Raby, 2001: 51)

When the participant was asked how he would feel if other non-electronic objects were given electronic properties his reply was:

I suppose its difficult to get your head around whether its a piece of furniture or a gadget, because as soon as you put any kind of electronics into something, does that become the main thing? (Dunne & Raby, 2001: 54)

The participant felt so strongly that the object was not a gadget that when asked who may want to own an object like the chair he replied:

I like the chair, but I wouldnt give the chair to a person like me because I like gadgets too much, and I definitely wouldnt give the chair to people who like gadgets I dont think it is a gadgetnone of the reasons that I like the chair has anything to do with any of the reasons I like gadgets With most gadgets, a microsecond after youve bought them you regret it, because you know its not going to give you what you want. Quite what it is I want when I buy a gadget, I dont know. I suppose its that element of control over something. If you buy an electronic organiser you think its going to transform your life, but all it does is remind you how disorganised your life really is. This seems to be different one of the big things about electronic gadgets is the interface, and this doesnt have oneI like that the workings of it are a mystery. Theres not an electronic bulge sticking out or any evidence of wires or anything. You could do that, but I think you would run the risk of turning it into something completely different. It might as well be made out of grey plastic Gadgets seem so impersonal I guess its that divide between a gadget and something which is aesthetic. (Dunne & Raby, 2001: 5456)

However when asked what life span he thought an object like the chair would have the participant reflected that:

I cant get away from this artificial divide Im making between something which is a bit of furniture and something which is gadget. If its a gadget you toss it out of the window after a couple of years.

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But furniture lasts forever, really. So it occupies a space between those things. I dont know. I suppose it is a sort of gadget, so I dont think it has a long span, which is a shame. (Dunne & Raby, 2001: 56)

The participant in Dunne and Rabys research articulated key tensions between personally significant digital objects and gadgets and also issues concerning gadget qualities. Notable points include that for him the chair was not presented as a gadget; apart from the aesthetics of the chair there were no switches or control panel, no interface, and consequently no means to control the functionality. These were all seen as positive, nongadget-like, qualities of the piece, as seen in his claim that the object would not be nearly as attractive if it had switches or a recognisable functionality. Indeed a recognisable or familiar functionality would make the piece ordinary for him: just another gadget, suggesting gadgets are not high on the participants scale of worth. The fact that the function of the chair was not specified allowed the participant to imagine his own narrative for the object devoid of common associations of digital objects. He stated that if multiple, specified and familiar functions had been attributed to the chair then these would make the object more gadget-like. Confusion arises regarding the category of an object when digital elements are embedded in everyday objects. Notably the participant admitted as soon as he buys a gadget he often feels a sense of regret, that the gadget will not satisfy his hopes. The participant also reflected that he enjoyed the mystery of the object arising from the hidden electronic workings, a quality that would be lost if the chair adopted the overtly digital aesthetic of other grey plastic devices. The mystery of the object enabled imaginative speculation and appropriation of the piece and contributed to a sustained level of interest, intrigue and attachment. Finally, the participant described a gadget as impersonal; whereas to him the chair had become personal in a way a gadget could not. He had elevated the chair above the status of a gadget and as such it felt it should not be given to people who like gadgets.

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3.5 Towards digital jewellery

The challenge for my research is how to create pieces of digital jewellery that are not perceived as gadgets and avoid the ways many current digital products limit our experiences as well as our expectations and assumptions of digital objects. Dunne & Rabys research illustrates the highly prescriptive and limited nature of our collective assumptions as to the aesthetics and functionality of digital objects. Digital objects have a specific categorization, an assumed life span, and level of significant worth. Once an object is presented as digital these associations over-ride the other qualities of the object. Jewellery is fundamentally at odds with the qualities inherent to gadgets. Yet even familiar objects such as chairs, once presented as having embedded electronics, may be perceived as gadgets. My exploration of gadgets, digital objects, and contemporary jewellery, highlights key differences between each type of object. It has become clear that in some cases there is uncertainty as to the distinction between digital objects and gadgets, but contemporary jewellery and gadgets are essentially different. The motivations behind contemporary jewellery objects and gadgets are poles apart, as are our interpretations of each category. Contemporary jewellers have a strikingly different conception of the relationship between the object and the body from industrial designers. Furthermore, the role of personal emotional significance in contemporary jewellery has implications for the assumed lifespan of the artefacts created. These differences have an impact on our attachment to objects. A focal concern of contemporary jewellery is the nature of enduring attachments to objects, through reference to human relationships and personal emotional significance. Contemporary jewellery relates to exploratory aesthetics and an open form of interpretation. The gadget is grounded in novelty, newness and transience and the result of a mimetic approach to design aesthetics. Gadgets have significantly influenced mainstream expectations and assumptions of digital objects, giving rise to a design culture that clings to clichs rather than extending the aesthetic vocabulary. The neomania of the gadget is now grounded in the maintenance of a fast paced consumption cycle. Built on seduction and desire, but with an empty 74

promise at its core; what Dunne (1999) calls the material equivalent of one-liners. (Dunne, 1999: 34). This critique of gadgets, and our underlying assumptions and expectations of them, serves as a set of anti-objectives for my research. The following table, not presented as a comprehensive account of all of the possible differences between gadgets and contemporary jewellery, is a summary of points made in this chapter revealing key differences between qualities of both categories of object.

Gadget
Usually mass produced, commonplace and impersonal objects, representing elements of a consumer identity. If harnessing a new or cutting edge form of technology this object highlights the owner as a particular class of consumer, and references more than simple economic status; identifying the owner as a progressive consumer who is aware and open to technological innovation. Prescriptive, product design influenced aesthetics often linked to retro-futuristic interpretations of technology or espionage. Commonly having machine aesthetics: sleek metallic silver or black. Often miniaturised forms with little ornamentation and identifiable by physical attributes exposing their functionality.

Contemporary Jewellery
Often a personal expression of selfidentity and emotional significance by maker, wearer or both. Often made through an exploration of elements of personal identity or about a preservation of personal identity. Relates to exploratory aesthetics and an open form of interpretation. Not limited to any particular materials or scale, but always reference or have a relationship with the body. As intriguing objects that beg inventive interpretation from a viewer they are not easily dismissible, and are open to re-evaluation and attribution of meaning and narrative.

Identity

Objects made to fulfil a task. The meaning we attribute to them is usually based either on the objects ability to perform that task or its technological novelty. The significance is therefore often impersonal and transferable to another object.

Personal Significance

Meaning is often based on humanrelational experience; as such attachment is often personal, emotional and intimate. This significance is not transferable to other objects.

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Gadget
Short lifespan based on novelty or the usefulness of the object to perform tasks. This object provides a fleeting amusement stemming from its technological novelty. The neo-mania of the gadget is now grounded in the maintenance of a fast paced consumption cycle. Gadgets are often dismissible objects that can be easily read as something centred on a particular function, rather than something that begs inventive interpretation from a viewer.

Contemporary Jewellery
Commonly, the contemporary jeweller seeks to make objects of a slow pace that have a lasting value in terms of personal emotional significance for the owner or audience. Often one off pieces. Objects that are embedded in our experiences over time, and objects that have a strong human-relational context. In this context they are objects that we return to again and again as a point of reflection on the experiences, places and people the object reminds us of.

Lifespan

The main focus is on utility. Gadgets often function as tools. There are two sides to the functional characterisation of the gadget: either niche objects for very a specific / limited function or overly multi-functional, made for even the most mundane and manually undemanding everyday tasks. The gadget often advocates the value of newness, novelty and technological progress.

Contemporary jewellery objects are interpreted and appropriated to suggest lateral and flexible forms and roles for the jewellery object. Such objects often functions to present an aspect of our self to others or to represent or remind us of our relationships with other people. Functioning in this role the object becomes a conduit to transport us to other times, places and people and also a container for our feelings about that associated other.

The following chapters describe how I have used the properties associated with gadgets as qualities to be conscious of and to avoid. My approach has been to explore qualities that are often central to contemporary jewellery: those of human relationships and personal emotional significance. Chapter 4 presents the theoretical development of the methodology and chapter 5 describes the practical application of methods through exploratory studies involving individual participants.

Function

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4 Methodology 1: theoretical development of methodology

The contextual review and gadget critique (Chapters 2 & 3) have identified gaps in current approaches to the development of body centric digital objects and digital jewellery. My aim has been to develop a research programme that was both a critical and optimistic approach to the development of digital jewellery, and to establish an interdisciplinary position. The development of an appropriate (and possibly new) methodology was a key element of any such programme and the exploration of personal emotional significance in digital jewellery a central issue. This chapter will identify a spectrum of conceptions of emotion from biological correlates, to felt experience and personal biography, and show that practical and theoretical attempts to address emotional qualities of experience are limited. Notwithstanding occasional calls for a consideration of emotion in terms of the felt-life of technology (embracing emotional and sensual qualities of experience) little attention has been paid to such social and discursive aspects. I characterise my approach in the context of my past practice, which has been constantly connected to an exploration of ideas concerning human communication. Furthermore, craft practice, as a key aspect of the methodology, is characterised as an intellectual form of making and I explore the notion of craft as a valid form of creative and intellectual endeavour. The scarcity of literature positioning craft in such a light, and its relevance to the development of digital culture, is also highly relevant. In essence, my methodology is to centre my inquiry into contemporary jewellery practice as a direct social activity, and thereby explore digital jewellery in terms of personal emotional significance both for others and myself. Importantly, the inquiry as to how objects become meaningful for people through the consideration of personal emotional significance, leads to the use of personal histories and biographies to explore the emotional role that objects play in peoples lives.

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4.1 Creating digital jewellery

In part, my research is an attempt to address and respond to a number of misconceptions as to the nature of jewellery and digital objects. These include limited commonplace assumptions as to the scope of jewellery. Contemporary texts argue that jewellery is a social, political and cultural indicator. As described in Chapter 2, these themes and shifts are established and investigated in current literature by Dormer and Turner (1985). But as Dormer (1997) suggests, there is a general failure to place such texts within a theoretical framework that would enable craft to position and expand itself. With a few notable exceptions, (McCullough 1996), few attempts have been made to examine crafts implications for design during the current period of rapid technological change. In addition jewellery texts predominantly articulate the position of critics, and not practitioners. The motivations, polemic and creative process of practice are rarely expressed from members of the jewellery practice community, and even more rarely through practice itself. As Bruce Metcalf asserts:

Unfortunately, intelligent writing on jewelry is scarce To date, most writing on Jewelry has stressed design, craftsmanship, and physical usefulness (Metcalf, 1993: 23)

In general, contemporary jewellers have not embraced opportunities afforded by digital technologies to extend the scope, and subsequently the subject, of contemporary jewellery. Where the notion of digital jewellery has been broached by industrial designers the conceptions have not progressed beyond a clichd futuristic aesthetic. In contrast, my aim is to reveal and refine the relevance of contemporary jewellery (practice and methodology) to the development of digital technologies. As described in Chapter 2 (Contextual review) and Chapter 3 (The gadget) emotional values have been neglected and there has been a mechanistic treatment of emotional aspects of design (this is elaborated in section 4.2). The shortcomings of existing approaches and treatments highlight the opportunities for a more sensitive and insightful treatment. As Dunne (1999) asserts:

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the most difficult challenges for designers of electronic objects now lie not in technical and semiotic functionality, where optimal levels of performance are already attainable, but in the realms of metaphysics, poetry and aesthetics, where little research has been carried out. (Dunne, 1999: 7)

Therefore, a key question that arises from this analysis of past and current practice in the design of digital objects is how is it possible to make digital jewellery that avoids the qualities and associations of gadgets? That is, finding a means of practice and a methodology that addresses the dehumanisation of the fast paced production and consumption cycles of digital objects (see Chapter 3, The gadget). In response, I proposed to address these shortcomings with a more human-centred practice, drawing on the humanrelational context and personal emotional significance evident in much contemporary jewellery. Inevitably, this raises a number of related questions, which must be explored: (i) What is an emotionally significant object? (ii) How does an object become emotionally significant? (iii) How can contemporary jewellery practice contribute to this process? Fundamentally, my concern is with jewellery and my critique of aspects of the development in wearable computing suggest a number of questions relating to body-centric issues in the design of digital objects: (i) What are the differences between wearables and contemporary jewellery objects? (ii) What is the role of the body in our experiences? (iii) What is the role of the jewellery object in terms of digital jewellery; (iv) What is the relationship between the jewellery object and the body in terms of digital jewellery?

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4.2 Current methodologies

Contemporary jewellery spans the context of fine art practice (Astfalck 2005), design practice and craft practice (Dormer 1997). Thus, the design of digital jewellery inevitably encompasses aspects of art, craft, design, and human-computer interaction (HCI). The origins of HCI are rooted in psychology, and the predominance of systems, modes of interaction, and the notion of the task, illustrates the narrow cognitive perspective of HCI on the relationship between humans and computer-based systems.

"...the joint performance of tasks by humans and machines; the structure of communication between human and machine; human capabilities to use machines; algorithms and programming of the interface itself; engineering concerns that arise in designing and building interfaces; the process of specification, design, and implementation of interfaces; and design trade-offs." (Hewett, 2003)

With its focus on the evaluation and analysis of existing modes of interaction between humans and computers, HCI does offer a wealth of theoretical perspectives. Such methods have little relevance to the design and conception of emotionally rich digital interaction, or personal significance of artefacts. However, alternative and sympathetic treatments of emotion and experience are becoming increasingly popular within HCI. McCarthy and Wright (2004), propose theoretical and methodological perspectives regarding our experiences of technology. McCarthy and Wright observe that in HCI there has been an emphasis on the functional aspects of computer use, with a focus on issues of usability, to the detriment of other aspects of experience. The characteristics of usability, detailed by Shackel (1990), of an effective, flexible, learnable and satisfying to use computer system, no longer offer an adequate benchmark for our scope of interaction with digital technologies (McCarthy & Wright, 2004). In acknowledging that beyond usability, perspectives in HCI have engaged with our everyday experiences of digital technologies, they argue that there is still a neglect of the emotional qualities of our experiences and call for an attention to the felt life of our experiences with technologies and for new approaches in HCI embracing these aspects. From a mainstream HCI perspective, the design of interactive systems starts with the elicitation of user needs (Preece et al., 2002) and through various methods aims to design 80

a solution to satisfy these. The premise here is that needs exist, and such an approach is born from the historical context of the design of computer systems to aid in the completion of tasks (whether at work or in the home). By contrast, the Interaction Design community have utilised innovative, creative approaches to the conception and design of digital environments, which share methods with art and design (Dunne, 1999; Dunne & Raby, 2001; Gaver, 1999; Anderson et al., 2003). Such projects have not, to date, considered digital jewellery, but do offer methods, which share creative dynamics and perspectives with art and design methods offering more open-ended, exploratory approaches to the design of digital artefacts and environments. Anthony Dunne (1999) stated that one of his aims was to suggest how electronic objects might enrich rather than impoverish peoples lives. With Fiona Raby he presented their perspective to be an exploration of ways to relocate digital objects beyond what they describe as:

...a culture of relentless innovation for its own sake, based simply on what is technologically possible and semiologically consumable, to a broader context of critical thinking on its aesthetic role in everyday life. (Dunne & Raby, 2004)

Dunnes work also involved the development of probe methods (Gaver et al., 1999, Gaver et al., 2001), which use creative processes inspired by the work of conceptual art groups including the Situationists, Dadaists and Surrealists to discover inspirational information about the participants involved in their research. The process involves presenting the participants with packs of creative, evocative tasks and questions designed to provoke inspirational responses (Gaver et al., 1999, pp. 21). Many of the probe activities were structured towards areas of information desirable to the researchers within the confines of the project, but others were left ambiguous, leaving open the space of possible responses. Both participants and process were regarded as playful and the approach was described as designing for pleasure. Gaver et al. (2004) state that a focus on pleasure requires a different approach to a focus on utility, suggesting that utility driven designs can be designed from outside the situation standing back to assess difficulties and seek solutions. (Gaver et al., 2004: 53). Designing for pleasure requires a more involved perspective, immersed in the situation. 81

Gaver et al. (2004) acknowledge that their probe methods have been adopted widely throughout industrial and academic design and research groups, but observe that not all employment of these methods have been done in the spirit intended, stating that many have rationalized the probes as a consequence of being unsatisfied with the playful and subjective nature of the approach, using them to produce comprehensible results[and] even use them to produce requirements analysis (Gaver et al., 2004: 53). They go on to state that such misappropriations have missed the point of the probes, which by their very nature value uncertainty, ambiguity, play, subjective interpretation and exploration. A shift in the traditional focus of industrial design on functionality and usability, to design and emotion has been evident in recent years. Deborah Lupton (1998) describes the full breadth of the spectrum of approaches to emotion. At one pole emotion is considered a set of physiological correlates, heart rate, blood pressure and skin resistance. At the other pole resides a social constructivist perspective of emotion, in which emotion is considered as a process that people do through social interaction, something that is highly social and discursive. Design approaches have emphasised how products may be designed to elicit certain kinds of emotional response (Govers & Mugge 2004, Govers 2004, Govers et al 2003, Desmet 2000), and the measurement of emotions to this end (Desmet 2003, Desmet et al. 2000). Desmet focuses on images, appearances, and the visual stimulus of an object, and underplays the linguistic, discursive aspect of our experiences and interactions. This conception of emotion is unapologetically consumption oriented:

designers are seeking ways for their products to elicit emotional and behavioural cuesfor the pragmatic reason that it increases product desirability. (Bennett, 2003)

Pleasure and emotional significance are addressed as a component of a sales and marketing strategy. Akinori Nakanishi, general manager of Mitsubishi Motors, introduced the 2002 Design and Emotion conference, stating:

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 the corporation realised that no matter how refined the technological content of your car is, if it is not sexy, it will not sell! (Nakanishi, 2002)

Bennett (2003) observed that such approaches seek to scientifically assess the emotional impact of a design by using what Eisermann, Director of Design and Innovation at the Design Council UK, describes as Sensorial Quality Assessment Method or Sequam (Eisermann, 2003) an approach based on behavioural science. Conversely there are also approaches to understanding the emotional meanings people attribute to objects through a more biographical context such as Csikszentmihalyi & Rochberg Halton (1981) and similarly McCarthy & Wright (2004), who view emotion as social and discursive phenomena.

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4.3 Craft as research methodology

Practice-based art and design research is a relatively new phenomenon (Press 1995), dating back to the early 1980s. Malins and Gray (1995) describe formal research within the visual arts to be in its relative infancy, a result of which is a lack of distinctive research methodologies for each subject and a situation where artists, designers or craftspeople share approaches, similarly Bunnell (1998) articulates that within practice based art and design research:

Methodologies have been borrowed and adapted from the Sciences and Social Sciences often resulting in a multi-method approach (Bunnell, 1998)

The methods used in the conception of ideas of contemporary jewellery objects are rarely disseminated, most literature is descriptive of manufacture techniques, tending to be evaluative after the production, rather than as a discourse throughout the creative process. Methods exist but they are largely tacit. One reason for this may be the well worn, ongoing debate in the crafts suggested by Dormer (1997) that an object should be able to stand alone without the need for narrative or description, and that all knowledge of the piece is inherent in the object itself. This perspective has dominated in Craft and has been detrimental to the production of methodologies on the subject. One of my goals is to strive to establish a jewellery methodology for myself, taking a naturalistic methodological approach, seated in reflective practice as described by Schn (1991). Press & Cusworth (1998) cite Steadman (1979) in describing how the dominant view of much design history perceives craft as a dumb activity, lacking formalised knowledge, but utilising learned practical skills. This preconception has endured, but as Press and Cusworth assert, has been counterbalanced by labour historians and design theorists since the 1970s, who have presented a far deeper view placing craft as a process, practice and approach as a unique form of knowledge and intelligent making (Press & Cusworth 1998).

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A notion of intelligent making emerges from the literature that is a mix of formal knowledge, tacit knowledge, physical and mental skill, contextual awareness, innovation and personal creative autonomy. (Press & Cusworth, 1998: 15)

With specific regard to jewellery, contemporary texts (Dormer & Turner 1985; Astfalck et al., 2004) argue that jewellery is a social, political and cultural indicator. However as Dormer (1997) suggested there is a general failure to place such texts within a theoretical framework that would enable craft to position and expand itself. A view which is shared by Press (1997), who states that there is a:

relative paucity of critical texts in craft much writing in craftis seemingly written to fill the gaps between pictures in catalogues or coffee table volumes usually brokering the perfect marriage between sycophancy and an excitement equivalent to that of watching a bucket of plaster go off. (Press, 1997)

Similarly ceramicist Edmund de Waal (2000) asserts that discussions of craft are led by critics and not makers, and that makers need to write about their own work in order to make explicit, in part, the ideas and energy of their work. He describes craft objects as a language of form that a maker makes his or her own, something that has developed intuitively through making, and notably, something that arises from the complex context of a makers biography. That craft objects are who we have been and who we are becoming (de Waal, 2000). Acknowledging and harnessing the potential and role of craft within a digital culture is a dominant challenge to both the process and context of craft. Craft practitioners cannot presume that there is relevance for craft objects and craft processes in a world where digital technologies and associated objects are increasingly prominent in public and private lives. Craft practitioners need to communicate and assert the value of this particular set of skills, approach and perspective. In the field of design Norman (1998) and McCullough (1996) maintain that during the industrial age, design has been technology led driven by a functionalist approach, resulting in the current climate where technology is too intrusive. One way that craft practice could be presented to have value within the current climate of design is as a human-centred approach to the production of artefacts. Press (2003) argues that making is: 85

a humanising element in our industrial culture and a source of innovation (Press, 2003)

Craft theorist Greenhalgh (2002) elaborated on this potential by giving a more integrated view of craft and technology, acknowledging that technology has been present at every level of artistic development since the Renaissance. He asserts that craft is far from being anti-technology. Similarly Press and Cusworth (1998) maintain that craft practice was a major factor in the Industrial Revolution and is a highly relevant activity and perspective in our current age, not as an alternative to things associated with technology akin to William Morris perspectives, but as an integral component of new hybrid forms of making and practice. Practitioners such as Jane Harris reiterate this characterisation of the importance of craft skills:

The skills of craft are more valuable to me now in, the changing face of Computer Graphic technology, than ever before. (Harris, 1999)

The human centred properties of craft objects have the potential to enhance digital technologies and devices. Octavio Paz (1974) describes the craft object as centred in human context:
Since the thing is made by human hands, the craft object preserves the fingerprints be they real or metaphorical of the artisan who fashioned itthey are a sigh: the scarcely visible, faded scar being made by human hands; the craft is made for human hands: we can not only see it but caress it with our fingers (Paz, 1974)

Paz (1974) asserts a key point concerning the life of a craft object historically; that the destination of the art object is usually the museum and the industrial object is ultimately the dustbin, but he posits that the craft object usually escapes both. Pazs view of the life of a craft object as one which is not short lived or distanced from human contact by placement in a gallery offers a view of craft objects as central to human life over a long period of time. My roles as both practitioner and researcher allow me to be immersed in a practice-centred process, in which I may draw on my own experiences, and particular knowledge and sensitivities and skills set. Schn (1983) states that:

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a practitioners stance towards enquiry is his attitude towards the reality with which he deals (Schn, 1983: 163)

My approach, within my craft practice, begins with personal perspectives to, or personal experiences of, an issue. These are developed as part of an inquiry of the perspectives of others. Such a way of working is evident in contemporary jewellery practice, although rarely articulated as such (Braga, Eichenberg, Ozeki see Chapter 2 sections 2.1.2.2 and 2.1.2.3). Similarly Guba (1990 pg.18) offers a perspective where methodology evolves through what a researcher considers to be knowable and a growing personal awareness of his/her relationship with the knowable. As Dunne (1999) asserts design is a contemporary, ubiquitous force in our current culture and is uniquely positioned to take the lead in reflective, critical approaches to different forms and contexts of digital object. Craft practice and design are not neutral activities; they can reinforce the current status quo or be conducted critically. A reflective, responsible and optimistic approach is needed to offer new imaginative, emotionally rich possibilities for digital objects and our experiences of them. The role of the contemporary jeweller is not to enhance the aesthetic of the technology, but to force fundamental questions as to motivations, relevancies, and forms of current digital appliances and interactions. The contemporary jeweller has a skill set and approach to the development of objects, which considers how objects may operate in a personally emotionally significant context. By extending the scope of contemporary jewellery to embrace digital technologies we enhance both domains.

My previous practice explored the nature of human communication and interaction. Using jewellery practice I explored the often intimate spaces created by human relationships and communication.

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Fig. 77 Jayne Wallace 1999 Eyelashes Silver, stainless steel

Fig. 78 Jayne Wallace 1999 Echo Silver and stainless steel

(also see figures 1 & 2 in Chapter 1 Introduction)

Fig. 79 Jayne Wallace 1999 Touch Silver

Figs. 77, 78 & 79 are from a group of five pieces based on an individual. The pieces are worn by one person and involve individual sensory experiences. The pieces focus on communication between the individual and their own body. These objects allow people to experience sensations of their own bodies, which may be overlooked in daily life. In wearing these gentle and theatrical forms a person chooses to diminish a sensory channel without invoking connotations of enforcement. Eyelashes were made from silver and stainless steel. The weight of the eyelashes restricts a wearer from opening his/her eyes. Visually the pieces have an appearance of veiling the eyes. Comfort, when wearing the jewellery, was crucial. My goal was to create an environment for contemplation, a hush and a sense of space for the wearer. Echo is a piece in which the forms were partly cast from the ear cavity, and partly fabricated. The piece mutes external sound, but raises the wearers awareness of noises originating from inside the body. The aesthetic is intended to echo forms of earphones to suggest that the wearer is not open for communication with others. The wearer is tuned into their own sound supply. Touch is a series of objects cast directly from fingertips and prevent wearers from feeling the objects they touch. In hiding the wearers fingerprints Touch serves to mask this aspect of a wearers identity. When not worn the fingerprints are revealed and evoke a memory of a wearers act of touching and a trace of the wearer.

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Figs. 80, 81 & 82 Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel, plastic coated electrical wire
(also see figures 3, 4 & 5 in Chapter 1 Introduction)

Figs. 80 - 82 show a collection of three pieces in the form of a series of small microphones, worn visibly as clips and toggles. As digital technologies become more ubiquitous, and miniaturised, the scope of surveillance widens. These pieces highlight the covert retrieval of information possible through the use of developing technologies and miniaturisation. The pieces were made with the aim of questioning motivations behind the production of wearable technology and acknowledging that there are ethics to be considered in their conception.

Fig. 83 Jayne Wallace 1999 Whisper Silver, stainless steel

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Whisper (Fig. 83) focuses on the private and shared aspects of whispering and what a whisper feels like. It is a soft and intimate piece both visually and physically. The first piece is a shield made from silver with a stainless steel clip, which attaches inside the cheek. It acts as a visual barrier creating privacy and echoing the hand gesture covering the mouth often used when whispering. The accompanying piece is worn by the second person inside the ear; a cast has been made of the hollow in silver. The pieces themselves are intimate to wear and echo both the privacy and the sense of engaging in the act of whispering. Two aspects of my personal perspective have their origins in this past practice. Firstly, the treatment of jewellery as mediating objects, rather than adornment or sculpture. Mediation refers to the potential of jewellery to act as a metaphor, translator and facilitator of human communication; this is central to my thinking and making. Mediating objects act to comment on and enhance the intimate phenomena of human relationships. This stands in contrast to the conventional notion of contemporary jewellery as a comment on aesthetics, ergonomics, or cultural significance. Secondly, notions of technology are important references throughout the work. Through the jewellery I strived to understand the potential dangers of wearable technologies; dangers of the misuse of miniaturised information retrieval technologies and dangers of creating technology led gadgets.

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4.4 Beauty, enchantment and empathy

Personal emotional significance can be shown to have a strong connection to personal criteria of beauty. This section aims to describe how beauty may be articulated as an emotional term and something central to the underlying philosophical aspects of craft practice and how beauty may be seen as a sensibility connected to enchantment and empathy. I have demonstrated that there is a significant gap in craft and design literature (see sections 4.2 & 4.3) clarifying, theorising or disseminating the practical and conceptual perspectives evident in craft practice, subsequently there is an opportunity and validity for an account of the role of craft practice within this practice-centred research. By examining the interconnection between these ideas, and their context within craft practice, a new perspective and interpretation of practice may be adopted. Thus, these sensibilities suggest craft practice as a unique vehicle for the exploration of personal emotional significance and objects. In this section I detail the related notions of beauty, enchantment and empathy as guiding sensibilities within craft practice. This perspective reveals the unique value of craft as a process of innovation, and its implications for digital culture (Wallace & Press, 2004 [1 & 2], McCarthy, Wright, Wallace & Dearden, 2004 & 2006).

craft practice is highly relevant to design in a digital age. This relevance hinges largely on the concept of beauty that lies at the heart of craft, which is fundamentally at odds with the more superficial approach that is evident from much design literature. We have sought to demonstrate that far from being a skin-deep exercise in product styling, beauty is an experience of enchantment that arises from an intuitive non-reducible creative process centred on empathy and defined by a vision of relevance and rightness. We have argued that craft possesses those very qualities and provides the conditions to allow beauty to be experienced by maker and user. Craft, while it is rooted in the making of physical objects, provides the conceptual and empathetic means of addressing a far broader range of experiential issues that extend the relevance and value of emerging technologies. (Wallace and Press, 2004)

Digital technology is increasingly prominent in everyday lives. As these technologies extend their reach, penetrating further into our personal lives, the power we have to change and expand our potential for engagement with them grows accordingly. There are new opportunities for captivation, enchantment and fascination (McCarthy et al, 2006, Coyne, 91

1999, Schneiderman, 2002) or frustration, distrust and apathy (Norman, 2004, Cooper, 1999, McCullough, 1996). To regard beauty within the design of digital objects and interactions as a stylistic after-thought is a flawed strategy and one that considers beauty in shallow terms. 4.4.1 Beauty Beauty has been repeatedly championed throughout the history of design (Calkins, 1927, Yelavitch, 1999), as both a valuable concept and tool. These perspectives have arisen from many varied motivations and goals. Susan Yelavitch (1999), a curator and theorist, argues that beauty is a necessity, something we are drawn to explore. Yelavich maintains beauty is:
now re-emerging as a legitimate, even desirable, value among curators, designers, critics, city planners, even scientists and anthropologists because they understand it as an experience a gift and a tool through which they can impart their specialised knowledge of the world sustaining their spirits and keeping their souls (Yelavich, 1999).

Other perspectives are less altruistic, pitching beauty as an essential tool for manufacture. Calkins (1927) argued the logical step for business after its mastery of efficiency was to engage with the cult of beauty as a means of driving mass demand and desire. Yelavitch and Calkins echo the two perspectives of beauty that are dominant in Western culture. One is an idea of beauty as the cornerstone of human values and as an eternally unfulfilled aspiration, while the other is an idealised object of desire that can be possessed and consumed. The design beauticians obsession with product styling and aesthetics attempts to move products away from ugliness, but as Kirwan argues:

The true opposite of beauty is not ugliness itself an identity of being and value but rather the dissociation of being and value (Kirwan, 1999: 49).

While beauty plays a vital role in humanising technology and ensuring its cultural relevance, it cannot be designed in to those technologies and their associated gadgets. Aesthetic recipes can be employed to create a veneer of desire, seduction and utility, but these are misunderstandings of beauty. It is important not to confuse beauty with desire. Armstrong (2004) offers a critique of historically proposed perspectives of beauty: 92

There have been two great approaches to the discussion of beauty. First attempts to describe the common, secret quality, which all beautiful things share second focused, instead, on the response of the beholder. To find something beautiful is to have a special kind of experience (Armstrong, 2004: 146).

Beauty as a recipe has been characterised by, for example, Hogarth, Garrick and Pythagoras. Hogarth conducted the first scientific experiment on beauty in 1753. Founded on a formalist approach, Hogarths belief was that beauty depends on shape and graceful line (Hogarth, 1753). Pythagoras developed the perspective in the sixth century BC that beauty relates strongly to proportion, and Garrick claimed that the beauty of an object is dictated by its fitness to the function it performs (Armstrong 2004, Frohlich 2004, Kirwan 1999). Beauty as experience, relates to perspectives of philosophers such as Kant, who built on views of beauty from Aquinas, Spinoza, Hume and Montesquieu. Kant discussed beauty as the response of the beholder (Kant 1763 & 1790). Plotinus maintained beauty applies fully to both moral and perceptual objects (Plotinus AD 204 70 in MacKenna 2002), whilst Schiller offered an account of the impact beauty has on us through describing the holism of a beautiful object or experience and the reality of felt experience (Schiller, 2004). Stendhal also related beauty to visions of happiness (Stendahl, 2004). Almost inevitably, beauty escapes a definition based on specific qualities. Armstrong argues that in fact beauty is a holistic feature of objects. (Armstrong 2004) and its defiance of definition underpins its enduring nature. Our experience of beauty centres on our quest for it, which is in most cases unsatisfied. According to Dewey (1934: 129) beauty is as far away as possible from an analytical term and consequently also from a means of reduction to a definitive explanation or classification, for him it is an emotional term, although one he claims denotes a characteristic emotion. Kirwan (1999) described beauty as something we strive to know, but which remains mysterious to us and gives us a sense of our relation to the world we experience. Kirwan focused on the dynamics of the experience and event of beauty in his perspectives

not the objective qualities of the beautiful, but ratherthe mental state which issues in the feeling that a thing is beautiful. (Kirwan, 1999: 42).

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Ruskin described beauty as a journey we take arising from sensual pleasure, which leads to joy and a deeper experience of love, but also what he described as:

the perception of kindness in a superior intelligence, then thankfulness and veneration towards that intelligence itself (Ruskin cited in Kirwan, 1999: 79).

Ruskins perspectives related to the spiritual associations of beauty, but also to love, a notion that Armstrong (2004) expands upon. Armstrong relates the experience we enter in to when we encounter beauty to both love and yearning, and asserts that beauty meets a profound need to discover meaningful connections between ourselves and other people, objects and ideas. The connections we find in beautiful objects have a deep human significance, a reason why we can love, rather than like, beauty. As such, beauty is central to our life experiences, central to our relational connections to other people and a complex, fluid series of emotional exchanges, which stem from an unfulfilled and enduring yearning. This research is concerned with beauty, but not an interpretation of jewellery as beautifying object or ornament. My conception of beauty is centred on experience rather than objectified possession. Reflection on my three studies (see Chapter 5) underpin my position that beauty is not designed in to an object or experience, but that it can be discovered through craft, in the fullest sense of the term. I reason through my research that one opportunity to realise beauty is in the making of it, through engagement with material and process and through crafts sensibility and sensitivities. Craft finds beauty, and design puts that beauty to work. This process, which centres on the relationship between the creator and the handmade object, highlights why craft objects may possess qualities of intimacy, beauty and sensitivity. Often the craft maker is the only person who creates their object. This object arises from an intimate relationship between the maker and their material and, indeed, an attachment with it. So the maker feels attached to the object, knows that they and only they could create it, and thus loves the object of their labours. It is this love of labour, process, material and object that is distinctive and it is this, which discovers the qualities of beauty in the object.

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4.4.2 Enchantment

Enchantment here relates to the mystery and wonder of beauty and how it may be harnessed through craft practice, offering a different approach to and consideration of digital objects and our experiences of them. Whilst beauty is acknowledged as a valuable concept for design, the characteristics of enchantment (and empathy, section 4.4.3) and its role in craft and relation to beauty are not discussed by commentators on design or craft. In my collaborations with McCarthy, Wright and Dearden (McCarthy, Wright, Wallace & Dearden, 2004 and 2006) we explored the phenomenon of enchantment and how it can be used to enhance our interactions with technology. We described enchantment as:
an experience of being caught up and carried away, in which, although we are disoriented, perception and attention are heightened. To the extent that it awakens us to wonder and to the wonder of life, it is enlivening (McCarthy et al, 2004).

Enchantment does not only reside in the extraordinary, but can also be found in the prosaic; our everyday encounters offer possibilities for surprise. Enchantment may be what we miss in our ordinary lives; we simply neglect to look more closely at, or with more open perspectives on, the everyday situations in which enchantment can be found. Craft practice offers an example of people engaging in an activity in which there is the opportunity to be attentive to the unique within each piece made. When something is made by hand it is unrepeatable and although the activity may have been repeated many times the particular nuances of change with each new piece have not. Craft practice as an activity is a fertile ground for enchantment experienced by the maker. By being open to the discovery of the new within our craft there are possibilities and opportunities to extend our experiences out to an audience. These possibilities and opportunities are perhaps stronger than ever when we consider digitally interactive craft objects, which have a wider scope of interaction and communication potential than a dormant craft object. Digital media artist Golan Levin described immersivity in his own practice in terms suggestive of enchantment:

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my objective was to make something that would ideally captivate the users attention enough to precipitate what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls a state of flowwhere one gets consumed by the medium and becomes sort of one with itthat it becomes an extension of the self. (Levin, 2003)

Parallels may be drawn between Levins insights into his practice and many of Armstrongs (2004) perspectives on beauty. Both described an experience of immersivity. Armstrong states that our first instinct when we encounter beauty is to give ourselves over to it, where beauty is a yearning that goes beyond the ideas of keeping or owning:
we want it to take possession of us. (Armstrong, 2004: 84)

Levin and Armstrongs perspectives relate strongly to my notion of enchantment. To illustrate how we may be conscious of enchantment or Levins perspective of captivation in the making or design process McCarthy et al (2004) suggested the sensibilities we can be aware of in the design process relating to enchantment. Such an awareness might include: the specific sensuousness of each particular thing; the whole person with desires, feelings, and anxieties; sense of being-in-play; paradox, openness, and ambiguity; and the transformational character of experience. Enchantment may therefore result from the specific sensuousness, playfulness and relationship to an audience as individuals within an experience; be that an event or an object. The possibility of continued enchantment is not only in the captivation and immersivity of beauty but also in the depth of paradoxes each experience embraces. The challenging question for digital technology and craft is the extent to which this union accomplishes the same enchanting depth. As described in the contextual review (Chapter 2 section 2.2.2.2) a number of design groups are now considering the relationship between digital technologies and jewellery. Organisations such as IBM, Philips Design, and IDEO have presented concepts that seek to combine technology and jewellery, with mixed results from the perspective of enchantment. Some examples have the appearance of a focus increasing the functionality of pervasive devices, e.g. earrings, bracelets and rings that operate together as components of a mobile phone. Not surprisingly, the neglect of the emotional, sensual, and playful potential in jewellery has resulted in disenchanting commodities (McCarthy, Wright, Wallace & Dearden 2004).

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By contrast, McCullough (1996) maintains that the approach of craft practice is often one of playful experimentation with ideas and processes. The process is often a source of satisfaction due to the development of sentient skill, something we enjoy, involving cognitive cues and affective intent. His claim is that our sentient activity differs from the production of a machine, because we are playful and a machine is not. We can experiment and we grow as we learn and explore. McCullough maintains that craft practice is individual, a situation in which a maker forms an intimate relation with contexts or tools. McCulloughs description of the process of craft practice is closely related to my own perspective on beauty and enchantment. However, although sensibilities for designing for enchantment have been described, how someone may approach thinking and designing for these sensibilities remains an open question. A perspective of empathic engagement with issues, people, materials and process may offer a sympathetic approach to enable designing for enchantment. 4.4.3 Empathy

Stratton & Hayes (1988) characterise empathy as a feeling of emotional understanding and harmony with another person. The emotion felt by one person is to a degree felt by the other, who empathises with them. However, Wisp (1986) points out that empathy differs from other reactions to the emotional state of another person (such as sympathy). In the case of empathy one person attends to the feelings of the other, but in the case of sympathy one person attends to the suffering of the other or their situation, but maintains his or her own feelings. Chismar (1988) describes empathy as a largely creative process. Drawing from Husserls perspectives, he maintains that empathy is far more than a conditioned response to anothers evocation of feeling in that it involves a creative use of emotive and physical sensitivity in order to feel a sense of what it is like to stand in someone elses shoes. Chismar draws parallels and connections between characteristics, which are connected with creativity such as open-mindedness, flexibility, and tolerance for cognitive dissonance to characteristics of empathy. Chismars observations of our empathic engagements with others suggest that to empathise we are required to immerse ourselves in the emotional and even physical states of others, in their stories, biographies and aspirations. 97

Empathy can offer a form of closure for the viewer of the piece, a way to gain a personal understanding of it. Theorist Brenda Laurel (1991) writing about our relationship to technology links empathy to the notion of catharsis in theatre. Catharsis and empathy are vehicles through which we can connect with an experience, i.e. a play, a piece of jewellery, or a piece of software in a personally significant emotional way. Catharsis allows us to identify with the experience and then to reinterpret it to fit it into and relate it to our own lives. Empathy is not about a reproduction of anothers experience, but rather a personal emotional response coloured by the empathisers own personality and elements from the specific interpersonal situation. The fact that we are not reproducing the others experience is an important element in empathy and the use of it in any design process, as the eventual detachment allows us to maintain and use our own perspectives with those gained from an empathic engagement; Fenichel (1945) described empathy in two stages the first being an identification with the other person, and the second being an awareness of ones own feelings after this identification, which enables an awareness of the objects feelings. Empathy is not something that we can achieve at will, but instead is something that we can be aware of and open to. We need to allow it to happen. Jenkins (1997) suggests the idea of empathic engagement as explorations of possible selves. Empathy is something we develop over time; it requires a development of openness and attunement to other people. As a fundamental process in interpersonal relationships, highlighting affective dialogue possibilities between people, it is a valuable experience in understanding notions of what is important for others, and an experience that finds a home within craft practice. The craftsperson is attuned to the relationship between maker and material and in many examples to the situations, experiences and feelings of others (Astfalck et al 2004, Bartels and Lindmark Vrijmann 2002). Pye described the workman as essentially an interpreter (Pye, 1968: 33). The craft practitioner interprets how to work with a material by empathising, in the broadest sense, with the intrinsic worth and potential of it (Dormer 1994, Pye 1968).

The truth is that what we want to do is not to express the properties of materials, but express their qualities. The properties of materials are objective and measurable. They are out there. The qualities on the other hand are subjective: they are in here: in our heads. () Material in the raw is nothing

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much. () Good material is a myth. () Some materials promise far more than others but only the workman can bring out what they promise. (Pye, 1968: 88)

The skills a crafts practitioner develops towards interpreting and responding with sensitivity to the materials, conceptual motivators and other people involved in the process often lead to a development of creative, flexible sensibilities, which the practitioner brings to bear on the work made. Craft practice as a development of sensitivities and sensibilities is a fertile environment for empathic engagement. 4.4.4 Beauty and craft practice

The sensitivities and sensibilities evident in craft practice are particularly salient to design in the digital age. This hinges largely on the concept of beauty that lies at the heart of craft, which is fundamentally at odds with the more superficial approach that is evident from much industrial design and design literature. By demonstrating that the concept of beauty extends far beyond notions such as product styling, beauty can be understood as an experience of enchantment that may arise from an empathic approach to people, issues, materials and processes. I argue that craft practice possesses those very qualities and provides the conditions to allow beauty to be experienced by maker and user. Craft, while it is rooted in the making of physical objects, provides the conceptual and empathetic means of addressing a far broader range of experiential issues that extend the relevance and value of emerging technologies. Beauty is important, but is not a commodified recipe used to maintain consumer insecurities or ill advised social ideals, it is a personal experience that lies at the heart of all of our meaningful engagements and as such should be respected and nurtured. If we are conscious of beauty as an emotional and human-centred notion, connected to enchantment and empathy, then we open up opportunities in design and craft practice to consider emotionally significant aspects of our experiences. If we consider and embrace each of the characteristics presented here when in the roles of either designer/maker or audience we are open to the sensibilities each embodies. For both maker and audience it is a call away from passive engagement.

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We are living in an age where technology has become a driving force in popular culture. Amongst all the gadgets and task orientated fad or novelty objects there is a unique place for digital jewellery as an extension of contemporary jewellery relating to human-relational communication and personal emotional significance. My proposal is that digital jewellery may be a form of digital object, which is situated in an emotionally personal place in modern computerised society. The context of jewellery objects historically offers a particular view of how objects have operated as emotionally significant objects for people and the current scope and approach of contemporary jewellery practice offers a particular platform and approach to the extension of emotional significance into the development of digital jewellery. This in turn may inform the related fields of HCI, Interaction Design, and Industrial Design.

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5 Methodology 2: development and practical application of

methods through exploratory studies
This chapter describes the main practical element to the research. It begins by describing my use of contemporary jewellery practice as something socially embedded, followed by the experience centred approach I adopted in order to explore personal criteria for emotional significance. The chapter continues by giving account of my engagement with a small number of individual participants through the following stages and dynamics of the interactions: selection of participants, description of individual methods, application of methods, participant responses to design probes and my design process. The pieces of digital jewellery that were designed for three individuals are then presented. The chapter concludes with my reflections on the particularities of these exploratory studies and design process.

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5.1 Socially embedded practice

Through this research I have aimed to retain a constant connection to the human-relational aspects of jewellery and of human experience, which have been a constantly significant aspect of contemporary jewellery practice and context for me. Human communication had been a central focus to my past practice; the opportunities of digital technologies offered a shift in how the theme of human communication could be developed through my practice and how the actual process of my practice could also be extended. Many models of current designer-maker practice are from the perspective of practitioner as observer commenting on a situation (i.e. Bakker, Knzli, Schobinger see Chapter 2 section 2.1.2.1), or connecting with a cultural or social dialogue, rather than engaging more directly as a participant in the situation. My goal was to engage in both research and practice as a direct social activity, and in doing so, explore digital jewellery in terms of personal emotional significance for both myself and other people. My notion of the designer-maker thus shifts the emphasis from personal expression and personal autonomy, to shared dialogue between the designer-maker and the participants in the process. Some jewellers have approached their practice in such a way (Astfalck, Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman, see Chapter 2 Contextual review), but these are atypical positions. I engaged in a dialogue with Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman in 2004, in which we discussed this notion of practice as a social activity. The following quotes all originate from our discussion (Bartels and Lindmarck Vrijmann, 2004). Both jewellers expressed frustration with the existing conventions of exhibiting jewellery and limited contact with an audience:
I realized that even the so-called Art Jewellery world is quite limited and jewellery often reduced to being displayed in a galerie or in a catalogue What I also found remarkable is that the wearer wasnt very much part of the process anymore, the body yes, but the personality of the wearer was of minor interest . (Bartels)

This loss of the importance of the personality of the wearer was described by both jewellers as detrimental to the essence of what jewellery was for them: 102

Something that acts with a person and comes to life when it is connected to a person. (Lindmark Vrijmann)

Even though both jewellers had already been dealing with issues of personal emotional significance within their work they described feeling that this did not go far enough:
there was something missing. Ulrike Bartels ibid The feeling of not reaching all the way, that Ulrike also talks about, came for me out of that I somewhere along the way was too much creating an image, instead of creating something real. (Lindmark Vrijmann)

For Bartels and Lindmark Vrijmann, the frustrations of this distance created between a maker, or the objects they make, and an audience negates much of the life and personality of the wearer. Working in such a way ignores opportunities of engagement more directly with an audience, something the jewellers referred to several times as more real. Both jewellers described working in direct social contact with other people, as part of the new process of their jewellery practice, to be a situation where the objects they made had a direct social relevance for the audience and the social context of this approach provided what each jeweller felt to be a real encounter. Bartels described the particular role of a jeweller and sensibilities she felt she had as a jeweller in terms of an ability to create expression and meaning on a small scale, an eye for detail, patience in the making process and also an ability to consider what someone feels to be emotionally precious to them. She described herself as:

a kind of treasure-hunterIm looking for human treasures that I want to get connected to. Roaming dreams, pains, memories which I patiently and painstakingly uncover and get shaped in my brain and in my hands thus the wearer leaves himself open to be discovered and enter dialogue (Bartels)

For Bartels empathy played an important role in this process; she described it as part of her attitude as a human being and consequently a sensibility she extended into her practice as an artist. She asserted that an empathic connection to people involved in her practice did not mean that she agreed with all of the participants perspectives, but that this approach to her practice centred on learning aspects of someone elses experiences and perspectives and on diversity; finding points of difference between people and, rather than harmonising them, seeking to show the richness of the differences and to make that diversity productive. Ulrike also asserted that empathy was significant in terms of giving the participants a 103

feeling of being respected and vital to an environment of trust and security within the dialogue and creative process. For Lindmark Vrijmann the process enabled her to understand more about herself through her interactions and developing connections with other people. She described the resulting objects as the bridge between her and the participants. Bartels described the process as enabling her as a jeweller to directly reach a much wider and more diverse audience than ever would be possible through the existing confines of gallery exhibition. Both jewellers commented that the encounters they had with people through their projects had a significant impact on their way of working describing the process as:

making hidden things visible about zooming into the personal and human side of a subject its about touching people and getting in touch/touched... (Bartels)

This approach offered a refreshing perspective for me, different from approaches to the design and conception of objects in HCI or Interaction Design, and also from the predominant approach to the production of objects in craft and design practice. Bartels and Lindmark-Vrijmans approach had connections to approaches in participatory art practice and participatory design and felt open-ended, exploratory and directly social. For me such an approach offered a human-relational context for the exploration of possible forms of personal emotionally significant digital jewellery. By considering our experience of digital technologies and digital objects in this way I can consider digital jewellery as part of the dialogue between the researcher and a participant in this research.

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5.2 Experience and personal emotional significance

Czicksentmihalyi & Rochberg Halton (1981) and McCarthy & Wright (2004, 2005), consider emotion as a discursive phenomenon residing in a social context. I have acknowledged that jewellery objects often operate in a social context as discursive objects that connect to an owners sense of self (see Chapter 2, Contextual review). As such my explorations into possible forms of digital jewellery have extended this context to explore aspects of personal emotional significance for an individual, and develop an idea for digital jewellery that arises from shared stories and elements of personal history and biography. Within each of these facets of the particular approach adopted through this research the relevance of considering the experience of human interactions with jewellery objects, and consequently with digital jewellery objects, was paramount. Considerations of human experience were vital in understanding and exploring the social dynamic of jewellery and the possibilities available to extend these through the integration of digital technologies. When designing interactive devices or environments, the role of human experience is crucial to the depth and sensitivity of that interaction. Increasing attention is being paid within the fields of HCI and Interaction Design to the importance of human experience (McCarthy & Wright 2004, Schneiderman 2002), both in understanding experience, and the application of experience-centred analyses in the development of interaction designs. McCarthy & Wright (2004) assert that some computer manufacturers aim to design computers as fully developed products, an aspect of which is the idea of a fully prescribed and pre-determined user experience. Whilst the consideration of the experience is laudable, the assumption that any particular experience can be designed is erroneous. McCarthy and Wright (2004) argue this point and propose that a historical perspective on people and computers reveals that HCI conceptions of experience are limited. McCarthy and Wright seek to offer an approach to understanding human-computer interaction, which explores technology as experience in terms of the felt life of technology:

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we should try to interpret the relationship between people and technology in terms of the felt life and the felt or emotional quality of action and interaction... For us, felt experience points to the emotional and sensual quality of experience (McCarthy and Wright, 2004: 12-13)

In collaboration with McCarthy and Wright (McCarthy, Wright, Wallace & Dearden 2004, McCarthy, Wright, Wallace & Dearden 2006) I have contextualised these perspectives in relation to jewellery and digital jewellery. Experience is a complex and obscure term, and it is wrong to regard experience as a series of separate experiences. As McCarthy & Wright assert, experience is never ending and we can never step outside experience; it is impossible to detach from it. Similarly, we cannot design an experience in generic terms, but we may design environments ripe for certain differing aspects or flavours of experience. Their framework for the analysis of experience (Wright, McCarthy & Meekison 2003) offered me ways of viewing existing jewellery objects, digital objects and digital jewellery in terms of experience (Wallace & Dearden 2004) and also ways to consider my own particular experiences of these objects, enabling a certain critique of them and their interactive qualities. This in turn contributed to my developing reflective approach to the design of experientially rich digital jewellery. Writing the experience of enchantment in human-computer interaction with McCarthy, Wright and Dearden (McCarthy et al. 2004 and McCarthy et al. 2006) enabled me to consider McCarthy and Wrights frameworks and explorations of the notion of experience in terms of enchantment and digital jewellery. It also caused me to reflect on my own ideas concerning enchantment and craft practice and deepen my links between the two. Becoming is a notion McCarthy and Wright (2004) introduce to describe experience as a multi-layered dynamic process of change, in which the elements of our experience are continuously reinterpreted. The ways we make sense of our experiences involves an active process of selection and structuring, which is influenced by our past experiences, our past histories, and mediated by habits, emotions and bodily responses. Over time our experience and the sense we make of it is enriched and reinterpreted by reflection. In this way it is a personal dialogue that is never ending, unfinalisable, unrepeatable and building on itself; something which is always becoming, rather than finished or complete. Experience as becoming, in terms of viewing and making objects, invites an open-ended approach rather than the use of prescribed assumptions of what a digital object should look like or function 106

as. These perspectives have filtered though my approach to the creation of digital jewellery and my analysis of what each participant felt about the pieces and films I made for each of them (see Chapter 6 Participant responses). Similarly, Bar describes objects (things) as stories (Bar, 1979), which exist as part of a story, a frame, and connected to our personal history and sense of self. We have a relationship with this story, and objects change for us because of this relationship. Bar also asserts that the whole story of these frames can never be told or finished as they are evolving and always changing. Our role as interpreter in this process of sense making, inevitably reveals ourselves; the story is interpreted by us and is about us in part; our biographies as people have led us to our interpretation. Crampton Smith (1999) articulates the importance of the relationships we have with the objects around us, in our formulation of our sense of self and also in our quality of life:

Objects change not just how we see ourselves but, moreover, how we live life. (Crampton Smith, 1999: 6)

This understanding of experience, and how we make sense of experience, has implications for the context and process of craft practice itself. Personal biography has the potential to play a valuable role in experience-centred creative practice. Craft practice is frequently described as centred in self-experience and a developing sense of self (McCullough, 1996; Aicher, 1994). The experience we use within craft practice is gathered throughout our lives and is consequently as unique as each person is individual. McCullough asserts that:

the basic material every craftsman works with is himself (McCullough, 1996: 222)

The similarities and connections between the perspectives discussed, concerning experience and craft practice, have enriched my understanding of the validity of my practice and the potential to use it in an extended capacity within this research. By acknowledging the importance of personal emotional significance to our sense making, sense of self and enriching experiences in life, my goal was to use this in an approach to digital jewellery which offered scope for personally enriching experiences of digital jewellery objects.

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In order to make an object, which reflects someones personal criteria for emotional significance it was important to explore how an object has meaning or becomes meaningful for an individual. Fig. 84 illustrates some of my own personal treasure. By reflecting on my own strong feelings about these objects, and how they are personally emotionally significant to me, I formulated ideas of how other people may form such attachments to other objects.

Fig. 84 Examples of objects that are emotionally significant to me

Like many people I know, I have collected or have been given several objects through my life, which function as treasure for me. These objects offer comfort, emotional resonance, and even intrigue, and connect me to the experiences, places and people I personally associate with them. Each object has a story and I feel they are part of me. I find each one of these objects beautiful, but not because of aesthetics, in fact in some cases my feelings are in spite of the aesthetics. I find them beautiful because of the strong levels of emotional significance they embody and represent for me, a point shared by Norman (2004)

in the realm of feelings, it is just as reasonable to become attached to and love things that are ugly as it is to dislike things that would be called attractive. Emotions reflect our personal experiences, associations, memories. (Norman, 2004: 47)

Csikszentmihalyi and Rochberg Halton (1981) explored why people attributed meanings to their possessions. When they asked people to tell them about special objects, such objects were overwhelmingly ones that held special memories or associations for the owner. These

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objects were emotionally rich for the owner and notably the focus was seldom on the item itself, instead the story surrounding the object was the important thing. As Latour asserts:

Consider things, and you will have humans. Consider humans, and you are by that very act interested in things. (Latour, 2000: 20)

It is therefore possible to assert that one way people become attached to things is through significant personal value, association or symbolism. Such objects affirm the owners sense of self, their place in the world, and their connections to other people. Objects of personal emotional significance are tangible and enduring references to our personal histories and act to strengthen our feelings about ourselves. Abercrombie et al. (1986) state that we need such connections to our personal histories in order to assert our individuality and identity. Contemporary jewellery practice is a unique and critical platform from which to explore the opportunities of emotionally significant digital jewellery. The methodology I have adopted is both creative and reflective, and stems from my past practice, philosophical undercurrents that guide and inform craft practice (see Chapter 4 section 4.4 Beauty, enchantment and empathy), as well as a critique of current digital objects (see Chapter 2 Contextual review and Chapter 3 The gadget). The role of the contemporary jeweller, in this respect, is as the poser of questions concerning the motivation, relevance, and form of current digital objects. The personal historical perspective on my practice clarifies the potential of digital technologies in the creation of mediating objects. Thus rather than ornament or sculpture, my approach has a persistent concern with the use of jewellery objects in a wider scope than adornment and aesthetics, to include jewellery as a tool for exploration and discussion. From this perspective on craft practice and the potential of digital jewellery, I have embarked upon a number of exploratory studies (see next section). Each study involved engagement with an individual, through which I sought to discover aspects of personal emotional significance from the other persons personal history, current life and future hopes. These were then used as inspirational starting points for digital jewellery designs. I focused on the particular dialogue I had with each participant and the stories and experiences they shared with me in order to design forms of digital jewellery. This 109

approach contrasts methodologies where either the possibilities of digital technologies or existing forms and functionalities of current digital objects are the starting point. To clarify, I sought to find a significant reason for integrating digital technologies with contemporary jewellery that reflected aspects of the participants shared personal stories. Rather than prescribing meanings and functionality to the digital jewellery, my goal was to create openended pieces that offered the potential for interpretation by the participant and continued discovery. In this way I hoped to gain an understanding of the possible roles and values of my digital jewellery proposals within the participants lives through their interpretations and appropriations of the pieces, which could in turn inform an iterative approach to the development of the digital objects themselves.

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5.3 Exploratory Studies

Unless the distinction vanishes in some cyborg future, people will always be more interesting than technology. (McCullough 1996: preface)

This section describes a practical component of this research. Through the involvement of a small number of participants2 I sought to find out inspirational information about each person concerning aspects of their personal biographies that were emotionally meaningful for them. The information that the participants shared with me inspired and informed a jewellery object and accompanying film for each person that echoed fragments of the participants responses. The jewellery and films acted together as propositions for digital jewellery. My rationale for deciding to work with individuals centred on a desire to open up my practice to direct social dialogue with individuals. This approach enabled iterative dialogue stages through the project and a shift from a predominantly subjective form of art and design practice to one involving and inviting more inter-subjective responses and feedback. I sought to use my practice as an environment to explore the potential to make proposals for digital jewellery objects that offered emotionally rich forms of object and digital interaction and to open up a discussion with individuals concerning these issues.

Initially six participants were involved in the project through the probe stage, then responses from three participants were taken forward into final jewellery and films.

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5.4 Selection of participants

My principal concern in the recruitment of participants was the creation of opportunities for personal engagement with a participant and emotionally rich dialogues. Two of the participants were contemporary jewellers and two were researchers in human computer interaction. By engaging with participants with interests that intersected with my exploration of the nature of digital objects and personal emotional significance I was directly attempting to foster a dialogue with both personal and professional levels. All participants are referred to by fictional names throughout this thesis. Emma and Mark are both contemporary jewellers, Faith and Ben both work within HCI and Interaction Design specialising in mobile and ubiquitous computing and Ana and Gene are close friends both working in art and design fields. To give great detail of the context of each persons work or in some cases my relationship with them would potentially undermine their anonymity, however in general terms Emma was approached because she had worked specifically around issues of personal emotional significance in jewellery, which appeared to reflect my own themes of interest; we were both asking similar questions. Mark is a contemporary jeweller who I had known for several years and who had an interest in the development or potential of digital jewellery and as such had an interest in the core theme of the research. I approached both Faith and Ben after meeting them during the course of the research and finding them both interested in the idea of digital jewellery and mobile digital objects and also both engaged in some capacity in art and design practice. I felt they were open-minded to the idea of digital jewellery and interested in being involved in the project. Gene and Ana have both been close friends of mine for many years and are both involved in fine art or jewellery practice in some capacity. Their involvement enabled a personal intimacy in the process, reflecting aspects of my past context of practice.

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5.5 Description of individual methods

In my previous work my jewellery pieces have operated as mediating objects, as detailed in chapter 4 (Methodology 1 section 4.3), to open up discussion and debate around certain issues. I felt it appropriate to continue this use of objects as mediating objects in the collection of inspirational data from each participant. I have detailed (Chapter 2 Contextual review section 2.1.2.4 and Chapter 4 Methodology 1 section 4.2 & Methodology 2 section 5.1) how I felt the particular use of contemporary jewellery practice by Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman and probe methods from Gaver et al to be valuable for this research. However, in each of these approaches the concerns were not with developments in digital jewellery and I developed my own set of object based stimuli influenced by both Gaver and Bartels & Lindmark that focused on jewellery-centric themes and personal emotional significance. I called the objects stimuli to reflect a motivation of the methodology; to stimulate a response rather than to provoke or probe. The methods were not strictly probes as Gaver et al (1999) had designed, but a set of objects strongly influenced by them that also involved the use of vignettes and short reflective questionnaires. I found that probes centred on gaining short answers, sound-bytes almost and I wanted to allow space for longer story telling through text based answers: as such vignettes (see Communication Fairytale stimulus below) and short questionnaires (see Lost Object and Jewellery + Play stimuli below) allowed me to do this. I appropriated the probe method for my own areas of interest and have introduced issues that have not been addressed in other uses of probes concerning jewellery centred issues such as body geography, personal stories and perceived meanings associated with jewellery, as well as issues more general such as pride, loss and personal emotional significance through the significance of objects. Being an object maker I was drawn to the potential for objects to silently ask questions over a period of time whilst they resided with a participant.

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The set of ten individual stimuli are now detailed with figures 85 - 104: Disposable Camera
An object that is precious to you Something reflecting a quirk of your nature Something beautiful Something funny Permanence Transience Something boring A favourite object (non jewellery) A favourite piece of jewellery Happiness Anything - you choose Something about you that you like A reminder of someone dear to you Something unusual Strength Fragility A favourite view A favourite place A favourite communication device A connection to someone you love An element of your routine Anything - you choose

Fig. 85 Disposable camera stimulus

Fig. 86 Prompts attached to camera

The participants were asked to use the camera to take photographs in response to the prompts provided: a selection of terms relating to personal preciousness, human emotional connection, favourite things and aspects of the participants personality. I hoped the resulting photographs would demonstrate how each participant had creatively interpreted each prompt. I also hoped to gain insights into aspects of his/her life that were personally emotionally significant to him/her. Although some prompts related directly to notions of personal emotional significance they were open enough for a participant to respond in a myriad of ways and I did not want to limit or tailor the prompts too closely to jewellery or even wider aspects of personal emotional significance. I wanted to use a camera as a way of glimpsing through the eyes of the participant: to literally see a snapshot or moment of the life of the participant. The true magnitude of meaning for the participant of each image captured could never fully be known, only interpreted by me, but this added to the dialogue taking place in this process of exchange, interpretation and empathy.

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Body Map
Please tell me about when and where on the body you (would) wear jewellery.

Using the stickers provided show me where on the body you

Wear jewellery everyday (blue stickers) Would be happy to wear jewellery everyday (yellow stickers) Wear jewellery occasionally (green stickers) Would like to wear jewellery (red stickers) Would never wear jewellery (white stickers)

Fig. 87 Body Map stimulus

Fig. 88 Instructions with Body Map stimulus

This stimulus asked for a snapshot of elements of a participants current behaviour, attitudes and body geography concerning jewellery. This information would enable some knowledge of how the participant regarded jewellery; how conventional or daring they were, the roles jewellery played for them, how significant wearing jewellery was to them in different contexts. The body map did not require any explanations of the answers given and as such was anticipated by me to be a potential ice breaker; an easy task to begin with, or conversely something to complete if other stimuli were proving difficult. Pot of Clay
Please use the clay inside this pot to make an impression or leave a trace of an object dear to you.

Fig. 89 Pot of clay stimulus

Fig. 90 Instructions accompanying stimulus

I have used similar methods of obtaining an impression or trace of an object within my jewellery practice when casting and wanted to transfer this type of activity to the stimuli. In other stimuli the participant was asked to reflect on the relevance and meaning of a 115

cherished object. I wanted to use this stimulus in conjunction with reflective questions as a direct form of sharing physical qualities of an object. 1st Prize
Please tell me what you would like to receive 1st prize for.

A proud moment of yours, a past achievement, a current goal yet to be achieved

Fig. 91 Multiple examples of 1st Prize stimulus

Fig. 92 Detail of 1st Prize stimulus

Fig. 93 Accompanying instructions with stimulus

The rosette focused on elements of self-esteem, pride, self-worth and how someone would like to be perceived. Many stimuli offered the opportunity to reflect on aspects of significance for the participant, but without direct relation to what the participant valued about himself or herself. Consequently many stimuli could be interpreted in terms of what other people mean to them for example. In this stimulus the participant is asked directly about aspects of their own self worth and achievement. Lost Object
Questions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Have you ever lost an object that you treasured? Please describe this object. Could the item be replaced? if it was replaced would it mean the same to you? What is it that you remember about the object? Why was it special to you?

Fig. 94 Multiple examples of Lost object stimulus

Fig. 95 Text accompanying Lost object stimulus

This stimulus explored the story behind a treasured, but lost object in terms of memories and personal emotional significance. I was interested in asking about objects that have 116

remained significant in some way without being owned any longer and my use of a short questionnaire enabled me to ask these questions directly. I anticipated that the answers might detail feelings and stories as well as specific qualities of the object. Dream

Please keep this pillow by your bed or in your bag. Use the fold out piece of fabric to write on about a dream, a daydream or an aspiration.

Fig. 96 Dream stimulus

Fig. 97 Detail of stimulus with fabric unfolded

Fig. 98 Text accompanying stimulus

In focusing on a dream, a daydream or an aspiration, the pillow stimulus related to imagined scenarios, wishes, hopes and fantasies. I wanted to make space for the response in a way that reflected sharing something personal, like telling a secret; the fabric is unfolded and written on, but then hidden away again. Similar to the favourite sound and 1st prize stimuli a response is shared and then stored away again. Communication Fairytale
Questions asked within story:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

You decide to find loved. You pack a kit of 5 things that you always carry with you What is it that you miss about loved when you are not with them? How do you feel connected to someone when they are not with you physically? Please think of a good memory of you and lovedwhat does it look like? What kinds of human communication or modes of technological communication do you find precious? If anything were possible, how would you like to communicate with loved?

Fig. 99 Communication Fairytale stimulus

Fig. 100 Questions asked by stimulus

A communication fairytale vignette, placing the reader within a story along with someone they love of their own choosing, referred to as loved. The story takes the reader and loved 117

on a journey where they both lose one another and asks questions for the participant to answer relating to what it is about loved that the reader missed, how s/he felt connected to loved when s/he was not there physically, what a good memory of them both looks like, personally precious modes of human or technological communication and if anything were possible ways of communicating. This stimulus was set within an imaginary environment to create a scenario where questions could be asked about a connection the participant shared with someone, who remains known only to them throughout the fairytale, without being confined to what is known to be possible within the real world. The communication fairytale and the pillow stimuli both related to fantasy. I felt it was important to offer ways of imagining potential scenarios not based in the limitations of what we know to be possible and to explore different aspects of personal emotional significance. Favourite Sounds

Please tell me some of your favourite sounds.

Fig. 101 Favourite sounds stimulus

Fig. 102 Detail of stimulus

Fig. 103 Instruction text accompanying stimulus

This stimulus is a scroll within a seashell asking a participant to describe some favourite sounds. I could have made a stimulus that actually captured sounds, but reflected that not all sounds would be easy to capture; they may have been specific to past times and places for the participant and this may have limited the answers given, although there would have been a different richness to the recorded sounds. I felt that the scroll kept the activity simple and rather than just a piece of paper with a question on it there was an act of unrolling and sharing an answer, which was then stored away and hidden again.

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Top Trumps
Included are 6 cards for you to make your own version of Top Trumps. The game is called OBJECT POWERS and relates to objects owned by you, which are personally precious to you. Please select 6 precious objects and fill in a card for each one. Please write the name of the object in the top box, a description of the object in the yellow box and stick or draw an image of the object in the window in the centre. Please then complete scores for the object in each of the strips at the bottom. The first is the number of years you have owned the object, then score out of 100 for how personally significant it is to you, followed by scores for how much emotional content the object has for you, how unique you feel the object is and how personally evocative the object is for you.

Fig. 104 Top Trump stimulus

Fig. 105 Instruction text accompanying stimulus

This stimulus has been used to focus on objects currently within the participants life, which have particular meaning for him/her. The values given for each object help to give clues of how the elements of time owned, personal significance, emotional content, uniqueness and personal evocation contribute to the significance the object has for the participant. Jewellery + Play
1. Please think back to the first pieces of jewellery you owned and describe one of them 2. 3. 4. 5. How did you acquire this piece of jewellery? What role did these first pieces of jewellery play for you? Do you still own any of these pieces? Have you ever involved jewellery in play and games? Can you recall an example? 6. 7. Do you still relate jewellery to play? Thinking about the jewellery you own now, please tell me about any of these pieces that have a play element for you.

8.

Please ring/highlight any of the following words, which relate to your perception of play.

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Amuse Motion Fantasy Compete Construction

Challenge Fragile Kinetic Trivial Fun

Carefree Rough Emotional Robust Dreams

Perform Pleasure Essential Humour Puzzle

Sport Tactile Gentle Escape Unimportant

Are there other words you would use instead to describe play?

Fig. 106 Jewellery and play stimulus

Fig. 107 Text accompanying stimulus

This stimulus was used to concentrate on personal notions of the possible relationship between jewellery and play: if jewellery has ever been associated with play, if that relationship has changed and what words the participant related to his/her perception of play. My aim through the use of these ten stimuli was to learn fragments of a participants personal history and things that were emotionally meaningful to them.

5.5.1 Reflections on stimuli design

I designed the stimuli as a range of different types of activity, some action based, such as the pot of clay and body map, which potentially required little reflection and may have acted as ice-breakers or respite from more searching stimuli, and others that required more reflection such as the loss, jewellery+play or communication fairytale stimuli. For some questions the opportunity to tell a story seemed to be more appropriate than a gestural response, but in other cases I thought an action such as making an indentation of a personally precious object gave a different type of information. Many questions posed by the stimuli could have been characterised as intrusively intimate, so to combat this I left the questions open to be interpreted as general questions, for example the dream stimulus asks the individual to share a dream, which could be interpreted as a personal wish, or conversely a dream experienced whilst sleeping. In each 120

case the individual could respond on an abstract level rather than giving intimate information about themselves. My use of short questionnaires and vignettes enabled me to ask a participant to give more textual information with their answers and to tell me stories from their experiences. These forms of stimuli gave me a way to ask questions directly. The Communication Fairytale was designed as a vignette in order to give a participant a non-real world scenario in which to imagine his/herself and then to answer questions from within this scenario. The Jewellery + Play and Lost Object stimuli took the form of short questionnaires. They were designed as a place for someone to give a reflective textual response, rather than in other stimuli where an action may have been required (i.e. disposable camera and pot of clay) and where any reflection on the part of the participant was implicit in the response rather than made explicit to me. In such stimuli the numbers of questions were few for two main reasons: firstly I didnt want a stimulus to appear a chore and secondly I was hoping for qualitative anecdotal responses for which a small number of questions gave sufficient space and scope. The stimuli were not designed as a way to capture everything a participant may feel about a certain theme; this would be impossible. I acknowledged that I would only be able to catch a glimpse of someones feelings through his/her responses and only feelings at the particular time of responding. These factors could be described as limitations of this method, but this method enabled me to gain a multifaceted glimpse into someone elses feelings, histories and perspectives. Moreover such insights were rich and varied and took the form of two dimensional images, text, stories, three-dimensional forms and were peppered with a participants idiosyncratic ways of using each stimuli to respond. I appreciated that this method was a way of asking questions through giving something in this initial interaction, rather than a way of taking or extracting information as is often the dynamic of other question asking processes such as questionnaires and some forms of interviews. I hoped that the level of care, creativity and effort that I had put into the stimuli would show the participant that I valued their responses and the stories they had to tell. I also hoped that a participant would respond in kind and that our process of interacting would become a reciprocal one. Furthermore I felt that there was a dynamic where the 121

questions were being asked by an object, in the sense that although I had designed the objects and questions, the participant was interacting with the objects rather than a person. To reflect on the notion of questions being posed by objects further I considered several key advantages to this method: firstly that it might be easier for someone to share private feelings by relaying them to an object, as one might do in a diary for example, rather than face-to-face with a person, secondly that this method gave someone time to consider an answer, unlike many methods, and thirdly that well designed probe-like objects offered a gentle way of asking questions where someone is given many varied means to reflect and respond in creative ways, where someone can gravitate towards the stimuli that they feel comfortable with and where the objects could populate the space of a participants life in the duration they had to respond (i.e. his/her home, bag, workplace). Crucially the openness to the questions I posed also allowed for an individual to interpret a question with a nuance, emphasis or context that felt right for them. The stimuli process was not rigid and reductive, but open and exploratory (Chapter 4 Methodology 1 section 4.2). My aim was to get to know a participant a little through asking them to share their thoughts and feelings about a set of inter-related, but varied themes rather than focusing in on questions tightly related to digital jewellery. There was also a relationship between the stimuli and my practice, which can be seen directly through stimuli such as the pot of clay which mimics casting methods and the body map which asked the participant to consider the body and jewellery, but also in more indirect terms through the focus on the value of objects, our sense of self and more widely in the use of small objects to stimulate discussion and question.

5.5.2 The process of response

I ran a pilot study of the stimuli pack with a colleague in order to understand if there were any aspects of the stimuli or the process that were unclear or inappropriate, following which each participant was given an identical pack of stimuli for approximately one month3. The participants were assured that they were free to respond to as many or as few

Timescales depended on each participants schedule, but were close to a month in each case.

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of the stimuli as they wanted to and were reassured that the process was not about right or wrong answers. There was no set order in which to respond and full or part responses were all valid. In almost all cases a participant requested additional time to complete a stimulus, but each person completed the full pack. I had assumed that some stimuli would be responded to generally better than others, but in fact although each participant did find some stimuli easier to respond to than others these were different for each person. For example some people gave sparse answers to the fairytale stimulus, where others gave lengthy factual answers and others still gave creative fairytale like answers. I was surprised with the level of candour; each person had shared very intimate and personal stories. There was a great deal of creativity in many responses and a feeling through the images and stories shared, that the participants had invited me to some degree into their homes, relationships and personal histories.

5.5.3 My approaches to designing from the stimuli responses

I began working with the responses in the order they were returned to me, which happened to be: Emma, Faith, Ana, Ben, Gene, Mark. The in-depth nature of the process of interpreting the responses and developing digital jewellery concepts, objects and films to articulate the digital aspects of the objects was very time consuming and as a consequence I focused on half of the returns aiming to take these to their final proposal stages before embarking on further responses. Due to time restrictions on reaching this final stage with the first three studies I made the decision not to embark on the final three studies during this particular research. I acknowledge that the first three packs that were returned to me were all from women. It was not a deliberate intention to focus on one gender; my decision to develop the first three packs of responses was purely a pragmatic decision to enable me to manage the timescale of the project. It is significant to note that the responses were a participants answers at that moment of time, they could not be seen as definitive, but an indication of how each person viewed the themes and a facet of a participants life and feelings. My intention was not to analyse the participant, but learn aspects of their lives that were significant to them and gain 123

inspirational information on which to build ideas. Methods of immersion were important starting points for me. I wanted to get to know the responses. I began by reading and rereading them and I kept them at home in my study so I saw them daily and lived with them. I frequently thought about them and wrote a series of questions that I asked myself in regard to each of the packs:
Questions for myself What are my initial feelings in response to stimuli packs? Why is this? Is it that there is an image seeming very obvious - something to go with intuitively? Is it that there is a description that is very distinctive for me? What seems to be the puzzle? What are my initial perceptions of an enriching path to follow specific to this person? Initial ideas

I also took the separate approach of ignoring my written thoughts or how I verbalised my responses and instead gathered together a collection of images that seemed to relate to the responses. In this way I allowed for my tacit response (see Appendix B). The images all reflected an aspect of a visual vocabulary that was forming in relation to the responses (see Appendix B sections 1.2 2.2 & 3.2). My creative practice has predominantly followed the form of writing, making and collecting images, making models and collecting objects or materials that seemed appropriate and then developing the final piece in iterations of these processes (see Appendix B). I found myself focusing in on a different set of responses when I designed for each different person. The mixture of different forms of response worked well for me in the design process. The mix of textual and pictorial responses worked to give a multi-layered picture of someone. Also in many cases a participant told me about the same object or experience through several different stimuli (see Appendix B). This was very interesting as it built up the story from different angles and in many cases the participants used the disposable cameras to take photographs of what they had been telling me about in other stimuli. 124

In order to begin generating ideas I began to group the responses into collections that seemed to connect and relate to one another and I was inspired by aspects of the responses that unavoidably resonated with my own criteria for beauty (see Appendix B). I began with abstract ideas; shapes, words, materials and abstract interaction ideas triggered by words, images and scenarios. Rather than considering the responses and the participant in terms of needs or problems to solve my engagement was more empathic. I never thought in terms of what do I think this person needs? and the participant was not directing me, as would be the case in many commission situations, to what they wanted me to make for them. Instead I considered the set of responses more in terms of a puzzle: a collection of bizarre stories, descriptions of objects, hopes, dreams and memories. I use the term puzzle not as something to solve, but rather something to enter into, a different pair of shoes to step into. I sought to make digital jewellery proposals for each person that respected her shared fragments of personal emotional significance and that might offer an enchanting environment for her to experience. The studies were for me a conversation facilitated and introduced by objects and this also played out in the highly iterative nature of the process, where I revisited the responses many times through the design and making process. This iterative creative process became a constant use of the responses through my developing ideas. I developed the ideas of digital jewellery as I had done non-electronic jewellery, considering the digital interaction aspects of the pieces as I had other non-electronic interaction dynamics of pieces I had made in the past. For me the idea and concept has always been paramount. This research is not the result of a seduction by digital technologies or the idea of involving them within jewellery objects. I have regarded the integration of them with jewellery objects in a critical manner, using them when relevant to the idea, as a quality of interaction that strengthened and extended the concept. My goal through this research was not the physical realisation of the electronic and digital aspects of the objects, but to develop a different approach to the development of digital objects. I thereby hoped to understand more about the potential roles and possible personally significant meanings such objects could have through a dialogue with the 125

individual participants involved in the research. In order to begin to understand how my proposed ideas related to realisable electronic developments, I approached electronics specialists at the University of York to discuss the digital ideas I had for the pieces and if or how they were technologically achievable (see Appendix B sections 1.5, 2.5 & 3.5). In order to articulate the digitally interactive qualities of the pieces I made short films (approx 3 minutes long) to accompany each object that created a context for the jewellery and illustrated the proposed digital aspects of the pieces (and accompanying DVD). I began the process of film making by listing objectives and points that I wanted the films to articulate and by drawing out storyboards (see Appendix B sections 1.4, 2.4 & 3.4). The films played important roles enabling a visualisation of the interaction potential for both myself and the viewer and a way for me to articulate my idea along with the participants own quotes. The following sections describe the pieces made for each of the participants.

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5.6 Piece made for Faith4

Sometimes our dreams and memories can visit us

Figs. 108 - 110

Figs. 111 - 113

Figs 114 116 Jayne Wallace Sometimes our dreams and memories can visit us copper, enamel, synthetic silk Figs. 108 116 Details from accompanying film Figs. 108 110 show details of the neckpiece, Figs. 111 116 show the neckpiece when worn and rare digital visits of film sequences playing on displays around a city as the wearer passes them (See accompanying DVD for full version of film and Appendix B section 1 further detail of the development of this piece and the film that accompanies it)

The final piece centred on the notion of old, worn, well loved objects, something that echoed objects and associated stories shared with me by Faith, the fantasy elements of Faiths dream, her daughters hair and the idea arising from Faiths descriptions of the role
4

Appendix B section 1 accompanies the development of this piece

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played for her by the jumble sale; a source of bizarre and intriguing objects that found her (in addition see Appendix B section 1). The objects that Faith shared with me were predominantly all old, worn, organic and tatty in some cases and I wanted to be sensitive to this. I made an object that could fit with those she cherishes. I made the piece as a dreamy space for reality and fantasy to overlap; to contribute to the potential of our interactions with jewellery objects and our wider environments encountered when wearing digital jewellery or ubiquitous computing. The piece used the traditional perceptions and conformities of the notion of a necklace as a backdrop for a jewellery object, which was in concept recognisable, not overtly challenging physically or sensually and which referred in part to traditional methods and materials of production. In contrast the digital potential of the jewellery was to trigger a small number of silent filmic sequences, of personal significance to Faith, on digital displays in the near radius to the necklace. The digital potential was future focused, where these sequences could occur in a personal or public environment on digital screens in the street, home or mobile device. The digital occurrences facilitated by the piece were not intended to be frequent; they would only happen rarely and in randomised succession. The interaction idea arose from the notion of a jumble sale as a source of intriguing and bizarre objects that found Faith, this was an important dynamic, a way for things to find her. The jumble sale had acted as a source of surprising objects and in a similar way I made a piece that would enable objects and notions symbolic of her past memories, experiences and dreams to find Faith again; to pay her fleeting visits digitally. The jewellery was conceived to act in this way as a portable and wearable home for old lost objects and aspects of dreams that could travel with Faith and occasionally appear as filmic references to the original. When these events would occur the result may be an environment where, for a few seconds, the locality is literally acknowledging something personally meaningful for Faith. The quietness of both the jewellery piece and these interactions would not interfere with the hustle and bustle of a location, only the imagery would draw attention to the event, indeed the digital visit may be missed entirely or glimpsed as it fades. The importance would not be an issue of control, but the surprise of objects visiting from time to time. 128

The imagery would have particular meanings for Faith, there is a connection to aspects of her personal history and as such a connection to her sense of self, but the imagery would not be identifiable to others as belonging to her. The films of a white horse in marshland and a pastry cutter making indentations in pastry are sufficiently ambiguous to leave the piece open for interactions, interpretations and meanings from other people who may see them. Faith could experience the visits without others knowing they were triggered by her neckpiece or that they connected to her personal history and similarly aspects of the visits and meanings could be kept private or shared by Faith. When occurring in a public environment I imagined that these small moments or visits could operate in the same way as a talisman: something that travels with you and has personal symbolism. I imagined for example, the digital visits potentially changing a strange new city into somewhere that felt familiar if the visits occurred there. The neckpiece had an ambiguity of function, with no buttons or no obvious ways of controlling the digital aspects of the piece and in extension to this the necklace remained visually dormant, using other digital devices and displays as vessels for the visual interactions. The digital visits would be examples of a disruption to the stability of what we expect to see on the digital displays we are used to interacting with. In encountering the digital visits our well-trodden paths or daily journeys may reveal a pleasantly unexpected gift, the experience may leave us feeling disoriented initially, but may also offer new, personal and unique ways of interacting with our environments. I have given examples of my ideas of how the piece would operate and the relevance or significance it may have for the wearer or viewer, however these ideas were not passed on to the participant and in chapter 6 (Participant responses) I give an account of Faiths response.

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5.7 Piece made for Emma5

Traces

Figs. 117 - 119

Figs. 120 - 123

Figs. 124 126 Jayne Wallace Traces Porcelain and velvet Figs. 117 126 Still images from accompanying film Figs. 117 119 Show a piece of velvet cut and etched in the shape of an open jewellery case, one of a group of porcelain clasps and a porcelain pearl Figs. 120 & 121 show the pearl and a clasp being placed on the velvet. This act enables a sound recording to be made; placing the pearl on the velvet turns the piece on and placing a clasp down activates a recording Figs. 122 & 123 show speech being recorded Figs. 124 show the clasp being lifted off the velvet. This act ends a recording Figs. 125 & 126 show the same clasp being placed back down on the velvet. This action causes the recorded sounds or voices associated with that particular clasp to be played Each clasp can only be used in a recording once and not re-recorded or amended (See accompanying DVD for full version of film and Appendix B section 2 for further detail of the
5

Appendix B section 2 accompanies the development of this piece

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development of this piece and the film that accompanies it)

A key influence on my design of Traces was the fact that although Emma is a jeweller she stated that she does not wear jewellery. I did not want to force the piece to be wearable or for the study to be a challenge for me to make something that she would wear, these issues were not my interest. I did put small holes into the porcelain objects that could easily be used to adapt the objects into wearable forms, but then left this kind of appropriation open for Emmas interpretation. I felt it was more sensitive to make something that she would feel comfortable with and as I have discussed in chapter 2 (Contextual review section 2.1.2.5) wearability is a flexible issue in contemporary jewellery. My work has never been constrained by conventional notions of jewellery as a mundanely worn object. Instead the piece became about jewellery and how it operates as heirlooms, something to pass on from generation to generation. These perspectives of jewellery stemmed from Emmas conversations with me about what she values in her own perspective of jewellery. The piece was made to describe components of a jewellery case in the form of a porcelain pearl, a series of porcelain clasps and a piece of velvet fabric. Each object was a physical description of the objects they represented. The velvet for example was laser cut and scorched to describe the inside of a traditional necklace case, showing the contours, folds and hinges as etched lines in the velvet. The materials I used were of key importance. From Emmas comments about her daughter in the fairytale stimulus the touch of skin was something I wanted to respond to. Polished porcelain and velvet seemed to echo the tactility of flesh in different ways; velvet is soft and warms and the porcelain is firm, smooth and cool to the touch. There were also many references to fabric objects in Emmas responses and the use of fabric in the piece seemed to reflect the home-centred, comfort context of many of the stimuli responses. Emma seemed to be someone who was keen to impart her knowledge, she was very vocal; the significance of words and voices were mentioned in her responses several times and as such I made the piece to reflect these aspects. I wanted the piece to be something largely empty for Emma to fill, something driven by her input, based around capturing voices. The 131

idea of using fabric in part of the piece fed into my ideas of objects that were digitally absorbent, able to capture elements of their surroundings or to somehow absorb pieces of passing events. Each porcelain piece was made individually by methods of impressing the porcelain into moulds or imprinting shapes into it. These methods each echoed the idea of the piece centring on impressions or traces of absorbed experience. Each clasp differed subtly from the rest, yet collectively they appeared to be anonymous; a quality that extended to the identification of each piece once recorded. Emma also responded strongly through sharing with me aspects of her relationship with her young daughter. I chose to make a piece that fitted with Emmas own perspectives of jewellery as valuable within human emotional relationships, something that centred on capturing voices and sharing stories or knowledge and something for her and her daughter to share. Traditional connotations of antique and conventional jewellery were used as a setting for a piece that acted to capture fragments of sound or specifically speech, echoing how heirloom objects capture aspects of their owners through the marks or wear and tear embedded within the object. The separate components of the piece acted together to make a recording possible. Placing the pearl on the velvet turned the pieces on, then by placing a fresh clasp on the velvet the piece began to record. As speech or other sound is recorded it was registered by or associated to that particular clasp. When the clasp was removed from the velvet the recording was completed. If or when the same clasp was replaced on the velvet at any future point the piece would always play the recording associated with it. The placement of the pieces on the velvet as the activator of the recording or playing of the sounds was an important, gentle way of interacting similar to exploring heirlooms in a jewellery box. Unlike most recording devices each clasp could only be used in a recording once and could not be re-recorded or amended. The concept was about capturing speech or sound rather than recording pre-planned perfect messages. The objects acted as blanks onto which to catch something fleeting. 132

I felt the piece could potentially be a way to capture the beauty in everyday experiences, traces of existence and to reflect Emmas wish to always be there, in person if possible for her daughter. The objects are ways of passing on thoughts and moments of experience. The idea is based on the notion of heirloom jewellery, as something that is passed on and that embeds aspects of someones life, through markings and wear, but that is now digitally extended into something where audio can be passed on and shared (in addition see Appendix B section 2).

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5.8 Piece made for Ana6

Blossom

Figs. 127 - 129

Figs. 130 - 132

Figs. 133 - 135

Figs. 136 138 Jayne Wallace Blossom Wood, glass, silver, vintage postage stamps, printed images Figs. 127 138 Still images from accompanying film Figs. 127 129 show details of the hand-piece when worn and with closed petals Fig. 130 represents the participants family land in Cyprus Figs. 131 & 132 signify rain falling on a rain sensor planted on Cypriot family land that triggers a signal to be sent to the jewellery piece back in the UK

Appendix B section 3 accompanies the development of this piece

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Figs. 133 138 show the piece blossoming open in response to the received signal (See accompanying DVD for full version of film and Appendix B section 3 for further detail of the development of this piece and the film that accompanies it)

Blossom was a handheld piece, made from wood, glass, silver and vintage postage stamps. The form and digital potential of the piece refer to Anas love of nature, precious relationships with her Grandmothers, and connections to family and family land in Cyprus. The piece was an unconventional form of jewellery in terms of mainstream traditional associations and limitations of jewellery objects, but one, which sits within contemporary and conceptual jewellery traditions. The piece was made to sit comfortably within the cupped hand, to be held. It is made to act essentially as a connection to human relationships and to place, a feature resembling the status of much jewellery traditional or otherwise; a feature that the digital aspect of the piece may strengthen and extend. The jewellery object, residing with Ana in London, would be connected to a rain sensor, planted on Anas family land in Cyprus. At the heart of the jewellery piece is a structure holding vintage Cypriot postage stamps. The stamps date from the years when Anas Grandmothers lived in Cyprus and have been sent on letters from Cyprus to the UK. Printed on the reverse of the stamps is the photograph Ana took of her icon. The authenticity of the stamps was of great importance as a physical connection to both geographies; objects that had actually travelled the digital journey proposed by the piece and as fragments of a form of communication used in the past. The old Cypriot postage stamps were closed like the petals of a flower inside the glass dome, attached to a mechanism, waiting to receive a signal sent initially from the rain sensor. Once the rain sensor had registered a predetermined quantity of rain in Cyprus, which may take months or even years a signal would be sent to the jewellery object and the mechanism would be activated; slowly opening the postage stamp petals like a flower blossoming. The piece sustains the flower metaphor further by blossoming only once. The role of nature in the digital interaction was highly significant to reflect Anas appreciation and value of nature and I hoped would give a feeling of an organic force within the piece rather than just man made and digital elements. Ana had described her attachments to her Grandmothers as nourishing and I wanted to extend this idea into the piece; the jewellery is nourished by 135

rainwater and blossoms in another geographic location because of rainfall on family land. It was also suggested to me that the piece could be powered by solar batteries, so the jewellery would be influenced by both rain and sun. The glass dome was important ergonomically to protect the delicate paper forms and mechanisms inside, but was also used as a connection to ideas of a ship in a bottle and a message in a bottle. The construction of an object inside a glass dome reminded me of the idea of a ship in a bottle and the sort of communication of a message in a bottle seemed very similar to the kind of communication afforded by this jewellery piece; a message that may take years to arrive from one place to another, carried by water. The object acts as a memory trigger through its form and materials to past relationships Ana has experienced and as a connection to a specific place as the events of nature in one geographical location influence the internal physical form of the jewellery object in another. Again the form and digital potential of the piece are sufficiently ambiguous to allow a personal interpretation and interaction for other people who see it. The jewellery piece similar to Sometimes involved a passive interaction and an ambiguity of function. The piece was about time, and emotional preciousness. It offers a way of viewing objects with digital capabilities in an atypical way, one that echoes and values the fleeting quality of many of our experiences and the lasting quality of many of our feelings for other people. It used digital technologies as a way to harness the ephemeral characteristics of a flower blossoming, rather than for the more common uses of digital technologies of repeatability and immediacy. The piece occurs only once and only after a considerable build up of rainfall over time. The digital connection to another place acts to contribute to a metaphor of feelings of closeness to another person and to another locality (in addition see Appendix B section 3).

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5.9 Reflections on exploratory studies

I aimed to demonstrate that it is possible to utilise contemporary jewellery practice to develop the idea that digital objects could be conceived as personally meaningful objects; things that fit into peoples relationships with one another and echo aspects of someones personal biography. To achieve this my approach has been to learn elements of what is dear and emotionally significant to someone and to build an idea of digital jewellery that is sensitive to these shared fragments. This involved a new perspective through which the aim was to create firstly an environment of familiarity through the object; something that reflected a participants shared criteria for meaning and beauty, and secondly a digital object that had no defined function. Any function was unprescribed and ambiguous. The aim was not to translate existing modes of digital object, into digital jewellery, but to create objects which enabled interactions that would be significant to the participant, and of interest to a wider audience, in a far less prescribed way than the common conventions of current digital objects allow (see Chapter 3 The gadget sections 3.1 & 3.3). I have identified several qualities of contemporary jewellery practice and craft practice in general that facilitate such an approach (see Chapter 4 section 4.4 Beauty, enchantment and empathy). These exploratory studies have been a process of empathising with an individual, being sensitive to their criteria for beauty and an awareness of the potential for enchantment through the final pieces. The studies have not been an exercise in emulating someones aesthetic taste; I know from consideration of my own belongings that in some cases I find them beautiful despite the aesthetics. Instead I love them because of the symbolism and meanings they represent for me personally. Rather, I have tried to gain a feel for someone through the shared stories and objects and to make something inspired by this information. My choice to involve both jewellers and designers of mobile digital devices as participants was in the aim of escaping layperson conceptions of both jewellery (possible by working with contemporary jewellers) and digital devices (possible by working with designers of such objects and technologies). By surmounting the hurdles that a narrow conception of either jewellery or digital devices can bring I hoped to be able to have a quality of 137

conversations with these experts that would be rich, building on their knowledge of the developments of both kinds of objects (jewellery and digital devices). I acknowledge however that by engaging with experts they would already have opinions of the developments occurring in their fields and possibly also have agendas regarding this also. It is important to discuss my influence on the participants at this stage and the responses they gave. I tried to give the same information to each participant and I purposefully sought to say as little as I could concerning what I was aiming to learn from each of them in an attempt to have as little influence as possible. At times throughout the stimuli process, and the process that followed where I gave the pieces to the participants, I did feel this to be an unnatural distance to have when engaging with someone, but it did enable me to gain their responses without my influence. My idea to use film arose from the need to communicate the digital aspect of the pieces to the participant and wider audience. However, film soon became much more than this for me. It became my way of telling a story, fusing together elements of the cultural, technological and physical dynamics of the piece as well as creative ideas and fantasy. In illustrating the digital potential of the proposals I sought to present these dynamics clearly, whilst leaving the interpretation and personal appropriation open to the viewer. I was completely open to a participant wearing the objects in their own way and similarly finding a personal appropriation or interpretation of the pieces. The objects and film in all three cases acted together as the whole pieces. The presence of the films meant that to a great degree the pieces did not need to work, the story and interaction potential were offered through film rather than in a practically realised sense. Film enabled me to illustrate my creative ideas of the interaction potential to a piece. Also in some cases the films facilitated a visualisation of the digital elements that would not have been easily achievable in reality or real time; for example the visualisation of rain falling in Cyprus while the jewellery piece blossomed open in the UK, or showing the blossoming of the piece to a wider audience if it only blossomed once. Similarly in other cases experiencing the interaction would take an indeterminate length of time, for example

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in Sometimes where the digital interactions only occur rarely or the time it would have taken for the rain sensor to detect a certain amount of rainfall for Blossom. The films were vehicles to tell these open-ended stories to the participants and also to a wider audience. Dunne (1999) detailed his opinions concerning the use of non-digitally realised objects acting as proposals for digital objects stating that

They challenge the impossibility of the possibleThrough use, or at least by modelling a scenario of use in the mind, the observer discovers new ways of conceptualising reality. (Dunne, 1999: 56)

Dunne argued that when objects are imagined to have digital interaction potential rather than actually having these abilities the viewer has to imagine for his or herself the consequence, role and value of the proposed ideas and in doing this they extend the initial proposal through their own imagination, rather than viewing the objects as final ideas. As Boorstin (1990) and McCarthy and Wright (2004) maintain, part of the conventions of watching films is to identify with characters or to imagine oneself in the different stories and scenarios playing out. I aimed to exploit this notion of perspective taking in the films I made to accompany the jewellery objects. The films also offered a richer context for the pieces and for an audience to view than would be possible in a conventional gallery setting. Dunne (1999) also argued that digital prototypes presented in a gallery rarely challenge viewers perceptions and assumptions about the role of objects in their lives. He cited a gallery based working-prototype exhibition of his own work Monitor as Material, 1996 as such a case. The audience firstly failed to reflect on the fictive, social and aesthetic (Dunne 1999: 69) aspects of the piece of work, which link it to everyday life, and viewed it instead as a dislocated gallery installation and spectacle. The second point to note here was that the dynamic of the gallery engendered a situation that invited an audience to marvel at the ingenuity of the designer (Dunne 1999: 69) and the electronic functioning of the object, rather than to consider possible the role of the pieces to a viewer personally. Film offered a different way to present jewellery in a more dynamic and contextualised manner than static image or gallery settings allow.

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This chapter has detailed the practical component of this research involving individual participants. The rationale behind these individual exploratory studies centred on the use of contemporary jewellery practice as a direct social activity and means of developing proposals for digital jewellery. Engagement with individual participants was an intimate dialogue between me and a participant that allowed for the consideration of digital jewellery as intimate, personally emotionally significant objects. In this context the studies have enabled me to open up my practice to engage directly with themes and experiences within personal biographies that were emotionally meaningful for someone. The resulting proposals of digital jewellery were not utopian propositions, but open-ended proposals that invited critical feedback, reflection and re-interpretation. My approach enabled direct feedback from the individuals to the proposals made, offering a level of inter-subjective response to the ideas I had developed, which in turn informed my own developing perspectives of the potential and value of digital jewellery. This aspect of the project is explored in the following chapter, which details the responses from Faith, Emma and Ana to the digital jewellery proposals.

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6 The participants responses to the digital jewellery proposals

This chapter describes the process and detail of the participants responses to the pieces followed by my analysis of and reflection on the responses. The chapter begins by detailing the various aspects and levels of the response process and describes the rationale for my approach. The chapter continues by focusing on my reflections on the diary, interview and discussion sessions of this process, covering the dynamics of such engagements and the methodological issues this gives rise to. A short synopsis of each participants response is then given followed by focused description of two key themes emerging from the responses, namely personal emotional significance and tensions around the idea of digital jewellery. The chapter concludes with my reflections on the particularities of these responses as a prelude to a deeper reflection in chapter 7.

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6.1 The response process

The relevant jewellery and films were given to each participant in order to gain a response from them of their perceptions of the pieces in terms of both object and concept. The feedback from each participant was a way of understanding if and how aspects of the proposals were regarded as valid by them. Each of the pieces operated in this way in the manner of a hypothesis that was tested on the participant. I use the term hypothesis metaphorically here; the pieces acted as propositions in the manner of a hypothesis, the existence of which begged testing in interaction with the particular people the pieces were made for7. Each participant received the jewellery objects, a short (3.5 minutes approx) DVD film presenting the digital potential of the piece (Chapter 5 sections 5.6, 5.7 & 5.8, Appendix B and accompanying DVD), and a response pack comprising of a journal, a disposable camera and a camera film, which were given as suggested but not as obligatory methods for feedback. Figs. 139 & 140 illustrate example pages from the journal, which contained sheets of lined, plain, tracing and graph paper, several pages with icons of thought bubbles, speech bubbles and picture frames printed on them, several postcards and stickers and also a paper pocket.

Figs 139 & 140 Front page of journal and an example journal page

Appendix C accompanies this chapter.

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The journal, camera film and disposable camera were given as possible means for each participant to record a response to the digital jewellery proposals. The participants were each asked to respond in terms of their thoughts and feelings relating to the artefact and the ideas of digital potential presented (see Appendix C 1.1 for accompanying text sent). The participants then lived with the pieces, films and response packs for a period of approximately one month during which time they were free to interact with and respond to them in whichever ways they felt appropriate. I completed the response process with an interview and discussion session with each participant (see Appendix C sections 4 for transcripts) where I used McCracken (1988) as a guide in the interview section of the response process. These sessions each followed the same format, but used the participants individual responses in the journals and photographs as prompts in a semi-structured interview. Following this I felt it was appropriate to reveal to each participant my process of making, my interpretations of what they had initially shared with me, and my design decisions. Each person had communicated to me personal life stories and experiences within the initial probe process in the knowledge that I would interpret these to make a piece of jewellery with a digital potential specifically for them. Consequently, to reveal my focuses and the creative reasoning or rationale that led to the objects and digital concepts felt like a continuation of the dialogue between me and the participant and a natural thing to do. I did not do this before finding out the participants initial responses to and feelings and thoughts about the pieces however, as I wanted these to be uninfluenced by my own descriptions. This second phase of the session is what I am referring to as the discussion section as it naturally led on to a more open discussion between the participants and me with a conversational quality. A large body of qualitative data was collected from each participant during the response pack and interview/discussion phases, all of which was transcribed, coded and analysed. I had an initial coding scheme, based on my research questions that I took to the data, which evolved in interaction with the data (Appendix C section 3). The initial coding scheme related to the participants feelings towards jewellery, digital devices and technologies and also digital jewellery. Within these categories I looked at how the participants responded in terms of expectations and assumptions, any changes in their relationships with the pieces 143

over time, perceptions of personal emotional significance, ideas concerning gadgets and the dynamics of how the participants interacted with the pieces. Each code was allocated a colour pattern and the transcripts of response journals, additional texts and interviews were coded by hand (Appendix C section 3). Fig. 141 is an example of coded data and a break down of the codes given to it.

Personal Emotional Attachments Past meeting future Place/space Perceived sensitivity Pleasures Signifiers Memories central to their understanding of this piece Notions of fit how they appropriated it into
their lives how they gave it meaning

Familiarity Emotional resonance Human-relational connections Poignancy Preciousness Wonder Notions of identity Beauty 144

Beauty in prosaic (sense of joy) Ownership

Fig. 141 Detail of coded data and codes given to it

In addition to the colour codes I also made notes on the data of ideas that occurred to me as I conducted the coding. The codes acted as sieves where I felt as though I was pouring all of the data through them and leaving the relevant data behind. This was a hugely time consuming process, but it did allow me to immerse myself in the data, living with it, reading, re-reading and cross-referencing responses. As the process developed new themes arose from the data, which became new codes to consider across the participants responses. Although the process was laborious it did have a creative quality. Each system of coding felt like reading the participants responses as a story, but each time from a different perspective creating a slightly different story. It felt in part like finding keys to a puzzle from the responses. As the coding progressed I developed hunches; ideas and themes that emerged from what each person had said, which I was able to compare against the data to develop awareness to similarities between participant responses and shared perspectives. I used the data to test the hunches and I developed a particular analytical frame out of the context of the research. The responses were complex and multi-layered. I acknowledge that even within my own set of codes there were more possible points and perspectives than I had the scope to articulate in this research. I focused on themes and issues close to my research questions. I have sought to give the essence of the participants perspectives to the themes and to present a concentrated and balanced representation.

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6.2 Observations concerning the interview/discussion sessions

There are a few points I would like to make concerning the dynamics of the response process. In order to gain the participants responses to the objects and proposed digital qualities without, wherever possible, lead or influence from me concerning how to respond or feel about the piece I sent the objects and films without any explicit explanation of the rationale, which had led to the pieces production. [I acknowledge that there were emotive qualities to the pieces and films, which in their own right will have influenced the participants, but this is different to what I am describing here. These qualities are intrinsic to the pieces; they are part of the piece and implicit. As such they could still be interpreted in different ways. What I was seeking to avoid was any additional information concerning my design rationale that may have influenced the participants explicitly]. The nature of this dynamic of how the participants acquired the pieces accompanied by the fact that the participants knew that the pieces were my response to fragments of their lives that they had shared with me lead to a perception of the piece, in part, as a puzzle to be solved. There was a sense that there was a mystery to uncover. Another point to make is that whenever I have presented the pieces I have given a commentary describing the background of the project as well as of the detail of each piece: what I was inspired by from the participant responses, what I hoped to achieve through the piece and nuanced dynamics of the possible functionalities of the pieces. Such commentary was absent when the participants received the pieces again to avoid lead or influence over the responses and feelings of the participants. Each participant was initially somewhat guarded in the interview section of the session, possibly as a consequence of the dynamics of the response process, where they had not been let in on my design rationale and creative decision-making. One possible speculation is that in considering the piece as a mystery or puzzle they were perhaps trying to solve it or get it right. Or perhaps the participants were contemplating other issues of the process for example what I had thought of them in order to make the pieces. 146

It is important to mention these points as each participant changed in how they responded once I had revealed my making process and ideas behind the pieces. In the discussion session they seemed to become more open and relaxed and they engaged with the ideas in a more playful manner. They were much more open to experimenting with their own thoughts and imagining scenarios connected to the pieces. Revealing the process seamed to assure each person that there was no correct way of interpreting or responding to the piece or idea. By giving the pieces and films to the participants without any additional commentary in some cases there arose misinterpretations, which could have been avoided. Ana for instance thought the piece also had a rain-sensor inside it and Faith didnt see the piece as a proposal for digital jewellery [although this was not solely due to the piece and film, she had also received the same documentation as the other participants detailing the project as an exploration into the integration of contemporary jewellery and digital technologies]. There is a difficult balance to strike between how much information to give, as this will undoubtedly influence the participant. I decided it was better to bare some potential misinterpretations as these could be worked through in the discussion session and by having the discussion session in effect I would enable both environments; one where I had had little influence and another where I had revealed my ideas and making process to describe the pieces in more nuanced ways. Further discussion of the merits and limitations of this research can be found in the discussion/conclusion (Chapter 7).

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6.3 Synopses of individual responses

All three participants received the packages at their work places and each of them chose to open them alone at home. This section presents a synopsis of each response drawing on journal, photograph and interview/discussion data. 6.3.1 Synopsis of Faiths response

Faith had showed the piece to her partner and children briefly, but otherwise kept it as a private object, her response related to the sensuality of the experience and physicality of the object, which took a considerable shift in direction during the period of response. Initially she was shocked by the object and recoiled from what she presumed to be real human hair. When she realised the material to be synthetic her interaction with the object became a very tactile and haptic one. She described spending time holding and playing with the form in her hands and described in detail nuances of the tactile and aesthetic qualities of the object. The piece became for her something that resonated with objects she already owned and as a bizarre object likened to both an art object that struck a chord with her and a pebble on a beach that a person chooses because it resonated with them, although they dont know why. In each case she described her interaction with the object as a private one. She had not realised that the piece was a digital jewellery proposition, although all participants had received the same information about the project, consequently her response initially was purely in terms of reacting to a piece of jewellery. She stated that the object didnt look digital and this was a reason for her not regarding it as such. She related to the process as an art project and saw the film as an extension of this, describing the film as the narrative of the idea connected to the jewellery. Once I had stated the digital proposition of 148

the piece Faiths response still focused predominantly on the physicality of the object, extending into an enthusiastic engagement with the revealed ideas, decisions, test pieces and models from the making process. This engagement and discussion of craft practice held connections for her with her own making experiences and those of her Mother. She stated she would like to show the piece to her Mother. During the course of the discussion around the making process Faith began to open up to the piece as a proposal for digital jewellery. She had pre-formulated opinions, arising from the context of her professional practice involving the development of mobile digital devices, and stated that she didnt like the idea of objects appropriating screens. She stated several times how she had thought of the piece as an intriguing object in its own right, rather than something that does something and she described how she wouldnt want to interact with the jewellery digitally on her own. Nevertheless she articulated several scenarios where she would interact with the digital aspects of the jewellery with a group of close friends and family members, particularly children. By the final stages of the discussion she stated how she didnt want digital objects to necessarily follow a particular assumed aesthetic and that it was interesting to her to think of an object that looks old, but that has a digital potential to do clever stuff. She thought that strange bizarre objects like the necklace were interesting as digital objects and she described an imaginary scenario of the necklace belonging to an alien civilisation more advanced than our own. The necklace was left on the earth when a space ship crashed and was found by a Mongolian herdsman, who strapped it to his saddle unaware of its digital potential. She described the piece as strange and not quite fitting with assumptions we have of digital objects, but this was something she stated was good about it. 6.3.2 Synopsis of Emmas response

Emma felt the piece to be about her and her three year old daughter. She stated that she was emotionally moved by the film and surprised by the pieces. She decided to involve her daughter in the response to the piece. She asked her daughter how they should respond and 149

when *(daughter) wanted to play a game with the piece Emma recorded in writing and photographs what was happening and being said as they played. Emma also attached a piece of string to one clasp, pinned this to her clothing and wore the piece for one day after which she hung it from a wall at home. Her responses did not focus on this second appropriation however and instead her responses and considerations centred chiefly on the game played with her daughter or her personal feelings about the objects and digital proposal. Emmas additional responses focused on the idea of digital jewellery, which she had presumed to be dominated by the context of existing digital devices where such devices would be made to be wearable, rather than a more contemporary jewellery based context of object with emotional resonance. She had expected a single small metal object similar to a memory stick and for this to be wearable. She stated in the interview that the objects had greatly surprised her and that she felt her assumptions and expectations to be narrow minded on reflection. Although she appreciated physical qualities of the jewellery objects, her initial views of a union between jewellery and digital technologies were negative, her responses centred on her ideas and ideals of jewellery and how non-electronic jewellery often already operated as a form of communication device. In addition Emma felt the objects were very her, that she could see herself using them as something other than jewellery and that she could imagine herself buying them. She stated several times that there was something about them that connected to her, although she couldnt pin point this specifically. She stated she felt the objects resonated with her. Playing the game with her daughter was in part a form of mimicking the proposed digital interaction of the pieces as shown on the film; to attribute something individual and specific to each clasp. In the film this related to recorded sound. In the game this related to speech recorded in writing in the journal and as a coloured squiggle drawn on the surface of a clasp. Emma stated that until playing this game the digital potential of the piece had held little meaning for her, but that by playing the game with her daughter she had begun to change her perceptions of the potential role of jewellery with digital qualities. She began 150

to describe the pieces as something she could use to capture everyday speech and noises and she imagined the piece as a family object; something that could be used to record different family members voices, like a family album. She described the objects as something that lived in her home now and described the process of interacting with the objects as ritualistic in part, suggesting something considered and connected to family tradition. She articulated tensions she felt around the notion of bringing jewellery objects and digital objects together, such as jewellery objects relating to permanence and digital objects relating to transience, but also stated that she understood the approach I was taking to this. She stated that it was necessary to consider the relevance and potential role of developing digital jewellery rather than being lead by the technological opportunities. At the end of the discussion she stated that she didnt want to give the objects back to me as she felt them to be hers now and that they had a role in her life and meaning for her. 6.3.3 Synopsis of Anas response

Ana had expected a piece based on spy gadgetry; something like a secret camera. She stated that the piece was poignant and more deeply sensitive than she had expected it to be. Ana accepted the idea of digital jewellery; she acknowledged that jewellery, as a type of object can be very open, describing is as something similar to sculpture. Her focus was on the metaphor that the piece represented for her based on the ephemeral quality of life, family closeness, emotional roots to both place and family and emotional preciousness. Her response concentrated on her own personal biography and on extending the idea of the piece and brainstorming new, but related ideas. The piece acted as a stimulus for new ideas of ways the piece could be used to bring family members together. Ana described enjoying

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the process as a form of stimulation of her creativity in a different way to her professional commercial design responsibilities and as a thought provoking experience. She stated that she appreciated the materials I had used and that the blossoming of the piece was very similar to an actual flower blossoming. She stated that she could see direct connections in the piece to her own life and aspects of this that she had shared with me. The fact that the piece only blossomed once was initially upsetting to her, but then she described that she felt this quality to be necessary to the metaphor of life as a fleeting experience and necessary to the poignancy of the piece. She described the metaphor of the piece to be something that had touched on something personally deep for her related to a personal longing for permanence and family rooting. She described her love of nature, relationships with her grandmothers and aspects of the piece as nourishing. She described a purpose of the piece to be to remind her to appreciate aspects of life, what she referred to as the small things.

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6.4 Personal emotional significance

One of my primary aims was to explore if and how each digital jewellery proposal was perceived to be poignant or to have elements of personal meaning in an emotional sense for each participant. This theme will now be presented through three dominant ways that the participants demonstrated their feelings towards the digital jewellery proposals in relation to personal emotional significance. 6.4.1 Personal responses relationships and criteria of beauty

In Faiths responses (figs. 142 & 143) to the arrival of the jewellery her feelings of excitement and anticipation were heightened because the piece was inside a wooden box, something that had personal resonance for her and that she felt to be beautiful and exciting.

Figs. 142 & 143 Faiths responses

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In this case her perception of beauty was connected to her Mothers love of wooden objects, which Faith considered to have been passed on to her. She detailed how the qualities of simple forms, boxes, containers that hold promise were beautiful to her. Her comments imply that there was an aspect of aesthetic judgement, taste and material appreciation within her criteria of something being beautiful, but also that the humanrelational connection she had with these objects, as categories of objects that her Mother loved, engendered a feeling of attachment to and significance of the object for her. Faith made two additional similar observations within the interview about her attachment to objects because of such human-relational connections:
the peacock feathers I dont know whether I like them because I like them or I like them because my Mum used to like them its like always liking the chocolates that have the nuts in because thats the one she always used to take (Faith interview transcript lines 644 & 648)

Faiths comments suggest that she shared a process of developing criteria of beauty stemming from human-relational attachments to objects. She stated that she was not sure whether she actually liked peacock feathers or whether she had absorbed, to a small extent, her Mothers criteria of beauty and liked them because her Mother did. There is a sense that she wanted to share pleasures with her Mother and perhaps wanted to echo her behaviour and to identify with her. Ana expressed similar feelings when talking about the connections between a flower blossoming, her Grandmother and her love of plants.

I suppose my love of plants didnt really come out until after shed sort of passed away Ive realised that I think thats where I get it from, or maybe Id like to think thats where I get it from (laughs) (Ana interview transcript lines 408 - 412)

These insights into Faith and Anas perceived resonance of aspects of the pieces made for them revealed that they had formed attachments, personal criteria of beauty and love of certain experiences, in this case objects, in part because of the direct significance within their inter-personal relationships. Significant aspects of the participants personal histories, biographies and relationships with other people were brought to bear on their perceptions of the digital jewellery proposals. Rather than being limited to the actual objects from past 154

experiences there are examples of categories of objects that have a personal resonance. The qualities of the pieces that connected to these inter-personal relationships were seen to be personally emotionally significant to Faith and Ana and added to their attachment to them. 6.4.2 Fit and resonance

The term fit is used here to describe how each participant felt the pieces matched or harmonised with them and their lives. The following examples illustrate how each participant felt the objects fit with them and how this was deepened by their personal appropriation of the pieces. Faiths first response on returning home with the jewellery was to photograph a plait of her daughters hair (figs. 144 148) that she had kept in a box that seemed very similar to her to the jewellery object.

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Figs. 144, 145 & 146 Faiths responses

Figs. 147 & 148 Faiths photographs of a keepsake of her daughters hair

Faiths keepsake of a length of her daughters hair, which acted as an evocative object that reminded Faith of her daughter, had similar physical qualities to the jewellery piece and she described the jewellery object in terms of how it fit with her personal belongings.

it sort of fits with the sort of things I would have sort of within my own private space. (Faith interview transcript lines 1345 & 1346)

This comment was significant in that it indicated that she felt the jewellery object resonated with Faith and fit with objects that she had in her private space and that it was similar to the keepsake of hair, which she again described as something that she would not show to other people. The jewellery was interpreted as an addition to her collection of personal objects and her following interactions with the jewellery were of a personal and private nature rooted in tactile and haptic experiences. The majority of her responses (figs. 149 - 154) described detailed tactile observations of the object. She described how she spent time with the jewellery indicating that she felt comfortable with the piece, wanting to spend time interacting with it, even within her relaxation time at home. She used the words smoothing, aligning, wrapping, unwrapping, to describe her engagement with the jewellery, which indicate pleasurable, caring and intentional ways of exploring the object and she described a private, contemplative way of behaving towards the jewellery. She described the jewellery as similar to worry beads, regarding it as a reflective object, something to hold and play with whilst allowing her thoughts to wander. 156

Fig. 149 Faiths response

Fig. 150 152 Faiths photographs as responses

I felt as though it was something that I just sat there and played with which is what I tried to take the photographs of I was trying to get across those feelings of playing with it (Faith interview transcript lines 155 & 164)

Figs. 153 & 154 Faiths responses

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During our final meeting I talked to Faith about the making process and how the final piece had developed. I showed her models and test pieces that I had made. She enjoyed discovering the making process and referred to her own experience of making. When commenting on the unfinished models and test pieces she became more playful in her discussions of how they resonated with her and of ways they could be used.

makes me want to have some of the bits that go with it as well () sort of like these bits which would mean nothing to anybody else, but I think of as object are interesting objects (Faith interview transcript lines 1235 - 1237)

I would probably keep it in its box but the box open somewhere where I could pick it up and I could pick the bits out and then put them back in again and I would know they were there (Faith interview transcript lines 1256 - 1258)

its a bit like picking up shells on the beach or stones that have a resonance in the way they look bizarre and peculiar objects as an art piece, if you like, this thing of them being sort of little strange and unexplained objects, bit like a Louise Bourgeois type sculpture where theres something that resonates with you but you dont really know why and they sort of have echoes of other things that youve come across (Faith interview transcript lines 1242 - 1248)

As unfinished objects Faith easily imagined ways in which they could fit into her life and how she would use them, which in turn impacted on how she thought of the necklace. She became playful in her responses imagining the objects as a sculpture and a collection of bizarre objects that meant nothing to anyone else, but that did mean something to her. She felt a resonance with the necklace and the series of objects that I had made. For Faith a major value of the piece was in how she could invent and imagine different interpretations and contexts for the objects as art objects and as intensely personal objects that would only have meaning for her. Emmas engagement with the piece focused greatly on questioning the idea of digital jewellery (discussed in sections 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.5.3), but in terms of fit and resonance, beyond her comments about what she liked about the objects, she stated that she had been moved by the film because she had recognised the quote used from her initial stimuli responses, which had referred to her daughter and as such felt the piece to be about them both. Furthermore she described feelings of resonance with the objects that she could not attribute to any specific factors, stating that the pieces did connect with her, that she could imagine herself using them, in some context, or buying 158

them and that they felt to be part of her. She stated she thought that there was definitely a way in which the objects had been made for her, but that this was not directly attributable to anything specifically.

watched the film and it was the quote at the endabout * (daughter)this made it directly connected to her and yeah, I cried! But it was, um, the whole feel of the film I hadnt expected what you were going to make to be like that. I thought it was very beautiful. (Emma interview transcript lines 48 - 55)

I like the kind of little decorative bits, and I like the scale and I love the materials, so theres obviously a lot there that, that does connect to me or connect to the things that I said (Emma interview transcript lines 884 - 886)

I can completely see myself as using them as something else and them being part of meI could have completely have imagined buying them, so theres definitely a way in which these have been made for me even though I cant quite see directly how (Emma interview transcript lines 295 - 299)

Emmas feelings of a connection to the objects had deepened over the month that she had lived with them. As we completed our final meeting she stated that she did not want to return the pieces to me, and that over time she had increasingly felt they were hers and that they played a role for her and fit within her life in someway.

I dont want to give them back to you (laughs)I suppose the longer Ive had them the more I feel like theyre minethat they play a roleSo when youve had enough of them, then you can send them back if you want to, ok (laughs) (Emma interview transcript lines 912 - 918)

Although Emma expressed feeling a connection to the objects and film she stated that did not feel any resonance initially to the proposed digital functionality of the objects. To address this she chose to interact with the objects with her daughter (figs. 155 & 156). They played a game with the objects, attributing characters to each clasp by drawing different patterns on their surfaces. Although this activity did not involve the digital concept directly it did echo it in that Emma and her daughter interacted together and attributed a separate pattern or marking to each clasp (fig. 157). Subsequently each clasp then bore a trace of a unique experience and echoed the image of traces on each clasp that I had made in the film (fig. 158). Emma commented on this (figs. 159 & 160) stating that because of the activity she now felt that the pieces symbolised a connection to her daughter. 159

Figs. 155 & 156 Emmas photographs as responses

Fig. 157 Porcelain clasps altered by Emma and her Daughter

Fig. 158 Still from Traces film that I had sent to Emma as part of the piece

Figs. 159 & 160 Emmas responses

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However, more than demonstrating that non-electronic objects may symbolise a connection to someone Emmas interventions also led her to fresh understandings and to be open to the potential of the proposed digital functionality of the piece.
the point of doing this with * (daughter) was a point where I didnt think as digital objects that, that these things had any kind of meaning or relevance to me its only since doing this and thinking about them differently that Ive started to think well actually I can see how this might work I cant imagine it being about planned, being planned or structured, but if it was about capturing somethingto take a snippet of her doing what she does and being her(Emma interview transcript lines 198 208)

The activity enabled a stronger bond to form between Emma and the pieces, not purely because the pieces were now part of a memory of the game she played with her daughter, or that the pieces showed evidence of this experience and were personalised, but that the activity also acted as a similar form of interaction to the one I had proposed and gave her space to consider using the objects in such a way. Her comment that the piece could be about capturing snippets of life suggests that this may reflect an aspect of parenthood and family life in that the moments someone would like to capture may often occur in unplanned moments. Emmas actions of playing the game with her daughter were a personal interaction between her, her daughter and the objects. Emmas actions suggest that a key point to draw from this is that there is an assumption of an intensely personal relationship to any object that is called jewellery. Jewellery objects bring with them an assumption of an intensely personal relationship.

For Ana the piece fitted directly into her idea of planting a family tree, it acted to reflect this pre-existing idea strongly for her. She perceived personal emotional significance in the materials and commented on her love of nature and how this was reflected in my use of natural materials. Beyond this literal connection Anas engagement with the piece was rooted in the meanings she attributed to it. Her main attribution of significance was how these physical qualities and the single blossoming of the piece contributed to a metaphor of the fleeting nature of life and the emotional rooting of family land.

I just thought it was very poignant and yeah it was just life affirming in that it was about the sort of preciousness of life for me (Ana interview transcript lines 223 - 224)

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when it blossomed, it kind of upset me that it was only the once, and I thought oh my god! (laughs) but if it wasnt only once then that would defeat the object, of your piece I think for me anyway I mean that was a kind of crucial point for me, when I started blubbing (laughs) when it said it only blossoms once and I was just like oh!, yeah! and it, I sort of got it, that it was sort of, represented life really and that, erm, you only live it once (Ana interview transcript lines 155 - 161)

I think youve touched on something, (laughs) quite, yeah, big really planted on family land a kind of permanence to it and a rooting for mewhich links to strong emotional family ties (Ana interview transcript lines 207 - 213)

my longing really to have somewhere that I can call home and I guess when my house, our old house in *(Cyprus) got sold I felt very uprooted and very insecure in a way I think thats kind of what my Mums house in Cyprus represents now because its like on family land a kind of rooting and a kind of permanencestability (Ana interview transcript lines 316 - 329)

Ana felt the piece to hold personal significances, relating to her longing for permanence and ideas of emotional preciousness. She easily accepted and interpreted the concept of the piece into her personal biography and history and also easily accepted the idea of digital jewellery. She reacted to the single blossoming of the jewellery object in an emotional way and found the transience of the digital functionality to be poignant and necessary. She stated that contemplating the piece stimulated her own creativity and she brainstormed ideas, which both placed and extended the piece within the context of her interpretation of it as a family orientated object.

but I think your idea sort of stimulated a lot of thoughtsmy own creativity, so I was just like, oooh, you could have this! And (Ana interview transcript lines 377 & 378)

when it went dark it could have a little just a really soft glow, somewhere in the piece so you could see it even at night and know it was therewhen visiting Grandmas house in Cyprus after she passed away Id always take a flower and Id light a candle (Ana interview transcript 3 lines 387 393)

as a conceptits the sort of piece where youre really thinking, concentrating on peoples emotions, human emotions I thought it could be a piece that could maybe bring people together or remind you of, um, just to enjoy your life and being with people that matter to you and enjoy that time that youve got (Ana interview transcript 3 lines 148 - 154)

There was a sense of shared creativity in Anas responses. She offered ways in which the jewellery could be used and she developed the idea to extend the potential digital 162

functionalities. Anas response was not centred on an evaluation of the jewellery, but rather a development of new ideas based on the original. The jewellery did not close down her ideas, but kick started creative brainstorming and a form of dialogue of ideas between us based on how such objects could work within an emotional context in family life. Significantly, in each case there is a sense in which the participants altered and added to the pieces. Faith did this verbally by describing the piece and the series of test pieces as an art piece, describing how it would be displayed and how she would interact with it. Emma and Ana did this through more active physical interventions; Emma through the game she played with her daughter and Ana through her brainstorming of drawings and writing extending the design. In general the ways the participants perceived the jewellery to fit and resonate with them suggested that a resonance was initially perceived where the piece echoed a participants own pre-existing ideas and sensibilities. Each participant used a reflection or echo of the jewellery piece within her response, perhaps in part as a way to acknowledge common ground; something shared. Perhaps also as a way to begin to negotiate how the piece had a resonance for them. For Faith the object shared physical and aesthetic similarities with a keepsake of her daughters hair and seemed to fit with her collection of personal objects. Emma stated she felt the piece to be about her and her daughter and that the objects connected with her. She stated she could imagine buying the objects and them being part of me, although she could not attribute this to any specific qualities of the objects. For Ana the piece echoed a desire to remain connected to family and family land. She stated that the piece had touched on something big by which she meant a personal longing of hers for a kind of permanence. In each case there was a strong connection between perceived resonance in the jewellery and a participants own personal history and biography. Each participant then interacted with the objects in a way appropriate to the resonance they had perceived. Faith felt the object to echo other objects that she kept as hers alone and in turn interacted with it as a personal object, Emma perceived the object to be about her and her daughter and played a game with her daughter involving the objects and Ana felt the piece to echo her desire for family connections and a permanence within this and developed 163

ideas of how the piece could fit in different ways into family life. The resonance of the objects for each person was deepened by these interpretations and appropriations, which acted to subvert or fit the objects and concepts more personally into each of their lives. 6.4.3 Personal becomes shared

Each person found aspects of the pieces, which fit for her, but then extended, subverted or personalised the piece to fit to a stronger degree. Interesting shifts occurred in how the participants responded or referred to the piece depending on whether they were responding or regarding it as a piece of electronic or non-electronic jewellery. As non-electronic jewellery the participants experiences were described overwhelmingly in terms of their individual interactions with the object, for example: tactile pleasures and observations, echoes of their own personal criteria for beauty, what the piece signified to them, what it seemed to be similar to from their experiences etc. The piece was described as a private object by each participant, Ana referred to her piece as something to help her stop and take stock of her priorities, Faith described her piece as a secret pebble to hold or keep hidden in her pocket and although Emma used the piece with her Daughter, which suggests a shared interaction, this was for her an intimate experience between the two of them intimating the digital concept and driven by her perception of the piece to have been about them both, otherwise she described her feelings for the piece as something made just for her. These descriptions altered, however, when the piece was regarded and referred to as a digital object, where each participant described the piece in terms of a shared rather than private experience. The digital aspect of the pieces transported the personal object into a shared experience. Faith saw the piece as a very private object, but when regarding it as an object that interacted with digital displays she described shared experiences with people close to her.

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I think if you were walking up to it with a whole group of other people and you wanted to use it as a, something for you all to look at I think Id find it hard to sort of, um, do it as an individual (Faith interview transcript lines 210 - 212)

its more fun to do that sort of thing if youve got a group of people for me that would be the sort of thing youd do with family or, or very, very close friends or I would probably see it as something you would do for children (Faith interview transcript lines 1285 1301)

Emma imagined the piece as a family piece, like a family album of voices

as a family thing, a way of recording people and then being able to play them back and being able to pass that onyou might not know who you were about to listen to, it would be really interesting in the same way that you go through a photo album and you point out to people ooh thats your great aunt such and such you could take one of these put it down and hear her voice er and somebody in the room would know who it was and other people might not and that would be really quite interesting and you might start to kind of because theyre slightly different you might start to connect certain ones and you would vaguely know who you were getting with each one but not necessarily definitely (Emma interview transcript lines 470 - 478)

Ana proposed that once the piece had finally blossomed it could act as a catalyst to bring people together for a family meal.

I guess I thought it could be a piece that could maybe bring people together (Ana interview transcript lines 150 - 151)

although it blossoms only once that maybe it would remain open for a little while just so say if your family arent all together that theyve got time to come together and it just could be get people together for a meal but its like a little indicator to say come on everybody come over (Ana interview transcript lines 296 - 300)

That the participants regarded the objects as private when considering them as nonelectronic, but shared when considering them as electronic, suggests a shift in perspective of electronic and non-electronic objects that is worthy of further investigation; the potential of digital jewellery objects to span the context of both personal and shared experience. It is important to acknowledge also that although the participants wanted to share the electronic experiences of the pieces they only suggest doing so with an intimate circle of people, not just anybody, perhaps because the objects were still jewellery objects and were still perceived as personal.

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6.5 Digital jewellery tensions

Mismatches in the participants perspectives of both jewellery objects and digital devices impacted on their assumptions of digital jewellery with regard to function, personal emotional significance, material and status of object. This section demonstrates the differences between what the participants felt and assumed concerning jewellery and how this was very different to their feelings and assumptions of digital technologies and digital objects. 6.5.1 Expectations and assumptions

Each participant had expectations of what the piece of digital jewellery would be in terms of material, aesthetics and functionality. A key point to make concerning these expectations is that they were based predominantly on what each participant expected a digital object, rather than a jewellery object, to be. Faith only realised the jewellery and film were a proposal for a piece of digital jewellery when we met to discuss her initial responses. She attributed this in part to the materials I had used to make the piece; they did not fit with her expectations of digital objects.

I dont think I made the connection between it working digitally and the DVD (pause) I wasnt thinking of it as a technical, technological object because of the nature of the materials... I was definitely seeing it as an object in its own right, rather than an object that would access, something else, but thinking back on it that could explain why you had moving images moving on billboards (laughs) hmmmummm (gestures to her head, as if silly of me) (laughs a lot) () which is very clever of me isnt it!? () I think its because its a ceramic object (Faith interview transcript lines 173 - 187)

it's because it doesn't look electronic I think, that's the thing, it really doesn't look electronic (Faith interview transcript lines 477 & 478)

Similarly Emma and Anas expectations were rooted in their knowledge of existing digital devices. Emma had expected a small metal object similar to a memory stick and Ana a secret camera. Emma stated after receiving the objects that she felt her assumptions to be narrow-minded and that she had been surprised by the objects and also by her expectations.

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I dont really know why, butI was expecting a small metal memory stick type object I had presumed it would be metal, which now seems really, um, narrowminded. I was actually very surprised by the objectsby my expectations I mean I know jewellery can be more than this so why I was expecting it to be small and metal I dont know (Emma interview transcript lines 8 - 15)

Both Ana and Emma had imagined receiving objects that were predominantly recognisable as existing forms of digital devices that would be altered by me to become wearable objects. Emma had presumed the digital jewellery to be a small, data holding device, which suggested a memory stick to her and Ana had imagined spy type devices, which had suggested a secret camera to her. Such assumptions and expectations limited each participants visualisation and to some extent acceptance of what digital jewellery could be to pre-determined qualities and forms of existing digital devices. In addition the views held by the participants of what constituted a digital device were at odds with their perspectives of jewellery. Faiths shared perspective of jewellery, as a nonjeweller, centred largely on the notion of jewellery as accessories; where jewellery functions to adorn, as complimentary objects to clothing, but not to draw attention to her. Her assessment of the piece in terms of these criteria was based largely on how wearable it was.

I do have a strange relationship with necklaces(laughs) if I have a 'v' neck collar or a straight neck collar then that will effect if I wear a necklaceI suppose it's sort of not drawing attention to yourself too much as well (Faith interview transcript lines 373 - 381)

I might wear it out for sort of a special occasion if I had something very, very simple with it (Faith interview transcript line 334 - 335)

The piece did not fit easily as an accessory for Faith, it would only be worn under specific circumstances, instead she described it more readily as an art object, kept open in its box at home and if used as a mobile object she referred to it as a private, hidden object; like a magic stone in her pocket or something with talisman like qualities.

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Emmas perspective of jewellery was based on her practice as a contemporary jeweller and centred essentially on the idea of jewellery as objects that connect us to other people.

through non-verbal, intangible, embedded qualities that trigger memories. (Emma response text)

For Emma the key qualities of jewellery were their ability to symbolise connections between people, as such her initial views of the notion of digital jewellery were predominantly negative, regarding such objects as unnecessary and literal forms of communication device (discussed further in sections 6.5.2 & 6.5.3). All three participants, in different ways, shared the assumption that digital jewellery would be a wearable form of an existing digital device. These assumptions served to inform their ideas of what digital jewellery would look like, function as and also of what would be the motivation to create it. These suppositions were greatly at odds with their notions of the same ideals of jewellery objects. In each of these examples the digital aspect and all that implied as a category for the participants, in the equation of digital jewellery, was the dominant aspect and served to limit their perceptions of jewellery. 6.5.2 Object status

Not only did the term digital jewellery suggest a wearable form of an existing digital device for the participants, but also by association to something digital the status of the jewellery object diminished. Faith repeatedly described viewing the jewellery piece in its own right rather than as a digital object.

I wasn't thinking of it in terms of, of a technical piece, I was thinking of it in terms of, of an object in its own right (Faith interview transcript lines 466 & 467)

seeing it as an object in its own right, rather than an object that does something, so it's quite intriguing just as a stand alone piece. (Faith interview transcript lines 499 & 500)

those are beautiful objects in their own right as well aren't they (Faith interview transcript line 850)

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as an object in its own right I think its a really intriguing thing (Faith interview transcript line 1238 & 1239)

Faiths comments suggest that when a jewellery object does something there is a change in status. As a non-electronic object she interpreted it as an art object or talisman, she described the piece as beautiful and intriguing, but she was reticent to view it as a technological object. This implied that in doing so some of the qualities she found appealing may be lost and that perhaps, for her, existing digital objects were neither intriguing nor beautiful. There is a clear suggestion that she perceives a hierarchy of objects, where art objects and jewellery objects have a higher position than objects that do something. Similarly Ana when talking about Blossom, began to describe its function and then stated that function was not the right term, as it related to a household appliance, which was something very different to the jewellery piece for her.

function isnt quite the right word because it makes it sound a bit, dunno well its not like a household appliance (laughs) in the sense that it helps you clean the dishes or anything like thatI suppose its purpose to me is that it reminds you of the smaller things in life and erm, its like it could help you to just take stock and stop and look at things (Ana interview transcript lines 279 - 286)

Anas description suggests that digital devices implied a function based on task and utility for her, rather than something with emotional resonance. She used the phrase smaller things in life to denote those that were personally meaningful. She also made the point that if the jewellery had been a camera this would have been more superficial than the actual proposed functionality of the jewellery, which she went on to describe as life affirming and personal. The suggestion was that current digital devices lack intimacy and positive emotional significance and that there was a perceived poignancy in the digital jewellery piece, something that she did not associate with existing digital devices. As already detailed Emma had expected to receive a device similar to a memory stick. She went on to describe such objects as ugly, but appropriately so. 169

its like trying to take a memory stick, which we carry around with us everywhere but is a big ugly piece of plastic and trying to design it to be more interesting and nicer or into a piece of jewelleryI dont think thats the right way round I think its appropriate that its a big piece of plastic attached to your key ring and I dont think its appropriate that its jewellery (Emma interview transcript lines 757 - 763)

For Emma a digital device could not and should not share the same emotional ground as a piece of jewellery. As a contemporary jeweller she held strong opinions of the potential and ability of jewellery to act as a symbolic connection between people and the concept of digital jewellery represented to her a merger of jewellery object and existing digital device; the implication for her was, as previously detailed, an object dominated by existing digital functionalities which were then translated into a wearable jewellery form. She was opposed to such a notion. Emmas descriptions of jewellery as objects possessing intangible, embedded qualities that trigger memories suggest that for Emma jewellery objects have elusive and mysterious properties. These were at odds with her perspective of digital devices that perform literal tasks. This suggests that, to her, jewellery offered more scope for captivating experiences within the human aspects of communication than digital devices. Literal was therefore not only perceived to be an antonym to mystery, but also a more shallow quality of a digital object. Similarly comments made by Faith that she had not expected the jewellery object to do something suggested that she also perceived this as being a literal quality. There is the implication that if an object reveals its secrets or what it can do in some respect, then curiosity is satisfied and the object loses status. The intriguing or mystical qualities of an artefact were felt by Faith to be even further removed from a digital object. She stated that the ambiguity of the jewellery piece and the test pieces that belong to it fascinated her and she repeatedly gave her interpretations of them, guessing possible meanings of them. She described how the objects were a collection of strange, ambiguous, art like objects, which had no use for her, but which resonated and interested her, yet she did not feel this same sort of resonance for the digital proposition of 170

the piece presented through the film. She did not want to draw attention to herself in public and felt that the large scale of the images on billboards and the potential for other people to associate her with the occurrence of such displays would highlight her presence, but more than this she felt a different level of resonance between the digital images and the artefacts.
I did like the idea that there could be something inside so the idea of having something that opened up and you have these little tiny objectsbut they werent necessarily things that would then connect me to technological screen or it was just, it would be, would connect me to those sort of images but in my head rather than someone elses version of the images outside my head. (Faith interview transcript lines 1252 - 1262)

Faith was comfortable with an interpretation of her shared stimuli responses being in the form of jewellery or artefacts, but not as digital images. She stated a desire to have the objects and described their roles as triggers to those sort of images but in my head rather than someone elses version of the images outside my head. This suggested that as objects the horse and pastry cutter did not diminish her own associated memories, but as film images appearing on digital screens they were someone elses versions and took away from her personal mental images. There appears to be a shift from an object, which was seen as something owned, acting as a connection to other experiences and conversely a digital image, which was seen as something not owned and someone elses. In reality both the artefacts and filmic images were partly someone elses, namely my interpretations of Faiths shared stimuli stories and memories, but the artefacts were not regarded in this way. When experiencing the artefacts Faith engaged with them as an open ended experience, where she could interpret and give her own meanings to the pieces; there was a sense of belonging and ownership as she described them as intriguing private objects, whether kept in her room as art like objects, or carried in a pocket like a magic stone, but this was not echoed in her engagement with the digital aspects of the piece. This may have been because for a long period of time she had not realised the piece was a proposal for a digital object and she had formed attachments and connections with the piece purely as an artefact, or that the partly public nature of the piece threatened her sense of privacy. The suggestion could also be that our experience of artefacts relates to our sense of ownership more readily 171

than digital experiences do. Digital experiences are not material and often operate as a shared experience, as such the physical objects presented to Faith were interpreted by her into private and intimate experiences which did not extend or translate easily for her into a public, digital and therefore intangible and shared context. The implications of the tensions in object status articulated by the participants between jewellery objects and digital objects are that there is a fundamental challenge to the concept and design of objects that have digital potential. Each participant asserted the view that digital objects related to notions of technofunction (Schiffer 1992 see chapter 3 The gadget section 3.2 Function) and the performance of utilitarian tasks, where as jewellery objects related to something more intriguing and personally meaningful. Faith implied that when an object does something the status of that object diminished, Emma felt that digital devices were appropriately ugly and Ana felt that digital devices related to household functions such as cleaning dishes rather than life affirming, emotional contexts. Both Faith and Emma were reluctant and resistant to classing the jewellery proposals as digital objects because of this. The participants commented that the digital abilities of many devices were literal qualities and implied that these were shallow qualities of objects. 6.5.3 Permanent v transient

Another tension within the participants contemplation of the notion of digital jewellery was the friction between the perceived permanence of jewellery objects and the perceived transience of digital technologies and the uses of digital devices. Each participant spoke of jewellery or artefacts in her initial stimuli responses or in her final responses to the jewellery pieces as objects that hold a lasting meaning for them. Such objects were symbolic of some form of permanence, often human-relational, connected to generations of family members, or to past experiences. Jewellery in this way acted as a connection to family, a sense of selfhood and a sense of belonging or place in a personal and family history. It is a common phenomenon to regard such objects as triggers to memories and to associate artefacts with a notion of permanence, yet existing forms of digital experiences or devices do not hold the same connotations. This dichotomy was brought into question by the participants consideration of the digital jewellery proposals made for them. 172

The qualities of permanence of personally emotionally significant objects are not reliant on the object being fashionable or unbroken; they transcend such criteria. A notion of permanence instead arises from someone perceiving the object in terms of a lasting association to other people or experiences. Persistently the currency of jewellery objects echoes this facet of permanence. Conversely a digital device is judged by cutting edge qualities and abilities and often last until these are usurped by another digital device that can do more or until it breaks. Emma expressed a concern arising from these issues.

I suppose I worry about the kind of difference between a jewellery object and a technological object in terms of turnover, in terms of speedyou can have um a brooch which is lovely and you love it and youre always going to love it where as youve got um, a memory stick which in five years time will be obsolete... (Emma interview transcript lines 256 - 260)

Emma described jewellery as something you love and youre always going to love, suggesting a lasting relationship and association. Conversely she described digital objects as short-lived objects that become incompatible with new generations of computers. There was a change in vocabulary, emotional regard and perceived role between descriptions of both kinds of object and a presumption that digital jewellery will be a form of merging the two together. In addition to a notion of permanence related to longevity, the tension between jewellery objects and digital devices also extends into the temporal context of the two different categories of object. Fundamentally jewellery objects are always connected to a history of jewellery objects, centrally related to symbolism related to social status and human relationships. Many of the purposes of jewellery have always been to signify continuity, of family and human connection. Digital devices are the products of a much more recent history of objects, largely driven by technological advancement and progression. Jewellery as a category of object, however progressive and challenging relates to notions of continuity of relationship, to sustained connections to memories, to the past, yet digital devices relate to the new, to swift progression, to the next. However many crossovers there undoubtedly are between these categories one is predominantly connected to the past, the other chiefly future focused.

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Digital jewellery in these terms presents a dichotomy, an object, which is potentially both concerned with permanence and transience. Ana had not resisted the idea of digital jewellery, but Faith and Emma had. However towards the end of the interviews both Faith and Emmas opinions towards the ideas of digital jewellery had shifted significantly to acknowledge the positive potential of an integration of contemporary jewellery and digital technologies. Faith commented:
its almost like this sort of not science fiction, but science fantasy thing of you know has it come from a previous civilisation? it looks old but it does all this clever stuff, thats almost like, it has a futuristic ability but then it looks as though its come from some sort of previous thing because it doesnt quite fit with how we see thingsI dont want things to necessarily look like theyve fallen out of the pages of T3 magazine so things that have strangely, sort of a fairly strange feel, which it definitely has I think (laughs)I can imagine it slung from the saddle of some Mongolian herdsman and you have no idea what its function was and then it turns out its got this hidden and secret function that you would never have thought about and the Mongolian herdsman might never have known he just picked it up from some crashed space ship I dont know, its just that whole, weird sort of erm, not quite fitting thingbut I think thats good. (Faith interview transcript lines 1432 - 1451)

Emma commented:
the more I thought about it the more I, the more I can seea really interesting way of interacting with objects the way that this might operate as a collection of things thats stored in a particular place and its maybe a nice event where you get them out um, I can kind of see all that, which I couldnt see at the very beginning. (laughs) (Emma interview transcript lines 771 - 777)

what I think is interesting and its kind of a nice challenge, is to see where the miss match is between those two things and what happens when you bring them together, whether you kind of try and extend the lifespan of a technological thing or whether you reduce the lifespan of a jewellery thing, you know its kind of both ways (Emma interview transcript lines 1007 - 1011)

Although at this stage in her response Emma still regarded digital jewellery as a simple mixture of digital devices and jewellery, her perspective was no longer resistant to the idea of digital jewellery. She saw the positive potential of a challenge to explore the possible change in lifespan of such objects and also stated that:

its about trying to retain those things about jewellery theyre not the obvious things that everybody thinks of, which ironically is what I thought of when I imagined getting this which is that it would be metal and one small thingit is the fact that it can connect you with out, with out having to physically connect you, so its about retaining all the best things about that and why that works its

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quite hard to explain but I do, I kind of do understand exactly what youre trying to do and the way in which youre trying to look at it (Emma interview transcript lines 751 765)

Jewellery objects were described by the participants as objects that people form lasting attachments to. Conversely, digital devices were described as objects that had fleeting worth based on state-of-the-art functionality. One implication was that both objects have a different context of speed of consumption. Jewellery objects may endure for lifetimes as meaningful objects, but digital devices are short-lived and easily replaceable objects. By the final stages of the interviews, however, the participants had acknowledged that there were interesting challenges and possibilities in integrating both types of object and even embraced the implications of such integration.

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6.6 Reflections on findings

I have concentrated on two predominant themes in the responses: the participants perceptions of personal emotional significance in the pieces; and the participants perspectives of tensions around the idea of digital jewellery. The theme of personal emotional significance gave insights into how the participants felt the pieces were personally valid for them and how they fitted into their lives. The tensions around the notion of digital jewellery connected to the critique I had developed through my review of current digital objects and my exploration of the notion of the gadget (see Chapter 2 Contextual review and Chapter 3 The gadget). In summary, the findings demonstrated that there was a strong connection between the participants inter-personal human relationships and their personal criteria for beauty. Also, significant aspects of the participants personal histories and relationships with other people were shown to have considerable influence on their perceptions of the digital jewellery proposals. Each participant perceived the jewellery objects to be intensely personal, as evidenced through the ways they described the pieces, the roles they attributed to them, and how they interacted with them. The resonance of the objects for each person was deepened by the ways they appropriated them into their own lives. Another significant finding was that when considering the proposals as non-electronic jewellery objects the participants interacted with them in private and personal ways; the pieces were for them alone. However, when considering the proposals as digital jewellery objects the participants descriptions shifted to centre on a shared context with people who were emotionally close to them. The pieces remained in an intimate context, but were now shared with other people. This shift suggests the potential for further investigation into this finding and the possibility for digital jewellery to be a personally and emotionally significant form of digital object operating in both private and shared contexts. The responses showed tensions in the participants consideration of an object that was both a jewellery object and a digital object. Digital jewellery was something that the participants 176

associated with conflicting expectations and assumptions. These conflicts impacted on assumptions of the materials, aesthetics, functionality, status of object and lifespan of a piece of digital jewellery. Notably the digital aspect (and all that this implies) was dominant. Following these assumptions of what digital jewellery would be there was a significant shift for the participants when they reflected on the pieces presented to them. They acknowledged that there were interesting challenges and possibilities in integrating both types of object and embraced the implications of such integration. Each participant imagined a positive and personally emotionally significant scenario of interaction and role for the pieces in their lives. These explorations into the potential of digital jewellery enabled a small group of people to consider the possibilities of this new form of object. By contemplating the potential of digital objects through firstly engaging with feelings regarding non-electronic jewellery objects the participants were able to consider the value of digital jewellery in a similar context to non-electronic jewellery. The responses showed this to relate strongly to human relationships and the role of objects within intimate human relationships. This particular context of jewellery aided a shift from assumptions based on what digital meant to the participants and initial assumptions and expectations were challenged and altered. The value and consequences of these findings is reflected upon in the following chapter.

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7 Discussion, conclusions and future directions

This chapter serves to articulate personal reflections on both this research process as a whole and the findings that arose from the participant responses. The thesis is presented in summarised form initially to condense the theoretical, conceptual and practical path that the work has taken. The outcomes of the piece of research are then discussed in terms of a rethinking of digital objects and digital jewellery as a new form of object. The chapter continues by revisiting the research objectives and by presenting them in relation to the context of what has been achieved. Finally the contributions to knowledge arising through this research are presented and the scope for future research is indicated.

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7.1 Thesis summary

The body has been shown to be perceived by non-jewellers as an opportunistic location for mobile digital objects; where as perceptions of the body in contemporary jewellery were shown to centre on ideas of a sense of self, where the body was more a symbolic location for jewellery objects that connect to an individuals experiences and human relationships. Wearability was shown to be a central factor in the design of body centric digital objects from non-jewellers. Conversely wearability was evidenced to be a shifting consideration in contemporary jewellery and not a defining quality of a jewellery object. A physical and conceptual relationship between a jewellery object and the body was posited to be a more significant factor in contemporary jewellery. This thesis demonstrated that there was a low level of interpretation of what a jewellery object may be in terms of form and functionality from non-contemporary jewellers. Non-jeweller interpretations were evidenced to be based largely on mainstream commercial or high-street forms of jewellery. The emerging digital jewellery proposals from contemporary jewellers were shown to offer a wider scope of form, functionality and context of use than is evident from non-jewellers. Beyond these factors the thesis evidenced that jewellery objects commonly function as objects that hold personal emotional significance for their owners (and makers) as a connection to people, places and experiences and also that this phenomenon is commonly explored by contemporary jewellers through their practice. I have shown that approaches from non-jewellers however, have been led chiefly by developments of functionalities, usability and ubiquity rather than the consideration of emotionally enriching experiences or personal emotional significance. The thesis also indicated that jewellery objects commonly have a particular quality, separate from many other kinds of object, in relation to intimacy. Jewellery objects may be intimate both in terms of physical intimacy through a connection with the body, but also in terms of emotional and human-relational contexts. These contexts were evidenced to have a connection to emotional preciousness and personal biographies and were posited to be areas that are under-explored by non-jewellers in the design and concept of body centric digital objects. This research highlighted that here remains a lack of consideration of emotion as a discursive and social aspect in interactions involving digital jewellery. 179

The thesis demonstrated that in some cases there is an overlap in terms of context, functionality and lifespan between digital objects and gadgets; however contemporary jewellery objects and gadgets were evidenced to be very different from one another in regard to these same considerations. Gadgets were evidenced to be objects that usually have a limited purpose, often centred on novelty. They consequently usually have a short lifespan as the novelty abates and as the significance of the object is transferred from one object to the next replacement. Commercial gadgets and digital objects were shown to often exist as incremental developments of a category of object, where in our current digital culture the cycle of production and consumption is at a fast pace. The thesis highlighted that in many cases digital objects have become synonymous with gadgets and consequently are associated with the same assumptions and expectations. These assumptions and expectations were detailed to be far removed from those usually associated with jewellery or contemporary jewellery however and as such were detrimental to perceptions of jewellery objects that embed digital electronics. The research posited that contemporary jewellery commonly centres on an enduring relationship between person and object, where the jewellery object carries a personally significant meaning for the owner often relating to human relationships and personal emotional significance. However the gadget is predominantly a fad object based on novelty, newness and consequent transience. These reviews and critiques established by the research highlighted the many ways current digital products limit our experiences as well as our expectations and assumptions of digital objects. The relevance and value of jewellery objects as perceived by non-jewellers in the design of digital objects has been shown to miss many of the human-relational and emotional contexts that jewellery has the potential to enrich and relate to. One consequent challenge for this research was how to make pieces of digital jewellery, which were extensions of contemporary jewellery, that harnessed new interactive potential enabled by digital technologies, but that were not gadgets. The gadget critique developed in this research served as a set of anti-objectives for this research.

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The positions formulated in the contextual review and gadget chapters enabled me to develop a perspective that drew attention to the conceptual tensions that existed concerning the extension of contemporary jewellery into digital jewellery based on the associated expectations and assumptions of digital objects. The thesis methodology chapters established this research as hybrid and interdisciplinary. Stemming from contemporary jewellery as a form of craft practice seated in an intersection between the fields of art and design this research was also articulated to draw on the disciplines of HCI and Interaction Design. With personal emotional significance as a chief focus within this research the thesis drew attention to the neglect of emotional qualities of experience in HCI (McCarthy and Wright 2004) and also evidenced a similar situation in Interaction Design and Industrial Design, with few exceptions (Gaver 1999, Dunne 1999, Dunne and Raby 2001, Anderson et al 2003). The context of craft, as an intellectual form of making (Press and Cusworth 1998) was evidenced, positioning it as a valid form of creative and intellectual exploration but the scarcity of literature positioning craft within academic research or as an intellectual form of making and exploration was emphasised. In addition the lack of attempts to explore the role and relevance of craft for design during a period of rapid technological change was highlighted. The thesis described how I sought to establish a jewellery methodology, which was both creative and reflexive, stemming from my past practice and the philosophical undercurrents that guide and inform craft practice as well as a critique of current digital objects. The qualitative approach that was undertaken in this research was described as open, exploratory and evolving. I have described my use of contemporary jewellery practice as a particular, critical platform from which I was able to explore the opportunities of emotionally significant digital jewellery. The value of considering experience in human interactions with digital objects was also detailed, drawing on the work of McCarthy and Wright (2004), who highlighted that there are current limitations in the understanding of user experience in HCI and call for a new perspective on this issue that focuses on the felt life of technology, which embraces emotional and sensual qualities of experience. 181

In detailing the methodology of this research the use of contemporary jewellery practice as a direct social activity was presented as one way that jewellery practice was used in this research. As such the development of this research was described as a series of explorations in which I engaged with individuals and made digital jewellery propositions for each person. The importance of personal histories and biographies to the emotional meanings people attribute to objects was emphasised and personal emotional significance was described as having strong connections to an individuals personal criteria of beauty. Beauty was used as a way to explain philosophical undercurrents evident in craft practice that were informing this research. Beauty was described as an emotional term connected to enchantment and empathy. These descriptions were presented to serve as a fresh perspective on the value of craft practice to explorations focusing on emotion and personal emotional significance. As such craft practice was presented as an innovative process that had significant value when seeking to design digital objects that existed in an emotional context in peoples lives; a way of attending to the felt life of our experiences of technologies as called for by McCarthy and Wright (2004). Craft practice was posited to offer a new approach to the design and concept of emotionally significant and enriching digital experiences. Viewing craft practice as such was also detailed to be necessary for the continued relevance of craft practice in a digital age. The exploratory studies set out my engagement with a set of individuals, along with my individual methods, my process of making proposals for digital jewellery objects for three of the individuals and the final objects and films that acted together as the proposals. The thesis detailed that I sought to find out inspirational information about each individual participant concerning aspects of their lives and personal biographies that were personally and emotionally meaningful for them. I then sought to echo fragments of this information in a piece of digital jewellery made for each person. I described how I developed and innovated my own approach and individual methods (stimuli) influenced by both Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman (2002) and Gaver et al (1999). The thesis highlighted significant dynamics of this process of asking questions in a non182

face-to-face way. I explained the value for me in using objects to ask questions; how this allowed for varied ways to ask questions about differing themes with differing levels of intimacy. My aim had been to create a dynamic where I was giving something to the participant in the form of a pack of objects that demonstrated my commitment to the participants thoughts and feelings. The thesis detailed how the questions were open enough for interpretation by a participant on various levels of intimacy allowing them to be as revealing and intimate about their lives as they wished. Successes of the stimuli methods were discussed detailing how the participants had been chiefly very candid and creative in their responses. The thesis detailed my engagement with the stimuli responses, this engagement was detailed to be often empathic and I regarded the responses as a collection of bizarre stories and experiences that I sought to immerse myself in and to make pieces of digital jewellery that would fit within them. My aims to create open-ended pieces that operated within personally emotionally significant contexts were articulated along with my aim to offer the potential for interpretation by the participant and continued discovery, rather than rigid ways of wearing, using or interacting with the pieces. The value of the films I made to support each piece was also reflected upon and discussed in terms of their value to communicate ideas, but also as part of the piece itself. By conducting the research in this way I engaged with an individuals personal biography and aspects of their experiences that were personally emotionally significant to them. In turn I offered digital jewellery propositions that related to these areas of their lives and that were meant to fit in with them. By doing this I created a situation where an individual could consider firstly jewellery as digital jewellery and secondly digital jewellery as a form of digital object within a personally emotionally significant context. These situations differed from the majority of contexts of current digital objects. Using my contemporary jewellery practice in this manner enabled me to develop aesthetic and critical possibilities of digital jewellery without constrains of a commercial context. The resulting proposals of digital jewellery were not utopian propositions, but open-ended proposals that invited critical feedback, reflection and re-interpretation. The resulting pieces were described in the thesis

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with details of how they were designed specifically for each individual and in relation to the responses each individual had shared with me. The stimuli methods worked well; each participant returned all of the responses and the level of candour, creativity and detail in the responses was high. If I was able to conduct the research again I would still use the stimuli methods, but in addition I would spend more time talking through the stimuli responses with each individual before beginning the design of the digital jewellery. When I did talk to the individuals in the final discussion session after making the digital jewellery they wanted to talk through the stimuli responses and tell me more details about the stories and experiences and I realised that the stimuli had acted as ice-breakers and conversation starters. The stimuli in this way could facilitate more data from each participant. The thesis has shown how the feedback from each participant was a way of understanding if and how aspects of the proposals were regarded as valid by each participant. The responses also enabled direct feedback from the individuals and a level of objective response to the ideas I had developed, which in turn informed my own developing perspectives of the potential and value of digital jewellery. In this way the development of digital jewellery has been an iterative process. The thesis detailed the manner in which each participant responded and the way the large body of qualitative data was coded and analysed. From this the two areas of focus in the analysis were articulated; firstly key issues arising from the participants perceptions of personal emotional significance with regard to the digital jewellery proposals and secondly the participants perspectives of tensions around the idea of digital jewellery. The participants responses chapter showed a strong connection between the participants inter-personal human relationships and their personal criteria for beauty. In turn significant aspects of the participants personal histories and relationships with other people were shown to have had significant influence on their perceptions of the digital jewellery proposals. Jewellery objects were shown to be perceived to be intensely personal types of objects and the thesis demonstrated that interesting shifts occurred in how the participants 184

responded or referred to the pieces depending on whether they regarded it as a piece of electronic or non-electronic jewellery. When non-electronic the objects were described as private objects, but when electronic they were regarded as something to share with an emotionally intimate group of people. The second focus of responses demonstrated how the participants felt there to be a tension between an object that was both a jewellery object and a digital object. The assumptions and expectations the participants had of jewellery were evidenced to be in conflict with their ideas of digital objects. A key point was that the digital aspect and all that implied as a category for the participants was the dominant aspect. This impacted on the participants expectations of the materials, aesthetics, functionalities, status of object and lifespan of a piece of digital jewellery. However the thesis demonstrated that after articulating their expectations and assumptions of what digital jewellery would be and then considered the pieces presented to them the participants feelings changed towards the idea of digital jewellery. Each participant imagined a positive and personally emotionally significant scenario of use and role for the pieces in their lives and within their families. By focusing the research project on jewellery specific kinds of considerations of digital objects were facilitated; as jewellery often operates as an emotionally intimate form of object, often within human relationships this kind of context was in turn considered by the participants for digital jewellery. As such the participants were able to consider digital objects that may have a personal and emotional significance for them, which was quite separate from how they had previously considered digital objects.

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7.2 Reflections on my process

Reflecting on the research as a whole my approach has been to attempt to balance design considerations between sensitivity to human emotions or emotionally significant experiences and an appropriate and creative use of technologies to fit with these. Although I have been aware of many electronic and technological possibilities the research and designs were not driven by these. I chose to focus on the experiences that were personally emotionally significant for each participant and then sought to explore technological possibilities that would echo and enrich these experiences. The various technological functionalities that I proposed through the pieces only became meaningful in the research when woven into the context of the personal emotional experiences they related to. My process has been in part about the subjectivity of my practice; however a level of objective input and feedback was possible through the involvement of the participants and more widely through feedback to publications and presentations disseminating the work. I explored personal emotional significance through dialogue with the participants; this dialogue has been a crucial part of the process and has pushed my practice as a contemporary jeweller into a more directly social form. The jewellery pieces were stimulated by this dialogue and arose from it and this was a vital dynamic of the process; the pieces were partly about me and partly about the other person. This research process has emphasised that the sense of making is important; the sensitivities within craft are more than the physical sense of making; the empathic and emotional sensibilities in craft practice enable it to be a significant form of practice when designing and making objects that have the potential to operate in an emotionally significant way for individuals. I have found parallels and connections between craft practice and what McCarthy and Wright (2004) call the felt life of experience and similarly between craft and the phenomenon of enchantment. In addition I have detailed my own collaborative efforts to describe the sensibilities of craft practice in terms of beauty, empathy and enchantment. These perspectives contribute to the articulation of the value of craft practice to design in a digital age. 186

By moving out of my usual context of contemporary jewellery practice into a more hybrid one I experienced disciplinary challenges. My approach has been about developing my practice and working in the craft idiom through exploring new ways to infuse my practice with methods and approaches from other disciplines in a natural and integrated way. My methods have been inspired by approaches from interaction design (Gaver et al 1999) along with atypical forms of contemporary jewellery practice (Bartels and Lindmark Vrijman 2002) and theoretical perspectives have been inspired by perspectives in HCI (McCarthy and Wright 2004). I have formed my own approach to the design of personally emotionally significant digital jewellery in response to these. My approach adds to these methods and perspectives, rather than merely imitating them. The pieces I have made serve as propositions of the potential for digital jewellery to act as an extension of contemporary jewellery and as emotionally meaningful, poignant objects and interactions within a personally emotional context. The digital jewellery propositions are tangible, meaningful outcomes that illustrate and justify the use of the approach and method outlined in this thesis. It is important to reiterate that the small sample of participants involved in the project were all artistically creative people, they were involved in either contemporary jewellery or interaction design practice and had backgrounds in art and design. They were not a random selection of people, but experts in either contemporary jewellery or interaction design and were selected because they would be able to respond to the pieces made for them in ways that drew on their specialist knowledge. This was a decision I made for practical reasons to enable a discussion based firstly on contemporary jewellery, rather than layperson assumptions of jewellery, and secondly on interaction design and current uses of digital technologies within wearable ubiquitous computing. My selection enabled a level of discussion around possible forms of contemporary jewellery with people who are actually shaping the way contemporary jewellery and interaction design develop. I acknowledge the consequences of selecting participants from these backgrounds; the responses were not from a non-specialist perspective.

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Working with the participants enabled a level of inter-subjective feedback to the pieces proposed. I was not seeking praise from the participants, but insights into how the participants felt the pieces fit in their lives or how this could be achieved. By offering proposals of digital jewellery to the participants I avoided the participants judging them as fully finished objects, which may have led to closing down considerations (Dunne 1999) and an assessment of how the object performed digitally. Instead their responses centred on suggestions and extensions of how the objects could possibly function and how they could have a personal relevance for each person. The responses added depth to my understanding of the objects and their perceived place and possible appropriation within the participants lives. In addition the research has demonstrated a role specific to jewellery in investigations of person-object relationships and person-person relationships. By enabling a focus on jewellery objects specific kinds of considerations of emotional meaning and human relationships were facilitated; as jewellery often operates as an emotionally intimate form of object, often within human relationships this kind of context was in turn considered by the participants for digital jewellery.

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7.3 Rethinking digital objects

Whilst other existing examples of wearable digital objects, that echo the functionalities of existing mainstream digital devices, may offer more functions than those proposed in my three digital jewellery proposals, the contextual review (Chapter 2) demonstrated that they chiefly also lack considerations of the potential for objects embedded with digital technology to enrich personally emotionally significant experience. The pieces created in this research deliver fewer functions than current forms of wearable digital objects, but conversely exist within personally emotionally significant contexts and offer interactions that have more relevance emotionally, in terms of emotion as a key factor in human relationships, and personal meaning stemming from a personal history. My approach was to a redress a climate of mass-produced gadgets and digital objects that carry with them expectations and assumptions of objects with little emotional meaning, short lifespans, transferable significance and limited aesthetics and functionalities. The digital jewellery proposed has been created to exist for the participants as reminders of the people, events and places that they described as personally significant for them; this role is a common one for many jewellery objects. But the pieces are proposed as more than reminders. I have aimed to use digital technologies to extend this context of jewellery objects to afford new functionalities that non-electronic jewellery can only allude to. Although the short lifespan of digital objects I have referred to above relates to the current fast consumption cycle of digital objects, in physical terms digital technologies do ultimately have a lifespan; components break and wear out. Rather than seeking to develop ways to extend the physical reliability of the electronic components and so extend the physical lifespan of digital objects, or to make objects that were defined by how well they continued to function digitally I chose to value and champion the ephemeral qualities of digital technologies. In each of my three digital jewellery proposals the technological functionality is something that is fleeting, rare or momentary. Instead of this dynamic being a negative attribute of 189

digital technologies I chose to use it as a poignancy of the interactions and functionalities of the digital jewellery proposals. This decision sits centrally in my vision of the development of digital jewellery and our future use of digital technologies. The three digital jewellery proposals challenge many of the current assumptions associated with digital technologies and digital objects. The common expectation of digital objects is that a user has a high degree of control in their use. In contrast my digital jewellery proposals offer situations where a wearer does not know when the digital interaction will occur, or s/he is not able to re-record, or s/he is not able to repeat the functionality. Such dynamics call for different relationships with digital objects and different expectations of levels of control and interaction with them. The interaction dynamics proposed through the digital jewellery in this research call for patience and relinquishment of control regarding digital objects. There is a place for digital objects that have a high level of user control, but this research has articulated that this is not the only possibility for our engagement with digital objects. In the vein of the ideas competition, which Crampton Smith (1999) speaks of, this research has sought to challenge the current assumptions and expectations concerning digital objects and offer new perspectives and alternatives. The participants responses (Chapter 6) also offered insights into person-object relationships. There were strong links between what an individual felt to be emotionally meaningful or significant and what they felt to be beautiful and in many cases these feelings stemmed from their personal biographies and were manifest in objects that they owned. In addition this personal criteria of what felt beautiful linked strongly to personal relationships and personal experiences centring on these relationships. Jewellery objects were perceived to be intensely personal types of object. Interesting shifts occurred in how the participants referred to the pieces depending on whether they regarded them as a piece of electronic or non-electronic jewellery. When non-electronic the objects were described as private objects, but when electronic they were regarded as something to share with an emotionally intimate group of people. Each of these findings suggests the value of making digital objects that reflect what is emotionally meaningful to an individual. By doing this the scope and potential for future engagement with digital objects and technologies shifts 190

dramatically from current perspectives. Within our culture we need to develop a conception of the design of digital objects that do not impoverish our experiences, but enhance and enrich our relationships to other people, our daily experiences and our developing sense of selves.

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7.4 Digital jewellery: a new category of object

In continuation from section 7.2 my central thesis is that digital jewellery can be considered as a new category of object. As an extension of contemporary jewellery it is very different from current digital objects and developments of wearable digital objects from nonjewellers. As detailed (Chapter 2 Contextual review, Chapter 6 Participant responses) jewellery is a form of object that commonly has a strong position within human relationships and in personal biographies. Therefore, as an extension of this position, digital jewellery may to extend this context to offer new possibilities of personal meaning, interaction and display in relation to human experiences and relationships. This new category led to a degree of confusion on the part of the participants as to how to consider digital jewellery; neither jewellery nor digital devices as they had known them before. I have detailed a series of tensions between assumptions and expectations of jewellery objects and conversely of digital objects (Chapter 2 Contextual review, Chapter 3 The gadget & Chapter 6 Participant responses), which are a series of opposites all vying for attention and all sitting within one category of object. One challenge was to find a balance between these tensions and to offer propositions of what digital jewellery could be and how it could be defined. The participants initial assumptions and expectations of digital objects were very strong and impacted somewhat negatively on their presumptions of what digital jewellery objects would be. The significant change in the participants considerations of the digital jewellery proposals made for them is an indication that their initial expectations and assumptions were challenged and altered. In addition, the tensions articulated by the participants in their initial considerations of the idea of digital jewellery could be viewed in a positive way. Jewellery objects, for the participants, related largely to qualities of personal emotional significance, lasting attachment, and connections to other people. As a consequence it was difficult for them to let such connections give way to ones that they related to the characteristics of digital as qualities with little or no emotional significance to them. These conflicting perceptions of digital devices and jewellery imply that jewellery objects offer a context of object that 192

relates strongly to emotional attachment and human relationships and as such is a unique vehicle for developments of emotionally significant digital objects. These tensions indicate that there is a balance needed in the design of emotionally significant digital objects, such as digital jewellery, in order to address the frictions between qualities associated with nonelectronic objects and digital objects that will co-exist in one object. My digital jewellery proposals have addressed a broad range of themes and issues connected to the participants personal histories; memories of lost objects, significant dreams and aspirations, sentimental objects, absence of a loved one, connection to place, the shared criteria of beauty between people, the value of family, capturing audio snapshots of family life and the mother and child relationship. They are offered as a new way of looking at digital objects. Digital jewellery may be centred in human-relational dynamics and personal biographies and have the potential to expand the social and communicative capacity of non-electronic jewellery objects in poetic and personally emotionally significant ways. The idea of digital jewellery is a new one, it is something that is becoming, not a predetermined category and this thesis argues that we need to acknowledge responsibilities in its development allowing ideas to ripen. One consequence of this research is to offer new ways of thinking about the new category of object of digital jewellery and to argue for more emotionally meaningful forms of interaction and functionality.

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7.5 Objectives revisited

The contextual review (Chapter 2) highlighted approaches towards and design of body centric digital objects from both jewellers and non-jewellers; detailing key differences in type of object, motivation and perspective (objective 1). This critique was continued through my analysis of the nature of the gadget (Chapter 3) and beauty (Chapter 4), identifying significant differences between contemporary jewellery and digital objects (objectives 2 & 3). Differences exist in relation to the perception of the body, wearability, aesthetics, the relationship (both physical and conceptual) between person and jewellery object, and the scope of what a jewellery object may function as. Many differences centre on the lack of consideration that digital objects may operate within our personally emotionally significant experience with particular relevance to the social and discursive aspects of emotion (Chapter 4 Methodology 1). The existing expectations of digital jewellery (objective 4) were shown to centre on assumptions as to materials, aesthetics, functionalities, status of object and lifespan of a piece of digital jewellery (Chapters 3 & 6). For the participants, the qualities they attributed to digital objects dominated those they associated with jewellery objects. By drawing attention to the conceptual tensions that exist concerning the extension of contemporary jewellery into digital jewellery I was able to assert that these limited expectations and assumptions of digital objects restrict not only our experiences of digital objects but also their design. A research methodology was developed (objectives 5 & 6) that centred in craft practice and drew influence from methods in Human-Computer Interaction and design following a critique of existing methods in these fields. My stimuli methods that were created to facilitate finding out information from each participant have innovated on Gaver et als (1999) probe methods. Unlike probes the stimuli are jewellery-centric and are sensitive to how a contemporary jeweller approaches making objects concentrating on personal emotional significance, personal biographies and personal criteria for beauty. Rather than seeking to adopt the probe method I developed my own creative, iterative method that was 194

integrated in my practice in a creative and natural way allowing this development to enrich my practice and the research process in connection with empathic engagement with participants and through my sensibilities as a maker. Rather than being driven by technological possibilities and constraints, the research was centred in contemporary jewellery practice as a form of craft practice and was driven by creative, empathic engagement with participants, integrating technologies and digital interaction only where appropriate (objectives 5 & 6). This approach to the design of digital objects that could exist in a personal and emotionally significant context is innovative. The research has demonstrated that the current developments of digital objects may be questioned and challenged by a perspective centred in contemporary jewellery and that the questions asked and the challenges made are not matched by current approaches and perspectives from other disciplines. Contemporary craft practice has been presented as a research vehicle and creative strategy in the development of digital jewellery and our experiences within digital culture (objective 6). The research has developed an inventive form of contemporary jewellery practice as a combination of direct social activity, research tool and vehicle for sense making and meaning making concerning digital technologies and personal emotional significance. The critically reflective view of craft practice presented in this research through the Beauty thesis (Chapter 4) and the practice-centred studies (Chapter 5) has acted as a means of informing a craft process with a structured understanding of meaning or significance. The research has articulated the role that contemporary jewellery practice can play in the developments of digital objects and has demonstrated and widely disseminated the value of craft practice in a digital age. I have produced a body of work, both conceptual and physical (objective 7) that explores and represents design propositions that integrate digital technologies with contemporary jewellery in relation to personal emotional significance. The series of three jewellery objects and films act together as proposals for personal emotionally significant digital jewellery for participants involved in the research. The digital jewellery proposals were developed as part of a dialogue around an individuals personal history and emotionally 195

significant experience. The pieces and the participants responses have demonstrated the value of personal emotional significance in digital jewellery, which has wider implications for other digital objects and our experiences in a digital culture. The thesis proposed and demonstrated that the emergent category of object of digital jewellery may be an extension of contemporary jewellery. As such a digital jewellery object may combine the human-relational contexts that jewellery has upheld historically with the expanded exploratory and questioning roles afforded by contemporary jewellery practice and moreover it may extend these perspectives through the possibilities achievable by an integration of digital technologies to enrich personal emotionally significant experience.

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7.6 Contributions to knowledge

The research process has culminated in a body of work, both physical and conceptual that has relevance for both design and theory. The key contributions to knowledge are claimed in 7 main areas: 1. The investigation is novel in that it not only explored an integration of contemporary jewellery and digital technologies, but also the relevancies and appropriateness of digital jewellery for personally and emotionally significant experience. 2. Through a review of current approaches to body centric digital objects the research revealed that existing approaches and objects limit our experiences as well as our expectations and assumptions of what digital can be. The highly prescriptive and limited nature of our collective assumptions as to the aesthetics and functionality of digital objects was shown to be exemplified in the gadget. Key differences were specified between contemporary jewellery objects and digital objects. A set of antiobjectives to the development of an emotionally meaningful digital object was established centring on the notion of the gadget. 3. The contribution to knowledge relating to contemporary jewellery is threefold. i. Firstly jewellery was characterised as a particular form of object that has a strong role within our developing sense of self and within meaningful and personal human relationships. ii. Secondly jewellery objects were identified and demonstrated to be unique and intimate forms of object, through which to explore the potential for digital objects to have a meaningful and personally significant role in our lives. iii. Finally the research has extended contemporary jewellery practice. This has been achieved in three ways: through its use as an approach to the development of an emotionally significant form of digital object: through 197

creating a characterisation of contemporary jewellery practice as a process centred on emotion as social, discursive and human-relational: and through a hybrid methodology, where jewellery and craft processes integrated methods from HCI. 4. A new characterisation of craft practice has been made centring on craft as an innovative, empathic creative strategy relating strongly to beauty. The characterisation and the use of craft practice in this research identified the value of craft practice to a digital culture. 5. A hybrid contribution has been made to methods in craft and HCI practice through the integration of methods from both fields. The stimuli objects developed here offered a jewellery centric bias to previous contexts of Gaver et als probes and were successfully integrated in contemporary craft practice. 6. A series of physical jewellery objects that represented digital jewellery propositions were made. The contributions they yield are fourfold. i. Firstly the pieces are both physical and conceptual propositions of digital jewellery. They act as challenges and alternatives to current assumptions of digital qualities and demonstrate that digital jewellery may be personally meaningful and have a different pace and texture to current digital objects. ii. Secondly each individual piece is a different class of object: In Sometimes the physical object is dormant but connects to a digital event in the environment, outside of the jewellery, Traces is an example of a physical jewellery object that controls the digital and Blossom exemplifies a physical object that is the vehicle and locus for a digital event. iii. iv. The jewellery objects are tangible alternatives to the assumed aesthetics and functionalities of current body centric digital objects. Digital jewellery has been characterised and demonstrated to be a different form of object to other digital objects and jewellery objects: a new form of object. 198

7. Key insights were made arising from the responses given by the participants. These related to three main areas: i. ii. iii. Strong connections between inter-personal relationships and a personal criteria for beauty. Shifts in their perceptions of jewellery from personal (non-digital) to shared with an intimate group of people (digital). Complex tensions around the idea of digital jewellery that related to assumptions of materials, aesthetics, functionality, status of object and lifespan.

199

7.7 Extending the exploration of digital jewellery

The breadth of this project did not allow me to investigate in detail all the issues surrounding the notion of personal emotional significance in digital jewellery, or other aspects that emerged as a result of the research. There is therefore the potential to expand the research into further explorations. The following are potential areas for future investigation. To realise digitally the three pieces proposed within the research. This has been achieved for the piece Sometimes during 2006/7 in my role as artist in residence in Culture Lab, Newcastle University. I have Patrick Olivier and Daniel Jackson to thank for this development and collaboration. I am also currently making new pieces using the development and digital realisation of Sometimesin collaboration with the University of Mnster and Newcastle University. The digital realisation of Sometimes has, as anticipated, raised new categories of questions and areas for consideration concerning the practical and physical marriage of jewellery and digital technologies as well as further scope and relevance for the digital interactions proposed through the piece. I anticipate that the same would occur if Traces and Blossom were digitally realised also. Currently digital jewellery is something that a small number of jewellers are exploring, predominantly through research. There is consequently a need to contextualise digital jewellery within the field of contemporary jewellery. This is achievable by disseminating the research further and by the inclusion of digital jewellery within contemporary jewellery education, exhibitions and texts. The scope of involving digital technologies within contemporary jewellery practice is vast and offers ways to extend the strengths already evident in our experiences of jewellery objects in new and emotionally valuable ways. The shift in the participants perspectives (Chapter 6) from personal non-electronic object to shared digital object opens the potential for further investigation into this finding and suggests the potential for digital jewellery to be a personally and emotionally significant form of digital object operating in both private and shared contexts. This ability to relate to 200

both private and shared contexts is potentially a distinct quality of jewellery objects and deserves further investigation. The potential for digital objects to be enchanting has been considered in this research (Chapters 4 and 5) and explorations of this phenomenon through further developments of digital jewellery would enrich our understandings of the value and potential of digital objects and our experiences of them. In addition, the relationship between the notions of enchantment and uncanny hold huge potential to characterising and developing digital culture. The social and emotional possibilities of our experiences of digital jewellery that were highlighted and suggested in the research (Chapters 5 & 6) are potentially an un-mined source of information. If digital objects are developed that have a more varied and emotionally significant role in peoples lives then the implications for how people fit them into their relationships is vast. Leading on from the last point, there is great scope for digital jewellery as objects that have an emotionally significant and continued context through generations of a family. In the same way that non-digital jewellery operates as valuable objects within inter-generational relationships so the possibilities for digital jewellery exist in this context, but also as objects that have new roles and potential for interaction and meaning. To this end I have been involved in developing digital jewellery for a mother and daughter during 2007 in collaboration with Patrick Olivier, Daniel Jackson and Cas Ladha (Culture Lab Newcastle University), Andrew Monk and Mark Blythe (University of York) and Peter Wright (Sheffield Hallam University). The Intergeneration project was funded by the University of York and the development of digital jewellery has been conducted by me, using the methods and approach adopted in this thesis, with software development by Daniel Jackson and electronics development by Cas Ladha. The jewellery pieces focus on the concept and design of shared digital jewellery objects for two family members, from different generations. This aspect has set this project apart from my previous pieces. We have worked with a mother of 75 and her daughter of 45 and have 201

focused on meaningful personal experiences from the participants lives. As with the doctoral pieces we have aimed to echo fragments of personal emotional significance for both people through the forms and interaction possibilities of the pieces. In brief the resulting neckpieces (Journeys between ourselves) are made from porcelain, paper, felt, light sensors, motors, motes, accelerometers and batteries and are responsive to touch; the touch of one form causes the second to tremble gently. The pieces are being given to the family members in order to discover what meaning they give to the objects and interactions. As I have found through my collaborations there is huge scope for further work to explore the dynamics of interdisciplinary collaboration, and in addition the role of a craftpractitioner or jeweller in this mix. In the realisation of digital jewellery I have found the perspectives I developed through the doctoral work to be invaluable: firstly as a package to bring to the group that presents different ways of viewing what digital objects may be, secondly as a way to bring craft centred methods, that enable particular kinds of sensitivities (Chapters 4 & 5) within the research process and thirdly as a way of describing the value of jewellery in the development of digital objects. The intimate, human-relational and body-centric context of jewellery has proved separate from existing contexts of object available to the people Ive collaborated with.

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List of illustrations
Figure Description Image source

Jayne Wallace 1999 Echo Silver and stainless steel

My own images

Jayne Wallace 1999 Echo Silver and stainless steel

Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel, plastic coated wire

Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel, plastic coated wire

Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel, plastic coated wire

Bakker, G 1967 Shoulder Piece Blue Anodised Aluminium 60cm Holland

Dormer, P and Turner, R (1994) The New Jewellery: trends and traditions, Thames & Hudson pg.10 den Besten, L (2003) After the revolution, jewellery without boundaries Jewellery in The Netherlands since 1990
http://www.klimt02.net/uploaded_images/2674.jpg&imgrefurl=htt p://www.klimt02.net/forum/index.php%3Fclassification%3D47& h=147&w=130&sz=9&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=rCTRS_3X1SJWm M:&tbnh=95&tbnw=84&prev=/images%3Fq%3Demmy%2Bvan %2Bleersum%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26s a%3DG

Van Leersum, E 1968 Necklace object to wear

Otto Knzli 1980 Gold Makes Blind Armband. Rubber, and gold

Image courtesy of private collector

Bernhard Schobinger 1990 Holiday in Cambodia Embossed silver

Turner, R (1996) Jewelry in europe and america, new times, new thinking Thames and Hudson pg. 121
www.schmuchmuseum.at/gruendung.shtml

10
(group)

Joachim Baur 1976 Schmuckrahmen/Jewellery-frame Wood, gold

last accessed July 2007

11

Mah Rana 2001/02 Lost but loved Gold (antique locket) Hair, and antique jewellery boxes

Rana, M. (2002 Jewellery is life) pp. 40 - 43 Fabrica

12

Clio Braga 2002-3 Rubros (in

www.celiobraga.com

last accessed July 2007

222

progress) Felt, cotton and red glass beads 13 Hiroko Ozeki 2001 Tear Collector Silver 14 Lin Cheung 1999 Memoria Ear Pins, silver, gold 15 Iris Eichenberg 1998 Brooch Wool and silver Image courtesy of Rob Koudijs, Galerie Louise Smit, Amsterdam Photographer Ron Zijlstra 16 Cathy Chotard and Fabrice Schaeffer 2003 Correspondences 10 rings by each maker, mixed media 17 Astfalck, Paxman and Horn 2004 The meeting of hands and hearts Mixed media 18 Ulrike Bartels & Malin Lindmark Vrijman 2002 KPZ-02 Dress Gold chain and jewellery box 19 Ulrike Bartels & Malin Lindmark Vrijman 2002 KPZ-02 Handle Chain goldplated aluminium 20 Anna Rikkinen 2002 Angel Print on glass 21 Bernhard Fink 1995 Mirror Ring Glass mirror 22 Hazel White 1995 Defence mechanism #4 Steel and surgical glue 23 Fritz Lang 1926 still from film Metropolis 24 Kit Pedler 1966 (original) Cyberman from TV series Dr Who Director Fritz Lang, Writer (novel) Thea Van Harbou (script) Fritz Lang
http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/gallery/images/1024/6t_1 0.html last www.projects2realate.net/Interface.swf http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/challengingcraft/ChallengingCraft/papers/ji vanastfalck/aph05.htm# http://www.galerie-helene-poree.fr

Image courtesy of the artist

Image courtesy of artist

last accessed July 2007

last accessed July 2007

last accessed Dec

2005 Further images available at:

http://www.malinlindmarkvrijman.com/kpz%20-%2002.html

Marzee Gallery Catalogue August 2002 Page 22

Fink. B (1996) Throughwhatjewellery Galerie V&V Wien

Image courtesy of the artist

accessed Jan 2004

25 26

Bjrk 2001 All is full of love music video directed by Chris Cunningham

Still from the Bjrk Video All is Love featured in publication Bjrk (2001) Little i Ltd (no page numbers used in publication)
http://www.samogden.com/Kismet_Photograph.html

27

Cynthia Breazeal 2000 Kismet an

223

experiment in social robotics 28 29 30 Isao Shimoyama 1997 Robo-roach Isao Shimoyama 1997 Robo-roach Wearables group MIT circa 1997 wearables version 1.0 31
(group)

Last accessed July 2007 The Face Sept 1997

www.intercorr.com/roach.htm

last accessed July 2007 accessed

http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/history.html last

July 2007
http://www.justatopic.com/ 2007/07/steve-mann-cyborg.html

Steve Mann examples of his explorations into wearables

last accessed July 2007

32

Steve Mann circa 2005 Eyetap wearable computing

http://www.eyetap.org/about_us/hilab/index.html

last accessed July 2007 CHI1999 also available at

http://www.viktoria.se/fal/publications/play/1999/bubblebadge.pdf

33 34

Jennica Falk & Staffan Bjrk 1999 The Bubblebadge: A wearable Public Display

last accessed July 2007 Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems 1997
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=258636&dl=ACM&coll=GU IDE

35

Fukumoto Masaaki & Tonomura Yoshinobu 1997 Body Coupled FingeRing: Wireless Wearable Keyboard

last accessed July 2007

36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Barbara Barry StoryBeads Plastic, electronic components

http://ic.media.mit.edu/icSite/icpublications/Conference/Everybod yWearable.html last

accessed July 2007

Margarita Dekoli 2002 ElectroJewels Mixed media and electronic components Stijn Ossevoort 2002 WearableDreams Designs

http://web.media.mit.edu/~margo/Electro-Jewels.htm

last

accessed July 2007

http://projects.interactionivrea.it/endofyear/en/research/wearabledr eams.asp

last accessed Dec 2006

43

Stijn Ossevoort 2002 WearableDreams Prototype

http://projects.interactionivrea.it/endofyear/en/research/wearabledr eams.asp

last accessed Dec 2006 last

44 45 46

IBM Research 2000 digital jewellery prototypes and concepts

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/digital-jewelry2.htm

accessed July 2007

http://www.gzjournal.de/en/translations/Translation_May2001_Vi ewpoint.cfm last

accessed Jan 2003

http://www.gzjournal.de/en/translations/Translation_May2001_Vi ewpoint.cfm

last accessed Jan 2003

47 48 49 50 51

Philips Buttonhole phone earpieces from New Nomads concepts

Philips (2000) New nomads: an exploration of wearable electronics by Philips Published by 010 pg. 31

Philips piercings from New Nomads concepts

Philips (2000) New nomads: an exploration of wearable electronics by Philips Published by 010

224

Pg.142 and 144 52 IDEO 2001 Cellphone Rings technojewelry concepts 53 IDEO 2001 GPS Toes technojewelry concepts 54 Jozeph Forakis 2001 Others Eyes Digital jewellery concept 55 Sherman, I. 1995. The Arbitrator mixed media, electronic components. Myerson, J (2001) IDEO: Masters of Innovation Lawrence King pg.145 Myerson, J (2001) IDEO: Masters of Innovation Lawrence King pg.24 Arad, R et al (2002) Spoon Phaidon Press Ltd Pg.151 Turner, R (1996) Jewellery in Europe and America: New Times, New Thinking Thames and Hudson Pg.77 56 57 Nicole Gratiot Stber 1994 For Two Rings Magnets, stainless steel, Perspex, LEDs with electronic components 58 Nicole Gratiot Stber 1994 Light Brooches Stainless steel, plastic, LEDs, electronic components 59 60 61 62 Christoph Zellweger, Peter Russell Clark & Scintillate 2000 digital jewellery Precious metals, crystal, electronic components 63 Moi Sompit Fusakul 2002 Aliform NiTiNol shape memory alloy, radiant colour mirror film, vactan plastic film & electronic components 64 Fig. 64 Moi Sompit Fusakul 2002 Vein2 Sideglow, pvc, vac formed plastic, rose gold plated base metal, iridescent glass beads & electronic components 65 66 67 68 Ulrike Oberlack 2004 light as body adornment Mixed media, LEDs and electronic components Sarah Kettley 2004/5 brooch with
http://www.dcs.napier.ac.uk/~cs179/sarah_kettley/jewellery1.htm http://www.mee.tcd.ie/~moriwaki/personaldebris/index.php?m=20 0404

Nicole Gratiot Stber 1994 all rights reserved. Photographer Christoph Grnig. Images courtesy Daniel Gratiot.

Images courtesy of artist.

last accessed July 2007

Belsher, H. & Turrell, J. eds. (2004) Jewellery Unlimited Association for Contemporary Jewellery (ACJ), London Pg. 91

last accessed July 2007

225

ProspeckII perspex, formica, gold leaf 69 Sarah Kettley 2004/5 Detail of pendant with ProspeckII perspex, formica, gold leaf 70 Sarah Kettley 2004/5 brooch with ProspeckII perspex, formica, gold leaf 71 Hazel White & Ewan Steel 2005 Prototype modular jewellery Silver chain 72 Hazel White & Ewan Steel 2005 Details from swarm screen based visual element of the work 73 Paco Rabanne 1967 68 Aluminium mini dress 74 Pierre Cardin 1967 Cosmocorps 75 Nolan Bushnell for Nutting and associates 1971 Computerspace 76 Sanyo Electric Corporation 1970 Living capsule 77 Jayne Wallace 1999 Eyelashes Silver and stainless steel 78 Jayne Wallace 1999 Echo Silver and stainless steel 79 80 Jayne Wallace 1999 Touch Silver Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel and plastic coated electrical wire 81 Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel and plastic coated electrical wire 82 Jayne Wallace 1999 Speak Up Silver, steel and plastic coated electrical wire 83 Jayne Wallace 1999 Whisper Topham, S (2003) Wheres my space age? Prestel Pg. 73 My own images Topham, S (2003) Wheres my space age? Prestel Pg. 61 Topham, S (2003) Wheres my space age? Prestel Pg. 79 Topham, S (2003) Wheres my space age? Prestel Pg. 70 Images courtessy of artists

226

Silver and stainless steel 84 Examples of objects that are emotionally significant to me 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Disposable Camera Stimulus Prompts attached to camera Body Map stimulus Instructions with Body Map stimulus Pot of clay stimulus Instructions accompanying stimulus 1st Prize stimulus Detail of 1st Prize stimulus Accompanying instructions with stimulus 94 Multiple examples of Lost object stimulus 95 Text accompanying Lost object stimulus 96 97 Dream stimulus Detail of stimulus with fabric unfolded 98 99 100 101 102 103 Text accompanying stimulus Communication Fairytale stimulus Questions asked by stimulus Favourite sounds stimulus Detail of stimulus Instruction text accompanying stimulus 104 105 Top Trump stimulus Instruction text accompanying stimulus 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 Jewellery and play stimulus Text accompanying stimulus Jayne wallace 2004 Details from film accompanying Sometimes our dreams and memories can visit us My own images My own images My own image

227

114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 Front page of journal and an example journal page My own images Jayne Wallace 2005 Still images from film accompanying Blossom My own images Jayne Wallace 2005 Still images from film accompanying Traces My own images

141

Detail of coded data and codes given to it

My own images

142 160

Images from participant responses captions included with text

Source for all images: participants responses in text or interview formats. For full details of all responses see Appendix C.

228