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Forced
Convection Heat Transfer
1A
13-Sept-2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
R AW D ATA
S AMPLE C ALCULATION
D ISCUSSION
10
C ONCLUSION
12
R AW D ATA
Table 1 Aluminum Sphere
Time (s)
Pressure head
(mm water)
Sphere
Temperature
(C)
Atmosphere
Temperature
(C)
16.631
128.824
23.161
0.000
0.000
30
15.836
113.350
23.362
-0.159
4.041
60
15.942
97.608
23.370
-0.351
8.081
90
15.749
86.231
23.212
-0.517
12.122
120
15.430
77.293
23.130
-0.670
16.163
150
14.779
69.664
23.166
-0.822
20.203
180
15.517
63.183
23.218
-0.973
24.244
210
15.015
57.524
23.390
-1.126
28.284
240
14.978
52.714
23.339
-1.278
32.325
270
15.342
48.606
23.224
-1.428
36.366
300
15.248
45.018
23.250
-1.581
40.406
330
16.394
41.911
23.209
-1.735
44.447
360
15.831
39.361
23.482
-1.883
48.488
390
14.814
37.135
23.413
-2.032
52.528
420
15.197
35.222
23.250
-2.181
56.569
450
14.735
33.576
23.329
-2.330
60.610
480
15.480
32.183
23.411
-2.475
64.650
510
15.935
31.068
23.476
-2.610
68.691
540
15.772
29.998
23.404
-2.758
72.732
Average
15.507
58.972
23.305
y = -0.0377x - 0.0454
R= 0.9995
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
t / ro
Graph 1b Aluminum Sphere
y = -0.1621x + 102.75
R= 0.8655
Temperature (C)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Time (Sec)
Time (s)
Pressure head
(mm water)
Sphere
Temperature
(C)
Atmosphere
Temperature
(C)
16.089
136.267
23.577
0.000
0.000
30
15.192
123.162
23.428
-0.124
1.638
60
15.164
111.505
23.457
-0.248
3.276
90
15.405
101.353
23.413
-0.371
4.913
120
15.636
92.267
23.368
-0.495
6.551
150
15.555
84.140
23.499
-0.621
8.189
180
15.829
77.060
23.770
-0.746
9.827
210
15.841
70.734
23.700
-0.872
11.464
240
14.685
65.270
23.592
-0.995
13.102
270
15.386
60.441
23.569
-1.118
14.740
300
15.148
56.133
23.494
-1.242
16.378
330
15.058
52.326
23.508
-1.367
18.015
360
14.633
49.011
23.588
-1.490
19.653
390
15.325
46.116
23.464
-1.611
21.291
420
14.510
43.540
23.595
-1.732
22.929
450
14.899
41.276
23.574
-1.853
24.566
480
14.525
39.361
23.685
-1.968
26.204
510
14.330
37.592
23.797
-2.087
27.842
540
13.880
36.085
23.726
-2.201
29.480
570
14.504
34.761
23.535
-2.313
31.117
600
14.536
33.472
23.624
-2.436
32.755
630
14.400
32.461
23.792
-2.544
34.393
660
14.285
31.521
23.852
-2.656
36.031
690
14.507
30.705
23.948
-2.765
37.668
720
13.922
29.932
23.777
-2.881
39.306
Average
14.930
60.660
23.613
y = -0.0736x - 0.0224
R= 0.9996
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
t / ro
Graph 2b Brass Sphere
y = -0.1316x + 108.04
R= 0.8662
Temperature (C)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Time (Sec)
Pressure head
(mm water)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
510
540
570
600
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900
930
960
990
1020
1050
1080
1110
1140
1170
1200
1230
1260
1290
1320
1350
Average
15.365
14.621
13.898
14.088
13.321
13.080
13.683
14.502
14.201
14.088
14.171
13.807
13.787
14.335
13.694
13.880
13.855
14.412
13.952
14.175
14.301
14.724
14.083
13.998
14.220
13.556
14.283
14.351
14.482
13.399
14.429
14.202
14.469
14.383
13.799
13.283
14.243
14.602
14.012
13.979
13.903
14.012
14.718
14.682
14.979
14.646
14.217
Sphere
Temperature
(C)
106.013
102.988
98.450
95.465
93.396
91.889
90.574
89.215
87.986
86.651
85.267
83.876
82.418
80.815
79.153
77.509
75.826
74.089
72.375
70.644
69.022
67.319
65.655
64.027
62.453
60.944
59.434
58.015
56.612
55.304
53.974
52.765
51.562
50.377
49.254
48.213
47.183
46.206
45.233
44.363
43.502
42.541
41.882
41.121
40.351
39.681
51.519
Atmosphere
Temperature
(C)
23.853
23.971
23.822
23.714
23.779
23.999
23.757
23.788
23.741
23.954
24.054
23.807
24.038
23.893
23.962
24.007
23.928
24.061
23.929
24.028
23.984
23.914
23.906
23.916
23.862
24.051
23.995
24.024
23.900
23.862
24.013
24.199
23.921
24.095
24.012
24.038
23.924
24.064
23.953
23.978
24.133
23.803
23.748
23.859
23.866
23.956
23.960
0.000
-0.038
-0.097
-0.138
-0.167
-0.189
-0.208
-0.229
-0.248
-0.269
-0.291
-0.314
-0.339
-0.367
-0.397
-0.427
-0.459
-0.493
-0.528
-0.564
-0.599
-0.638
-0.677
-0.717
-0.757
-0.797
-0.839
-0.879
-0.921
-0.962
-1.006
-1.047
-1.089
-1.133
-1.177
-1.219
-1.262
-1.305
-1.350
-1.392
-1.435
-1.485
-1.521
-1.565
-1.611
-1.652
0.000
0.007
0.015
0.022
0.029
0.036
0.044
0.051
0.058
0.066
0.073
0.080
0.088
0.095
0.102
0.109
0.117
0.124
0.131
0.139
0.146
0.153
0.161
0.168
0.175
0.182
0.190
0.197
0.204
0.212
0.219
0.226
0.233
0.241
0.248
0.255
0.263
0.270
0.277
0.285
0.292
0.299
0.306
0.314
0.321
0.328
y = -4.993x + 0.0632
R= 0.989
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
0.24
0.28
0.32
t / ro
Graph 3b Teflon Sphere
y = -0.048x + 99.372
R= 0.987
Temperature (C)
100
80
60
40
20
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Time (Sec)
S AMPLE C ALCULATION
1. Method 1: Lumped-heat-capacity method
Table 4 Calculation of convective heat transfer coefficient
Sphere Material
Gradient of curve
Biot Number
( )
Aluminum
Brass
Teflon
-0.0377
-0.0736
-4.993
0.0042
0.0082
0.555
2. Method 2
Table 5 Calculation of convective heat transfer coefficient
Sphere
Material
Aluminum
Brass
Teflon
Gradient of curve
-0.1621
-0.1316
-0.048
24.150
(
26.599
)
6.047
)
Aluminum
Brass
Teflon
401.97
409.42
379.16
332.12
333.81
324.67
296.46
296.76
297.11
0.709
0.709
0.709
1.190
1.189
1.188
0.0155
0.0149
0.0142
15.99
15.70
15.32
51997
50958
49658
168.18
160.78
0.02597
0.02599
0.02602
88.15
87.43
83.68
169.71
Aluminum
Brass
Teflon
401.97
409.42
379.16
332.12
333.81
324.67
296.46
296.76
297.11
Y axis
0.338
0.329
0.336
X axis
28.284
14.740
0.233
78
44
0.05
105.6
116.4
280.0
Reynolds
Number
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
Aluminum
51997
103.55
86.21
88.15
105.6
Brass
50958
125.61
91.42
87.43
116.4
Teflon
49658
23.30
27.94
83.68
280.0
Spheres
D ISCUSSION
1. Compare the convective heat transfer coefficients of the methods 1, 2 and 4 with that
obtained from the method 3. Give a brief account on possible causes of the discrepancy
in the values of the heat transfer coefficient obtained from method #3.
Here is the comparison of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient with different calculation
methods:
280
Convection Coefficient
300
250
200
150
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
125.61
103.55
100
86.21 88.15
105.6
116.4
91.42 87.43
50
83.68
23.3 27.94
Aluminium
Brass
Teflon
For Method 1(lumped-heat-capacity method), the result for Aluminum and Brass sphere is
higher (17% ~ 42%) than Method 3, while the result for Teflon sphere is significantly different
(72%) from Method 3.
The transient heat transfer processes such as cooling of a solid sphere are normally
multidimensional in nature because the temperature within the body is a function of time and at
least one space dimension. However, approximate analysis can be obtained if the Biot number
( )
is small, under this condition, the variation of temperature with the spatial coordinates will
be negligibly small, such that the temperature can be taken as a function of time only. The
Lumped-heat-capacity type of analysis yields reasonable estimates when Biot number <0.1.
10
From Table 4 one can see that the Biot number for Aluminum and Brass sphere is much smaller
than 0.1, while for Teflon sphere, the Biot number is larger than 0.1, hence, the Lumped-heatcapacity method is not applicable for Teflon sphere and result in very large error.
Sphere Material
( )
Aluminum
Brass
Teflon
0.0042
0.0082
0.555
For Method 2, the result for Aluminum and Brass sphere is very close (2~5%) to Method 3,
while the result for Teflon sphere is significantly different (67%) from Method 3.
Method 2 has taken both convection and radiation into consideration, so the result is much closer
to Method 3 compare with Method 1.
For Method 4 (Heisler Chart), the result for Aluminum and Brass sphere is higher than
(20~33%) to Method 3, while the result for Teflon sphere is significantly higher (235%) than
Method 3. This is because the limitation of Heisler Chart as it doesnt have enough resolution
when the
smaller than Aluminum and Brass, which result in very small value in X-axis of Heisler Chart, so
that it is impossible to read an accurate Biot number from the chart, which directly affects the
calculation of convection coefficient.
For Method 3, the empirical relation (Whitaker) ignored some material properties like emissivity
and thermal diffusivity, and it also does not consider the radiation effect, which will introduce
some discrepancy in the result. For Method 3, it requires the following condition to be fulfilled so
that the empirical relation can be satisfied:
. From table 6, one can see that the P_r number is 0.709, which is in the marginal
condition; hence the method 3 calculation may not be very accurate in this case.
2. Comment on the values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from method 1, 2,
3 and 4.
Base on values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from method 1, 2, 3 and 4, here are the
comments:
1) Method1, only consider convection heat transfer and ignore radiation, so the convection
coefficient will be larger than actual value. And this method is not applicable when the
Biot number is larger than 0.1.
11
2) For Method 2, the Temperature vs. Time curve is non-linear, hence the
will not be a
constant value, but in the calculation, the nonlinearity of the curve is ignored, that will
introduce some discrepancy into calculation. Method 2 has taken both convection and
radiation into consideration, so the result is much closer to Method 3 compare with
Method 1.
3) For Method 3, the empirical relation (Whitaker) ignored some material properties like
emissivity and thermal diffusivity, and it also does not consider the radiation effect, which
will introduce some discrepancy in the result , that is the reason the convection coefficient
calculated by this method is very close for 3 very different materials.
4) For Method 4, the accuracy is depends on how user read the chart, for some material has
very low thermal diffusivity, the resolution of the chart is not enough, so it will create
huge error. It also does not consider the radiation effect, so the calculated convection
coefficient will be higher than actual value.
C ONCLUSION
After this experiment, I have gone through the different kinds of configuration and practical
analysis on forced convective heat transfer process. I have understand well of their fundamental
principle, properties, characteristic.
By analyzing between graph and practical approach, I have learned about the practical
limitations. I have learnt about the relationship between flow across the sphere and heat transfer
from the sphere as well.
As a summary, by going through this experiment, I had gained the required topical knowledge of
forced convective heat transfer process from the sphere.
12