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    Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt

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    Migueldeangel

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    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo- graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer, The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinet print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re- produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left torightin equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs ineluded in the original manuseript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing inthiscopyfor an additional charge. Contact UME directly to order, Usiersy Mertins remains Bal’ Hovel ntsmaton Company ‘00Ner Zae oad. An Arbo MD 1846 USA ‘ravver4700 "200/521-0600 Order Number 8920842 ‘Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt Foertmeyer, Victoria Ann, Ph.D. Princeton University, 1989 Copyright ©1080 by Foertmeyer, Vietoria Ann. All rights reserved. UMI 300. Zech Ra. ‘Ann Aer, MI 48106 rome TOURISM IN GRAECO-ROMAN EGYPT Victoria Ann Foertmeyer [A DISSERTATION PRESENTED 10 THE FACULIY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IW CANDIDACY FoR THE DEGREE OF Doctor OF PHILosoPHY RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF cLassics JUNE 1988 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following people for bearing with ne while I revorked and rewrote and revised this dissertation: ann Ellis Hanson, my indefatigable reader and tutor in papyrology; Dorothy J. Thompson and P. J. Sijpesteijn, who Staciously agreed to read earlier versions of the entize manuscript and conment on the minutest of details; and Edvard J. Champlin, my advisor, whose advice prevented me from being overwhelmed by the details and who continuously reminded me to think about 'the big picture’. I also wish to thank Blene Konstantakis for permitting me the full run of the Classics Department office at Princeton for the production of the graffiti tables. Lastly, eternal thanks to J. Arthur Hanson, for it was in the course of a conversation with him about the Seventeenth book of Strabo's Geography that the idea of a tourist industry in Boypt was born. Princeton University May 6, 1989 —— TOURISM IN GRAECO-ROMAR EGYPT Victoria Ann Foertmeyer Princeton University Ph.D. Dissertation Abstract Geooks and, fonans uploited the land of the Phergohs as tourists, travelling along the Nile in search of marvels ( Beimare ) and wisdon (sopéa. ). Natives also engaged in touristic travel 23 Pilgrims visiting the gods at their festivals. All of these tourists leit souvenirs “of thelr visits in the form of grafzitt scrawled on the Pyramids, ‘the talking colossus of Memnon, the tenple of Isis st Philae. This study examines the discernible travel patterns and motives of tourists in Egypt as gleaned from their graffiti, as well as the literary, epigraphical and papyrological. evidence. fron Alexander's “conquest in 9332/1 B.C. to the destruction of the ‘Alexandrian Serapeum in 3928.0. Tourists wanted to see the Eaypt of Herodotus come to life aarvels like grandiose monuments, mummies, the worship of aninale. and the enigmatic Nile that flooded in the qunmer in a rainless land One of the paradoxes of ancient tourism is that Graek and Ronan visitors identified Homer, who barely touched upon it ina few lines of the Iliad and Odyssey, with Egypt. The most celebrated attraction of all was a dilapidated statue of Anenhotep. III, mistakenly identified with Homeric Mennon, King of the Ethiopians’ and ally of Prian in the Trojan War, The wisdom of Eyypt was sought after by tourists who wished to consult with priests and learn about Egyptian. religion and Bierogiyehic writing, which they believed contained the origin of many Greek cults suchas the aysteries of Eleusis and Dionysus. The ‘fascination’ with Egypt also included the sense of irresistible horror. A trip to Eqypt was equated with a journey to the Underworld via the mythic language of the Osirie/arapis cult. Tourists expected to confront an industry of death ia the Land of the Dead, as well as the ghosts of the recent past like Alexander the Great and Pompey. It was in Egypt, where the notion of Greck cultural suprenacy had been shattered by Herodotus, that tourists cane to teres with thelr own past. | | | oo ‘TOURISM IN GRAECO-ROMAN EGYPT ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations Uoed fn the Notes Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2- Stes and their Graft Caper 8 Analy ofthe Gratis ‘Chapter 4- Very Important Personsges Chapter Pilgrims and Festivalgoers (Chapter? - Conclusion ‘Appendix on Ambsssadors and Royal Guests ‘Appendix on Paradonopraphy ‘Appa the Egyptian Calendar ‘Appendix o is and Osiris Worsip in the Fits Mileanim B.C ‘Appendix on the Oracle of Ammon ot Sivah ‘Tables LVL Maps and Figures Bibliography Hate ots e-t0s 104-15 tst-207 28-25% 251-290 281-290 293-26 297-308 34-308 309-312 313-202 203-382 333-39 i “ie ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES ‘For the full citation of these items, please ae the Bibliography. Abydoe -P.Perdriet and G, Lefebvee, Grafitesgrece du Memnonion @Abydoe Amara IN. Daviet, The Rock Toms of Bt Amarne BL Berickipungtotong der srechschen Popyresurtunden cus Aeypte (102 - current) ‘BMC. Alezndria Reginald S, Pool, Ctelopee of the Coins of Alezendris and the Nemes BMORE-H. Mattingly, Coie ofthe Roman Empire i the Brioh Museum BMCRR-H, A. Groebner, Coins of he Romen Republic in the British Moree Bija-Dem. -F. Ll Grit, Catalogue of Demotie Graffiti ofthe Dodeceschocnus -Demotie cralfiti found at Biggsh Get. Codi. tr. Gr. ~ ed. P, Boudrenor, Cet Codicum Astrologeram Greecorum Dak-Dem.- ‘LA. Grifith, Cetalogue of Demotie Graft. ofthe Dodeccachoenss -Demotic ralfiti found at Dakkeh Dab - Walter Rupp, Les temples insmergée de le Na Der Tempel von Dobe, 1 Debod-F. Zucker, Les temples immergée de Nubia: Vou Debod bis Bab Ke hey TE FHG Ose Miller, Fropmente Historicorum Graeeoram Fayoum -B. Bernand, Recwel den inscriptions preeque de Fayoum CGH - Carl Miller, Geopraphici Graseé Minores (Patis 18558) HAMA - Otto Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy Hatohepoost-A. Bataille, Inscriptions greeque du temple de Hetshepeout 3 Der ebBehori Hole - Wolfgang Helek, ed. Lesiton der Agyptologie ali Pi 1, Winlock, The Temple of Hibs inthe BLKhargeh Oscie I. Métr.-, Bernand, Inscriptions métrgues de U'Egypte Gréco-omaine Klabchah -H. Gauthier, Len temples immergéa dela Nobie: Le temple de Kslabchab, 1 Kanais A. Berand, Le Poneion d'el-Kenae: Les inscriptions grecguee Girt-Dem. -F.U. Griffith, Ca sue of Demotie Grafit f the De eanchoenus -Demotie ral fond at Kertassi ‘A. Bernand, De Koptoe 3 Konneir Loyd I, 1, I - Alan B. Loyd, Herodotes Book IY, MRR -T.R. 8, Brow ton, Magistrates ofthe Roman Republic ‘Mah-Dem. -F.Ll Grifth, Cotalopu of Demotie Graffiti ofthe Dodecaschoenus -Demotie aff found a4 Mabarraga, ‘Memon A. and B. Bernand, Leo inscription grecgues et latnes du clase de Memnon Memnonie A. Bataille, es Memes P-W- Pauly and Wissoia, Palys Resleneyclopidie der clsstchen Altertemaissenscheft, 1809 tocurrent ‘Pan du Désert- A. Bernand, Pen dx Désert Ph-Dem.-F.L, Grifth, Qtalope of Demotic Graf ofthe Dodecaachoenus - Demotic ‘rfc found at Phils Philee Land HA. Bernand, Les inscriptions grecques de Phila, Yand TE Porter Mass ~B, Porter and R. Moss, Topographical Bibliogrophy of Ancient Eggption Hieroglyphic Tes, Rel and Paintings Portes »A.Berand, Les pores du désert RHT-R3, Pestugibre, Lo r€0élation 'Mermés Trioméyite lye RRO- Michael Crawford, Roman Res Site -F.Prisghs and W. Spegsberg, invite und griechieheTnachiten und Graffiti den Stinbrichen des Gebel Steie Simbel A. Bernand and 0. Mason, REG (1057) 1-46 Les Simba Spltt -Withelm Ditesberger, Slog Iseriptionsm Graccoram! Syringe Jules Bilt, Inseriptionsgrecguen et latines de tombeaus des 0 Zasberpepyras- Cael Wesely, Griel (CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION ‘We top at al the ruins. We tie up the boat and go ashore. Thee is always some temple buried to ite shoulders in the sand, partially vibe, like an old dug-up skeleton. Gods with Iheas of ibizes and erocoles are psinted on wall white with the Groppings ofthe birds of prey ‘that nest between the stones. We walk among the columns th cur palmwood sticks and our ay-dreams, we stir up this old dust; through holes in the temple walls we see the inevedibly ‘blue sky andthe fll Nile winding in the middle of the desert with a finge of green on each Dank, ‘This isthe easenee of Eye Gustave Flaubert! 1.1 Background Tn the st millennia before Chris, Egypt was conquered sucesively by the Assyrians, Persians, Macedonians and eventually the Romans. An empire in material but by no means Intllstul desing, its inhabitants had embelshed the extraordinarily productive land with ‘monumental artwork and architecture, Above all the Egyptians posted a renowned natural phenomenon, the River Nile, which played an enormous roe in ther wsigue religion and from ‘which all of thee prosperity flowed, Baypt, always ove ofthe biggest grain-prod countries hstrialy, continued to be ‘exploited os the granary ofthe Mediterranean under Greek and Roman rule. The Gresks and ‘Romans further exploited th land of the Pharaohs as tourists, traveling throughout the Nile River Valley into Ethiopia in search of ovary and avééa, Natives alo engaged in touristic ‘rave, primarily a pilgrins visting the gods in their shrines and attending thee festivals. All Aicarible travel patterns and motives of tourists in Egypt, from the time of Alexander's conquest in 382/1 BLO, tothe destruction ofthe Serapeum at Alexandria in 892 AD, wil be the ‘eld of study for thi sertation. ‘Travelers are defined as tourists if they have travelled to a sit for the purpoe af sigh ‘seeing, oi they are making a pilgrimage or pursuing some other quest, even in the course of yer ‘sully cultral or religious and not recreational, This definition of tourism encompass rulers om formal tours, savant secking after the wisdom of the pris, snd peasants traveling to the capital of thelr nome forthe festival ofan indigenous god or goddess? These Ure caegaies, vill be disused following the study ofthe gralfiti (Chapters 2 and 8), under the rubries of Very Important Personoges (Chapter 4) lntallctsls (Chapter 5), and Pilgrims and Fetivalsoere (Chapter 6). a the anciont world oracles, healing shrines, and centers of worship all cntsined stractions worth seing, from the Acropolis at Athens to Zeus’ oak at Dodons, and Egypt was {ul of touristic spectacles forthe enjoyment of travel. The betcnown tourist i Bypt ia lassical times was Herodotus, who ‘manages to produce avery respectable history mainly on he basis of sightesing and oral tradition’! He states explicitly thatthe overall san of hie ‘Hinories was to commemorate the great and marvelous deeds ofboth Grecks and frsgners (11), His extensive travels in Egypt included Memphis and the Pyramids of Gizeh, Heliopolis, ‘he Labyrinth of Amenembat I a Hawar inthe Payum, Thebes, and Elephantine In his own ‘words, Brypt contained more marvels and indescribable works than anywhere ia the world (2.35)" He had been preceded in his qust for marvels and prisstly wisdom by Pythagoeas, Solo, Hesatacus of Miletus, the oct Alseus snd Democritus of Abdera” Herodotus himself ‘eles to the many Gresks who came to Egypt atthe time of Camtyss' invasion in 628 B.O, ome to engage in trade, some to serve in the army, end others for the purpose of sight-steing (6.180), This combination of official busine and sight-ateing i echoed in Aristotle's reference { Solon’s journey to Egypt? What did tourists moot wish to 2d experience during a trip to Egypt in the Graceo Roman perio? Dicdorus Siculus, who vised Eaypt in spproximtely 60 B.C, state that Egypt was worthy of study because its customs were very paradoxial,makiag Greeks marvel st ‘hem beyond measure (1604-7). Among the wonders of Egypt he includes the treatment and worship of animals (1:83.41.91.4), funerary customs (1 1}, monuments such as the Pyramids (1.63.3), and the marvel of the Nile itet (136-7), Diodorus treats the same topics in Book T bile consciously trying to avoid describing Egypt in the manner of his effusive predeessor Herodotes (1.69.7), and he also distances himself from Ephorus, who ‘either actually visited Egypt nor made a careful inquiry’ (1.89.8), Strabo, an intellectual descendant of Herodotus, ‘records in Book -17° of his Geoprophy that tourist continued tobe fas ed by the Nile, the monuments, the religous and fonerery customs, the exotic animals and even mote exotic ‘This fascination’ with Bgypt not only included the sense of atiretion, but ocasbonally a of irresistible horror, Diodorus (189), Juvenal (Sctire 18), snd Plutarch (236-0) included tales ofthe Egyptians bloodthinety fan ism in thelr wings, tales that were posibly derived from Iisnterpretations of mock-batiles held during religous festivals (oe 6.8), tn the popular ‘imagination of the ancient word a tip vo Bnypt may alo have been equate witha journey to ‘he Underworld. Readers ofthe srond book of Heedots’ Histories woul expect to confront ‘mummies and an industry of death nthe Land ofthe Ded, wile the geeral glt of art and ‘monuments ia the various mustum ites of Egypt was guaranteed to haunt the visitor with ‘shone ofthe great, death andthe peropctve of history’ Tours of Bgyp, with thee foeus on emples and fenerary monuments, nd the anxstie of travel present in any age, wer ia fact. bound to stimulate piously morbid reactions in many visitors, 12 Voesbalary 1 may seem imposible to discuss turism in Graeso-Roman Egypt when no werd for it appears to exis in Latin or Greck. But there were words in these languages to describe bth the desire to te the word firsthand, and the curiosity whch fel that sie ‘There was slbo a genre of ‘Descriptions’ and ‘Geographies’ which perhaps were intended to serve es ‘uidebooks for travelers The surviving author in thi gene, such as Herodotus, Strabo, and Pausanias, clearly employed a group of words and phrase, mostly compounds formed with the adjective "G00, inorder to pont out interesting sights to tourists using their books a gids. 1h addition, ample evidence for tourist behavior n the ancient word and patiulaly in Beypt alco exists, suchas the graft scrawled on monuments by visitors, or another uncouth form of rt spprevaton, the carting of of monuments fr display at home, ‘The emperor Had 2 teri ¢sdovonap (Bpiph. De Mens. et Pons 14), went go fara to reconstruct hs favorite tourist sites in his villa at Tivol, including a waterway from Canopus. I have not discovered new ‘material which substantiates tourism, but rather have examined the existing material from a new perspective, 1.3 The Nile and the climate of Egypt ‘The Nile is the chief climatological cause for the prosperity and cultural riches of Eqyot.* From June to September (Gregorian), the iver swelled withthe runoff ofthe ras in the highlands of Ethiopia The food reached Aewan (ancient Syene in early June, and the Delta approximately = month later. The water level peaked in the middle of August inthe ‘oath of Bgypt, and a month ater further north The iver returned tits baaks in Octber, and attsined is lest level in April and Moy. Invlficint water levels obviously led to starvation, but excesiely high foods also caused disaster by delaying planting (Seness NQ 4429; Pliny NH 698 and 18.108; Amm. Mate 22161). From the tne ofthe cessation of ‘veal rainfall during the VIDynasty until he frst damming ofthe Nile in 1902 AD.", Rgyptian ‘sgricaltare and civilisation depended exclusively upon the annual flooding f the flds, The flooding ofthe Nie in the runes samme was the inverse ofthe behaior of rves ‘nother parts ofthe Mediterranean, where winter storms turned the dry viver beds of summer fnto raging torrents, and its singular behavior was a marvel that inegued foreignes, articlatty the Grecks. ‘The quest forthe soure of this mysterious river remained a shetoriel commonplace lng alter the members of Neos expedition had pensrated th dense marshes of the Sudaa." ‘The state arid environment, in which everything out of the water's way was preerved indefinitely, helped to shape the relatively statis eultare and religion of the Pharaohs which later served as maguets for tourists in the twilight of Eeyptian civilization. Topography also ‘contributed, Both ses of the Nile are hemmed in by almost impassable mountains and ieee eee titeticnenanninaelie ‘deserts, and the natrow valley is only accessible at the Delts. Inthe south, the Fist Cataracts sake a natural boundary with Nubia, Throughout the Pharsonie ea, the Egyptians were able to hold off most potential invaders and contaminating cultural influences, thus unconsciously preserving their civilization forthe enjoyment of tourist into ‘he present era. The exelent building stones of the region, such as limestone and granite!”, were silly transformed into deatles pyramids, temple, colo statues, elif, and procesonal ways. Ie was not the ravages of time but the Pharaohs Amenbotep Il and Ramesses

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