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n tt nghip
Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
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Chng ta ang sng trong thi k bng n thng tin, vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cc ngnh in t, Tin hc, Vin thng. S pht trin ny c th hin qua hai xu hng : hin i ho v a dng ha. Cc dich v vin thng ngy cng tr nn phong ph v a dng, nhm p ng tt c cc nhu cu : nghe, nhn ca mt x hi pht trin cao l pht thanh truyn hnh, truyn s liu, in thoi v in tn. Tt c cc dch v ny c th pht trin ring r v c lp, xong c c nhng thng tin tng hp m mt mng s a dch v ra i. Mng ny ang pht trin nhm hp nht tt c cc dch v ni trn vo mt knh c s cung cp cc phng tin thng tin mt cch a nng v tin li. K thut s ra i, to ra mt bc ngot ln trong vic hin i ho mng li vin thng. Vic s ho cc h thng chuyn mch v truyn dn ang c tin hnh nhm nng cao cht lng ng truyn v gim gi thnh ca tuyn. Thng tin c th c truyn qua nhiu mi trng khc nhau nh vi ba, v tinh, cp quang...Trong khi cp quang ang c a vo ng dng th vi ba vn cn ang c dng ph bin v cc h thng vi ba s ny vn ngy cng c nng cao v cng ngh, dung lng cng nh l gim nh gi thnh. Trong khun kh ca bn n tt nghip ny, vic nghin cu thit b vi ba s DM2G-1000 ca Nht s c trnh by. Bn n ny gm: 1 - Vn x l tn hiu v sng mang. 2 - iu ch v gii iu ch trong vi ba s. 3 - Tng quan thit b vi ba s DM2G-1000. 4 - Phn tch chi tit thit b pht ca thit b DM2G-1000. 5 - Mt s bi o kim tra thit b Vi ba s DM2G - 1000 V thi gian c hn nn n tt nghip c th cn nhiu sai st, Rt mong s gp chn tnh ca cc thy c gio v cc bn. H Ni, ngy thng nm 2005
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Li cm n
Ti xin chn thnh cm n s gip tn tnh ca thy gio hng dn.... cng ton th cc thy c gio Khoa ........ . Cc thy c
gio Khoa in t Vin thng Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni tn tnh gip ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp cng nh hon thnh n tt nghip ny.
Ti xin cm n Ban Lnh o X Nghip Khoa hc Sn xut Thit b Thng tin I v cc ng nghip ti Trung tm ng dng Cng ngh Vin thng mi gip ti hon thnh ti ny.
Sinh vin
on Vn Nam
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Mc lc
Trang Chng I - X l tn hiu bng gc ..........................................................7 1.1 S cn thit phi x l bng gc .....................................................................7 1.2 Cc m ng truyn. ......................................................................................7 1.2.1 M o du lun phin (AIM) .............................................................8 1.2.2 M tam phn la chn cp ....................................................................9 1.2.3 M HDB-3 ......................................................................................... 10 1.2.4 M CMI ............................................................................................. 11 1.2.5 Cc m khc ...................................................................................... 11 1.3 Truyn s liu bng gc ................................................................................ 11 1.3.1 Dung lng ca knh ........................................................................ 11 1.3.2 Giao thoa gia cc k hiu ................................................................ 12 1.3.3 Lc bng gc ..................................................................................... 13 1.3.4 Xc sut li Pe trong truyn dn s ................................................... 15 1.3.5 M iu khin li............................................................................... 16 1.3.6 Ti sinh tn hiu s ............................................................................ 17 1.3.7 Khi phc thi gian v tch sng ngng ......................................... 18 Chng II - iu ch v gii iu ch trong vi ba s. ................ 19 2.1 iu ch trong vi ba s.................................................................................. 19 2.2 Phng php iu bin s (ASK) kha dch bin .................................... 20 2.2.1 ASK kt hp ...................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 ASK khng kt hp ........................................................................... 26 2.2.3 ASK M trng thi (M-ary) ................................................................. 27 2.3 iu pha s (PSK) kha dch pha.................................................................. 28 2.3.1 PSK kt hp (CPSK) .......................................................................... 29 2.3.2 PSK vi sai kt hp (DPSK) ................................................................ 30 2.3.3 PSK M trng thi (M-ary) ................................................................. 31 2.3.4 Cc b gim st cht lng ................................................................ 42 2.3.5 Quan h gia tp m song bin C/N v Eb/ .................................... 42 2.3.6 DPSK M trng thi ............................................................................ 43 2.3.7 iu ch pha cu phng lch (OK-QPSK hay OQPSK) ................. 45 2.4 iu ch kha dch tn s (FSK) .................................................................. 46
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2.4.1 FSK kt hp ....................................................................................... 48 2.4.2 FSK khng kt hp ............................................................................ 49 2.4.3 Gii iu ch FSK kt hp vi sai ....................................................... 49 2.4.4 So snh FSK v ASK ......................................................................... 50 2.4.5 FSK M trng thi ............................................................................... 50 2.4.6 MSK kha di tn cc tiu .................................................................. 52 2.5 S kt hp iu ch pha v bin Digital (CAPK) ............................... 56 2.5.1 B chuyn i 2 thnh L mc............................................................ 60 2.5.2 B iu ch v b gii iu ch QAM M trng thi ......................... 61 2.5.3 M ho vi sai ..................................................................................... 63 2.5.4 Xc sut li ca h thng M QAM .................................................. 64 2.6 OFF SET QAM (OKQAM hay OQAM) hoc STAGERED QAM (SQAM) 66 Chng III - Tng qut v thit b vi ba s DM2G - 1000. ............. 68 3.1 Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................. 68 3.1.1 c im thit b ............................................................................... 68 3.1.2 Kt cu thit b .................................................................................. 68 3.1.3 Cu hnh h thng.............................................................................. 69 3.1.4 Cc ch tiu k thut .......................................................................... 69 3.2 Chc nng cc khi ....................................................................................... 70 3.2.1 Khi pht (Tx) ................................................................................... 71 3.2.2 Khi thu (Rx) .................................................................................... 74 3.2.3 Khi bng tn c s B/U - U/B .......................................................... 77 3.2.4 Khi knh nghip v s DSC 2.......................................................... 80 3.2.5 Khi hin th DSPL ........................................................................... 81 3.2.6 Gim st v iu khin ...................................................................... 81 Chng IV- Phn tch phn my pht thit b DM2G - 1000 ....... 84 4.1 Khi dao ng ni (OSC) ............................................................................... 85 4.1.1 S nguyn l khi dao ng ni (OSC) ........................................ 85 4.1.2 Tng qut s nguyn l ca khi ................................................. 85 4.1.3 Phn tch mch trn s .................................................................. 86 4.1.4 Nguyn l hot ng ......................................................................... 88 4.2 Khi MOD CONT ......................................................................................... 89 4.2.1 S nguyn l cu khi .................................................................. 89
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4.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch ................................................. 91 4.3 Khi iu ch (MOD) ................................................................................... 91 4.3.1 S nguyn l khi iu ch .......................................................... 91 4.3.2 Tng quan s nguyn l khi ....................................................... 91 4.3.3 Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch ................................................. 93 4.4 Khi khuych i cng sut siu cao tn ...................................................... 93 4.4.1 Tng quan s nguyn l khi HPA .............................................. 93 4.4.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch ................................................. 96 Mt s bi o c bn cho thit b DM2G - 1000................................. 98 Bi 1 o cng sut pht ....................................................................................... 98 Bi 2 o tn s ..................................................................................................... 99 Bi 3 o bit li ................................................................................................... 101
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Nhn xt ca gio vin phn bin
1- chnh xc : 2- Tnh thc tin: 3- nh gi chung: 4- im lun vn:
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Chng I - X l tn hiu bng tn gc

1.1 S cn thit phi x l bng tn gc. X l tn hiu bng gc l yu cu ch yu i vi cc knh thng tin truyn trn cp ng trc hoc cp i xng, nhng n cng cn thit i vi cc phng php truyn dn iu ch cao tn, ni m tn hiu cng c a xung bng gc ti cc trm lp. Trong mt h thng thng tin s, thit b lp cn c b lc, cn bng v ti sinh. Tuy nhin truyn dn chng cn phi bin i cc tn hiu nh phn t thit b ghp knh thnh cc m ng gim li cho knh truyn dn. Khi tc truyn s trn h thng v tuyn l bi nguyn ca tc bit phn cp, th lc cn phi tin hnh ghp knh. nhng ni cn c s ghp knh th ta c th ghp thm bit gim st BRZ trong cng cc khi. Dy cc xung s u vo ca mch iu ch v tuyn, sau iu ch, cn phi c tn hiu nh thi gian c th ly ra t tn hiu pht i v ph ca tn hiu pht i c th khng cha nhng thnh phn ph c bin ln c th gy ra tp m (s giao thoa) bt li cho cc h thng khc, c bit cho cc knh c vng ph trng nhau hoc cc knh k cn ca cc h thng thng tin tng t. Hu ht cc phng php iu ch u c tn hiu nh thi gian tin cy nu n m bo y s chuyn tip trng thi trong tn hiu ca u vo dn n mch iu ch. Mt cch tng t, c th trnh nhng thnh phn ph c cng mnh bng cch gt b nhng dy tun hon khng mong mun ra khi im . 1.2 Cc m ng truyn. Mt s l do m ha s l: a vo d bng cch m ho cc t s liu nh phn thnh cc t di hn. Cc t nh phn di hn ny s c nhiu t hp hn do tng s bit. Chng ta c th chn nhng t hp xc nh c cu trc theo mt qui lut t m hp thnh, cho php tch thng tin nh thi gian mt cch d dng hn v gim chnh lch gia nhng con s 1 v nhng s 0 xut hin trong mt t m ( l gim s chnh lch). Vic gim chnh lch ny dn n gim thnh phn mt chiu. Nu chnh lch ny gim n khng i vi tt c tp hp t m th thnh phn mt chiu ca chng cng gim n khng. iu ny l cn thit v khng th truyn thnh phn mt chiu ca tn hiu s i c. C th s dng vic xut hin cc t b xung do m d truyn s liu s lung ph nh truyn bit chn l trong m pht hin li v truyn cc knh ph tr. Tuy vy vic tng di ca t m nh phn s lm tng tc bit v do lm tng rng bng tn. Tc bit tng t l vi di ca t m ra trn di ca t m vo. m 5B6B tc bit u ra tng 6,5 ln so vi tc bit u vo.
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M ha tn hiu nh phn thnh tn hiu nhiu mc gim rng bng tn. Loi m ny quan trng khi truyn s liu c tc cao trn i dy kim loi c di tn hn ch. Ci gi ca vic gim rng bng tn cn thit ca knh hoc tc bit vi mt rng bng tn cho, l phi tng t s tn hiu trn tp m t c xc sut li cho truc to ph tn hiu nhm ng dng cho nhng mc ch c bit nh ng b thnh phn, gim bin tn s khng n 0, hoc gim cc thnh phn tn s cao v thp trc lc lc. C th a nhng s khng c bit v pha cc lung s m lng cc bc cao b chn v cc lung s b chn. Trong qu trnh m ho PCM tt c cc bit thng tin c ngm gi thit l nh phn n cc. Gi thit ny l hp l min l cc bit thng tin c xc nh trong mt cng on nht nh no ca thit b x l v dy ni khng c di qu vi mt.Vi nhng ng dy ni tng i di, ng cp xon hai dy c mn bao che, hoc cp ng trc th khng nn s dng bit nh phn. Trong thit b s l c hai dng tn hiu nh phn n cc. l RZ tr v 0 v NRZ khng tr v 0 . Nu s dng trc tip chng truyn dn th s gp phi mt s kh khn nh nhau. Ch rng mc ca tn hiu RZ biu th gi tr bit 1, n ch mc cao trong mt na u tin ca khong thi gian bit, trong mt na khong thi gian bit cn li tn hiu quay tr v 0. u im ca tn hiu RZ l mt chuyn tip tn hiu ca n ln hn so vi NRZ. khc phc nhng vn cn tn ti trong tn hiu nh phn n cc, th ngi ta xut ra m ng. Cc m ng khng c thnh phn mt chiu ng thi cng khng c hin tng nng lng ph ca n tp trung vng tn s thp. i khi c mt s m ng c thm u im l trong cu trc ca n khng c mt dy di nhng s 0 hoc nhng s 1, iu lm vic tch thng tin nh thi gian s d dng hn. 1.2.1. M o du lun phin (AMI) . Bng cch m ho tn hiu nh phn n cc thnh mt m c mt s mc trc khi truyn dn c th loi b c thnh phn mt chiu v gim c cc thnh phn tn s thp ca tn hiu m ho,do s duy tr c mt kch thc hp l ca cc thnh phn cu kin trong lc thit k cc b cn bng ca trm lp.Vic m ho ny khng m rng bng tn truyn dn cn thit, v nguyn l c th gim bng tn truyn dn cn thit khi s dng bin i m nh phn thnh n phn. M 3 mc cn gi l m tam phn, trong mc gia ca tn hiu c ng dng rng ri l in p 0. V mc in p 0 khng phi l mt mc lgic thc nn m c gi l m gi-tam phn. Cc b m c th d dng to ra cc in p u ra cn bng +A ( tin k hiu l + ) v -A
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(-) v mc in p 0, tng ng vi mc t ca h thng. Ngi ta gi m tam phn nyl m o du lun phin -AMI, ni cch khc l m lng cc. Dy m thu c bng cch: khi khng c xung th m l cc s 0, cn khi xut hin 1 trong tn hiu nh phn th n ly cc xung dng v m mt cch lun phin. S lun phin ny xut hin bt chp s con s 0 gia chng.Tn hiu AMI cng c th l loi NRZ (100%chu trnh) c gi tr trung bnh bng 0,nghi l khng c thnh phn mt chiu (DC), v vic ghp AC vo ng truyn dn c nh hng t n cc digit c pht i. Mt c im ca m ny l: mt ph cc i 1/2 tc bit, v mt ph rt nh cc tn s thp. Tuy nhin s bin i m khng gim chnh lch gia s s 1 v s s 0 trong mt t m, hoc gim kh khn trong vic tch ng h i vi tn hiu AMI. Thng thng chnh lch l mt vn qnan trng v n biu th thin hng ca m gim thanhf phn DC. Nu chnh lch ln hn hoc nh hn 0,iu c ngha l mt thi im c nhiu con s 1 hn 0 hoc ngc li. V 0 trong m gi tam phn c th biu hin bng mc in p m, do s c mt in p dng hoc m. i vi m AMI khng s dng iu ny nu 0nh phn c t ti in th t. Mt vn quan trng l phi thit k c mt loi m ng m trong mt dy bit c tng s con s 1 bng tng s con s 0. Khi nu c mt li sinh ra trong h thng ng dy truyn dn do tp m xung hoc xuyn m n s l nguyn nhn gy ra b st mt xung hoc thm mt xung sai vo. Trong c hai trng hp, n s xut hin hai xung cng cc tnh, vi thit b thch hp c th d dng pht hin c li. iu kin ny ngi ta thng gi l vi phm lut lng cc v l mt u vit ca m AMI. 1.2.2 M tam phn la chn cp. Bin i t tn hiu nh phn n cc RZ thnh tn hiu tam phn la chn cp c tin hnh bng cch ghp hai bit k cn v s dng qui lut bin i nh bng 1.1 Cc cp k nhau ca m vo nh phn 00 01 10 11 M vo Mode dng - + 0 + + 0 + Mode m - + 0 - 0 + -
Bng 1.1- Qui lut bin i ca m tam phn chn cp.
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i vi c hai u ra mode dng v mode m cc t hp tam phn c to nn t cc cp nh phn 00 v 01 khng c mc DC, mc d cc cp nh phn 01 v 10 to nn mc DC tng ng vi +A/2 v -A/2 ph thuc vo mode ca u ra. B m hot ng to ra u ra mode dng cho n khi u vo xut hin trng thi 01 hoc 10. Sau to nn mt nh thin +A/2 u ra thay i sang mode m. S xut hin tip theo ca 10 hoc 01 to nn nh thin -A/2 xo nh thin +A/2 v i mode tr li dng.V mt dy di lin tip cc s 0 hoc 1 khng xut hin,nn n cn bng c dng mt chiu u ra, d tch nh thi cc thit b lp v thit b thu u cui. 1.2.3 M HDB-3. M HDB-3 (vit tt ca High Density Binary with maximum of 3 consecutive zero). M nh phn mt cao c cc i ba s 0 lin tip. Thut ton m mt tn hiu nh phn thnh mt tn hiu HDB-3 ph thuc vo cc qui tc sau y: 1. Mt s 0 nh phn c m bng mt trng thi trng trong tn hiu HDB-3. Tuy nhin i vi mt dy bn s 0 lin tip th s dng cc qui lut c bit theo qui tc 3 d y. 2. Mt s 1 nh phn c m bng k hiu dng hoc m v c du ngc vi xung trc (o du lun phin). 3. Cc dy 4 s 0 lin tip trong tn hiu nh phn c m nh sau: a) S 0 u tin ca dy c m bng trng thi trng nu du trc ca tn hiu HDB-3 c cc ngc vi cc ca vi phm pha trc v bn thn n khng vi phm. b) S 0 u tin ca dy c m bng du A m khng vi phm (+ hoc -), nu du trc ca tn hiu HDB-3 c cng cc vi du vi phm trc hoc chnh bn thn n vi phm. c) Cc qui lut 3(a) v 3(b) m bo cc vi phm lin tip c cc tnh o nhau sao cho thnh phn mt chiu gp li bng khng. d) S 0 th 2 v 3 ca dy 4 s 0nh phn lin tip lun c m bng trng thi trng. e) S 0 th t trong dy ca bn s 0 nh phn c m bng mt du m cc tnh ca n vi phm an du. Nhng vi phm an du nh vy c k hiu bng V- hoc V+ tng ng vi cc tnh ca n. Phn b nng lng ph ca tn hiu u vo ngu nhin c m ho thnh m HDB-3 ging phn b nng lng ph ca AMI, trong nng lng ph cc i nm khong 0,5 tc bit. Dng ca n ging nh ming ni la, c mt lm 0,5 ln tc bit v hai nh nh khong 0,45 v 0,55 ln tc bit. M ny c s dng ch
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yu cho cc giao tip ghp knh 2048, 8448 v 34.368 kb/s theo nh CCITT khuyn ngh (khuyn ngh G.703). Ngi ta s dng n trong cu hnh mng cc b Ethernel v truyn a s liu. 1.2.4 M CMI. CMI l vit tt ca ch Code Mark Inversion (o du m). M l mt m NRZ hai mc trong bit 0 nh phn vn c m hng hai mc A1 v A2 tng ng, mi mc chim mt na khong thi gian n v T/2. Bit 1 c m ho bng cc mc bin A1 hoc A2, mi mc chim ton b thi gian n v T, cc mc ny lun phin thay i theo cc bit 1 k tip nhau. Ch rng i vi bit 0 lun lun c mt im chuyn tip dng ti im gia ca khong thi gian bit v i vi bit 1 c mt chuyn tip dng ti im khi u ca khong thi gian n v bit nu mc trc l A1 v mt chuyn tip m ti mt thi im khi u ca khong thi gian n v bit, nu bit 1 sau cng c m ho bng mc A2. Lu rng bit 0 c k hiu bng 01 v bit 1 k hiu bng 11 v 00 trong khong thi gian ca khe thi gian. 1.2.5. Cc m khc. Cc m c tho lun l cc m nh phn c s dng truyn s liu trong cc mng ni ht v tch tr cc s liu trn bng t hoc a. Cc m ny c tnh n, v kh nng ca chng c th s dng trong mng ISDN truyn cc tn hiu s trong mng thu bao hoc trong mng ni ht. 1.3 Truyn s liu bng gc. 1.3.1 Dung lng ca knh. Tc s liu cc i, hoc dung lng C ca knh truyn dn c rng bng tn B vo tp m trng Gauss bng hu hn c biu th: (1) C = Blog2 [ 1 + (S/N)0] bit/s y S v N l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu v tp m tng ng u ra ca knh. Cng sut tp m c biu th bi: N =.B = /2. 2B = /2. W Nu nh mt ph cng sut hai bin ca tp m l /2 W/Hz v rng song bin l W. Da vo nh l Shannon - Hartley trong l thuyt thng tin chng ta rt ra 2 vn quan trng lin quan n thit k h thng thng tin: 1. Gii hn trn c th t c i vi tc truyn s liu trn knh Gauss. 2. Quan h ca t s tn hiu trn tp m i vi rng ca bng tn.
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T nh l rt ra l c th truyn mt tn hiu tng t c bng tn t 0 n tn s ct fm qua knh c di thng nh hn fm nu s dng m thch hp. V d gi s tn hiu tng t c lng t ho thnh Q mc lng t sau mc ly mu x ln vi tn s ly mu Nyquist 2fm. Sau s bit nh phn c ly m l log2Q v tc bit l 2xfm log2Q bit/s, chnh l dung lng ca knh yu cu. T phng trnh (1) dung lng knh l thuyt Cn c th ln hn so vi dung lng yu cu i vi rng bng tn hu hn ca tn hiu tng t, v d n fm/2 bng cch tng t s tn hiu trn tp m, hoc tng mc nng sut ca tn hiu. 1.3.2 Giao thoa gia cc k hiu. Trong mc trc ta ni v cc dng tn hiu khc nhau v trong mt s trng hp m t phn b nng lng ph i vi mt dy xung ngu nhin a ra mt khi nim v chim dng bng tn ca n. Trong mi mt m khc nhau m t gi thit tn hiu u ra sau lc m ho l xung vung. Nu dng xung ny c ci bin th phi thay i dng knh bng gc trong s dng dng sng s. Thng thng s dng phng php lc ci bin dng xung, sao cho c th gt i nhng thnh phn tn hiu ngoi bng, nh vy gim c cc thnh phn xuyn m tn s cao c th xuyn vo cc h thng bng c bn khc. S dng lc trc tch sng, cng nh lc trc php cng to vic sa dng xung v gim cc thnh phn tp m nm ngoi gii tn ca tn hiu ch yu. Vn suy gim cht lng truyn dn c th xut hin trong mng s khi truyn tn hiu qua mt knh thng tin. Mt trong v s cc nguyn nhn gy gim st cht lng truyn dn trc ht phi k n mi trng truyn dn v lc tn hiu s bng gc trong mt chng mc no to ra giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI ). Nu gi thit rng thi gian ca mi digit l T, hoc t mi quan h gia rng bng Nyquist/ tc tn hiu, rt ra rng bng tn ca tn hiu hu ch l 1/2T. Tuy nhin mt tn hiu ngu nhin bt k chim mt bng tn v hn v vy cho nn hu qu ca vic gii hn bng tn dn ti mo bin v gy ra ting di. Nng lng ca ting di tri t xung ny sang xung k cn khc gy ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc k hiu. Hiu qu ca vic tri xung cn gi l tn x. Mi quan h gia bng tn Nyquist v tc tn hiu c miu t nh sau: C th truyn cc k hiu c lp c tc rs 2B k hiu/s qua mt knh thng thp c rng bng tn B m khng c giao thoa gia cc k hiu. V ngc li, s c hin tng giao thoa gia cc k hiu nu tc ca cc k hiu c lp rs 2B. Ngoi ra i vi tn s trn ca tn hiu gii thng ln hn nhiu so vi rng bng tn B th tc k hiu tin ti 2B. Nh vy, a mt tn hiu s ngu nhin vo mt knh c gii hn bng tn Nyquist c rng 1/2T, tc l rng bng tn c ch
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th tn hiu u Nyquist b sai lch i, tr khi knh khng c tp m v cp my pht v my thu ng b, khi giao thoa gia cc k hiu c th b ngn li sao cho khng xut hin cc li digit. Tuy vy trong thc t s thng gin ca tp m, xuyn m, mo bin , mo pha...th IST l yu t c nh hng ln nht n hiu qu truyn dn ca knh s. 13.3 Lc bng gc Hnh 1.3(a) bn tri ch ra mt xung c rng 2T/b, i xng qua trc bin ti im t = 0, v bin i Fourier ca xung ny c dng (1/f). Sin (fT/d), b = 2d, bt ngun t hm sinc ; sinc(x) = sin (x)/ x cng c biu th trong hnh 1.3 (a) (bn phi). Hm sinc ny c cc im 0 ct trc tn s ti cc im k.b/2T, y k = 1,2,...,n. Ph tn ca n l v hn. Nu khi ph ny b gii hn do mt b lc thng cp thp l tng th b bin i Fourier ngc ca n cho ta mt xung c dng hm sinc. Tng ng vi hnh 1.3(b) nu tn s ca b lc thng cp thp l tng l 1/2T th kt qu xung ra c tri rng theo thi gian v khng tr v khng ti cc thi im -T, +T m ko ra mt khong thi gian ln hn T. Xung ban u biu th bng ng gch t qung c rng T/2 v i xng qua trc tung. Hin tng tri rng ca xung do b gii hn gii tn gy ra giao thoa gia cc k hiu to nn tp m cho cc k hiu k cn. Hnh 1.3 (c) ch ra tn hiu vo l hm sin. Bin i Fourier ca xung sinc ny ging nh xung ca b lc thng thp l tng. Nu mt b lc c c tnh tn s gia Nyquist 0 v 1/2T ngc vi c tnh tn s trong hnh 1.3(b) th ph tn to ra s l dng b ct vung phn trn, v nh trong hnh 1.3 (c) xung ra s l xung sinc, cng nh trong hnh 1.3(b), v c cc im khng ct trc honh ti cc im kT, vi k= 1,2,...,n. Xung ra ny khng biu hin giao thoa ti cc im khng ni trn. Vic ng dng b lc c dng sng vng vn khng hon ton thch hp v s tt dn cc ui xung din ra chm v khi thit k b lc c c tnh hm truyn t thng ng, ngi ta t ra cc yu cu nghim ngt v iu chnh chnh xc trong tt c thi gian. iu d nhin l khng thc t. Trong cc h thng thc t thng s dng b lc cosin tng bng tn ca n c th truyn s liu tc rs bit/s gia rs/2 >hnh 1.3(d) biu din ph v ng cong gii hn bng bng ng chm biu th ph ca hm sinc b gii hn bng. Hnh 1.3(d) biu th bin i Fourier ca cc ph ny, ging nh mt hm sinc ci bin trong min thi gian cng vi xung l tng tng ng to nn t hm ph sinc y . Ph cosin tng bao gm mt phn bin khng i v phn bin i c dng hnh sin (khng ch ra trong hnh) 1/rs | f | < (rs/2) - P(f) = (1/rs)[cos2(/4) (| f | - rs/2 + )], (rs/2) - < | f |(rs/2) +
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| f | - rs/2 +
Hnh 1.4(a) v (b) biu th cng thc (2) v tng ng vi = rs /4 v 0 ( n l sinc rs .t ). T th ny, r rng l cc ui trc v sau ca s(t) tch nhanh hn so vi cc ui ca sinc rs .t. Ngoi ra cc c tnh thch hp khc ca s(t) tn ti khi = rs /2 l: rng xung c bin trng kht vi khong cch t xung ny n xung kia ( 1/rs ) v c cc im khng ti. t = (k+1)rs vi k = 1,2,..,n. Nh vy, mt tn hiu s c cc c to nn t nhng xung nh th c cc im 0 ct chnh xc1/2 sng gia cc tm ca xung, mi ln c mt s thay i cc tnh. Hnh 1.4 (c) miu t tnh trng ny i vi tn hiu nh phn10100110. Cc im 0 b xung ny c th h tr khi tch tn hiu nh thi (ng h) ra khi tn hiu tin tc. gim giao thoa gi cc k hiu cn phi c s d tnh khi s dng b lc c c tnh hm bin i sin hoc hm cosin tng l tng yu cu rng bng tn,hoc i vi nhng xung Nyquist c =rs/2,gim tc tn hiu vi rs =B hn l 2B. Khi truyn tn hiu tc rsbit/s dng mt thit b c bit trong knh bng gc c rng BHz, khi s dng mt bng tn khc cn phi bit tc truyn dn ny tt hn hay xu hn tc truyn dn khc sinh ra bi cc loi thit b khc. Nu rs l tc bit truyn dn c chun ho i vi rng bng tn B ca mt Hz,lc c th xc nh hiu qu ca h thng bng cch s dng n v s bit truyn trn dy trn Hz hoc bit/sHz. n v ny thng c s dng so snh cc loi h thng truyn dn s khc nhau s dng cc mch iu ch khc nhau. Da vo nh l Nyquist ni v rng bng tn ti thiu ni trn, ngi ta chng minh rng c th truyn cc k hiu c lp c tc rsqua mt b lc thng thp c bng tn B: (3). B = rs/2 Khi truyn nh phn, th mt k hiu truyn i ch cha 1 bit thng tin, v nh vy tc bit rb bng tc k hiu rs. Do : (4). B = rs/2 = rb/2 i vi truyn nh phn. Khi truyn M mc th mi k hiu truyn i gm c m bit thng tin, vi m=log2M. Tc k hiu rs cho bi rb/m v nh vy rng bng tn ca tn hu thc tr thnh: B = rb/2m = rb/(2.log2m) i vi truyn m mc. (5). Ba cng thc ny rt quan trng v n l bc u tin trong vic xc nh rng bng tn cn thit truyn lung s liu trong dng c m ho hoc khng c m hov cho php xc nh hi sut ph bng bit/s/Hz. S dng b lc cosin tng s tng rng bng tn Nyquist ln B:
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B= B + =rs/2 + = rng bng tn thc t Trong l h s bin i, B bng tn Nyquist.
(6).
1.3.4 Xc sut li Pe trong truyn dn s. nh gi nh hng ca tp m n cht lng ca h thng thng tin ngi ta s dng t s tn hiu trn tp m u ra v xc sut li.T s tn hiu trn tp m l mt trong nhng tham s cht lng quan trng nht, n yu cu o lng v iu khin trong h thng thng tin tng t, cn tng ng trong h thng thng tin s l Pe. Xc sut li c th hiu l: Trong trng hp mt h thng thng tin s u vo ca n c mt dy k hiu, do nh hng ca tp m knh (gi thit l tp m Gauss). u ra ca h thng s c mt dy digit khc. Trong mt h thng l tng hoc khng tp m th c hai dy vo v ra l ging nhau, nhng trong h thng thc t thnh thong chng khc nhau. Ton b ch tiu ca h thng thng tin s c o bng xc sut li k hiu Pe, n c c xc nh l xc sut dy cc k hiu vo khc vi cc k hiu ra. Trong mt h thng thng tin s thc t, gi tr Pe khong10-4 -10-7.C mt biu thc thay th cho xc sut li, l: Mc li trung bnh (BER) = T s li trung bnh (BER). = Xc sut li ca Pe =Xc sut li Pe. Ch tiu cht lng Pe l mt o cht lng trung bnh ca mt h thng, nhng n khng ch ra tn sut xut hin li. Thng thng n l mt i lng bt ngun t l thuyt, n khng ch ra bao nhiu li xut hin trong mt giy. Trong thc t s dng t l bit li (BER) cng vi cc khong thi gian to nn tnh khch quan v ch tiu cht lng i vi cc h thng s. Khuyn ngh G.821 ca CCITT ch ra rng tnh khch quan ca ch tiu cht lng c biu th trong cc t: Cc tham s ch tiu cht lng li, mi mt t trong c coi l phn trm thi gian trung bnh ca mi mt khong thi gian T0 trong BER vt mt gi tr ngng. nh mc phn trm trn mt khong thi gian rt di TL. Khong thi gian TL, trong nh mc phn trm c xc nh, khng c nh r,v thi gian c th ph thuc vo vic ng dng. Ngi ta gi thit thi gian chun l mt thng bt k. Thi gian tng TL c phn thnh 2 phn mang tn l thi gian c kh nng ni c v kh nng khng ni c. Ngi ta s dng nhng BER v nhng khong thi gian sau: 1. BER nh hn 1:10-6 trong khong thi gian T0 = 1 pht 2. BER nh hn 1:10-3 trong khong thi gian T0 = 1 giy. 3. Khng li trong thi gian T0 =1 giy (iu ny tng ng vi khi nim cc giy khng li EFS).
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Mc ch ca ch tiu cht lng trongnhng pht suy gim cht lng l t hn 10% khong thi gian 1 pht c BER xu nht l 1:10-6. iu ny da trn mt khong thi gian trung bnh ca 1 pht. Thi gian trung bnh v tr cc li xut hin trong cc giy li trm trng trong khong thi gian 1 pht ny c th cho php qnan h vi nhng li xut hin t ngt nhanh tho mn phn c bit ny ca ton b mc ch, nhng nhng trng hp nh vy s c iu khin n mt phm vi nht nh bng mc ch ca nhng giy li trm trng. Khong thi gian mt pht c chia ra thi gian khng th khc phc c v cc giy li trm trng t thi tng v sau lin tc phn nhm cc giy cn li thnh cc khi 60. Cc khong thi gian mt giy c bn c phn t mt mu thi gian c nh. Mc ch ch tiu cht lng trong cc giy li trm trng l b hn 0.2% ca khong mt giy c BER xu hn1:10 -3. Mc tiu ch tiu cht lng trong cc giy li c t hn 8% ca khong mt giy c s li bt k. iu ny tng ng vi 92% cc giy khng li. M iu khin li. Trong h thng thng tin s c th xut hin 3 loi li. l : li thay th, trong c mt digit gc c thay bng mt s trng thi khc, cc li b st, trong mt k hiu b xo i khi lung bit; v cc li trong mt k hiu gi mo c xen vo dng bit, li hay xut hin nht l li thay th. Tt c cc loi li c th xut hin trong cc lung bit nh phn hoc trong mt k hiu nhiu mc. V xc sut li trong truyn dn l mt hm trc tip ca t s tn hiu trn tp m, mt vn xut hin l nu v mt l do no cng sut tn hiu b gii hn ti mt s gi tr cc i no , iu dn ti xut hin li vi tn sut khng chp nhn c. Trong truyn dn s liu in bo v facsimile ngi ta quan tm nht vic s dung m bo v li, cn i vi ting ni th khng c tiu chun nh vy. V hin nay ang hnh thnh mt mng s liu tng hp lm cho chng ta kh m xc nh c phm vi no, vng no cn bo v li, phm vi no, vng no khng cn. Nhng iu khng th trnh c l phi a ra m iu khin li cho ton b cc h thng m bo tnh linh hot ca chng. D nhn thy c hai iu kin li khc nhau xut hin trong truyn dn. Loi u tin l li ngu nhin, gia cc digit li khng tng quan. Loi th hai l cc t bin li, y phn ln cc digit k tip nhau b sai lch. Hai loi ny c tnh cht ph bin v th ngi ta s dng chng l yu t quyt nh ca loi m iu khin li. Cc t bin li thng xut hin t nhng thit b nh cc b trn hoc cc thit b m ng dy, mt li duy nht c m thnh mt t khc vi t gc ca n. iu ny dn ti xut hin thm cc li khc ging nh nhn hoc m rng li. Trong thc t tn thng gi ca loi li ny l li m rng. Hiu qu ca li m rng c c trng bng khi nim t l li bit tng ng
1.3.5
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(EBER) trong t l li bit c o vi iu kin bit nguyn nhn do li m rng c gim bng mt h s m rng li ti h s v t l li bit tng ng. Cc t bin li cng l mt c th ca truyn s qua mng chuyn mch in thoi trong tp m xung chim u th hn so vi tp m Gauss. S dng rng ri cc m bo v li d bo v cc mch s liu s v cc mch in bo. Ngi ta s dng cc h thng Encription trang b cho cc h thgn qun s my tnh cng vi thng tin in thoi bo mt bo v cc thng tin bng cch chn cc loi m thch hp. S dng cc h thng ny trong phm vi m cho thng tin c s d liu l khc vi m bo v li hoc pht hin li. M iu khin li thng c to nn bng cc modem u ni ca in thoi hoc mt knh thng tin ca ng dy hn l trong h thng v tuyn chuyn tip ng di, ngi ta cng nh gi v th nghim mt s m sa sai khc nhau trn cc h thng HF, i lu v v tinh. 1.3.6 Ti sinh tn hiu s. Qu trnh cho php truyn dn s tt hn truyn dn tng t, l qu trnh ti sinh tn hiu. Ti sinh l mt qu trnh trong mt tn hiu s b mo v b tiu hao c ti to li thnh bin v dng sng ng ca n. Qu trnh ny c th a n mt nh ngha khc ca truyn dn s, v tt c truyn dn s u cn c ti sinh ti mt s im trn ng truyn dn. i vi mt chui tuyn truyn dn s, cc b phn ti sinh c mt cc mch ca b thu bng gc tin khuych i v sa dng tn hiu vo b tiu hao, tn x v tp m xm nhp vo trc lc tch sng. B tch sng thc cht l mt b tch sng ngng, n to nn u ra mt xung xc nh r rng. Mch tch sng cng c th hot ng da vo cc dng tn hiu m n gn ging hnh sin. Mch ny bao hm mt b khuych i bng gc, b lc bng gc m rng bng tn ca chng khng cn phi lnnh lc yu cu truyn dn mt xung v nh vy tp m u ra ca bng gc gim xung. Gim rng bng tn ca b khuych i bng gc ca my thu lm ni rng ph xung, dn ti gim liu lng cho php giao thoa gia cc k hiu v nh vy tng kh khn khi to nn ngng quyt nh. Kt qu tt yu s lm cho th hnh mt ng li. Thit k b ti sinh phi dung ho gia vn gim giao thoa khi ni rng bng tn v tng tp m nhit, iu cng s tng cc nh hng ca trt thi gian do nh hng ca tp m n ngng quyt nh. Trong v tuyn s, b ti sinh thng c b tr trong cc mch tch bit, n a vo sau b gii iu ch v cc tng cn bng ngang. Ph hp vi hnh 1.5 (b) cc tn hiu ng dy vo qua bin p ng dy v cc mch cn bng n mt b khuych i. T b khuych i ny c hai u ra ngc pha nhau a vo b tch sng ngng. ng thi hai u ra ny cng c mc v a n mch ng h.
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1.3.7 Khi phc thi gian v tch sng ngng. Mch khi phc thi gian hay cn gi l mch khi phc ng h c ch ra trong hnh 1.5 (b), n nhn cc bit s liu vo tc bit ng dy v n lm hot ng mt mch cng hng ni tip hoc a n mt vng kho pha. Mch c thit k sao cho u ra khng c cc xung ng dy. Mch ng h trong trng hp ny to ra hai sng vung u ra ngc pha nhau iu khin cc mch ti to thi gian. Khi u vo ca mt b tch sng ngng c tn hiu 1 th n hot ng. Sau 1 c truyn n u ra ca n. V tn hiu u vo ca cc b tch sng ngc pha nhau, v vy ti thi im xc nh th ch c mt b tch sng hot ng. u ra ca b tch sng hot ng sau c a n mt mch flip- flop loi D bao gm mch ti to thi gian. Khi u vo D mc cao (1) v hai trng thi n nh c cht, 1 ny c truyn n u ra Q. Trng thi ny c duy tr cho n lc khi u vo xut hin mt xung xo ng i vo. V cc xung ng h v cc xung xa l ngc pha nhau, nn cc u ra Q t cc mch ti to thi gian to ra dng tn hiu thi gian c khi phc ca tn hiu vo. S dng bin p ra to nn tn hiu song cc ging nh xut hin trn u vo ca b ti sinh v phi hp tr khng vi ng dy. Hnh 1.5 (c) ch ra s khi ca mt b lp IF v tuyn s 140Mbit/s, trong chng ta c th nhn thy cc mch tch bit cha b ti sinh. Hnh 1.5 (d) ch ra mt thit b u cui thng thng. Cc mch ti sinh c th hin trong phn thu.
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Chng II - iu ch v gii iu ch trong vi ba s
B iu ch s v gii iu s l mt phn ca my thu v my pht vi ba s. iu ch l phng php m ngi ta a tn hiu ca tin tc cn gi i vo khng ch dng cao tn ca my pht lm cho dng ca my pht bin i theo qui lut ca tin tc cn gi i. Dng cao tn tng qut c dng: i = Im cos ( t + 0 ) Trong : Im: bin : tn s gc ( = 2f ), f: tn s di = ( t + 0 ): Gc pha ton b Tn hiu ca tin tc a vo iu ch lm cho mt trong ba tham s ca dng cao tn thay i, ngi ta c cc tn gi khc nhau: iu bin iu tn iu pha 2.1 iu ch trong vi ba s. Tn hiu l mt dy xung nh phn cho nn vic iu ch trong vi ba gi l iu ch s. Trong mt my pht s, b iu ch xp xp chui digit nh phn thnh mt b tng ng M bin sng mang gin on, pha sng mang hoc di tn gin on t tn s sng mang hnh sin. Nhng s khc nhau theo s xp xp ny a ra ba loi iu ch khc nhau. Cc phng thc iu ch l: iu bin s: (ASK) cn gi l kho dch bin iu tn s: (FSK) gi l kho dch tn s iu pha s: (PSK) cn gi l kho dch pha Ba phng thc trn y l cc phng thc c bn ca iu ch s.Trong thc t ng vi tng phng thc c th thc hin nhiu kiu khc nhau. Cc dng iu ch khc thng c dng trong truyn dn vi ba s l t hp PAM v PSK,v gi l: Kho pha bin (APK).
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2.2 Phng php iu bin s: (ASK) Kho dch bin . Hnh v minh ho qu trnh iu ch bin mt sng mang vi tn hiu nh phn 10101101. Nu ngun s c M trng thi hoc mc v mi mt mc i din cho mt chu k T th dng sng iu ch tng ng vi trng thi th i l Si(t) i vi iu bin xung (PAM) hoc theo kiu kho dch bin (ASK) s l: Si(t) = Di(t). A0. Cos0t Trong Di(t) l mc th i ca dng sng nhiu mc c rng T. Gi s s mc gii hn l hai nh l i vi tn hiu s nh phn v nh vy tn s sng mang tng quan n rng T ca dng sng vung nh phn nh sau: 0 =2n / T. Dn ti mt ph cng sut (psd) c biu thc: psd ASK = (A2 /16) [ ( f-f0) + (f+f0) + sin2 T(f-f0)/ 2T(f-f0) + +sin2 T (f+f0)/2T(f+f0)] Ch rng nu s dng mt b lc tng ngtrong f0 = 0 th ni chung ph ra s khng c bt k mt suy hao no s l: psd ASK = (A2/16) [ (f+f0) + sin2 T (f+f0)/2 T(f+f0) Ph i vi biu thc trn c hai phn: Phn mt gm cc hm denta Dirac bao hm cc thnh phn ph ginon cch nhau nhng khong tn s 1/T. Nhng thnh phn tn s gin on ny bin mt nu nh chui nh phn c gi tr trung bnh bng 0 hoc vi mt tn hiu M mc khi mi mc M gn nh bng nhau. iu cho php tn hiu ph ca tn hiu iu ch s c chn trong khi thit k h thng bng cch chn thch hp chui tin c truyn i. Phn th hai l ph lin tc m dng ca n ch ph thuc vo c tnh ph ca xung tn hiu. i vi trng hp n gin digit nh phn c biu th trong phng trnh, xung ca thnh phn ph gin on ch tn ti tn s sng mangdo c cc im 0 ca ph cch nhau nhng khong tn s 1/T. Ph v trn hnh cha 95% cng sut ca n trong rng bng 3/T hoc 3x (tc bit). rng bng c th gim bng cch dng xung cosin tng. Kt qu l cc im 0 ca ph xut hin nhng khong f0 n/T, y n =1,2...Do tt c cc thnh phn ph gin on bin mt tr khi f = f0 v f = f0 1/T. Ph ca xung cosin tng c bp chnh rng hn lm cho rng bng ASK bng xp x 2/T. Vic thu tn hiu ASK pht i c th t c bng hai cch: Cch 1 l gii iu ch kt hp dng cc mch phc hp duy tr kt hp pha gi sng mang pht v sng mang ni. Cch 2 l qu trnh gii iu ch hnh bao khng kt hp.
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M nh phn
Hnh 2.1 - iu ch ASK i vi tn hiu nh phn nh phn 10101101 p(t) A2 16 xung
-3/T -2/T -1/T f0-3rb f0-2rb f0-rb rb
1/T 2/T 3/T f0+rb f0+2rb f0+3rb
Hnh 2.2 - Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu ASK nh phn 2.2.1 ASK kt hp. Vi tch sng kt hp my thu c ng b vi my pht iu c ngha l tr phi c my thu nhn bit. S ng b ly t thi gian c thit lp trong tn hiu my thu v thng chnh xc n 5% ca chu k bit T. Thm vo thi gian tr , pha sng mang = 0t cng phi xt n khi s l tn hiu thu v tr bin thin theo tn s sng mang ca my pht c tnh 5%T v nhng bin i trong thi gian truyn sng i vi sng mang n my thu l gi tr khng th xc nh c i vi bt k trng hp nht nh no. i vi nhng h thng tch sng kt hp thc t pha sng mang l mt lc c tnh nhng ni cc dng sng tn hiu M kh nng c th pht i c th b gii iu ch phi quyt nh xem kh nng no thc t pht i. V tp m cng vo vi tn hiu nn c xc sut v nh, c th trng thi tn hiu th i b nhm sang cc trng thi bn cnh gn nht. Xc sut ca li xc nh l cc tiu nu nh b gii iu ch la chn tn hiu thu c c xc sut ln nht ca tn hiu Si v x l nh l tn hiu c pht i. Chin lc quyt nh ny gi l tiu chun cc i ho hu xc sut
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(MAP) v chng t l ti u i vi tp m Gaussian trung bnh - khng. V cc trng thi c kh nng nh nhau. C hai loi gii iu ch ti u: loi th nht l loi tng quan - cho v loi th hai l loi lc phi hp. Hnh v minh ha hai loi iu ch ny. Vi mt tn hiu ASK nh phn, my thu trn s c th dng tch sng kt hp. Mch thit thc l b gii iu ch lc - phi hp c tn hiu u vo thu c Si(t) cng vi tp m trng n (t) thm vo trong qu trnh truyn dn. My thu sau khi lc b tp m v hn ch gi li tn hiu theo rng bng yu cu (2/T3T) sau nhn (trn) vi tn hiu ni Accos0t. B dao ng ni c th c biu th bng hiu s ca trng thi dng sng tn hiu S1(t) - S0(t) c ng b mt cch cn thn vi tn s v pha ca sng mang thu c. Tn hiu sn phm ny sau c t hp nh mch t hp v gom li . S dng mch ny nh mt b tch phn hon ho kh c th xy dng c. u ra ca mch t hp c so vi ngng t gia tr s U1 v U0 l vi trng hp khi S1(t) thu c khng c tp m, b t hp tnh ton v a sang b tch sng quyt nh. Tr s ca U1: U1 = Si 2 (t)dt - So (t)dt . S1(t)dt V khi So(t) thu c: Uo = So(t). S1(t)dt - So 2 (t)dt
Signal
X
(.)dt
Abs
C1 Signal Chn bin C2 Signal tuyt i cc i v k hiu thch ng
f1
X
(.)dt
Abs
f2
(.)dt
Abs
C3 Signal
f3
X
(.)dt
Abs
C4
f4
a) Tng quan cho
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~ ~ ~
S(t)
~ ~ ~
........... ........... ...........
Ma trn quyt nh Quyt nh
~ ~ ~
b) Lc phi hp Hnh 2.3 - Cc b iu ch ti u
n(t) S(t)
~ ~ ~
S1(t) S0(t) = Accos0t
Hnh 2.4 - B gii iu ch kt hp nh phn ASK Nu U1> Uo tc l mc vo ln hn mc ngng th b tch sng s xc nh S1(t) l tn hiu c pht i tng t nu mc vo nh hn mc ngng quyt nh So(t)c pht i. Hai dng sng tn hiu nh phn ASK c th c biu th: S1(t) = A1 cos0t So(t) = Ao cos0t Phn bit nhng sng ny u ra b tch phn xc nh chnh lch v mc cng ging nh xc nh chnh lch cc mc lng. Nh vy: = U1 Uo = [ S1(t) - So(t) ]2 dt Tr s U1 vt qu ngng /2 v Uo nm di ngng /2 thay biu thc c th tm c tr s i vi tn hiu ASK = (A1 - Ao)2 cos20tdt = (A1- Ao)2(T/2) = Ac2.T/2.
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Trong trng hp khng c tn hao bin . Nh vy vic t ngng tch sng ti u s l: (ngng)opt = (U1-Uo)/2 = Ac2T/4 = /2 V tn hiu S1(t) c u vo my thu trung bnh ch mt na thi gian cng sut tn hiu thu trung bnh. SAV = Ac2/4. * Xc sut li Pe. Khi tp m gaussian ca phng sai 2 c a vo mch quyt nh mt mc sai c th c tch ra. Phng trnh: Pe = P(1).P(0/1) + P(0).P(1/0) Nn: Pe = P(1)P(n< -/2) + P(0).P( n>/2) Trong n l cng sut tp m Gi s cc digit c xc sut nh sau, t phng trnh trn ta c: Pe = P (n>/2) = (1/2) exp ( -n2/22 ) dn = (1/2)erfc /22 Trong 2 l phng sai ca phn b cng sut tp m. iu ny phi lin h vi ngng tch sng ti u biu th xc sut li di dng t s ca sng mang vo cha iu ch trn tp m C/N. Cng sut tp m c mt u vo my thu cng biu th thch hp hn nh cng sut trn tn s n v s bo m d cho cc b lc tn ti. Mt ph tp m i qua chng cng khng tc dng. Theo cch x l ny tp m s c xem l nh nhau trong ton di ph, mt xung song bin watt/Hz l gi tr khng i trong ton bng c xem xt. Nh vy cng sut tp m i qua mt b lc l tng vi tng ch bng 1v rng bng song bin (2B = W) l B Watts. iu ny cng tng ng i vi rng bng n bin B c nhn ln vi mt ph tp m . Trong chng ny nhng ngin cu cho ta cc phng trnh v nhng gi tr C/N da trn tp m song bin. Cc th cng ch r rng bng tp m song bin, gi s gii iu ch i vi IF rng bng RF s ly trung im l tn s trung tm ca IF. Trng hp xc sut li ASK yu cu cp c bit v xc sut li c tnh ton trn c s ch mt na cng sut c pht i. thc hin vic so snh vi nhng s iu ch khc, cng sut ny c nhn i i vi cc ng cong trn s v phng trnh PeASK nh phn. Nhng phn tch trc y khng c cht ch v ch gii thiu biu th ngn gn l nhng phng trnh Pe c rt ra.
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Tp m i vo mch quyt nh trong s ly t: n0 (t) = n(t)[S1(t) S0(t)]dt V tp m ny c bnh qun khng ly t phng trnh 2 = E(x2) - [E (x)]2, l phng sai c ly ra t: N0(t)= E[n02(t)] = 2 = (1/2)(/2) [S1(t) S0(t)2dt = (/4).. Nh vy ta c: 2 = (/4). Pe = 1/2 erfc [(./2)1/2] Gi s cng sut sng mang cha iu ch l Ac2/2 v nh phn tch ngn gn trn suy ra l tp m Gausian cng thm vo tn hiu iu ch s nm trong mt rng bng bng rng bng Nyquist song bin v vi rng bng bng tc bit rb. Sau s dng cc phng trnh ta c t s sng mang trn tp m (C/N) trong rng bng Nyquist song bin l: C/N = / . W/rb = / 2 / < rb /W = 2/ T vic biu din xc sut li ca mt tn hiu ASK nhm mc ch so snh PeASK nh phn = (1/2) erfc [(1/2)(W/rb)1/2(C/N)1/2]. Phng trnh ny c v trn s , i vi rng bng tp m W, tc bit rb, xc sut thc khi dng na cng sut sng mang l: PeASK nh phn = (1/2) erfc [(1/2)(W/rb)1/2(C/2N)1/2]. n (t)
[1 Tc bit]
S(t)
~ ~ ~
Tch sng hnh bao
~ ~ ~
Tch sng ngng
Ra
Hnh 2.5 - S khi b gii iu ch khng kt hp
Rayleig Rice
AC/2 Xmin
AC
Hnh 2.6 - Rayleigh v rice pdfs i vi tp m gii iu ch ASK khng kt hp v hnh bao cng vi tp m
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2.2.2 ASK khng kt hp. Tch sng hnh bao thc hin n gin hn thc hin tch sng kt hp v s kt hp pha tn hiu khng yu cu trong qu trnh tch sng. B tch sng hnh bao n gin c thc hin tip sau cc b khuych i IF hoc nhng ch khng c tng chuyn i sau b lc bng vo RF . Ta st s khi mt b iu ch khng kt hp ASK nh hnh 2.7. H thng tch sng bao gm mt b lc thng bng phi hp vi dng sng vo nh phn I ASK nh s trc, theo sau l mt b tch sng hnh bao v mt b tch ngng (chuyn i A/D). Gi s b lc c rng bng hai ln, tc bit l 2/T v tn s trung tm 0 th dng sng nh phn vo I ASK s khng b mo qu mc. Cng sut tp m u ra b lc tm c phng trnh: N0 = 2 =B l: n(t) = 2 =B = 2/T Tnh xc sut li gm hai pdfs. Khi mt zero ASK c pht i, hnh bao t c u ra b tch sng hnh bao c pdf (fo) Rayleigh trong phng trnh: -> fo = (x/2) exp(-x2/22) , x>0 pdf th hai l Rice pdf (f1) khi c mt nh phn ASK c pht i v c biu th trong: f1 = [ (x/2)I0 .(xAc/2) exp {-(x2 + Ac2)/ (22)} , x>0 Trong I0 =I0(u) l hm Bessl bin ci ca loi th nht v cp zero xc nh bng: I0(u) = (1/2) exp[u.cos(v)]dt. Hnh v minh ho hai loi pdf v tr s ca x sinh ra tp m thp nht u ra tch sng hnh bao v do xc sut thp nht ca li. Ti liu cung cp cho ta o hm chi tit xc sut li ca b tch sng khng kt hp ASK v chngs minh rng xc sut li cc tiu xut hin khi : Xmin = (Ac/2) [1+8 2/Ac2] 1/2 Xc sut li cho trong biu thc: Pe(ASK) khng kt hp > (1/2)[1+(1/Ac)(2/)1/2]exp(-Ac2/82) > (1/2) exp(-Ac2/82) Nu Ac >> ( tp m song bin) Cng c th tm c gii hn ng bin thp hn do Pe i vi trng hp tp m song bin cho trong biu thc: Exp[(-1/4)(w/rb)(C/N)]> Pe > (1/2) exp[(-1/4)(w/rb)(C/N)] Nu Ac >>
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Biu thc ny c biu din trong s , i vi rng bng tp m di iu ch w bng tc bit rb. V sng mang m v ng theo dng sng nh phn nn loi iu ch ny c hiu l kho tt m (0 0k) hoc sng mang c m hoc ng hon ton. Nu tn hiu nh phn hai cc sinh ra mt s o v bin sng mang sao cho nh phn 1 to ra c mt sng mang vi bin +Ac v nh phn khng to c mt sng mang vi bin - Ac. Kt qu s c mt loi iu ch khc quan trng nh ta bit l kho dch pha (PSK). Ta c th thy trn s l c hai phng php tch sng ASK kt hp v khng kt hp hu nh to ra cc kt qu nh nhau. S khc nhau gia tr s C/N nh hn 1.5dB khi Pe 10-3 v s ci thin khong 0,5 dB nhng gi tr nh nht ca Pe. Phng php tch sng khng kt hp hay tch sng hnh bao yu cu mt t s C/N cao hn i vi cng t l li bit nh loi ASK kt hp, khng phi l phng php iu ch dng rng ri v phng trnh : Sav = Ac2/4 ch ra rng cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu iu ch b gim. Khi ASK kt hp so sch vi kho dch pha v tn s, vn tr nn r rng v nhng k thut iu ch ny s dng hon ton y sng mang. Xt thm v cng sut xc sut li km hn khong 3 cp so vi mt h thng bng gc c thit k cn thn. S lc khng hon ho v nhng chi ph cng thm nhng kh khn kt hp cng vi vic to nn nhng b lc thng bng phi hp. Tt c nhng ci dn n sn phm ra khng tt khi so snh vi nhng h thng iu ch khc. 2.2.3 ASK M trng thi (M-ary). Cc h thng ASK M trng thi u khng thng dng v t khi tm thy trong danh mc ca cc hng ch to. Xc sut li P ca cc h ny da trn cc li k hiu v khng phi li bit. V mi k hiu gm c log2 Mbit, t s li bit nm gia Pe /log2 M v Pe, mi tng quan tu thuc vo loi m s dng. Cng vy do tc bit cao hn M trng thi nhm mc ch so snh rng bng phi h t l xung v c t s sng mang trn tp m v Pe cng u h t l xung cng mt lng. i vi trng hp kt hp : PeASK kt hp = [(M-1)/M] erfc [(3/4).1/(M-1).1/(2M-1)(w/rs)(C/N)]1/2 Trong M l h s mo ca bin sng mang m tn hiu s m vo . Vi tn hiu nh phn M=2 v phng trnh trn rt ngn li. C/N = antilog [C/N dB/10] chuyn thnh mt t s. Cng sut tp m song bin c s dng v k vng rng sng mang s nm gia bng c b lc thng bng thu v c rng bng bng hai ln tn hiu tin tc, l: W = rs = rs/log2 M.
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i vi trng hp khng kt hp: exp[(-3/4)1/(2M-1)1/(M-1)(w/rb)(C/N)1/2]>PeASK khng ky hp PeASK khng kt hp >(1/M)exp [(-3/4)1/(M-1)1/(2M-1)(w/rs)(C/N)]1/2 Vi Ac >> 2.3 iu pha s (PSK) - Kho dch pha. Hnh v minh ho qu trnh iu ch pha mt sng mang vi tn hiu nh phn 10101101. Trong PSK nh phn c hai loi sng c th biu th bng: S1(t) = A cos0t S0(t) = -A cos0t = A cos(0t + ) S1(t) i din cho nh phn 1 v S0(t) i din cho nh phn 0. Nh ni trc y bin sng mang ca mt sng mang ASK lc tt lc m. Cn i vi PSK, bin gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh truyn dn nhng b chuyn giatng thi +A v -A, nh vy hon ton tng phn trng thi -A c th tng ng khi c mt pha thay i 1800 nh ch r trong phng trnh. Tuy nhin yu cu rng bng i vi ASK v PSK l ging nhau th hin r trong hm mt phcng sut. Ta c biu thc: P(f)PSK = (A2/4).sin2 T (f-f0)/2T (f-f0)2 + sin2T (f+f0)/2T (f+f0)2 So snh vi phng trnh psd ASK ta thy rng ch c s khc bit gia hm mt ph cng sut P(f)PSK v hm mt ph cng sut i vi ASK l ph PSK khng cha denta Dirac hay cc hm xung tn s mang v l dng iu ch nn sng mang. Hnh v biu din mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu ASK nh phn, th ny c th c xem xt di dng ph ASK nuP(f) l A2/4 i vi fo v xung fo b di chuyn i. Nh vi ASK vic thu tn hiu PSK c pht i c th t c bng hai cch. Cch1: L gii iu ch kt hp ni chng s dng mch nh s khi trong cc mch phc hi sng mang bo m tn hiu ni(gc) ng b v pha i vi tn hiu ti. Cch 2: l m ho vi sai PSK (D PSK) trong i vi D PSK nh phn i c pht i bng cch dch pha sng mang 180o tng i so vi pha sng mang trong khong tn hiu trc . Gii iu ch thc hin c nh so sch pha ca tn hiu thu hai khong thi gian lin tip.
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S(t Vo
Tch ngng
Khi phc Sng mang
ng b
Hnh 2.7 - S khi b iu ch kt hp PSK
2.3.1. PSK kt hp ( C PSK ). Hnh v l s khi b gii iu ch, tn hiu n S1(t) i vo ccc mch khi phc sng mang, ly ra tn hiu dao ng ni cng pha vi tn hiu n . Tn hiu dao ng c th biu th bng: S1(t) - S2(t) =2 cos 0t Tn hiu ny phn tch khi dng mch tch phn v gom. Cc thnh phn tn hiu u vo tch sng biu th: U1 = S12(t) dt - S0(t). S1(t)dt = + A2T V i vi vic thu ca S0(t): Uo = S0(t) .S1(t)dt - S02(t)dt = - A2T C th tm c tr s i vi tn hiu nh phn PSK bng phng trnh: = 2 A2T = 2A2/rb Tnh c ngng tch sng ti u: (ngng ti u) ppt = (U1 + U0)/2 = 0 l c lp vi cng sng mang u vo thu. V sng mang c mt ti mi thi im nn cng thu trung bnh l: Sav = A2/2 = C Xc sut li Pe Tp m i vo mch quyt nh c nh bi N = .B Trong 2B = W l rng bng tp m song bin. Pe PSK = 1/2 erfc [(C/N) ( /rb0 cos2]1/2
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2.3.2 PSK vi sai kt hp (D PSK). S khi ca my thu trong gii iu ch D PSK . Trong h thng ny my pht dch pha sng mang i 1800 so vi pha trong khong tn hiu trc , mt khi digit nh phn 1 c pht i. My thu gii iu ch tin tc nh phn bng cch so snh pha ca tn hiu thu vi pha trc trong khong trc. u im ca h thng ny l gii m sng mang iu ch m khng cn tn hiu dao ng ni kt hp. V vy s iu ch PSK vi sai kt hp c th xem nh mt loi khng kt hp ca s PSK kt hp ni trn y. (To cc tn hiu D PSK c minh ha trn hnh v). v d, tn hiu nh phn pht i c chui b(t) mt digit v lc bt u ca chui chn tu . Nhng digit k tip trong b(t) c xc nh theo biu thc: Bk = bk-1 .bk + bk-1 . bk Trong A+B = AB + AB chnh l biu thc Bool hoc-loi tr. C th xc nh c chui m ho b(k) s dng m nh phn 10101101 nh trong bng m ho vi sai. b(t) S liu
b(t)
nh phn
0 X l logic
Tr T
.khin mc
Acos 0t
s(t)
b(t-T) Acos 0t
Hnh 2.8(a) - B iu ch DPSK L mu

n(t)
Lc gii hn Tp m
s(t) Tr
Mch q. nh Ra
ng b
Hnh 2.8 (b) - B gii iu ch DPSK Trc khi chui vi sai b(t) xut hin u vo b dch mc, mc vo gi mc in p c nh ph hp vi mt trng thi logic nh phn. Trong v d cho tu mc tu chon tng ng vi mc nh phn 1 chui vi sai b(t) sau khi c mc logic ca n i t gi tr in p dng sang m, b dch kho pha
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sng mang i vo b iu ch cn bng. u ra b iu ch sng mang thay i pha khi b(t) thay i. L do ti sao pha pht i dch 00 khi c pht i thay v dch 1800 l phng mt sng mang khng cha dch pha v c ph tng i hp sy ra nn mt chui di 0 c gi i. Khi 1 c pht i truyn dn + radian vi chn bng radian v truyn dn radian khi 0 cpht i cho php pha sng mang b dch tng khong tn hiu ngay c khi mt chui di 0 c gi i . Kt qu ny c th hin trong ph tn hiu vi rng ph xp x bng 1/T . Cc thnh phn ph sng mang c s dng trong mt s trng hp duy tr ng b thi gian my thu. Phng php khi phc tn hiu nh phn cng mt sng mang D PSK minh ho trong hnh v. Tn hiu vo S1(t) cng vi tp m n(t), trc ht c lc hn ch cng sut tp m sau i qua b nhn hoc b hiu chnh, n c nhn s o bit tn hiu tr ca tn hiu vo. Tn hiu ca b nhn i qua b phn tch hay b lc thng thp tch ra hai tn s mang t dng sng tn hiu v tip n i vo mch quyt nh trong n so snh vi in p zero . Vic quyt nh thu c 1 hay 0 tu thuc vo in p ra b nhn dng hay m. Nhng u im ca h thng DPSK vi PSK l mch in khng phc tp to nn sng mang ni my thu. Tp m xy ra trong so snh pha (chun pha ) trong qu trnh truyn dn c xu hng b kh b v s suy yu cht lng khng ln nh lc xut hin nhng vic xc nh bit trong mch quyt nh c th da vo tn hiu thu c trong hai khong lin tip nhau, tp m trong khong 1 bit c th gy ra li i vi cc yu t xc nh 2 bit. Nh vy c mt yu t tng li trong cc li bit c khuynh hng xut hin tng i. T s li ca DPSK do s ln hn PSK 1 hoc 2dB cng mt t s sng mang trn tp m. 2.3.3 PSK M trng thi (M.ary). Loi s iu ch ny l mt trong nhng s thng dng nht trong truyn dn vi ba s. Nht l iu ch 4 PSK hay PSK cu phng (QPSK). Cng nh trong cc h thng bng gc PAM, s tn hiu trng thi c s dng truyn dn m tn hiu s ring bit qua mtknh hn che n bin bng cch thay i pha sng mang theo M (bc) bc gin on. u vit ca iu ch sngmang my pht vi tn hiu s khc bit n t M ngun khc bit c tc bit thp hn v rng bng vn gi nguyn.
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000 Trng thi vc t 1800 00
fs = fb/2
iu ch cn bng
A/2 cos 2f0t
Tn hiu vo -fb NRZ
00 A/2 cos 2f0t Chuyn ni tip song song Dch pha 900 900 Lc n my pht bng
-A/2 sin 2f0t A/2 sin 2f0t
fs = fb/2
iu ch cn bng
900 Trng thi vc t 01 2700 11 10 th vc t 00
Hnh 2.9 (a) B iu ch QPSK
~ ~ ~
Tn hiu thu Lc bng Chia cng sut Hi phuc sng mang B dch pha Q
Ly mu X
ng b
Chuyn song song ni tip
ra
~ ~ ~
Ly mu
Hnh 2.9 (b) - B gii iu ch QPSK V d xt mt lung bit nh phn c xc sut 1 v 0 nh nhau v tc bit l rb /s. rng bng cha 99% cng sut cn c pht tin tc ny bng PSK v thu theo PSK kt hp hay DPSK vi cc dng sng khc nhau, s l: rng bng 99% nh phn PSK = 19,3 rb (vung) = 3,74 (sin) = 2,96 (cosin - tng) = 3,28 (tam gic) By gi ta xt trng hp trong lung bit nh phn ny c to m trn sng mang cho M trng thi pha khc nhau. S lng bit m ho cn lm iu ny ly t
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log2M. Do d tc k hiu rb ca tn hiu m ho dng trong truyn dn cng tnh gn ng theo log2M: rs = rb (log2M) V th rng bng PSK vi M - ary gim xung gn h s log2 M m vn truyn c tin tc khc nhau. Trong trng hp M =4, cc rng bng 99% gim xung theo cc xung khc nhau: rng bng 4 PSK hay QPSK = 19,30 rb (log24) = 9,65 rb (vung) = 1,92 rb (sin) = 3,84 rb/2 = 2,00 rb ( cosin - tng ) = 4,00 rb /2 = 1,83 rb (tam gic) = 3,651r2/2 Thng thng rng bng c xc nh vi mt tc bit cho phn no hn rng bng 99% thng ly l: rb /0,8 vi PSK nh phn rb /0,9 vi 4 PSK rb /2,6 vi 8 PSK rb /2,6 vi 16 PSK V hiu dng rng bng bng tc bit rb chia cho rng bng trung tn IF tc l rb/w nn ph hiu dng thc t vi: PSK l 0,8 bit/s/Hz, Q PSK l 19,9 bit/s/Hz 8PSK l 2,6 bit/s/Hz 16PSK l 2,9 bit/s/Hz Vic gim rng bng ca h PSK M trng thi cho php tc bit nh phn cao hn (qua h s log2 M) vo my pht c dn vo h thng iu ch PSK nh phn qua mt rng bng tho mn i vi tc bit tn hiu nh phn v duy nht. Gii hn bng ca h thng v tuyn l mt vn quan trng v ph radio l mt ti nguyn c hn cn phi c s dng c hiu qu tha mn cc nhu cu tng ln v dung lng truyn dn. Vic gii hn bng tn nh v gim c cng sut tn hiu ngoi bng. Chc nng lc hn hp gia my pht v my thu cng c thit k chn tp m knh ln cn nh hng n nh nht v tch sng ti u my thu. Trong h thng PSK M trng thi pha ca sng mang c php c bt k trng thi pha no: k = 2k/M Trong k = 0,1,2 ..M-1, v mi trng thi pha hay dng sng u c nng lng bng nhau. Nh vy M kh nng tn hiu c truyn i trong mt khong k hiu Ts (Ts = 1/rb) c biu din theo:
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Sk (t) = A cos ( 0 t + 2k/M + ) k =0,1,2 ...M-1, vi 0<Ts M rng hm cosin ny dng sng tn hiu k c th biu din nh sau: Sk (t) = A1 cos0 t - Aq sin 0t Trong : A1 = A cos (2k)/M + ) v Aq = A sin (2k)/M + ) k = 0,1 ,2 ... M-1 Tn hiu trong phng trnh c th xem nh hai sng mang trc giao vi bin A1 v Aq ty theo pha c pht i 2k/M trong bt k khong tn hiu Ts. Hnh v minh ha hnh sao tn hiu i vi nh phn ASK, 4 ASK, 2 PSK, 4PSK hay QPSK v SPSK 8 trng thi pha. Nhng pha ca sng mang PSK lin quan n tn hiu cho trong phng trnh c biu th bng nhng im trong mt phng cch gc mt khong A v khc nhau mt gc 2k/M cho php quyt nh du nu nh pha tn hiu thu nm trong pha ngng /M ca pha pht i. i vi trng hp = 0 dng sng c 4 kh nng, mi dng sng c truyn i trong khong Ts t phng trnh chung c biu din nh sau: S0 (t) = A cos 0 t S1 (t) = -A sin0 t S2 (t) = -A cos 0 t S3 (t) = A sin0 t vi 0<T<Ts Nh ta c th thy dng sng ny tng ng vi cc lch pha sng mang l 00, 900,1800, 2700. Nu = /4 th S0(t), S 1(t), S2(t), S 3(t) s b dchi 45 0 ngc chiu kim ng h quay quanh s hnh sao. Vic nh cc khi m bit tn hiu vo i vi m trng thi iu ch khc nhau hay cc trng thi pha thng c thc hin bng mt m cho php cc trng thi pha ln cn khc mt digit nh phn ca t m M bit m ho. S to m m n cho php vic ny c in ra c gi l m Gray. S thay i ch mt bit thi im gia cc trng thi pha k nhau trong qu trnh gii iu ch ngn cc bin logic xy ra v bo m l hu nh cc li xy ra ( l vic la chn li ca trng thi pha ln cn) ch to ra mt bit ch khng phi l li bit nhn. Hnh v minh ho b iu ch gm QPSK v b gii iu ch kt hp. Lung bit nh phn i vo b chuyn i ni tip - song song. Hai lung bit nh phn c tc bit n bng mt na. Mt lung bit i vo b iu ch cn bng, mt lung trc tip ii t b dao ng sng mang v lung kia i qua b dch pha 900. Tn hiu ra b iu ch gm c cc tn hiu ta gi l I (cng pha) v Q (trc pha ) v sng mang song bin b nn ( do
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iu ch cn bng ) . V cc tn hiu nh phn i vo tng b iu ch u lm cho sng mang thay i pha 00 v 1800 nn trong ng cu phng nn thay i pha 900 c ngha l cc dch pha sng mang nm gia 900 v 2700 .Do tng tuyn tnh ca nhng tn hiu trc dao s to ra nhng tn hiu 4PSK hay QPSK sn sng i vo my pht qua b lc bng to dng ph. M ho cc trng thi ph thuc trc tip vo chui nh phn, vo cc mch iu ch my pht. Trong my thu s khc nhau ch yu l ngc li vi mch my pht, l mch khi phc sng mang. Mch ny yu cu phi nhn c mt sng mang cha iu ch c kho pha vi mch sng mang sao cho vic gii quyt iu ch v cc qu trnh tch sngc th t c. iu cn thit i vi chun pha da trn sng mang pht chng t l my thu kt hp. a- M ho vi sai bng gc (DE-PSK). Lung s liu bng gc c th s l bng mt s phng phpkhc nhau tu theo loi iu ch my pht hoc s cc mc iu ch, d dng gii quyt iu ch. d dng gii thch v do tnh thng dng ca n nn ta s lyQPSK hay 4PSK lm v d: Lm th no chuyn i tn hiu vo nh phn thnh cc trng thi pha khc nhau v lm th no chuyn i ngc li s liu nh phn ? Hnh v l s khi ca b iu ch v gii iu ch ca h thng QPSK. V iu pha M trng thi c nghi l chuyn mch sng mang vo mt trong s cc trng thi pha ri rc vi s iu khin ca lung s liu, n cn phi c pha chun truyn i tch c nhng trng thi pha ny u thu. iu c th thc hin bng cch pht pha 00 mt thi im xc nh trc khi pht s liu, nhng do mo trong dng sng RF nn c th xy ra bin i pha v mt chun, tt nhin kt qu s liu b sai lch. tho mn nhu cu i vi pha chun khng c pht 00, dibit pht i (hoc mt khi gm hai bit nh phn) c ci bin bng mt lng gi tr tu theo quan h ca n vi dibit trc n. iu ny thng t c bng cch s dngcng modul 4 trong cc dibit n c cng thm tng s cc dibit trc . Sau kt qu ra b cng dng iu khin b iu pha m nh phn (khng phi m Gray). i vi b iu ch ny ta c: S0(t) = 00 ; S1(t) = 01; S2(t) = 11; S3(t) = 10. Biu thc cng modul 4 s l: bk = b k-1 + bk Trong : bk: l s liu ra t b cng modul 4 bk-1: l s liu b ra tr 1bit bk : l s liu vo b cng
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Php cng l cng nh phn, u thu qu trnh ny o li bng b tr modul 4 c biu din theo: bk = bk - bk-1 Php tr l php tr nh phn chng minh nguyn l, gi s chui nh phn l: 0100 011100 10 1011 01 chui ny nhm li thnh mt khi dibit s l: 01 00 01 11 00 10 10 11 01. Khi chui ny a vo b cng u ra s c: 01 10 01 01 11 01 00 01. Khi a chui ny n b iu ch nh phn qua b chuyn i ni tip- song song hai bit, chui s to ra nhng pha u ra tun theo chun pha nh sau: 900, 1800, 900, 900, 2700, 900, 00, 900,. V pha thu sng mang b gii iu ch thu s khi phc tng b dch pha ny. V b gii iu ch khng c thng tin v pha chun n s t chn mt trong 4 trng thi pha lm pha chun (00). Gi s trng thi pha th nht thu c chn lm pha chun th cc trng thi pha thu c s l:00, 900, 00, 00, 1800, 00, 2700. Nhng trng thi pha ny tng ng vi m nh phn: 01 11 00 10 10 11 01 tng ng vi dibit th 3 n. bt u ct chui xung 2 dibit u b loi khi chui nhng khng cn phi gi trc tip mt tn hiu chun m t b gii iu ch c th lm vic. H thng iu ch ny gi l m ho vi sai PSK hay DE PSK. Xc sut li vi cc C/N khc nhau hu nh nm gi BPSK v DPSK. S iu ch digital thng yu cu tch sng kt hp. Mt h thng PSK yu cu mt chun pha my thu, trong h thng thng tin thc t n c pht i cng vi tone (m thanh) kho (v vi DPSK cng l tone nh vy i vi sng mang tn hiu ).
Knh s liu Lc knh tn s Lc knh s liu Tch sng ng b Mc q. nh Chui s liu pht ra Bi tn X Lcthp VCO nh thi gian bit
Chia tn 2
Hnh 2.10 (a) My thu mch vng theo di cu phng
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Knh s liu Lc knh tn s Lc tone hng dn Lc knh s liu Tch sng ng b Mc q. nh
Chui s liu pht ra
Tng hp tn s
nh thi gian bit
Hnh 2.10 (b) My thu c mch vng theo di TONE hng dn

Lc knh tn s Lc bng X Tr mt bit Lc bng nh thi gian bit Lc thp Mc q. nh Chui s liu pht ra
Hnh 2.10 (c) My thu DPSK gi ng b ng, tn hiu kho pha v tn hiu chun phi gn lin vi nhau v tn s v thi gian sao cho nhng bin ng dc ddng truyn tc ng ln c hai nh nhau. C bn phng thc PSK c bn, trong tt c cc phng thc u c th c xt trong h thng PSK M trng thi. Phng thc th nht gm PSK nh phn hay BPSK v PSK cu phng QPSK trong pha ca mt thnh phn cu phng khc vn khng b kho. T hp trn mt s khong thi gian b kho cung cp tone hng dn chun khng kho. Phng thc th hai l m ho vi sai PSK (DE PSK) m t. Phng thc th ba l vi sai PSK (DPSK) nh ni, trong cng tone (m thanh) nh vy p ng cho c tn hiu v chun. Pha trong sut khong thi gian kho lm chun cho khong thi gian kho tip sau. Phng thc th t ly mt tn khc nhng c th xp hng di tiu PSK tone -ln cn (AT-PSK). l mt h thng trong mt tone chun c c pht tn s k bn ng thi vi tone kho. Bn pha thu, pha ca chun c hiu chnh b vo s lch tn s gia chun v tone kho. Chun ca tone ln cn c th l sng mang ph hoc tone hng dn nh r loi PSK nh kho dch pha tone hng dn (PT-PSK). Tn s tone hng dn gn
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tn s ca tn hiu s liu khc phc nhng suy gim tng t ca knh. Chun pha tch ng b nhn c u ra mt b lc mc hay l mch vng theo di mc kho pha. C nhiu phng php khc nhau c ngin cu, nhng tu chung li cng l nhng bin th hoc t hp ca 4 loi c bn k trn. Loi PSK nh gi trc tip mc quyt nh (DDM-PSK) l mt h thng cu trc loi tone chun bng cch ng b pha trong nhng khong kho tip theo da trn mc quyt ng xc nhn. H DDM-PSK c th xem nh suy rng t DPSK trong dng nhiu khong thi gian hn khong ngay trc . Mt h thng khc c t l li nh hn c PT-ASK v DPSK l h thng mch vng theo di cu phng.Trong h thng ny my thu c hai knh s l tn hiu cung cp v cho phn tch sng ca my thu. Knh s liu l b lc khng bin thin theo thi gian bng hp c rng bng rng trnh tp m gia cc k hiu. V mc ch ca knh chun l so snh v nh gi pha sng mang, ly trung bnh nhiu (hn mt) khong k hiu, kho o pha phi c ly ra t s liu nn sng mang. iu ny t c nh b qui lut-bnh phng ly ra s iu ch c pha lin tc gp i tn s trung gian. Mt mch vng kho pha c th dng theo di v lm mn tn hiu ra c tn s gp i. Khi chia i tn s ny tn s mang chun c khi phc, hnh v minh ho s khi ca my thu c mch vng theo di cu phng (a), my thu c mch vng theo di tonehng dn (b), my thu DPSK(c). Vi DE-PSK, tin tc c chuyn tip trong pha sng mang. V mt li bit quyt nh trn mt bit c tch ra s gy ra li khc trn bit tip theo nn cht lng ca DEPSK hi km hn PSK kt hp. Vi DPSK cng nh DE-PSK tin tc c m ho vi sai, s khc nhau gia hai h ny l loi tch sng s dng trong . B tch sng DPSK khng c nh ly ra mt chun pha kt hp v tn hiu t khong bit trc c dng nh l mt chun pha i vi khong bit hin ti. V tn hiu chun pha khng ng u (san bng) qua nhiu khong bit nn cht lng ca DPSK khng tt bng DE-PSK b-Xc sut li PE i vi cc h thng PSK kt hp M trng thi. Trong tch sng kt hp, iu tt nht c th lm c khi c tp m Gausiantrung bnh khng - trng - tnh - b xung, l tin hnh d on thng tin c truyn i. Do vic nh gi (o) cht lng ca b tch song s l s ln d on sai trong mt chui di in hnh ca nhng thng tin. Qui tc hp l c chp thun l gi s tn hiu c im thng tin nm st nht mc tn hiu thu l thng tin thc s c truyn i. Sau i vi tch sng kt hp quy tc quyt nh chn im thng tin gn im thu nht s cc tiu ho xc sut li. Mt b tch sng nh vy bit l mt b tch sng c nhiu kh nng ng cc i i vi QPSK c 4 im tn hiu c th c truyn i nh trn s hnh sao. thc hin quy lut quyt nh khong tn hiu c phn chia
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thnh 4 min c khong cch bng nhau i vi 4 tn hiu S0 S3, lc ny quy tc quyt nh tr nn n gin on nhn S0(t) c truyn i nu nh im tn hiu thu ri vo im 0... C th c quyt nh sai nu nh v d S3(t) c truyn i v nhiu nh vy lm cho im tn hiu thu ri ra ngoi min 3. Xc sut li vi trng hp kt hp v tp m Gausian song bin (2 = nB) khi rng bng tp m IF l: W = 2B v tc bit rs cho Ta c: 1/2 erfc [C/N (w/rs). sin2 (/M)]1/2 < Pe PSK kt hp M trng thi <erfc [C/N (w/rs). sin2 (/M)]1/2 Hnh biu din Pe ca cc s iu ch khc nhau minh ho phng trnh, ng chm i vi M=4 v M=8 dng tp m song bin C/N trong : w = rs = rb/log2 M Vi trng hp c bit M = 4, gi tr Pe c th chnh xc: Pe QPSK kt hp = erfc [(1/2)(C/N)(w/rs)]1/2 - (1/4)erfc2 [(1/2)(C/N)(w/rs)]1/2 gi nguyn Pe khi tng tr s M cn tng s chnh lch ca C/N duy tr gi tr Pe. Vi Pe = 10-5, tng M t 4 ln 8 cn phi tng C/N thm 4 dB, tng M t 8 n 16 ch cn tng C/N thm 5dB cng duy tr c Pe, vi gi tr M ln khi M gp i yu cu, C/N tng thm 6 dB t cht lng nh vy. Do xp xp (nh x) cc trng thi pha iu ch nhng li k hiu k bit ch gm c li n nht iu cho php t l li bit tng ng(E BER) vi PSK M trng thi gn xp x Pe M PSK/log2M. Vi mt tp m cng vo gi nguyn C/N cao v vi cng t l li 3PSK yu cu nng lng 0,75dB/bit nh hn 2PSK hay 4PSK (QPSK). Nhng vi C/N thp, 3PSK yu cu ln hn 0,74dB. Hot ng ca b gii iu ch cng tng t nh Costas a ra nm 1956. Hot ng ca mch nh sau: Tn hiu thu c i vo b lc thng bng dng hn ch tp m ngoi bng v cc tp m bt k ca knh ln cn. B r cng sut, r tn hiu iu ch c gii hn bng theo ng truyn I v Q. Nh ta thy c hai my thu c bn c cu trc vi cng tn hiu vo nhng dao ng ni li lch pha nhau 900 (cu phng). Nh tn gi bao hm, mch khi phc sng mang lyn t tn hiu vo mt tn hiu nh thi c kho i vi tn hiu n. Sau sng mang phc hi r ra hai ng truyn. Trong mt ng truyn sng mang ni trc tip vo mt trong hai b trn cn bng gii iu ch ra tn hiu I v trong ng truyn kia sng mang dch pha 900 trc khi i vo b trn th hai gii iu ch ra tn hiu Q. Tn hiu ng b ly t tn hiu n dng cung cp nhng thi im mu ng tch cc trng thi logic trong tn hiu bng gc. Do
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ng truyn v nhng nhuyn nhn khc, sng mang khi phc ny c th c c trt nh hng n nhng thi im mu ti u v do lm tng t s li bit. c - 8 PSK. Phng trnh xc sut li ca mt h thng 8 PSK l phng trnh(a) vi M = 8 hnh biu din Pe ca cc s iu ch khc nhau ch r xc sut li k vng l thuyt i v c bin gii trn v di. i vi C/N vo khc nhau trong rng bng rs. Ch l cc th biu din cng ng cong c th c Eb/ cng nh nng lng/ mt ph bit/tp m. Nu nh vy th vi M = 8: Eb/ = (C/N)/log2M = [(C/N)-4,77]dB Hnh v minh ho s khi ca my pht v my thu 8PSK in hnh. th hnh sao minh ha mong mun i vi = 0 nh ta thy hnh trn, s liu nh phn vo r ra lm ba lung nh phn song song mi lung c tc .
fs = fb/3 Chuyn i
A B fb NRZ Phn phi bit nh phn 2-4
iu ch cn bng +45
B no B Dch pha 450
BPS n my pht 011 001 010 110 111 000 101 100
Chuyn i 2-4
iu ch cn bng
Hnh 2.11 (a) - B iu ch 8 - PSK
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IF
Cn bng ng IF
Tch pha
To li k hiu
Theo logic
S.song n.tip NRZ
Khi phc sng mang
ng h
1/3
ng h
SMB
T
SMB
Hnh 2.11 (b) - B gii iu ch 8-PSK Bit rs =1/3 tc bit ca lung bit vo. B logic iu ch hoc b chuyn i 2 thnh 4 trng thi, cho 4 trng thi logic t tn hiu nh phn va 2 mc Av B hoc B v C. l +/+, +/-, -/+, -/-. Nu trng thi logic u vo B l 1 th u ra ca b chuyn i mc nh s c tn hiu ra c mc ln hn mc ra ca b chuyn i 2 mc thp (y) thnh 4 mc. Cc tn hiu bng gc 4 trng thi sau dng a vo b iu ch cn bng. Sng mang ca cc b iu ch ly t mt b dao ng ni c u ra i ngu. Mi u ra lch pha nhau 450 cho php hnh sao ra nh th. Cc tn hiu ra ca b iu ch nn sng mang cng pha I v cu phng pha Q c t hp li chn ra mt IF l sng mang iu ch vi tn hiu 8 PSK. Ph ca 8 PSK sau c lc cho u ra ca b lc bng thng mt ph cosin tng vi h s un khong 0,6. B gii iu ch thng gm cc mch sau: - Mt b cn bng thch ng IF dng b li s tn tht (tiu tn) bin do hiu ng pha inh chn lc. - Khi phc sng mang IF qua vic s l bng gc s. - Khi phc ng h nhp qua tch sng hnh bao IF v lc bng hp. - Gii m vi sai (nu c) v chuyn i song song - ni tip cho ra bng gc nguyn thu c tc rb.
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Cc h 8 PSK xut hin c s dng trong vi ba c tc n 100 Mbit/s(70 Mbit/GTE v 90 Mbit/s - rockwell collins) . 2.3.4 Cc b gim st cht lng. Vic nh gi t s li ca my thu c th c thc hin bng cc thit b nh cc khi gim st cht lng (PMU). Nhng b ny s xc nh t s li m khng cn dng n nhng truyn dn c bit, khng cn bit s liu ang c truyn i v khng cn dng n ngun lu lng. Nh l mt phn t ca h thng thng tin thch ng PMU c th dng d xc nh khi cn c thay i thch ng bng cch so snh cc t s c li do kt qu t cc ln chn khc nhau, chn s thay i tt nht c th tin hnh bt c lc no. T l li nh gi chnh xc trong phm vi mt h s ca 3 ln xut hin l tho nm trong hu ht ng dng. K thut n gin nht l m trc tip cc li. iu yu cu trong truyn dn c cha d hoc di dng tn hiu o c, my thu nhn dng hoc bng nhng dilinh kim tra chn l trong m pht hin li. Nhc im ca phng php ny l mt khong thi gian di qu mc m cc li mi nh gi tin cy cc t s li thc nu nh t s li rt thp. Mt k thut chung khc c s dng c th m rng i vi phn ln cc loi iu ch s thng gp (PSK, QPSK, FSK) k thut ny bao hm vic ngoi suy t s li vi gim st cht lng thng qua vic s dng hai hoc nhiu hn cc ngng quyt nh ci bin vi mt my thu s to ra mt t l li ngu nhin ln hn my thu thc v o t l li ngu nhin ny. Sau gim st s ngoi suy t t l li ngu nhin c mt lng m t c th suy ra t s s t c vi mt tiu chun quyt nh cha ci bin. K thut ny c s dng trong PMU cho c PSK kt hp vi s lng M trng thi pha ty chn. Khi ny lm vic theo cch xem xt s lch pha gia xung tn hiu thu v chun pha ri so snh vi ngng quyt nh ci bin. T so snh mt li ngu nhin c ghi li nu lch pha c nhng gi tr nht nh. 2.3.5 Quan h gia tp m song bin C/N v Eb/. Nng lng trung bnh ca Eb bit c xc nh: Eb = Sav = A2 T/2 ( tr trng hp ASK--> Eb = A2 cT/4 ) = Sav /rb Trong : - T l thi im ko di ca bit = 1/rb - Sav l cng sut sng mang trung bnh. Mt ph cng sut tp m songbin /2 c a ra di dng cng sut tp m song bin N hoc s bin thin ca phn b Gaussian 2 l :
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N = 2 = B - (/2) ( 2B ) = /2 w Trong N l rng bng tp m ca k hiu song bin ang c xem xt. Mt ph cng sut tp m /2 l i vi rng bng tp m song bin 2B. Phng trnh trn chng t rng mc s dng mt rng bng tp m n bin, mt ph tp m s l hoc gp hai ln trong trng hp song bin. V cng sut sng mang cha iu ch C ch c xt trong cc phng trnh Pe nhm mc ch so snh cc c s iu ch vi nhau. Sav li c xc nh theo C. C = Sav =A2 /2 = Ebrb = Esrs V Es = Eblog2M v rb = rs log2M, wb = w log2 M Trong A l bin in p sng mang hnh sin. T s Eb / i vi h thng M trng thi c th lin quan n C/N. Eb / = (C/N) (w/rb) = (C/N) [w/ (rs log2M)] = 1/log2 M (Es/ ) Trong s biu th cho k hiu, rs l k hiu ttc Baud v w l rng bng ca tn hiu. cho sng mang thu khng b mo, rng bng IF c tng ln bi h s un (i vi b lc cosin - tng) trm ln rng bng truyn Nyquist rs /2. S tng ny c th hin do tp m song bin nhn c v rng bng ca b lc IF thu c rng ca b lc IF thu. B lc thu IF thu c rng bng gp i rng bng truyn my pht. Cc phng trnh i vi Pe mong mun i vi tn hiu thu, v mt cch l tng rng bng gp i ca mu thu s a mt mo nh (ISI) v rng bng n bin ca tn hiu ngun nguyn thu IF, rng bng tp m hoc rng bng k hiu w ca my thu c biu th theo rb v nh sau: ws = rs (1+ ) = [rb (1 + )]/ log2 M Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c: C/N = (Eb/ )log2 M/1 + l h s un ca cosin-tng. 2.3.6 DPSK M trng thi. St s PSK vi sai M trng thi vi M = 4 t phng trnh: Sk(t) = A1 cos0t - AQ sin0 t Cc tn hiu PSk c th xem nh 2 tn hiu nh phn PSK dng sng mang cu phng. S m ho vi sai 4 c th quan nim l m ho vi sai ca 2 sng mang PSK nh phn v my thu, 4 DPSK gm c hai b tch sng hai pha c mnh ho trn hnh v. Vi M = 8 c th p dng nguyn tc nh th trong cu trc v s m rng ngay trong trng hp 4 pha. i vi my thu nh vy, s dng vic o c tr tn hiu thu
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cng nh gc pha ca chng. Nt khc bit ca h thng DPSK l c min tch sng nh trc trong khong cch tn hiu tng ng vi mt tn hiu ring bit c pht i. Hn na s quyt nh da vo gc pha gia cc tn hiu thu k tip. Vi 4 DPSK dch pha tng i gia cc khong k tip nhau l , +/2; + v +3 /2. Hai hnh sao tn hiu thng dng tng ng vi v +/4 c minh ho trn hnh v. = 0 h gi iu ch s c dch pha 450 nh v trong mi ng tr v b nhn cn bng. So snh vi PSK 2 pha khi C/N ln. V DPSK khng cn n mt phng php phc tp nh gi sng mang nn thng c s dng trong h thng thng tin s. Nhng DPSK 4 pha v cht lng km hn DPSK khong 2,3 dB yu cu i vi 4 DPSK phi c xt trong mi lin quan vi vic gim phc tp ca mch. Biu thc ca xc sut li i vi DPSK M trng thi v vi M=4 c minh ha trong hnh v khi w=rs . Pe M DPSK= erfc [(C/N) (w/rs) sin2 ()/M1/2)]2 Vi M4 . Tnh cht l ca h DPSK M trng thi c tp m v nhiu c Rosenbaum nh gi. Phn tch nh phn dn n gii hn trn v di i vi xc sut li k hiu.
2 0 01 11 10 00 11 18 = /4 Lc bng thng phi hp Tr mt bit Lc bng thng phi hp Khi phc
(b)
2 00
Lc knh tn s
Lc bng thp
So snh mc ngng Chui s liu tch
Dch pha 900 Lc bng thp So snh mc ngng Chui s liu tch
nh thi
Hnh 2.12 (a) - th hnh sao , (b) - My thu 4-DPSK

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2.3.7 iu ch pha cu phng lch (OK- QPSK hay OQPSK) (iu ch hai trng thi pha kp). Nh ni trn, thng tin s ca tn hiu QPSK c a vo trong cc sng mang cu phng ng thi qua cc b iu ch cn bng. Trong iu ch pha cu phng lch, tin tc s c a vo cc sng mang nhng c nh ca thi im khc nhau. iu c thc hin nh c b tr thi gian 1 bit ca tn hiu vo nh phn trong ng truyn bng gc ca iu ch cu phng my pht v trong ng truyn bng gc ca b iu ch ng pha (I) my thu. Mt cng sut ph cha lc c biu th: P(f) OQPSK = 2CT [ sin(2fT)/2fT ]2 Trong : C l cng sut sng mang (A2/2) T l thi gian bit ca thng tin vo. Hnh v minh ho ph ca OQPSK hay OK- QPSK cng vi s khi ca b iu ch pht v gii iu ch thu. S dng OK-QPSK qua QPSK c u vit l c tnh ph hp d dng ly ng b t tn hiu thu. Ph ra cc b iu ch cn bng c rng gp i ph bng gc v ph song binc to nn trong qu trnh nhn. Cn thit phi lc t c C/N thp nht. Vi mt Pe cho cng nh duy tr iu kin ca tp m gia cc k hiu zero v dng b lc cosin - vi h s un bng mt. H s s dng ph l 2 bit/s/Hz hoc log2M. Xc sut li i vi tch sng tin tc trong h thng OQPSK kt hp dng b lc cosin - tng vi rng bng 2rb hoc h s un bng mt tt hn loi QPSK qnen thuc l 1dB. Nh vy cn c mt t l li cho C/N cn phi nh hn 1dB Xc sut li: Trong tn hiu OK QPSK nhng chuyn tip bit i vi mt knh nh phn l gia cc khong bit i vi knh khc. Do tnh c lp, bnh ng nn hu nh vic la chn cc dng hay cc m i vi mi bit u c xc sut chuyn tip bng mt na. Khi c chuyn tip xy ra, s ghp - cho (xuyn m cho) bin i gia cc bit ca knh nh phn khc v s xuyn m gia cc knh trong thi gian na u ca khong bit s b xo do nh hng ca cc i ngch trong khong thi gian na sau ca khong bit ( tp m ) do khi chuyn tip mt bit, cht lng tch sng cng ging nh i vi tn hiu BPSK. Nu khng xy ra chuyn tip tp m xuyn m s khng i trong sut khong bit c tch sng. Xuyn m cho ny c xc sut thit lp v hu b bng nhau tng ng vi cc cc dng m xut hin bng nhau i vi h s xuyn m sin . Nh vy khi khng c chuyn tip bitcht lng tch sng cng ging nh tn hiu QPSK. Do cht lng tch sng ca OQPSK t c vo khong gia cht lng ca BPSK v QPSK .
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Lc pht Vo s liu S(t) B dch pha 900 Lc pht Tp m trng Lc pht
Lc thu
Ngng q.nh Tr b Ni tip s.song
Ni tip rb = 1/T s.song Tr b
B dch pha 900 Lc thu
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Ngng q.nh
Hnh 2.13 (a) B iu ch v gii iu ch OQPSK
Mt ph cng sut
OQPSK fc tn s trung tm
3/2T 1/T 1/2T fc 1/2T 1/T 3/2T
Hnh 2.13 (b) Ph Ta c: Pe (OK QPSK) = (1/4)erfc[C/N(w/rs)]1/2 + 1/2erfc [(1/2)(C/N)(w/rs)]1/2- 1/8erfc2 (1/2.C/N.w/rs)1/2 2.4 iu ch kho dch tn s (FSK). FSK c th xem nh tn hiu trc giao. Cc s ch yu u c s dng cho truyn s liu tc thp. L do dng rng ri cc modem s liu l tng i d dng to tn hiu v dng gii iu ch khng kt hp. Nhng cc s FSK khng c hiu qu nh s PSK v mt cng sut v rng bng s dng. Nh tn gi, tin tc c truyn i mt cch n gin bng cch dch tn s sng mang mt lng nht nh tng ng vi mc nh phn 1 v 0. Hnh v l qu trnh iu tnmt sng mang vi tn hiu nh phn 10101101. Trong FSK hai trng thi hai dng tn hiu c th biu th bi: S1(t) = A cos(0+d)t ; S0(t) = A cos(0-d)t Ging nh dng sng PSK, bin sng mang A khng i cn tn s b dch i gia cc gi tr (0+d) v (0-d). Trong khi xt c tnh ph ca FSK phn bit hai
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trng hp xut pht t hnh vi ca gc pha trong biu thc ca tn hiu S1(t) vo my thu: S1(t) = A cos0 t + d ak g (t-kT) dt + Trong ak l h s i trng s i vi khong th k v l cc bin s ngu
nhin giai on. Nu gi s l ngu nhin v phn b ng u trong 2 th khng c quan h vi iu ch v c th nhng chuyn tip tn hiu ly bt k mt gi tr ngu nhin no . iu dn n kh nng pha khng lin tc nh hnh (b) v iu ch c hiu l FSK pha khng lin tc. FSK pha lin tc c th t c bng cch bt phi c mt tng quan nht nh vi tn hiu iu ch. Truyn dn s liu nh phn c n nh cao v nhiu gia cc k hiu khng ng k l mt iu kh t c trong h thng FM hai trng thi lin tc. L do l FSK hai trng thi yu cu c hai tn s phi biu th hai trng thi nh phn v xy dng mt h thng pha - lin tc s dng hai b dao ng ring bit, yu cu v mch rt phc tp. Phng n chn l FM kho ch dng mt b dao ng iu khin bng in p, trong khi mt h thng vi pha lin tc nhng im chuyn tip bit, chnh xc tn s tng i thap v tc bit s khng b kho mt trong hai tn s i din cho cc trng thi logic 1 v 0.
Mi trng Vo s liu nh phn My pht truyn dn ng b B lc thng bng B lc thng bng Tch sng hnh bao Tch sng hnh bao
Mch q.nh S liu ra
AVG
ng dy tr 2 bit
iu ch
B lc thp
B chia ct nh phn
S liu
ra B lc thp B lc thp
AVG
ng dy tr 2 bit ng dy tr 2 bit
iu ch
B chia ct nh phn
iu ch
S liu
ra
Hnh 2.14 Cc h thng tch sng kt hp vi sai khng kt hp v kt hp Khoa TVT - HBK H ni http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang - 47 -
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Mt h thng FM hai trng thi l tng c cng nhn trong s chnh lch gia cc tn s 1 v 0 tc l di tn (nh - nh) l 2f d bng tc bit rb.. Hn na cc tn s 1 v 0 b kho theo tc bit. Mt h thng c cng nhn, trong ch c mt ngun tn s iu khin h thng v cung cp cho ra cc tn hiu 1 v 0 theo tc bit. Biu th ph FSK gm mt chui bng dng th tt hn l ton hc. 2.4.1 FSK kt hp (CFSK). Tch sng tng quan FSK t c khong cch dng b gii m iu ch ti u c hm tng quan - cho. Loi tchs sng ny t dng trong thc t do kh khn v lin kt vi cc tn s r my thu ging nh my pht. Khong cch bit tn s ti thiu hay di tn nh - nh cc tiu: 2fd khi trc giao (tng quan - cho = 0) vi tch sng kt hp l 2fd = rb/2 *Xc sut li ca CFSK hai trng thi. Biu thc xc sut li Pe : Pe FSK = 1/2 erfc [(1/2)(w/rb) (C/N)]1/2 So snh xc sut li ca FSK theo phng trnh trn vi PSK trong phng trnh: Pe PSK = 1/2 erfc [(w/rb) (C/N)]1/2 Ta thy xc sut li bng nhau nu nh cng sut sng mang ca FSK tng thm 3 dB. Vi FSK kt hp 99% rng bng yu cu tun theo qui lut Carlson tc l bng hai ln di tn nh - nh cng vi hai ln tn s iu ch cao nht. Nu tn s iu ch cao nht tnh t 0 (t DC) c th xem bng mt na rng bng trung tn W. di tn nh - nh chia ht cho tn s iu ch cao nht c nh ngha l ch s iu ch m v c th xem l di tn nh - nh chia ht cho rng bng w.99% rng bng truyn dn l 2(1+m)w. Bng bn nu ln cc ch s iu ch m ng vi cc tr s 99% rng bng truyn dn c tc bit tiu chun ho rb vi cc b lc c c tuyn dc. Ta c th chn c di tn cng nh cng tt nhng xc sut li Pe cng l mt hm ca di tn. Gim di tn, Pe s tng ln, ga tr ti u ca di tn s c xc nh 0,7 v gim di tn xung 0,5s dn n C/N chu thit i 1,6 dB khi Pe = 10-6 v w = rb. rng bng w = rb cng l ti u trong trng hp ny. Hnh v s khi ca my thu FSK kt hp nh m t, trong u ra ca b lc bng thng s cha mc m c quan h kt hp vi cc tn s sng mang thng tin. Mc m ny s xut hin chnh xc cc tn s 1 v 0. Hn na chng chim mt na cng sut tng v chnh lch ca chngcung cp tn s nhp bit vi pha ph hp.
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2.4.2 FSK khng kt hp (NCFSK) Ph tn ca FSK khi di tn nh - nh 2fb = k.rb,trong k l s nguyn xut hin nh hai ln ph ASK c cc tn s mang l (f0-fd) v (f0+fd). iu ni ln rng tn hiu mang tin di nhng iu kin nh vy s c th tch ra nh hai b lc thng bng vi tn s trung tm l (f0-fd) v (f0+fd). Mch tch sng in hnh minh ho trong hnh v, khi gia tn s mang v tc bit c quan h n tr nh f0 = nrb th c nghi l sng mang c quan h kt hp (duy nht) vi tc bit ca tn hiu mang tin. C th c ba loi qu trnh tch sng: - Tch sng kt hp - Tch sng khng kt hp - Tch sng kt hp vi sai dng tr *Xc sut li Pe ca FSK khng kt hp hai trng thi: Biu thc Pe = 1/2 erfc [-(1/2)(w/rb)(C/N)] N c th c gi tr ch sau b tch sng hnh bao c cc b lc bng thng v mt thit b quyt nh, khong cch tn s 2fd phi bng t nht l 1/T (hay m>1) trnh bng thng ca hai b lc chng ln ln nhau. C th dng b tch sng tn s chuyn i nhng bin thin tn s thnh nhng bin thin bin sao cho tch sng hnh bao iu bin c th thc hin c.Phng php ny hn ch nhng nhc im ni trn vi ch s iu ch m 1. 2.4.3 Gii iu ch FSK kt hp vi sai. Qu trnh tch sng khng kt hp (NC-FSK) phi chu nhng bin i v tn s v dch pha do mi trng truyn dn gy ra. khc phc vn ny, nht l khi C/N thp qu trnh kt hp vi sai vi ng dy tr c th gii quyt c. Quan trng l thi gian tr ca ng dy tr phi bng mt na thi gian bit. Vi C/N rt thp, h thng s khng chc chn v tp m lm sai lc chun tn mang tng i. Khi C/N thp tn dng nhng thnh phn tin gin on l mt phn nguyn vn ca dng sng thu v n c th cung cp chun kt hp tuyt i, nhng thnh phn ny mang mt na tng cng sut v d dng lc ra. Trong h thng thc t, cc b lc bng vi rng bng 3 dB, tc bit rb dao ng khong 5% s tho mn. Tn s nhp kt hp thu c t s chnh lch ca hai tn s pht, trnh c phi ly nhp t cc chuyn tip s liu. Qu trnh tch sng kt hp vi sai c minh ho trn hnh v. Nh vy khi m hai tn s ng nht chng s ng pha hoc lch pha 1800 v cho ra sau b lc thng bng tn hiu cc i hoc cc tiu. Nu chng khc nhau trong sut c khong na bit s xy ra chuyn tip gia 1 v 0 hoc ngc li.
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2.4.4 So snh FSK v ASK T cc th trn hnh v ta thy FSK khng t l li tt hn ASK, tr khi vi gi tr C/N nh. rng bng cn thit vi FSK cng rng hn i vi ASK nu dng b tch sng hn ch. Nhng u im FSK i vi ASK l: - Tnh cht bin khng i ca tn hiu sng mang khng gy lng ph cng sut v to kh nng min tr i vi tp m. - Mc ngng ti u ca b tch sng c lp i vi bin A ca sng mang v C/N. iu c ngha l ngng khng cn phi hiu chnh khi thay i c tnh knh truyn dn. FSK hai trng thi c s dng trong truyn s liu tc thp, nhng cng c p dng trong cc h thng thng tin ph rng hay cc chng tn s c cc mc (tone) 1 v 0 khng cn trc giao. 2.4.5 FSK M trng thi. a. Tch sng kt hp. Xc sut li trong cc h thng ghpknh FSK vi tch sng kt hp khng c biu th bng Hm hiu n gin. Ni chung biu thc chp nhn c i vi xc sut li nh sau: Pe kt hp Mary = (1/2) {1-[1-(1/2)erfc(x/2)]M-1} exp {-1/2[x-(w/rs)(2C/N)1/2]2}dx Trong M l s lng tn s kho v C/N l t s tn hiu trn tp m trong rng bng tp m song bin. Nhng tr s Pe i vi cc tr s M khc nhau u cho trong hnh v. V M dng sng tn hiu bt k mi ci c tn s khc nhau hu nh bng nhau. Biu thc trn l xc sut trung bnh ca li k hiu, nh phng trnh ch r: Eb/ = (C/N)(w/rb) = (C/N) [w/(rslog2M)] = 1/log2M(Es/) C/N = (Eb/)[log2M/(1+ )] ( l h s un cong cosin tng ) Cht lng ca cc s iu ch khc nhau c th so snh theo Eb/ hn l C/N, cho php ta c mt nh gi gia cc s iu ch M trng thi khc nhau dng cc gi tr ca M. Nh ni trn i vi M trng thi hoc dng sng mi k hiu m ho cn c log2 M bit m nh phn, do t phng trnh i vi b lc cosin tng: Eb/ =[(1+ )/log2M ](C/N)
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chuyn i xc sut li k hiu cho trong phng trnh thnh xc sut tng ng ca mt li bit nh phn ta phi xt n bng cch cc li xut hin trong h thng li trc giao. S lng t hp ca log2M Cn l s kh nng n bit nh phn ngoi log2M bit c th b li. i vi cc tn hiu trc giao cng kh nng tt c cc li tn hiu cng u cng kh nng: Xc sut ca li k hiu xy ra = Pe/(M-1) Do li bit trn log2M l: n (log2M Cn).Pe/(M-1) = [Pe/(M-1)]n(log2M)!/(log2M-n)!.n! = (Pe/bit)FSK = Pe FSK M/2(M-1) = BER Khong cch tn s cn thit i vi gii iu ch kt hp c cho bi 1/2Ts. Mi tn hiu chim mt rng bng xp x 2fd nn rng knh yu cu truyn dn cc dng sng M c biu th: rng bng FSK kt hp = 2Mfd = M/2Ts. rng bng hiu dng tnh theo tc tin bit/s [log2M/Ts] chia cho rng bng yu cu. rng bng hiu dng FSK kt hp = 2(log2M)/M b. Tch sng khng kt hp. Xc sut li trong cc h thng FSK vi tch sng khng kt hp c biu th: Pe FSK khng kt hp = Io [2x2(w/rs)(C/N)]1/2 {1-[1- exp(-x2/2)]M-1} x.exp[-x2/2 + (w/rs)(C/N)]dx Trong Io(u) l hm Bessel ci tn ca loi u tin th 0 trong phng trnh ASK khng kt hp. thi xc sut li Pe ca FSK cho cc tr s Pe ng vi cc tr s M khc nhau v t s C/N tp m song bin. So snh xc sut li gia ccs h thng FSK kt hp v khng kt hp ta thy r rng l tch sng kt hp lun l h thng tch sng tri hn vi tr s M nh. Hai h thng s khng khc nhau my khi s lng tn s kho M tng ln. Tnh trc giao ca cc dng sng FSK tch sng khng kt hp yu cu khong cch tn s l 2fd = 1/Ts. Do ta c rng knh yu cu truyn dn l: rng bng FSK khng kt hp M trng thi = M.2fs = M/(Ts) iu ny chng t l khi s lng ca mc M tng ln rng bng s tng ln, nhng t th C/N tin n mt gii hn, v tc truyn dn l (log2M)/Ts ta c: Hiu dng ca rng bng FSK khng kt hp = (log2M)/M bng mt na so vi trng hp tch sng khng kt hp. T th ta thy rng nu cng sut tp m gi nguyn cng sut pht khng tng theo M tng.
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T l li bit t do cc i rbvi s liu c th c truyn i theo s tn hiu FSK trc giao M trng thi c cho bi dung lng knh e ca mt Gaussian c rng v hn: rb = w. C/N.log2e iu ny c ngha l nu nh tc bit rb nh hn dung lng knh, xxc sut li c th xem nh nh. Biu hnh sao ca h thnh FSK M trng thi c th biu th bng M to vung gc vi i lng vect A/2. Vi M = 3 ta d dng nhn thy h to 3 chiu v cc trc dng x,y,z, i din cho 1, 2 , 3. Mt k thut FM khc ng ch v c hiu qu trong thit b c trn th trng l MSK - kho di tn cc tiu (kho di tn nhanh - FFSK). MSK - kho di tn cc tiu. MSK l mt trng hp c bit ca FSK pha lin tc (CP-FSK) vi di tn 2fd = 0,5 v s dng tch sng kt hp. K thut ny t c cht lng cng nh PSK kt hp v c c tnh ph cao hn. CP-FSK.MSK c u im l t ng b tng i n gin CP-FSK kt hp vi di tn 0,7. Vic s dng MSK c xt n trong vi ba s mt t v v tinh. Nu cc xung i vo mch my pht u c lc to ra cc xung hnh sin di ton b. Trc khi iu ch vi sng mang MSK c th coi nh OQPSK ci bin. Ngi ta chng minh rng c th cu to mt b tch sng n gin v ti u vi tnh cht xc sut li bng b thu PSK hai trng thi. Do tnh cht xc sut li Pe v hiu dng bng thng (2bit/s/Hz) nn k thut ny c s dng trong thit bc trn th trng nh vi ba s Telenokia 0,7;2 v 8 Mbit/s . Tch sng kt hp MSK hay FSK cng nh tch sng kt hp ca tn hiu PSK c s suy gim tnh cht xc sut li Pe so vi l tng v pha gia sng mang tn hiu thu v sng mang chun ni khng ng nht. Trong cc h thng PSK truyn thng, c BPSK v QPSK hu nh u c cht lng Pe nh nhau vi cng C/N trn bit vi chun pha hon chnh, vi mt chun pha b tp m, cht lng ca nhng h thng ny b xu i nhiu hn QPSK v s ghp gia cc thnh phn cu phng. Ngi ta chng minh rng OQPSK c xc sut li trong tch sng nm gia cht lng tch sng ca BPSK v QPSK. V tn s khng n nh trong h thng thng tin v cc kh khn kt hp trong vic thu nhn ng b sng mang c trt thp ngn nga cc tn tht tch sng, OQPSK c u im hn BPSK v QPSK l cho php 2.4.6
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Lc pht WGN
Lc thu
Ngng q.nh Tr b
Vo s liu 1/Tb
Ni tip s.song
1/2Tb
B dch pha 00
B dch pha 00 Lc thu Ngng q.nh
Tr b
B to dng xung sin
Ni tip s.song
Lc pht
My pht
My thu
Hnh 2.15 (a) H thng iu ch v gii iu ch
Mt ph cng sut MSK fc tn s mang
1/T 1/2T fc 1/2T 1/T Hnh 2.15 (b) Mt ph cng sut
C/N thp hn 3 dB so vi mc chun pha ng b so vi mc chun pha ng b tho mn mt gi tr tn hao tch sng cho php xc nh. Trong khi MSK c cu trc tng t nh OQPSK, nhy ca n i vi sai li pha chun thm ch cn thp hn OQPSK cho php mc chun pha ng b thp hn 2,5 dB m vn c cng tn hao tch sng cho php xc nh. Biu thc ca mt ph cng sut cha lc ca MSK l: P(f) MSK = [8 CT(1+cos 4 fT)]/[(1-16T2 f2)]2 Trong : f l tn s dch so vi sng mang C l cng sut sng mang T l thi gian bit n v trong my thu
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So snh ph ca MSK so vi OQPSK hay OKQPSK, ta thy rng rng ca bp chnh ph MSK ln hn ca OKQPSK l 1,5 ln. Ta c th chng minh rng vi lc ng, hiu dng bng thng cc i ca MSK cng nh ca OKQPSK l 2bit/s/Hz. Hnh v cng minh ho s khi ca b iu ch v gii iu ch cng vi biu thi gian ca cc lung s liu mong mun. Cc tn hiu FSK cng ging nh cc h thng FM khc, u l nhng qu trnh phi tuyn tnh nn m t rt kh khn bng ton hc. Nhng cc tn hiu FSK c tnh ton c di tn nh - nh hay dch tn s h = 2fd bng bi s tch phn tc bit, c th xem nh tng hai k hiu AM. Nh ta d dng m t c tnh tn s - thi gian. Mt ph ca nhng tn hiu nh vy gm hai thnh phn gin on v lin tc vi nng lng chia u gia chng. V thnh phn gin on khng cha bt k thng tin no nn chng lng ph v nng lng. Mt trong nhng u im ca MSK l khi ch s iu ch ca tn hiu FSK bng mt na (tc l di tn nh - nh h bng mt na tc bit). Mt ph ch cha thnh phn lin tc mang thng tin. Mt u im khc ca MSK so vi FSK khi di tn bng mt n v rng bng s nh hn vi cng tc bit, c bit vi FM tc nh phn kp. Hnh v cho ta thy i vi MSK hu ht nng lng c cha trong mt min tn s hp bng 1,5 ln tc bit v ng vin ca ph c dc trung bnh 12 dB/octa. Trong trng hp FM nh phn kp, rng bng sau khi iu ch c b lc cosin tng gii hn n im khng ca tn hiu nh phn FSK. Nhng tp m xuyn k hiu c th c ly mt dng nh th m vic tch tn hiu c th c nh tn hiu ngu nhin bc ba. Mt u im khc ca MSK l sng mang c tn hiu digital ngu nhin iu ch c hnh bao lin tc nn khong phi tnh n vic chuynr i AM/PM lm bin dng ph. V nhng tnh cht MSK ng dng rt c lc i vi cc h thng phi tuyn tnh v cng sut hn ch nh cc thng tin v tinh. Hai k thut chung v iu ch v gii iu ch MSK c m ra, nhng phng php ny u da vo nhng phng php song song v ni tip, c hai tng ng v ch rng bng v c tnh xc sut li. Phng php song song thc cht l ghp cu phng nhng lung s liu dng xung na hnh sin xp xp trong mt chu k na k hiu trn sng mang nh hnh v. Thc hin nhng modem dng phng n ny trong thc t cn phi cn bng cht ch v ng b cc tn hiu s liu knh ng pha v cu phng trn nhng sng mang t cn bng vo pha ca chng u cu phng. Tng t my thu duy tr v cn bng cht ch cu phng pha, cn thit cc tiu ho v xuyn m.
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Vi phng n ni tip tn hiu c to ra t tn hiu hai pha bng cch lc qua b lc chuyn i thit k ph hp. Vn cn bng v duy tr sng mang cu phng pha phng n song song c thay th bng nhim v xy dng mt b lc chuyn i vi p tuyn sin thch hp. B gii iu ch gm mt b lc phi hp vi ph tn hiu pht, tip theo l b gii iu ch ky hp v tch bit. Thc hin b gii iu ch ni tip yu cu s tng hp ca b lc thng bng phi hp cht ch vi tn hiu MSK m bo cht lng gn n l tng. Cc tn hiu MSK cng nh PSK c th c tch sng kt hp hoc vi sai. Tch sng vi sai l k thut hp dn trong truyn dn phng thc Burst nh cc h thng ghp knh theo thi gian (TDMA) v cu to mch n gin v khng cn khi phc sng mang. Phng thc ny s dng tch sng khng kt hp. Cc tn hiu MSK c c tnh khng kt hp, pha tuyt i hai thi im bt k u l thuc v l mt hm ca s liu c truyn gia hai thi im . K hiu c tch ra t s khc bit v pha ca hai khong tn hiu k nhau l s liu c truyn i trong iu kin khng c tp m. Tng t hai k hiu c tch t s lch pha ca hai khong tn hiu thay i du c th xem nh kim tra tng chn l ca hai phn t s liu c truyn k tip nhau. Tnh cht t l li c th c ci thin nh b gii m vi m sa sai gm c s liu v bit chn l. a- Xc sut li ca MSK kt hp. Xc sut li ca MSK kt hp cng ging nh ca iu ch kho dch pha i cc kt hp PSK nh cho, nhng ni ng thu chun pha chnh xc vi pht, = 0 v Pe phng trnh gim xung. Pe MSK kt hp = (1/2)erfc [(w/rb)(C/N) cos2]1/2 b- Xc sut li ca MSK tch sng kt hp hoc vi sai Cng ging nh loi khng kt hp hoc DPSK v c minh ho trn hnh theo C/N nh DPSK. c- Dng ph ca h thng MSK Yu cu i hi tng ln vi tc bit cao hn nn rng bng hiu dng ca h thng vi ba s vn ang c ngin cu pht trin. Mt s ngin cu nh th thc hin l cc phng thc iu ch MSK khc nhau nhm t mt ph tn hiu dy c. Qu trnh lin quan cht ch n dng ph ca xung s liu vo, iu ch tn s hnh sin digital (SFSK) v iu ch dch cc tiu bin nhiu mc (MAMSK) SFSK c c tnh cng sut ngoi bng cc k nh, cng c ngin cu ch n tc ng ca xuyn m v c xem l phng thc iu ch kh tt gi gn nhiu tn hiu trong mt gii bng hn ch khi cc tn hiu khng c ng b theo nh thi gian bit. Mt s ng dng yu cu cc tn hiu c gi gn st sao v tn s khi khng c chun pha tuyt i c sn
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my thu (thu khng kt hp). Nhng ng dng nh vy ngin cu c kt qu trong vic gii quyt xuyn m c phng n so snh pha ca SFSK c gi l SFSK so snh pha (PCSFSK). Kt qu cho ta thy rng PCSFSK cho php gi st sao hn nhng tn hiu khng ng b so vi DQPSK. Xc sut li cng c chng minh l tt hn mt t so vi DQPSK khi C/N ln hn 5 dB v hi km hn khi C/N nh hn 5 dB. S ci bin khc nhau i vi ng bin ph s MSK l ph cng c to ra do kho dch tn hnh sin kp (DPFSK) vi ui ca ph c rng trung bnh 36 dB/octa vt qua f = 4,75/T thay v 24 dB/octa i vi SFSK. Cui cng ta kt thc cc phng thc iu ch FSK khc nhau bng phng thc tn hiu m ho - pha a ch s h. Ta c th xem loi ny nh l s m rng ca CPFSK trong ch s iu ch hay t l di tn bin thin tun t theo cc khong tn hiu T th hai k tip. Nh vy nu (h0, h1,...hi-1) l b ch s iu ch c sn b iu ch, th ch s iu ch trong khong tn hiu th k s bng ch s dng trong khong th (k +1). 2.5 S kt hp iu ch pha v bin digital (CAPK) iu bin xung (PAM) l phng php truyn dn trc tip thng tin trn h thng bng gc. Nhng ngun gc ca xc sut li l t rng bng Nyquist trong gi s my thu c tn s ct bng mt na tc bit rb. Hnh sao tn hiu i vi 8 PAM trn hnh v.
p
-3/4T -2/4T -1/4T
1/4T 2/4T 3/4T f
Hnh 2.16(a) iu ch 16QAM

P
-3/T -2/T
-1/T
1/T 2/T 3/T
Hnh 2.16(b) Kho dch pha 2 (BPSK)

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P
Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
-3/2T -1/T -1/2T
1/2T 1/T 3/2T f
Hnh 2.16 (c) - Kho dch pha cu phng (QPSK)
-3/3T -2/3T -1/3T
1/3T 2/3T 3/3T f
Hnh 2.16 (d) - Dch pha 8 (8 - PSK)
11 01
00 10
01 00
11
01
Tn hiu vo
Ts
Tn hiu ra
Hnh 2.17(a) - Nguyn tc chuyn i 2 thnh 4 mc
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AMI hay HDB3 s liu vo
Tx khi x l s liu
B gii m vi sai
Chuyn i 2 sang L mc Chuyn i 2 sang L mc
B iu ch cn bng Lc pht thp Lc pht thp B iu ch cn bng i tn khuych trn i Dao ng ni B lc ra
Khi phc nh thi AMI hay HDB3 s liu ra Chuyn i Lsang 2 mc Chuyn i Lsang 2 mc Lc thu thp
B iu ch cn bng B r pha i tn khuych di i R F Dao ng ni B lc ra
Rx khi x l tn liu
B gii m vi sai
Lc thu thp Khi phc sng mang
Hnh 2.17 (b)B iu ch v gii iu ch QAM m trng thi -7 000 -5 001 -3 011 -1 010 M=8 1 110 3 111 5 101 7 100
V PAM M trng thi l h thng ch mi c bin ca xung pht c bin i thnh cc mc gin on, cc trng thi bin khc nhau mt mc chun c biu din thnh nhng im m ho i nhau dc theo mt ng thng. Si(t) = C1 cos(0t + 1) = A1 cos 0t + B1 sin 0t i = 1,2,3 ... M 0 < 1 < Tb iu bin - pha xung kt hp CAPK c dng trong cc h vi ba s trong cn bng hiu dng 3bit/s/Hz v cao hn, khng tng vt qu cng sut yu cu duy tr mt tnh cht li hp l. Trong PSK M trng thi, cng sut sng mang tng vi Pe = 10-4 t BPSK n QPSK l 1dB, t QPSK n 8 PSK l 2,5dB v t 8PSK n 16 PSK l
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5,5dB. iu chng t khi M tng th cng sut cng tng vi nhng tr s M ln, phi tng 6dB hay 4 ln tin ti 2M. Tng t vi PAM nu M gp i t c cng Pe th phi tng cng sut sng mang ln 6,5dB. Bng cch kt hp PSK M trng thi v PAM M trng thi, cn tng cng sut duy tr c Pe nh nhau khi tng M, ch cn khong 2,5dB trong khi iu ch ring l cn n 6,5dB. Li ch ca vic gim rng bng thc cht l log2M i vi CAPS cng nh i vi PAM hay PSK. Dng tng qut ca tn hiu kt hp bin - pha M trng thi nh sau: Biu thc ny ch r dng sng kt hp gm hai sng mang ring bit ghp cu phng v mi sng mang c 1 bin gin on iu ch(Ai v Bi). Do s CAPK ny thng c gi l bin cu phng (QAM) hn l iu ch kho bin cu phng (QASK) khng nu c qu trnh xc nh trong phng trnh trn, QAM cng ni bt nh CAPK v tng i t phc tp v C/N tng i tt trng mt knh Gausian l tng. Bin Ai v Bi c th biu din di dng: Ai = di. A Bi = ei.B Trong A,B l bin khng i v di v ei c xc nh ph hp vi tn hiu mong mun. Hnh v minh ho ph ca 16 QAM cng vi BPSK, QPSK,8PSK so snh.
a2 a1
2A
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.17 - th hnh sao vi 4 PSK v QAM a) 4 - DSK; b) QAM
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-3,1
-1,1 -1,-1
-1,1
-3,1 -1,1 -3,-1
-3,-1 (a)
(b)
-2,2 0,2 -2,0 -2,- 2 (c)
2,2 1 + 3
2,0 0,-2
2,-2 (d)
Hnh 2.18 - th hnh sao i vi 8QAM
0010
0110
1110 (1,1) 1111 A 1101 1100
1010 Pav = 10A2 (1,3) 1011 3A 1001 1000
0011
0111
-3A -A 0001 0101 -A 0000 0100 3A
Hnh 2.19 - th hnh sao ca 16-QAM 2.5.1 B chuyn i 2 thnh L mc. hiu c y cc b iu ch v gii iu ch QAM M trng thi hay PSK M trng thi hot ng nh th no, cn phi nhc li hot ng ca b chuyn i bng gc 2 thnh L mc, ta hy xt b chuyn i 2-4 mc trn hnh v. V c bn nhng iu
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xy ra c ghi r l cc nhm, cc lung bit thnh cc khi 2 bit hoc digital. Vic m ho tin hnh nh sau. Dibit 10 i din cho mc in p +V2, dibit 11 i din mc +V1 dibit 01 tr thnh -V1 v dibit 00 tr thnh -V2. Nh vy ta thy rng vi 4 mc ch cn log24 = 2bit nh phn hay mt dibit to ra 4 mc in p bng gc khc nhau. Vi L mc, cn log2 L khi bit nh phn h tr trong m nh phn ca mi mc. Vi 16 QAM s mc l 4. Nu cn 4 mc bng gc s bit nh phn m ho l 2 v p dng s trn hnh v. 2.5.2 B iu ch v b gii iu ch QAM M trng thi. a- B iu ch QAM M trng thi. Trong CAPK pha v bin sng mang, c hai u c s dng truyn thng tin s. Vi thi gian mi k hiu Ts ca tn hiu s, cc tr s pha v bin ca tn hiu sng mang pht c t mt b gin on ca pha v bin c th. Mi t hp pha v bin i din cho mt k hiu pht. Trong hnh v tn hiu nh phn s n b iu ch, nh vi QPSK c r thnh hai lung bit ring bit c na tc bit rb/2 ca tc bit lung s liu n rb. B r cng lm bin i tn hiu nh phn ( trong h thng thc t l m AMI hay HDB-3), t m AMI hay HDB-3 thnh cc digital hai cc khng tr v 0 NRZ thc hin gi ngu nhin lung bit vo cng nh thm cc bit mo u mang thng tin ca khung, bit kim tra chn l. Khi ny trong cc h thng thc t gi l khi x l s liu DPU, tn hiu ra DPU sau c th i qua b m ho vi sai m ho tin tc nh phn v to ra hai lung bit ra, tc bit ca chng v l thuyt bng mt na tc bit vo rb Trong thc t, cc tc bit c ln hn mt cht do c thm cc bit mo u. T hp khi s l s liu DPU v b m ho vi sai gi l khi giao tip u cui pht (TTIU). Hai tn hiu ra ny sau i vo b chuyn i 2 thnh L mc, b chuyn i ny trong hu ht s mt b chuyn i 2-4 mc do cu trc ca my pht. Sau mi tn hiu 4 mc i vo tng b lc bng thp pht ring ca mnh cho dng ph cn thit trc khi iu ch tn hiu ca bng gc. Cc lung k hiu cho mi ng truyn I v Q vn xem nh l tn hiu bng gc. Sau tn hiu dng ph ny iu ch dao ng ni 70 MHz (hoc bi s) thh tn hiu QAM M trng thi. Cc b lc pht v thu u nm bng gc, v h thng iu ch hai cp nh 8 PSK, QPSK hay 16 QAM u nhy vi cc p ng truyn dn khng i xng v v kh thc hin chnh xc theo yu cu ca b lc IF hay RF. b- Hnh sao tn hiu i vi cc v d khc nhauca h thng QAM M trng thi. Vi M = 4
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Hnh v minh ho th hnh sao ca c QPSK v QAM. Vi QAM hnh sao 4 im gm hai bin khc nhau a1 v a2 cung cp cng sut trung bnh nh nhau trong hai hnh sao tn hiu: (a12 + a22)/2 = 2A2 Vi khong cch ti thiu 2A gia cc im a1 = A v a2 = 3A. y cng l khong cch ngn nht gia hai im bt k trong QPSK v do tnh cht t l li ca hai loi iu ch l nh nhau. Vi M = 8 hnh v l cc th hnh sao M = 8. y l 4 th trong s nhiu b c th c, khong cch ti thiu ca hai bin khc nhau l 2A v t l li nh nhau. To ca mi b tn hiu cng c biu din trong hnh (di,ei). Gi s nh cc im tn hiu nh nhau, cng sut pht trung bnh Pav l : Pav = (A2/M) (di2 +ei2) Vi phng trnh ny ta c th dng my tnh tnh cng sut trung bnh ca mi hnh sao: Vi hnh v : phn a v b Pav = 6A2 phn c Pav = 6,83A2 phn d Pav = 4,73A2 So snh chng vi 8PSK ta thy rng 8PSK yu cu mt cng sut ln hn 1,6dB t c cht lng nh 8QAM phn d. Khi M tng th s khc nhau gia PSK v QAM M trng thi cng ng k. Khi M ln hn 8, thng hnh sao biu dn theo b hnh vung phn b i xng theo trc ta . Vn thit k tnh ton bao hm nhiu yu t nh rng bng, tng cng sut phc tp v thit ng i vi knh s dng. Vic tnh ton tn hiu ny thc ra l mt vn khp kn, bt buc phi dng nhng mu i xng gim nhng yu cu v cng sut hay ngc li h thp xc sut li. Tuy nhin mt vn ny ra i vi my thu l c th nhn bit mu ca cc im tn hiu, nhng li khng th phn bit c cc lch pha i xng khc nhau ca b tn hiu. Mt nhm L i xng quay vng c th c xc nh nh mt b tn hiu m mu tn hiu gi khng i sau khi quay vng qua I (2/L) radian, trong I v L l s nguyn. Nh vy vi M = 2k im tn hiu, my thu khng th n nh mt cch ring bit t m k bit cho mi im tn hiu c tch sng m trc ht khng gi quyt c s nhp nhng (trng lp) ca nhm L. V d trong BPSK my thu cn phi c mt s phng php xc thc phn bit c hai im tn hiu bng nhau v i din trc khi n c th n nh pha no l 1, pha no l 0. C 3 cch gii quyt s trng lp ny: - Th nht bng cch s dng mt tn hiu chun khng i pht cng vi tn hiu s iu ch .
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- Th hai l bng mt tn hiu pha nhn c V/Hoc xen vo theo chu k ca mt chui ng b a vo lung s liu. - Th ba l s dng m ho vi sai. M ho vi sai c u im l vi nhng im m v gii m ring bit, vic tch bit ph hp s bt chp s trng lp ca quay pha. Hnh v l th hnh sao ca h 16 QAM, trong cc dibit A1B1 v A2B2 trong du ngoc. iu ng ni l im tn hiu nh phn vo c khi phc t m AMI hay HDB-3 trong khi giao tip u pht trc ht phi c chuyn thnh lung bit m Gray sao cho 2 bit nh phn gm c dibit, ln lt mi ci i vo ng truyn I v Q do dibit th hai i vo I v Q khc vi khi ch mt bit i vo mi ng truyn. d- B gii iu ch QAM M trng thi. Trong s khi b gii iu ch QAM M trng thi. Tn hiu RF sau khi i tn xung IF i vo b gii iu ch QAM, tn hiu r thnh hai i vo b iu ch cn bng I v Q. B dao ng ni ca nhng b gii iu ch ny c iu khin t tn hiu vo dng mch khi phc sng mang, v tt c cc b gii iu ch lm vic theo kiu kt hp . Sau tn hiu ra t gii iu ch i vo b lc thng thp to dng ph trc khi i vo b chuyn i 4-2 mc. Mch khi phc thi gian dng cu trc li cc tn hiu s t cc tn hiu 4 mc chuyn i v m bo khong cch gia cc tn hiu thu sai lc vi tn hiu pht chun c gi tr nh nht. Hai lung bit nh phn sau i vo b gii m vi sai v vo khi x l s liu thu, khi ny trch ra cc bit mo u v kt hp hai lung bit vo I v Q thnh tn hiu ra c m ng AMI hoc HDB-3. 2.5.3 M ho vi sai. Trong mc ny ta s tip tc xt n cc h thng iu pha s v nhn bin . Nh trn ni v s i xng trong hnh sao tn hiu c hai mc nhng khng phn bit c my thu cng nh dch pha chnh xc b tn hiu thu. Trong h thng M PSK v QAM ngi ta gii quyt bng s dng m ho vi sai. K thut m ho vi sai l lm th no nhn dng cc khi k bit i vi 2k = M im tn hiu. Trong dng cha m ho vic nhn dng tin hnh nh du tng khi k bit i vi M im tn hiu, l mc tiu quan trng. Hnh v l mt v d v m Gray i vi 16QAM hay QASK 4bit trong cc im cnh tranh ch mt bit. Trong trng hp ny mi li k hiu s gy ra mt li bit, l: (m Gray) Pe bit = (1/log2 M).Pe k hiu
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Nu b tn hiu nh th khng c kh nng to m sao cho ch cc li bit n c xut hin gia in tn hiu k nhau, li bit s bng li k hiu nhn vi mt s khc mt, c ngha l: - Pe bit = K.(1/log2 M).Pe k hiu - H s K thng tham kho trong m Gray. M ho vi sai phi khc phc c s nhp nhng i xng nhng khng phi ch m rng m Gray v c th xem nh s xc nh c th m ho k hiu bit vi bit a ra mt b M im x l i xng theo L. C th c gii m khng b trng my thu khng ch n s tng ng lun chuyn. Tin hnh vi nhng s tng ca xc sut li bit so vi trng hp khng m ho. V cc b tn hiu c th bin thin rng, nn khng th a ra mt cng thc tng qut p dng m ho vi sai cho tt c cc b tn hiu. iu ny cng nh m ho Gray, u phi ly trng hp c bn i vi b tn hiu c hai mc. C ti liu gii thiu mt Algorit m ho hiu dng i vi cc b tn hiu a pha - a bin , da trn m ho vi sai i vi PSK. M ho vi sai cng p dng cho tn hiu cu phng. im ch yu m ho vi sai c hiu qu l s dng ti thiu m ho vi sai nh p dng i vi PSK gii quyt s trng lp i xng. Thc t phn ln cc b tn hiu a pha, a bin hu qu cht lng nh hn 2, l hu qu d kin i vi m ha vi sai M PSK. 2.5.4 Xc sut li ca h thng M QAM. Gii hn trn ca xc sut li: Pe M QAM 2 erfc [3(C/N)(w/rs)2(M-1)]1/2 Mt biu thc chnh xc hn khi m l bi ca hai: Pe M QAM = 2[1-1/M] erfc [3(C/N)(w/rs)]/2(M-1)]1/2 {1-(1/2)[1-1/M] erfc [3(C/N)(w/rs)]/2(M-1)]1/2 Hnh bn l th xc sut li ng vi t s C/N song bin vi cc gi tr M khc nhau, rng bng thu w bng tc k hiu rs. Bng cc tham s ca M QAM nu ln C/N cn thit t c Pe = 104 , cng vi s liu tng qut ca M QAM ph ca M QAM v M PSK u ng nht nh nhau v rt ra t phng trnh vi cng s im tn hiu. T s cng sut trung bnh ca PSK v QAM : Cng sut trung bnh M.PSK / Cng sut trung bnh M.QAM = 3M2/2 (M-1) 2
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Cng sut Cng C/N yu cu vi Pe 10 -4 trung bnh sut nh Trung bnh nh (A2 cho dB dB Trong pt 6.70) 2 2 2(4-QAM) (1,1) 2A 2A 11,8 11,8 4(16-QAM) (1,1), (1,3),(3,1),(3,3) 10A2 18A2 18,8 21,3 5(32-QAM) (1,1),(3,1),(5,1),(1,3) 34A2 21,8 24,1 (3,3),(5,3),(1,5),(3,5) 20A2 6(64-QAM) (1,1),(3,1),(5,1),(7,1),(1,3),(3,3),(5,3),(7,3),(1,5),(3,5),(5,5),(7,5) (1,7),(3,7),(5,7),(7,7) 98A2 25,0 28,7 42A2 7(128-QAM) (1,1),(3,1),(5,1),(7,1),(9,1),(11,1),(1,3),(3,3),(5,3),(7,3),(9,3),(11,3) (1,5),(3,5),(5,5),(7,5),(9,5),(11,5),(1,7),(3,7),(5,7),(7,7),(9,7),(11,7) (1,9),(3,9),(5,9),(7,9),(1,11),(3,11),(5,11),(7,11) 170A2 27,9 31,1 82A2 8(256-QAM) (1,1),(3,1),(5,1),(7,1),(9,1),(11,1),(13,1),(15,1),(1,3),(3,3),(5,3),(7,3) (9,3),(11,3),(13,3),(15,3),(1,5),(3,5),(5,5),(7,5),(9,5),(11,5),(13,5) (15,5),(1,7),(3,7),(5,7),(7,7),(9,7),(11,7),(13,7),(15,7),(1,9),(3,9),(5,9) (7,9),(9,9),(11,9),(13,9),(15,9),(1,11),(3,11),(5,11),(7,11),(9,11) (11,11),(13,11),(15,11),(1,13),(3,13),(5,13),(7,13),(9,13),(11,13) (13,13),(15,13),(1,15),(3,15),(5,15),(7,15),(9,15),(11,15),(13,15),(15,15) 450A2 31,1 35,3 170A2 Cc bit k hiu MQAM ta hnh sao ca tn hiu di,ei T s biu th bng dB ch r s khc nhau gia hai loi iu ch vi cng sut cn phi tng cho PSK. Bng t s cng sut gia M PSK v M QAM l gi tr ca t s ny vi M khc nhau: M Cng sut trung bnh M PSK/Cng sut trung bnh M QAM dB 2 1 8 1.43 16 4.14 32 7.01 64 9.95
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Bng trn cho ta thy cc h thng PSK yu cu mt cng sut ln hn pht i cng mt lng thng tin c xc sut li cho trc. C hai QAM v PSK u c bng rng hiu dung nh nhau l log2 M, c th suy ra rng QAM l loi iu ch tt nht nhng tn km v phc tp ca mch. 2.6 OFFSET QAM (OK QAM hay OQAM) hoc Stagered QAM (SQAM). Ta chng minh rng khi s dng tn hiu ho Q PSK cho php gim nh gii hn t s tn hiu trn tp m ca chun pha n 3dB so vi QPSK truyn thng. Hn na khi c trt pha d v tp m Gaussian cng vo OQAM cng c ci thin hn QAM vi cng rng bng thng. Nhng s ci thin ny t l vi s lt vt qu rng bng c. Cng vi bt k dng xung Nyquist no (sint/t) nh thi dao ng ti u bng mt na khong k hiu. Ngi ta chng minh rng khi s dng khung tn hiu cosin- tng vi tr thi gian dao ng na chu k bit cng tng ng nh tng t s tn hiu trn tp m ln 3dB vi rng bng vt qu 100%. Hnh bn minh ho s khi ca h thng S QAM ti liu tham kho m t khi nim tng qut ca cc h thng truyn s liu song song, trong s dng MQAM v SQAM.
B chuyn i 2 sang L mc Vo s liu X l s liu Tr Tb/2 B chuyn i 2 sang L mc B lc thp pht B lc thp pht 00 Lc v khuych i B iu ch cn bng
Dao ng ni
B dch pha
B i tn trn
900
Hnh 2.20 (a) - H thng iu ch SQAM my pht
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B chuyn i 2 sang L mc S liu ra
B lc thp thu 00
X l s liu
Khi phc nh thi
Khi phc sng mang
~ ~ ~
900 B chuyn i 2 sang L mc B lc thp thu
Hnh 2.20 (b) - H thng iu ch SQAM my thu
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
Chng III - Tng qut v thit b vi ba s DM2G - 1000

3.1 Gii thiu chung 3.1.1. c im thit b DM2G - 1000 l thit b vi ba s c dung lng l 16 Mbit/s (gm 8 lung 2Mbit/s), t hp cc khi chc nng cn thit, bao gm c phn Radio v Modem trong mt khung gi my n. Tt c cc khi chc nng c chia ra trn mt s mch in nh, gn nh vi tch hp linh kin cao. DM2G - 1000 d ng gi, vn chuyn, lp rp v d dng cho vic kim tra li tuyn. Thit b bao gm nhng chc nng chnh nh sau: -Ngun cung cp -Thu pht v tuyn -iu ch v gii iu ch -Knh nghip v -Phn nhnh RF -Panel hin th cc ch tiu k thut c bn -Kim tra v gim st -iu khin v gim st t xa 3.1.2 Kt cu thit b Tt c cc mch chc nng v khi mng phn nhnh (BR NTWK) gm cc khi: ngun, pht, thu, iu khin, gim st, knh nghip v... nm gn trong mt thng kim loi. Mt trc thng c th c tho ri quan st. Khi mng phn nhnh (BR NTWK) c gn vo khong khng gian pha di cc khi mch (y thng). *Danh mc cc khi chc nng + Khi pht (TX) + Khi x l pht (TDP) + Khi dao ng (OSC) + Khi iu ch (MOD) + Khi khuych i cao tn (HPA) + Khi thu (RX) + Khi nhn v gii iu ch IF (IF DEM) + Khi chuyn i tn hiu thu (R CONV) + Khi bng tn c s (B-U/U-B) + Khi gim st logic (SVLG1)
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+ Khi knh nghip v (DSC2) + Khi ngun (PS) + Khi hin th (DSPL) + Khi chuyn mch (TSW) + Khi chuyn mch thu (RSW) + Khi mch phn nhnh (BR NTWK) 3.1.3 Cu hnh h thng . DM2G - 1000 c th phc v linh hot cho cc tuyn vi ba c nh ni chung v cc trm vi ba di ng ni ring. Trong phm vi c nh, DM2G - 1000 c th to thng mt trm u cui, mt trm chuyn tip hoc mt trm trung gian c xen r. Chng ta biu din mt tuyn vi hai trm u cui dng thit thit b DM2G -1000 theo cu hnh 1+0 nh hnh v sau (ch minh ho mt chiu). Tn hiu vo
Pht C CCc S Thu SW C S
Tn hiu ra
Anten pht
Anten thu
Hnh 3.1 - S ng dng DM2G - 1000 cho mt tuyn cu hnh 1+0 + Thit b khng c d phng 1+0. + Cu hnh 1+1: Thit b d phng nng (s tng t nh trn nhng c hai khi pht v hai khi thu i km cc chuyn mch pht v cc chuyn mch thu). + Cu hnh n+1: C rt nhiu my hot ng nhng ch c mt my d phng cho c n my. 3.1.4 Cc ch tiu k thut a- c tnh v tuyn. Thit b DM2G - 1000 hot ng trn mt di tn t 2000 n 2100 v 2200 n 2300 (MHz) Trong bng tn cho, tn s c chia thnh 5,6 cp cc cp ny thng i vi nhau. DM2G - 1000 vi tn s trung bnh 2GHz c chia thnh 5 cp sau y:
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1) 2038 1) 2213,5 2) 2052 2) 2227,5 3) 2066 3) 2241,5 4) 2080 4) 2255,5 5) 2094 5) 2269,5 n v: MHz. Nh vy bc nhy lin tip gi hai tn s l 14 MHz, khong cch gia tn s thu v tn s pht l 175 MHz. Cc tn s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, gi l tn s thp. Cc tn s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, gi l tn s cao. b- c tnh c kh v iu kin hot ng. -Kch thc vt l: + Rng : 448mm + Cao : 325mm + Su : 450mm -Khi lng: 30 kg -iu kin v ngun: in p mt chiu cung cp (DC) l -24V hoc -48V (-19V n -60V). -iu kin v mi trng: + Nhit xung quanh: 0 n 450C + m tng i: Ti 95% + cao t my: c 4000 m so vi mc nc bin (thng li dng a hnh i, ni, vng cao). 3.2 Chc nng cc khi
IN
Khi pht1
Bng tn C s (B-U/) (U/B)
Khi pht 2
Khi thu 1
Mng phn nhnh (BR NTWK)
Khi thu 2
OUT
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Tn hiu nghip v Knh nghip v s (DSC 2)
DSC*1 DSC*2
Hin th (DSPL1)
DSC*1
Logic gam st (SVLGC1)
DSC*2
Hnh 3.2 - S khi tng qut my DM2G - 1000 Tng quan s gm c: + Khi pht: 2 khi trong c cu d phng nng TX No1 v TX No2 + Khi thu: Cng gm hai khi RX No1 v RX No2 + Khi bng tn c s: B-U/U-B + Khi knh nghip v s: DSC2 + Khi logic gim st: SVLG1 + Khi hin th: DSPL1 (Display 1) 3.2.1 Khi pht (TX). V TX No1 ging ht TX No2 nn ta trnh by vi 1 trong 2 thit b:
Dao ng (OSC) T bng tn (B-U/U-B) X l pht (TDP) iu ch (MOD) Khuych i (HPA)
Ra mch phn nhnh
T DSC ti
Hnh 3.3 - S khi pht
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Khi pht gm 4 khi chc nng sau: + Khi x l d liu pht (TDP) + Khi dao ng (OSC) + Khi iu ch (MOD) + Khi khuych i cng sut siu cao tn (HPA) a- Khi x l d liu pht (TDP). Tn hiu t bng tn c s mun pht i phi c x l ti TDP: Nhim v ca khi TDP - Chuyn i t ni tip ra song song - Chuyn i tc d liu: (2 lung) 8,448 Mbit/s x 2 9,01764 Mbit/s x 2 Ghp knh d liu ca: + Bit d liu chnh (ti t B-U/U-B) + Bit d liu nghip v s (t DSC2) + Bit ng b khung + Bit kim tra chn l + Bit iu khin chn + Bit nhn dnh ng Trn (Scrambling) M ho vi sai Gi tn hiu cnh bo.
Cc thng s k thut: - D liu chnh vo: 8,448 Mbit/s x 2 t B-U/U-B tng thch vi mc NRZ TTL (m khng tr v 0 vi mc ngun +5V) - Tn hiu ng h vo: 8,448 Mbit/s x 2 (t B-U/U-B). - Tn hiu nghip v vo: 140,9kb/s x 2 t DSC2. - D liu ng h DSC vo: 140,9kb/s t DSC2. - D liu chnh ra: 9,01764 Mbit/s x 2 ti b iu ch Cnh bo: - Cnh bo vo: B IN LOOS 1,2: Cnh bo c bo t B-U/U-B khi tn hiu lng cc b mt. Mc cnh bo l TTL (mc H 5V) - Cnh bo ra: + SIG IN: Xut hin cnh bo khi tn hiu chnh hoc tn hiu DSC vo b mt. Mc tn hiu l TTL. + TPWR (cnh bo cng sut pht): Xut hin cnh bo khi mc cng sut pht nh hn cng sut danh nh 3dB. Mc cnh bo l TTL (mc H).
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b- Khi dao ng. OSC: To tn hiu RF, c s dng cho h iu ch trc tip tn hiu RF. N to dao ng ni, ttn s dao ng ni TX chnh l tn s pht (v y khng iu ch tn s m iu ch 4 - QAM). Tn s dao ng ni c to bi khi dao ng iu khin in p (VCO) di s cng bc ca mch vng kho pha PLL (Phase-Lock-Loop). Cc thng s k thut: - Di tn: 2000 MHz n 2150 MHz v 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz. - n nh tn s: 10 ppm. - Mc ra RF: - 5dbm 1dbm. - Mc ra hin th (MON): - 15 dbm. Hot ng ca mch: - Tn s dao ng ni ca VCO c iu khin bng vng lp kho pha. - Tn s PPL quy chiu l 8MHz, tn s so snh l 250 MHz v bc gin on l 500 KHz. - u ra VCO c khuych i v lc tr loi hi bc cao, sau a n cng RF OUT. c- Khi iu ch (Modulation). Khi ny iu ch hai lung tn hiu 9,01764 Mbit/s n b TDP. Tn hiu ngoi sai (dao nh ni) c ly t b dao ng OSC, n iu ch sng mang trc tip. Phng thc iu ch y l iu bin cu phng (4-QAM, 4 mc l 00,01 10,11). Cc thng s k thut: - Di tn: 2000 MHz n 2150 MHz v 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz. - Mc tn hiu vo: -5dbm 1dbm. - Tn hiu ra iu ch: -5dbm 3dbm - Li pha: Nh hn 50. - Tn hiu c iu ch: 800 mVpp Hot ng ca mch: - Tn hiu ra RF (-5dbm) sau b TDP c khuych i v chia lm hai phn bng nhau bng mch phn chia sai ng a vo thc hin iu ch. Tn hiu ny c tn s ng bng tn s sng mang ca my pht ra. - Hai lung d liu (S1 v S2) 9,01764 Mbit/s ly ra sau b x l d liu pht (TDP) c gi ti b iu ch MOD (vi phng thc 4-QAM) iu ch sng mang
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pht. Tn hiu ra t b ny l tn hiu siu cao tn c iu ch. - Sau tn hiu trn c a vo b khuych i HPA x l,. d- Khi khuych i cng sut siu cao tn (HPA). Tn hiu u vo ca HPA l tn hiu ra sau khi MOD, c mc l (-5dbm), b HPA khuych i n ln n (+33dbm) pht i. Cc thng s k thut: - Di tn s: 2000 MHz n 2150 MHz v 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz - Mc tn hiu vo: -5dbm (tn hiu c iu ch). - Mc cng sut ra: + 33dbm Hot ng ca mch: HPA bao gm mt b khuych i RF, VATT (b suy hao bin i), b phn chia v b khuych i siu cao tn. Tn hiu trn u ra ca b HPA c a ti b BR NTWK (mng phn nhnh Branching network) Nh vy khi pht TX gm 4 chc nng chnh v nhiu chc nng con nh k trn cng vi nguyn l hot ng cng nh cc thng s k thut ca chng. Vi s quan st thc t chng ta thy rng khi ny rt gn nh d tho ri v n l thit b s c cu to bng cng ngh vi in t (vi cc mng mch IC c tch hp cao - LSI). Mt khc cng sut pht ca my l nh (33dBm), v cc anten thu pht t cao, suy hao do mi trng truyn dn khng trung nh. Cc mc in mt chiu DC cung cp l thp (-5V n +10V), s rt tit kim, an ton, cng sut tiu th ton h thng l 110W (nh). 3.2.2. Khi thu(RX). Gm RX No1 ging ht RX No2. Ta ch cn xt 1 my thu RX No1:
n khi bng tn c s (U-B)
Nhn IF v gii iu ch (IF DEM)
IF
Chuyn i Tn hiu thu (R CONV)
T mng phn nhnh
n DSC2
Hnh 3.4 - S tng qut khi thu1 (RX No1)
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n (U-B)
X l thu
Gii iu ch Dao ng ni
IF
Khuych i IF
Trn tn Dao ng ng b
Khuych i thu
T BR NTWK
n knh nghip v (DSC2)
Hnh 3.5 - S khi chi tit ca RX No1
a- Chc nng c bn ca khi. + Chuyn i tn hiu thu 2GHz v dao ng ng b thnh mt tn hiu trung tn IF 70 MHz. + To dng ph ca tn hiu IF. + iu chnh mc tn hiu ra IF bng b iu lng AGC. + Gii iu ch tn hiu 4-QAM: Loi b sng mang trung tn, thu li lung tn hiu. + Phn chia lung tn hiu, tch ra d liu chnh, d liu DSC, xung ng h, bit kim tra chn l, bit thng tin v chn. b- Cc thng s k thut. + Tn s thu: 2000 n 2150 MHz v 2150 MHz n 2300 MHz + Mc tn hiu thu: -42 dbm -90dbm/50 + Tp m: 4dB l in hnh + n nh tn s ni: 10 ppm c- Cc cnh bo. + PLL (tn cnh bo): Bo hiu rng mch PLL ca dao ng ni b mt n nh. + LEVEL (mc): Khi mc ra ca trung tn nh hn (-15dBm) ti R CONV + BER (t l li): Khi BER c pht hin bi vic kim tra chn l qu mt trong nhng gi tr t trc. Mt trong nhng BER di y c th t trc: 10-4, 105,106,107... + FRAME (khung): Xut hin khi ng b khung cho lung d liu chnh b mt.
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d- Cc khi chc nng con. RX No1 gm 7 khi (xem s ): LNA, MIX,VCO SYN, IFA, DEM, VCO, RDP. * Khi LNA (khi khuych i cao tn v hn ch tp m thp): Khuych i tn hiu thu RF (2GHz) v tn hiu ny b suy hao trn ng truyn nn cn rt nh (mc d truyn dn s suy hao nh hn nhiu so vi truyn dn analog). * Khi VCO SYN (khi t hp dao ng): B to dao ng phc v cho vic trn tn khi MIX. B dao ng ny c s dng cng vi mch vng kho pha (PLL). e- Khi MIX (b trn tn). Thc hin trn tn i tn, chuyn i t tn s cao (siu cao tn 2GHz) xung tn s thp (trung tn IF 70 MHz). Gi ft l tn s thu ( 2GHz) F l tn s dao ng ni Th tn s trung tn fIF sau b trn c tnh: FIF = fthu - fd Bit fIF = 70 MHz ta c th tnh ton c c fd n nh tn s dao ng ni yu cu l 10-5. f- B IFA (IF amplifier - khuych i trung tn). Tn hiu trung tn va c to ra sau b i tn s c khuych i ti y c bin ln a vo b x l ti b IF DEM. ng thi ti y (IFA), tn hiu trung tn cng c lc hn ch tp m ca n. Ngoi ra b IFA cn lm nhim v: + iu chnh h s khuych i (AGC) + Lc dng ph tn hiu trung tn + Cnh bo ra khi tn hiu IF c s c. * B VCO (B dao ng iu khin in p) To dao ng ni phc v cho vic gii iu ch 4-QAM loi b sng mang trung tn IF, thu li lung tn hiu ban u c pht. * B DEM (gii iu ch) B ny c chc nng: Kt hp vi b to dao ng ni (VCO) thc hin gii iu ch, pha pht tin hnh iu ch theo phng thc 4-QAM, cho nn pha thu y s l gii iu ch 4-QAM. * B RDP (b x l tn hiu thu) C cc nhim v sau: + Khi phc tn hiu gi i t tn hiu b trn + Tch xung ng h (khi phc bit timing) + Tch bit ng b khung
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+ Tch bit kim tra chn l + Tch bit DSC ri a n b knh nghip v + Tch bit iu khin chn + Tch bit nhn dng ng + Gii trn + Gii m vi sai Khi thu c hai b thu s1 v s 2 lun cng lm vic ng thi (khc vi pha pht), tn hiu a vo x l trong tng i s l tn hiu thu tt nht trong 2 my 1,2. Vy mc d mi trng truyn dn vi ba c nhiu tp m, xuyn m nh hng nhng cht lng tn hiu vn m bo trn mi lnh vc. 3.2.3 Khi bng tn c s (B-U/U-B). Khi ny gm hai phn chnh: - Khi B-U (lng cc sang n cc) pha pht - Khi U-B (n cc sang lng cc) pha thu a- Khi B-U (phn pht). Nhn cc lung d liu t tng i s, gii m HDB-3 v cung cp hai lung n cc vo 2 khi TX (khi pht). 2,048 MHz B-U B-U B-U B-U B-U B-U B-U B-U
Gii m Ghp HDB-3 knh (decode)(MUX) Ghp knh (MUX) XO
Ra1my1 (8,448M) Ra1clock1 Ra2my1 Ra1clock1 Ra1my2 Ra2 clock2 Ra2 clock2 Ra 2 my 2
1/2 XO
Hnh 3.6 - S y khi chuyn lng cc sang n cc * Chc nng: + Chuyn i lng cc sang n cc (B-U CONV) + Gii m HDB-3 (HDB-3 decode)
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+ Ghp 8 knh 2Mbit/s thnh 1 knh 16 Mbit/s (MUX) + Cn bng suy hao cp + Khi phc xung ng h (clock) + Pht hin tn hiu cnh bo (AIS). * Cc thng s k thut: Vo Ra 8 lung 2,048 Mbit/s 2 lung 8,448 Mbit/s (NRZ) * Cnh bo: B IN LOOS (mt tn hiu vo): Cnh bo khi mt hay nhiu tn hiu lng cc ti khi ny b mt (mc H - 5V ca TTL) c a ti phn gim st (SV). + AIS REC (ghi nhn cnh bo): Khi mt hay nhiu tn hiu u vo lng cc ti khi ny l AIS, mc H ca TTL c a ti phn gim st (5V). * Nguyn l hot ng: 8 lung d liu HDB-3 2,048 Mbit/s c a vo b cn bng cp theo khuyn ngh G.703 ca CCITT. u ra cn bng c chuyn i U-B v gii m HDB-3 thnh n cc NRZ (khng tr v khng). Cc tn hiu n cc c ghp bi 12 MUX t 8 lung 2,048 Mbt/s thnh 2 lung 8,448 Mbit/s. Khi ghp tn hiu n cc c phn lm 2 cho TX No1 v TX No2 khi tn hiu vo HDB-3 b mt, cnh bo c gi ti khi SVLGC1. Khi tn hiu vo l AIS, AIS REC c gi ti khi SVLGC1. b- Khi U-B (phn thu). * Nguyn l hot ng: Cc tn hiu n cc a ra 2 lung 9,01764 Mbit/s t RSW ly t thu 1 v thu 2, iu khin bi 8 xung ng h. U-SW trongRSW t ng iu khin chuyn mch gia lung d liu No1 v No2 bng cc lnh chuyn mch t khi logic gim st hc bng vn hnh nhn cng qua vic gt chuyn mch SW mt trc card. D liu c chn s c chuyn t song song ra ni tip. D liu c phn chia bi 2 khi DEMUX (tch knh) t lung s liu s 2 thnh 4 lung d liu th nht. Lung d liu 2,048 Mbit/s c m ho HDB-3, chuyn i U-B v c a ra. Khi mt tn hiu li ra HDB-3 cnh bo B OUT FL (li u ra nh phn) c gi ti khi logic gim st (SV LGC1). Khi tn hiu li ra l AIS, th AIS SND (gi tn hiu cnh bo) c a ti khi SV LGC1. AIS cng c gi ti khi c my thu 1 v 2 c cnh bo u ra (RX ALM). Khi B-U/U-B c gi l khi bng tn c s v tn hiu y l tn hiu thuc knh c bn 2Mbit/s (ly t tng i s), cha c iu ch v x l pht, cng nh n c tr li nguyn bn t sau khi thu. Chc nng chnh ca khi ny l chuyn n cc thnh lng cc (v ngc li), ghp knh (v tch knh) v tn hiu u vo (hoc
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VCXO VCXO VCXO VCXO
RSW
Tch knh
U-B U-B U-B U-B U-B U-B U-B U-B
VCXO 1/2
(DEMUX)
M ho HDB-3 M ho HDB-3
Tch knh (DEMUX)
Chuyn i tc RSW
1/2 VCXO
VCXO VCXO VCXO VCXO
Hnh 3.7 - S khi U-B ra) l di dng m ng, tn hiu ghp, chn x l vi tn hiu nghip v li l di dng m ,nh phn n cc (nn phi bin i). Ti u vo ta khng th dng m nh phn n cc c m phi dng m ng lng cc v m nh phn n cc b tiu hao rt nhiu trn ng truyn dn. C rt nhiu dng m ng nh AMI, CMI, B3ZS, HDB-3... M ng trong vi ba thng dng Ami hoc HDB-3 (trong cp quang th thng dng B8ZS), trong HDB-3 c dng nhiu hn v n trit tiu gn nh hon ton thnh phn mt chiu do m bo c cht lng cng nh s n gin ca ng truyn. Khi bng tn c s cng rt gn nh, d tho ri vi s ng dng cng ngh vi in t.
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3.2.4 Khi knh nghip v s (DSC2). a- Cc thng s k thut. * Knh tn hiu tn s m thanh (VF): + Di tn s vo/ra: 0,3 - 3,4 KHz + Mc tn hiu vo ra danh nh: Vo : (-14 n -4 dbm) Ra : (-4 n +7 dbm) + Tng tr vo/ra: 600 cn bng * Knh nghip v: + Di tn s vo: 0,3 n 3,4 KHz + Mc tn hiu vo, ra danh nh: Vo : -4 dbm Ra : -4 dbm + Tng tr vo/ra: 600 cn bng b- Hot ng ca khi mch. * Khi ghp knh, phn knh: Cc chc nng ghp knh chnh l: + Ghp 4 ng d liu 64 Kbit/s (2 ng thm) + Chuyn i 1 lung d liu ni tip thnh 2 lung s liu 140,9Kbit/s. + Ghp bit ng b khung Cc chc nng phn knh chnh l: + Kt hp 2 lung d liu 140,9 Kbit/s thnh mt lung d liu. +Phn knh lung d liu c 4 lung d liu 64 Kbit/s + ng b khung. Mt trong hai tn hiu u ra (tn hiu ra phn knh s 1 hoc tn hiu ra phn knh s 2) c chn bi mch iu khin tn hiu u ra DEMUX. No1 v No2 c cho cng mc u tin. Khi li ca No1 v No2 do mt ng b khung hay li xung nhp phn knh 192 KHz, mch iu khin tn hiu ra DEMUX chn phn DEMUX tt nht. * Khi giao din s hay m ho PCM: Mt trong cc mch in ph giao din s v m ho PCM la chn c t trn mch in chnh DSC2. + Khi giao din dng truyn cc ng s liu 64 Kbit/s. + Khi m ho PCM dng pht tn hiu tng t. B m ho PCM chuyn mt tn hiu tn s m thanh sang ng s liu 64 Kbit/s v b gii m PCM chuyn ng s liu 64 Kbit/s sang tn hiu tn s m thanh.
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* Khi mng phn nhnh: Mng phn nhnh ny c 5 cng vo ra cho cc tn hiu m tn, 1 tn hiu vo c chia lm 4 hng. * Khi m ho, gii m PCM (PCM CODEC): Khi m ho PCM chuyn tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (analog sang digital). c. Khi ni tip tn hiu s (DIG CON). Khi ny c 4 cng vo/ra truyn tn hiu gim st v tn hiu iu khin t xa. Mt trong 4 s liu vo c gi ti 3 cng u ra khc theo th t. d. Khi in thoi nghip v. Khi ny c cung cp mt in thoi nghip v hot ng vi chc nng la chn cuc gi. Cc chc nng chnh l: + La chn cuc gi + Gi ti mi trm + C th gn 2 s c lp vi trm + Gi thoi Ngoi lung d liu chnh (thoi, s liu) vi mc ch o th, kim tra bo dng, ngi ta a khi DSC2 vo. N s gip cho ngi vn hnh gim st c ton b thit b, ng truyn. 3.2.5 Khi hin th (DSPL). Khi ny c cc chc nng sau: - in thoi nghip v - Hin th chung - Hin th gim st - Hin th cnh bo v i trng thi - B o ch tiu trn my my - iu khin chuyn mch 3.2.6 Gim st v iu khin. Trm u cui Trm lp
TEL COMMON SUPERVISORY ALM / STATUS MONITOR TSW, RSW.
Trm lp
Trm lp
Trm u cui
Hnh 3.8 - S kt ni tuyn vi ba

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Thit b v tuyn
Thit b v tuyn
DSC (ng.v)
DSC (ng.v)
Ghp tch knh
Gim st
u ni
u ni
Gim st
Ghp tch knh
Hnh 3. 8 - Trm lp li iu khin v gim st t xa cc trm u cui v trm lp c kt ni nh hnh v trn. + Gim st: Mi lin lc gia cc thit b v tuyn c tin hnh bng phng php quay vng, thit b v tuyn ch gi tn hiu gi ti thit b v tuyn khc. Cc thit b c gi tr v, tin tc gim st bao gm cnh bo, trng thi thit b v d liu biu th li. iu ny dc thc hin tun t tng thit b v tuyn ti mi thi im cho tt c cc thit b v tuyn trong h thng. D liu thit b v tuyn cho ti tm trm v tuyn c lu gi trong b nh ca khi gim st v la chn d liu thit b bng nt EQPNo trn mt hin th. + iu khin t xa: Thit b v tuyn c quyn hi p v c th thc hin vic iu khin t xa chuyn mch d phng v cc iu khin t ngoi khc. Thit b v tuyn ny gi cc lch iu khin t xa ti cc thit b v tuyn c chn. + Quyn hi p: Mt thit b v tuyn c quyn hi p bng vic n nt MASTER (my ch) trn mt my phn hin th. Khi trm c quyn hi, n LED ti nt MASTER sng xanh. Khi ngun nui c bt thit b v tuyn no hot ng trc s c quyn hi p, sau mi thit b c cng mc u tin chn quyn hi p. a- Th tc gim st. DM2G-1000 c th hin th ti DM2G-1000 khc chn la thit b v tuyn:
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+ Chn la thit b v tuyn bng vic n nt EQP (Equitment: Thit b) trn b gim st ca mt hin th. + Trn mt hin th hin ra cc cnh bo thit b, cc trng thi v d liu li c la chn a ra. b- Th tc iu khin t xa. Phn ny gii thch cc th tc vn hnh iu khin t xa ca thit b vi ba DM2G1000. Ch c thit b c quyn hi p v iu khin ti 7 thit b v tuyn khc. Chn mc iu khin:n nt s 1 trn T SW chuyn mch pht ca mn hin th chuyn h thng pht ti trm s 1. n nt s 2 trn TSW ca mn hin th (DSPL) chuyn h thng pht ti trm s 2. n nt AUTO trn TSW ca DSPL t TSW ti ch chuyn t ng. n nt s 2 trn RSW ca mt hin th chuyn h thng thu ti s 2. n nt EXE v ON ng thi trn TSW/RSW hin thu, pht cng ch s. iu khin v gim st t xa l mt chc nng quan trng cp cao ca thit b vi ba s DM2G-1000, mt chc nng m t loi my vi ba khc ang tn ti trn th trng Vit nam c c. N thun li cho vic thu thp thng tin nhanh bo dng, x l s c nu c xy ra trong cc mng li vi ba khu vc.
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Chng IV - Phn tch phn my pht thit b DM 2G - 1000

Chng ta nghin cu v thit b vi ba s DM 2G-1000 vi cc s khi chc nng, trong phn ny chng ta i nghin cu k hn v s nguyn l mch khi pht (TX). Khi pht (TX) gm 4 khi chc nng c bn: TDP, OSC, MOD v HPA Khi MOD CONT l mt b phn quan trng ca khi MOD, n lm nhim v bin i, iu chnh hai dng tn hiu vo S1, S2 trc khi a vo iu ch. Trong khun kh c hn ca bn n chng ta s nghin cu 5 khi sau: TDP, OSC, MOD CONT, MOD v HPA. - Cc k hiu trn hnh 4.1 th hin cc ngha sau: - SP PLL: B so pha trong c cu mch to dao ng OSC c vng lp kho pha. + B sai ng, phn ng, bin p. + 1/N: B chia tn vi h s chia N. + VCO 1: B to dao ng iu khin bng in p. + B khuch i. + T: B suy gim. + R: Ca ra ca b khuch i cng sut. + LOF MON: im o v hin th tn hiu tn s dao ng ni. + RF MON: im o v hin th tn hiu cao tn. + RF OUT: u ra cao tn a ti Anten. + PLL ALM: Cnh bo khi PLL mt xung ng b. + ALC CONT: iu khim thay i mc vo HPA t ng. + TLVL DET: Pht hin mc cng sut pht ra t HPA. Tm tt nguyn l hot ng ca cc khi ny: ALC MNL (iu chnh bng tay mc t iu lng): Khi ALC t OFF bng nhn cng (MANUAL), mc cnh bo TTL (mc H) a ra n SV LGC 1. CW ON (pht sng mang): Khi CW ON c t, mc cnh bo TTL H c a ti SV LGC 1. T PWR TVL MON (Kim tra mc cng sut pht): (0 +5)V TX in p hin th bng in p. ID (S ng ng): C th c chn t 1 8, qu trnh thit lp c thc hin trn BWB (Tm u dy).
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Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch: Hai lung d liu chnh 8,448 Mb/s v xung ng h t B-U ca U-B c a ti LSI. D liu chnh vo t B-U/U-B c bin i tc t 8,448 Mb/s n 9,01764 Mb/s sau hp li vi d liu DSC. Sau khi trn, cc bit chn thm nh Bit ng b khung, Bit nhn dng lung ID v Bit kim tra chn l c hp li. Hai lung d liu c a ti b MOD. Khi B IN LOSS c bo t khi B-U/U-B, b pht tn hiu TDP ca LSI (DP) pht tn hiu cnh bo (AIS). AIS cng c x l nh d liu bnh thng. Hai lung d liu DSC IN b mt, cnh bo SIG IN xut hin v SIG IN LED sng trn Panel ca TX. TDP c trng cho mch giao din ALM (cnh bo), MON v iu khin ALC. Mc cng sut pht ra c hin th bng b pht hin mc cng sut ra TX ca HPA (B khuch i cng sut siu cao tn). in p ra DC ca b pht hin (TLVL DET) c s dng cho ALC v TLVL MON. gi n nh cng sut pht RF, ALC iu khin b suy hao bin i (VATT) trong HPA theo cch ngc vi in p ra ca TLVL DET. Tn hiu ra TLVL DET c gi ti SV LGC 1 iu khin cng sut pht ra. B TDP nhn mt cnh bo PLL khi PLL ca OSC c s c lp kho pha. TDP chuyn cnh bo ti SV LGC 1. CW CONT (ni sng mang) c iu khin bi SW2. Khi n SW2 ch vn hnh ca TX c t l CW ON v sng mang khng iu ch t TX. in p nui c cung cp t PS (+10 V v +5V) c cp ti HPA qua chuyn mch ngun nui ca TDP. B chuyn mch ny c t l ON khi xc nh rng hot ng ca PLL v OSC l bnh thng. Khi mt cnh bo PLL c pht hin, chuyn mch t ng t OFF v ct ngun nui ti HPA. 4.1 Khi dao ng ni (OSC) 4.1.1 S nguyn l khi dao ng ni (OSC). 4.1.2 Tng qut s nguyn l ca khi. B to dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO1 (Voltage Contronlled Osalater 1). + Mch pha: IC6 ca mch in lin quan. + Mch chia tn IC5, IC2.
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+ Mch khuch i tn hiu dao ng a ra: IC3, TR2 v cc mch in lin quan. Phn ngun nui cung cp IC7, IC8 v cc t lc. 4.1.3 Phn tch mch trn s . a- B to dao ng iu khin bng in p (VCO1) u vo VCONT tip nhn mt in p iu khin Ud t IC6 sau khi c IC7 1/2 khuych i. u vo 5V tip nhn, in p mt chiu t b phn cp ngun cho VCO1 lm vic. Mt u GND ni t. u ra RF OUT cho tn hiu ra tn s bng 2GHz thng qua cc mch lc, suy gim ri tch ra lm 2 ng, 1 ng l mch chia tn a v so pha ti IC6, 1 ng l khuych i tn hiu dao ng ni a n u ra CN1. Cc in tr R11, R12, R13, R16, R17,R18 ng vai tr l tc dng suy gim s cng nhiu v ngc li. b- Mch so pha. Nhiu ti liu cho rng PLL bao gm c cc khi VCO tch sng pha chia tn lc thng thp v khuch i, nhng trong s ny IC6 ch ng vai tr mch tch, so pha v lc thp. Trc ht chng ta ni v chuyn mch t SW1 n SW4. Nhim v ca chng l t tn s pht. Trong mi SW1 c 4 chuyn mch nh l c cu chuyn mch bng cc Triger trong h nh phn. OSC 1 l b to dao ng tn s nh bng thch anh, tn s ny khong 8 MHz v rt chun. Tn hiu to ra t b ny c dng lm tn hiu u vo cho mch vng kho pha, tn s hoc pha a v so snh t b VCO1 c kho vo tn s hoc pha ca tn hiu ny. IC6 nhn tn hiu mt chiu cung cp ngun nui mc +5V sau khi c lc nhiu ln v a tn hiu cnh bo mt xung ng b PLL ra chn s 2 ca CD1. ng thi IC6 nhn tn hiu t u ra b VCO1, c khuch i, chia tn lm tn hiu nh i so pha vi tn hiu vo t b OSC1. c tn hiu iu chnh Ud t l vi hiu pha = v - r (v l ca tn hiu OSC1, r l ca tn hiu vo IC6 t mch chia tn), th ta phi dng mt b tch sng pha (trong IC6) u ra b tch sng pha l tn hiu iu chnh c a n b to dao ng khng ch bng in p VCO1. V U1 = KUv. Ur.
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Nn trong tn hiu ra b tch sng pha c cc thnh phn tn s. (v - r) hoc (v + r). Tn s tng b loi b nh b lc thng thp trong IC6 v u vo IC7, cn tn s hiu c khuch i ln nh IC7 v c dng lm tn hiu iu khin tn s dao ng ni ca VCO1. Tn s VCO 1 c thay i sao cho (v - r) 0: ngha l fr = fv hoc fr = Nfv vi N l h s chia ca b chia tn. Cc t C41, C43, C44, C45 lm chc nng t lc ngun +5V. (R41, R43, C51), (R42, R44, C52) l tr khng vo ca IC7 nhng ng thi cng lm chc nng mch lc thng thp ch cho thng tin hiu c tn s hiu (Cov - Cor). R34 cp thin p cho TR1 lm vic. R46, R54 l tr khng vo v R27, C56 l tr khng ra, R45, C53 nm trong mch vng hi tip ca b khuch i. c- Mch chia tn. IC5, IC2 v cc mch lin quan. Mch chia tn l cn thit bi v n i tn s fr ca b VCO1 (rt ln) xung tn s fr nh (fr + fr/N) c th so snh vi tn s vo t b OSC1. Trc khi c chia tn IC5, tn hiu t u ra b VCO1 c khuych i ln ln nh IC2. C63, C34 l t lc ngun cung cp cho IC5 v IC2 lm vic. C19, C25, C31, C35 ngn cch mt chiu gia cc tng. R29 lm nhim v n nh tr khng ra v tr khng vo cho IC2 v IC5. Cc linh kin cn li lm nhim v ti lc xoay chiu cho cc IC lin quan. d- Mch khuych i tn hiu dao ng (IC3, TR2). Tn hiu t u ra b VCO1 sau khi qua cc b suy gim nh, lc, c a n khuych i s b ti IC3, li qua cc b suy gim ri c khuch i ti TR2. Tn hiu u ra TR2 ln qua b suy gim nh ri a ra ngoi qua jc cm CN1. R61, R62, R63 lm thnh b suy gim. (R51, R52, R53), (R21, R22, R23) cng l cc b suy gim u ra ca hai tng khuych i. C11, C12 l cc t ni tng. C28, C64 l cc t lc ngun mt chiu cung cp cho RV1, R56, R55, R54 l cc in tr trn ng cp in phn p cho TR2. R58 v C6 dng n nh tr khng vo cho TR2, R59 v C9. it D2 v R57 trong c cu bo v qu p cc linh kin cn li l ti cho cc phn t khuych i. e- Phn ngun cung cp. IC7, IC8 v cc t lc.
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IC7 l IC dng n nh in p ngun cung cp kiu tham s. IC8 l IC dng n nh in p ngun cung cp kiu b. L1, C6, C62 to thnh mt mt lc thng thp hnh . C69, C65, C66 l cc t lc ngun c in p mt chiu bng phng cung cp cho cc phn t tch cc cho mch lm vic. 4.1.4 Nguyn l hot ng. VCO1 to ra tn s dao ng 2GHz, tn hiu c tn s ny c chia ra thng qua cc mch lc, suy gim ri phn thnh hai nhnh: + Nhnh 1 qua cc b khuch i ra ngoi. + Nhnh 2 qua mch chia tn a v so pha ti IC6 vi tn hiu vo. Tn hiu vo y l tn hiu to bi khi dao ng nh OSC1. OSC1 thng c kt cu bng thch anh to ra mt tn hiu dao ng c tn s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra, ngha l PLL lm cho tn s Cor ca tn hiu so snh bm theo tn s Cov ca tn hiu vo, tn s ca tn hiu so snh t l vi tn s ca tn hiu ra t b VCO1 theo mt t l no do b chia tn: r =
r N
c tn hiu iu chnh Ud t l vi hiu pha - r th ta phi dng b tch sng pha. u ra b tch sng pha l tn hiu hiu chnh Ud c a n b to dao ng khng ch bng in p. Nhng tn hiu ra t b tch sng pha bao gm hai tn s COv - COr v Cov + Cor, nn ngi ta phi dng b lc thng thp loi b tn s tng, tn s hiu c cho qua v khuch i ln, v c dng lm tn hiu iu khin tn s dao ng ca VCO1 chc nng ny do IC6 v IC7 (1/2) m nhn. Cc chuyn mch SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4 c gn lin vi IC6 iu chnh tn s dao ng ni pht ra. Tn s to ra ny di 2GHz, nhng c chia lm nhiu cp khc nhau bng 2GHz. Cc chuyn mch ny s quyt nh cp tn s no s c dng thu v pht. T s ta thy nu khng c tn hiu vo OSC 1 khng lm vic th tn hiu hiu chnh a vo VCO1 l Ud = 0, mch VCO1 dao ng ti tn s dao ng ring CD1 ca n. Lc ny s c cnh bo PLL mt xung ng h a ra chn s 3 ca CD1 (hnh v). Khi c tn hiu vo, b tch sng pha IC6 s so pha vi tn s ca tn hiu vo vi tn hiu so snh.. a ra vi tn hiu iu khin Ud qua lc thng thp v khuch i iu khin tn s dao ng ni ca VCO1.
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Tn hiu t u ra b VCO1 sau khi iu khin kho pha s c a ra qua cc tng khuch i IC3, TR2 cho ln a ra jc CN1 ni vo khi MOD tin hnh iu ch. Ngun mt chiu +10V t chn s 2 ca CD1 c lc rt k bi cc t C61, C62 cun cm L1 v c n nh bi cc IC7 v IC8. Qua cc phn mch ny ngun +10V b suy gim cn +5V, in p mt chiu ny c lc tip ri a n nui cho cc phn mch khc. Nu tn s tn hiu vo v tn hiu so snh lch nhau qu nhiu lm cho tn s tng v tn s hiu u nm ngoi khu vc thng ca b lc th khng c tn hiu iu khin VCO. VCO s dao ng ti tn s dao ng ring v v r ri vo khu vc thng ca b lc th VCO bt u nhn tn hiu iu khin, thay i tn s dao ng ni ca n, PLL bt u lm vic, ta ni PLL l di tn s m c th thit lp ch ng b, Di bt ca PLL ph thuc vo di thng ca b lc. Di gi ca PLL l di tn s m PLL c th gi c ch ng b khi thay i tn s tn hiu vo. Di gi khng ph thuc vo di thng ca b lc m ph thuc vo bin in p iu khin v kh nng bin i tn s ca VCO. 4.2 Khi MOD CONT 4.2 .1. S nguyn l ca khi (MOD CONT). B MOD CONT lm chc nng bin i mc lung tn hiu vo ly t khi x l d liu pht TDP trc khi a vo iu ch ti MOD. Hnh v 1.4 a- Tng quan s nguyn l khi. Hai ng bin i tn hiu dn n cc u ra S1 OUT v S2 OUT. Hai ng cp ngun +10V v -10V. b- Phn tch tng ng tn hiu. + ng bin i tn hiu dn n S1 OUT ng ny lm nhim v khuych i, lc thng thp v khuych i c iu chnh IC1 l mt phn t khuych i s b tn hiu trc khi a vo lc thp. TR1 v TR2 l 2 Tranzitor lm chc nng khuych i c iu chnh (iu chnh phn p v iu chnh mc ra). TR1 l Tranzitor ngc (NPN) mc lp Emiter c tr khng ra nh thun tin cho vic phi hp tr khng vi tng sau, khuch i dng in ri a n u vo TR2. TR2 l Tranzitor loi PNP cng c mc lp Emiter khuych i dng in tn hiu vi s iu chnh phn p BNDCRT (Bin tr in t) tn hiu ra S1 OUT c ly t chn E ca TR2 vi s iu chnh mc ra bi RY1.
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R5, R2, R4 l cc in tr suy gim. R8, R6 dng n nh tr khng cho phn mch pha sau. L1, C1, C20, C3, C22, L2 l cc phn t trong c cu mch lc thng thp. in cm chn cc tn s cao v t in ngn mch chng xung t. L8 dng cha tn hiu cao tn (hi bc cao). R20//L8 n nh tr khng, R9 dng nh thin cho chn E ca TR1. R12 dng nh thin cho chn E ca TR2. R10 l mt phn ti ca TR1 v cng l in tr ghp gia hai tng khuych i. RV1 l bin tr dng iu chnh mc ra S1-OUT cho hp l. R11 dng cp thin p cho chn B ca TR2, RV2, RV3, RV4 dng iu chnh mc nh thin cp cho TR2. C5 l t trit tiu tn hiu cao tn phn x. C6 l t phi hp tr khng v cho TR2 v lc tn s cao. + ng bin i tn hiu in dn n S2 OUT: ng ny lm chc nng nh ng 1 nu trn, hon ton tng t c phn mch in v nhim v ca tng linh kin. IC1-2 ging nh IC1-1. TR3 v cu to v hot ng ging nh TR1. TR4 ging TR2. R1, R3, R7 l cc in tr suy gim. R18, R13 dng n nh tr khng cho cc phn mch pha sau n. L3, C2, C21, C4, C23, L4, C10 l cc linh kin nm trong c cu mch lc thng thp. L7 Ging L8 ng mch trn. R19//L7 dng n nh tr khng cho L7. R15 dng trong c cu nh thin cho chn E ca TR3. R17 nh thin cho chn E ca TR4. R14 l mt phn ti ca TR3 v cng l in tr ghp gi hai tng khuch i TR3 v TR4. RV5 l bin tr iu chnh mc ra S2 OUT mc cn thit. R16 dng cp thin p cho chn B ca TR4. RV6, RV7, RV8 dng iu chnh mc nh thin cp cho TR4. C12 chc nng ging nh C6, C11 ging nh C5. + ng cp ngun tn hiu +10V: Gm IC2, IC1 - in cm v cc t lc. IC2 lm nhim v n nh in p ngun theo kiu b v tham s. IC1-P n nh in p ngun cung cp theo kiu tham s. Cun cm L5 chn cao tn.
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C13, C14, C15, C16, C17 l cc t lc ngun. Do st p trn cc phn t linh kin k trn m in p cung cp cho chn C cc Tranzitor TR1, TR2 ch cn +5V. Q13, Q14, Q15 ly in p t ngun ra cung cp cho cc phn mch khc. * ng cp ngun in p -10V C nhim v lc v n nh in p mt chiu -10V v c suy gim cung cp nh thin cho chn E, chn B ca Tranzitor TR2, TR1. C18, C19 l cc t lc ngun. LG l cun cm chn cao tn. R22, R23, R24 l cc in tr suy gim. D2 l it zener phn cc ngc dng n nh in p kiu tham s. in p sau khi c lc v n inh c a ti cc bin tr t BNDCNT1SWDCNT16 iu chnh mc phn p nh thin cho chn B ca TR2 v TR4. 4.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch. Mi lung tn hiu v S1, S2 c cho qua cc in tr suy gim ri dn n mi IC khuych i h s nh, sau tn hiu khuych i c lc thp bi cc t in v in cm 2 tng khuych i Tranzitor tip tc khuych i tn hiu mi ng ny vi s iu chnh nh thin cho cc Tranzitor khuych i v iu chnh mc ra. Vic cp ngun cho cc Tranzitor c thc hin bi hai ngun ring r (+10V v 10V). Cc ngun ny c lc rt cn thn bi nhiu t lc ngun v c n nh bi cc IC hoc Diot zener. Ngoi vic cung cp in p cho cc phn t tch cc trong s ny hot ng, n cn cung cp ngun cho cc phn mch khc u ra Q13, Q14, Q15. 4.3 Khi iu ch (MOD) 4.3.1 S nguyn l khi iu ch (MOD). 4.3.2 Tng quan s nguyn l khi MOD. HYB1 phn tn hiu ra hai ng ring r: + ng 1 a n hin th tn hiu dao ng ni cha iu ch LOF MON. + ng 2 a n iu ch ti D1 c tn hiu ra RF OUT. Xt tng ng tn hiu: ng tn hiu a n tn hiu hin th ti LOF MON: T b sai ng HYB1, tn hiu b suy gim mt phn ri c khuch i ln nh IC1. Tn hiu ra t sau IC1 li b suy gim mt phn trc khi a n u ra hin th. C1 ngn cch mt chiu gia khi MOD v cc khi bn ngoi. C2, C32, C3: L cc t ni tng v ngn cch mt chiu. C15, C13, C12: L cc t lc ngun v chng in dung tn s cao cho mch.
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R1, R2, R3 lm thnh mt b gim tnh. R4, R5: Ni mt chn ca b sai ng HYB1 xung t. (R6, R7, R8) v (R9, R10, R11) lm thnh cc b suy gim tnh. + ng tn hiu a n iu ch: Ta c th chia ng tn hiu ny thnh ba phn mch: - Phn mch khuych i trc khi iu ch: Gm cc Tranzitor TR1, TR2 v cc linh kin c lin quan. Phn iu ch vi hai ng tn hiu cao tn v hai ng tn hiu vo S1, S2: Khi D1. - Phn mch khuych i sau iu ch: Gm cc Tranzitor TR3 v TR4 v cc linh kin c lin quan. - Phn mch khuych i RF trc khi a vo iu ch: TR1 l mt Tranzitor loi P c mc E chung lm nhim v khuych i s b tn hiu siu cao tn ly t b to dao ng sau khi a qua b HYB1. C4, C5: L cc t ni tng, C16 l t lc ngun. C8, C9: L cc t phi hp tr khng vo v ra cho TR1. C14 l t lc ngun. C6, C7 l cc t ni tng. TR2 cng ging nh TR1 v cu to cch u ni. R17, R16, R15 l cc in tr phn p cung cp nh thin cho chn E v chn C ca Tranzitor ca TR2. C10, C11: C chc nng nh cc t C8, C9. Tn hiu ti u ra ca TR2 b suy gim mt phn ri c tch lm hai a vo iu ch. R18, R19, R20: Lm thnh mt b suy gim tnh. R21, R22 l cc in tr ni t ca b phn ng dch pha (900). (R23, R24, R25) v (R18, R19, R20) cng lm thnh cc b suy gim tnh. C17, C18 l cc t ni tng. - Phn mch khuych i sau khi iu ch: TR3 l Tranzitor ngc mc E chung lm chc nng khuych i. R31, R32, R33 lm thnh b suy gim tnh. R36, R35, R34: L cc in tr cung cp nh thin cho TR3 hot ng. C21, C22 l cc t ni tng, C30 l t lc ngun cung cp. C25, C26: C chc nng ging nh C10, C11. TR4 ging nh TR3 lm chc nng khuch i tn hiu t u ra ca TR3, do n phi lm vic ch dng p lc. Kt cu mch in ca h hon ton tng t. C23, C24, C31 l cc t ni tng. C29 l t lc. C27, C28 c chc nng ging nh C10, C11. R39, R38, R37 l cc in tr phn p nh thin cho TR4, (R40, R41, R42) lm thnh b suy gim tnh.
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Phn iu ch: Phng thc iu ch c dng y l 4-QAM (iu ch theo kiu iu bin cu phng). Hai lung tn hiu vo S1, S2 di dng m NRZ sau khi c x l pht ti TDP, qua cc b lc thng thp hnh G c a n cu phng ti D1 cng vi hai lung tn hiu siu cao tn nhn c t OSC sau khuch i D1, hai dng tn hiu ny c trn li iu ch theo kiu i tn trn. (R29, C19) v (R30, C20) l cc b lc thng thp hnh G i vi hai lung tn hiu S1 v S2. 4.3.3 Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch. Tn hiu siu cao tn do b OSC to ra c a vo b MOD nh jc cm S1, sau b suy gim mt phn trc khi n b sai ng HYB1. Ti y n c phn thnh hai ng ring r: + ng 1: c khuch i trc khi a vo iu ch ti D1. + ng 2: V phng thc iu ch y l iu bin cu phng 4-QAM nn cn mt b di pha phn ng tn hiu t u ra TR2 thnh hai ng c pha vung gc a vo iu ch cng hai ng tn hiu S1 v S2 mc tn hiu iu ch u ra l D1 l kh nh nn cn phi c khuch i ln cho ln trc khi a n u ra RF OUT. Chc nng khuych i ny do hai Tranzitor TR3, TR4 m nhn. Mc tn hiu ti RF OUT khong -5dBm, mun pht i n phi c khuych i ln n khong +33dBm nh b khuych i cng sut siu cao tn HPA. Ngun in cung cp cho khi MOD l cc mc +10V v -10V. 4.4 Khi khuch i cng sut siu cao tn (HPA). 4.4.1 Tng quan s nguyn l khi HPA. Nm b sai ng HYB1HYB5: Lm nhim v phn mt ng tn hiu ra lm hai ng hoc gp hai ng lm mt, tuy nhin vn c b sai ng ch n thun bin mt ng ny sang mt ng khc nh b HYB1 (bin p). Ba tng khuych i n dng 1 Tranzitor trng loi JFET gm TR1, TR2, TR5. Hai tng khuych i i vi 2 Tranzitor trng cng loi JFET gm (TR3, TR4) v (TR6, TR7). tin cho vic phn tch chi tit vo mch in ta phn tch mch in trn thnh 5 phn c bn sau y: Phn mch khuch i n th 1: Bao gm b sai ng HYB1, Tranzitor TR1 v cc mch c lin quan. Phn mch khuch i n th 2: Bao gm Tranzitor TR2 v cc mch c lin quan
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
Phn khuch i i th 1: Bao gm b sai ng HYB2, cc Tranzitor TR3, TR4. Phn mch khuch i n th 3: Bao gm b sai ng HYB3 v TR5. Phn mch khuch i i th 2: bao gm 2 b sai ng HYb4 v HYB5, 2 Tranziot trng TR6, TR7 phn ca ra ca mch v cc linh kin c lin quan. a. Phn tch s nguyn l ca tng mch. +Phn khuch i n th 1 (tng 1): B sai ng HYB1 ch n thun bin mt ng tn hiu vo thnh mt ng tn hiu ra v phi hp, tc l n ng vai tr nh mt bin p thng thng. Cc iot D2, D1 ni chn bin p xung t. R41, R42, R43 lm thnh b suy gim tnh, R34 l in tr suy gim mt phn in p ra iu chnh. C1 ngn cch mt chiu gia tn hiu vo v b HYB1, C71: L t lc ly in p mt chiu bng phng ALC CONT, C34, C15, C16 l cc t chng k sinh tn s cao trong mch. Tng khuych i TR1 lm nhin v khuych i s b tn hiu vo, y ta dng cc Tranzitor trng cho khuych i vi mc ch phi hp tr khng tt cho cc tng. TR1 c mc theo s cc ngun chung, c phn cc theo kiu mch c nh dng phn t tch cc TR11. S phn cc ny m bo rng thin p cung cp cho TR1 lm vic lun lun khng i. V TR1 c cc ngun ni t, in p cung cp cho cc D ca n c ly t cc E ca TR11 v cho cc G ly t cc C tng ng. C2, C3 l cc t ni tng. C72, C73 l cc t ngun. C51 l t xoay chiu. C17, C18, C201, C202 l cc t chng in dung k sinh tn s cao trong mch. D4, D5 cc it zener dng n nh in p ngun cung cp. R75, R79, R71, R91, R51, R52, R63 l cc in tr phn p cho TR1. R1 l in tr cp ngun cho TR1. (R2, C52) chng in dung k sinh tn s thp. + Phn mch khuych i n th 2 (tng 2): Tng khuych i TR2 lm nhim v khuych i tn hiu ra sau tng khuych i TR1. Tng t TR1, TR2 cng l cc Tranzitor trng JFET loi N c mc theo s S chung, c phn cc theo kiu mch c nh dng phn t tch cc TR12. S phn cc kiu ny cng s m bo thin p cung cp cho TR2 lun l khng i. Nguyn tc n nh ca TR2 lun l khng i, s mc mch ca n hon ton nh TR11 n nh cho TR1. C4 l t ni tng, ngn cch TR2 v b sai ng HYB1. C74, C75 l cc t lc ngun. C53 l t lc xoay chiu. C19, C20 l cc t lc chng k sinh tn s thp. D4, D5 l cc it zener lm chc nng n nh.
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
R76, R80, R92, R54, R56, R64 l cc in tr phn p cho TR12. R3 l in tr cp ngun cho TR2. R94 l in tr suy gim trn ng cp ngun mt chiu n cc G ca TR2. (R4, C54) lm chc nng chng k sinh in dung k sinh tn s thp. + Phn mch khuch i i th 1 (tng 3): B sai ng HYB2 lm nhim v bin i t mt ng tn hiu ra thnh 2 ng tip t khuych i trong c cu khuych i i. y ta dng khuych i i bi v ta cn mt cng sut ln, song cng sut chu ng ca Tranzitor trng dng trong mch l hn ch, nn dng hai ng khuych i sau cng li bi b sai ng c mt cng sut ln gp i. R36, R37 l cc in tr ni t ca b sai ng. Hai ng khuych i ny hon ton nh nhau c v s kt cu, chc nng v c thm ch c gi tr cc linh kin. * ng 1: TR3 cng l mt Tranzitor trng ging nh TR2 v TR1, lm chc nng khuch i, c nh thin theo kiu tch cc bi TR13. Nguyn tc nh thin n nh in p cung cp ny hon ton tng t nh TR1 nh thin cho TR1 v TR2 nh thin cho TR2. Tc dng ca cc linh kin: C5, C7 l cc t ni tng ngn cch mt chiu. C21, C32, C221, C222, C225 l cc t chng in dung k sinh tn s cao trong mch. C76, C78 l cc t lc ngun. C55 l t lc xoay chiu. R77, R81, R93, R73, R57, R58, R59, R65 l cc in tr phn p nh thin cho TR3. R5 l in tr trn ng cp ngun cho TR3 c tc dng suy gim mt phn in p ngun cung cp. D6, D7 l cc diot zener lm chc nng n nh. (R7, R57) lm chc nng chng in k sinh tn s thp trong mch. * ng 2: TR4 hon ton tng t nh TR3 v TR14 ging nh TR13 nhnh 1. Tc dng ca cc linh kin: C6, C8 l cc t ni tng. C22, C24, C231, C232, C235 l cc t in chng k sinh tn s cao. C56 l t lc xoay chiu. + (R8, C58) lm chc nng chng k sinh tn s thp. + Phn mch khuych i n th 3 (tng 4): Phn mch ny gm TR5 v cc linh kin c lin quan TR5 l JFET loi N mc S chung trong cc S c ni t, 2 cc G, D c cp in t hai ng ring r. Chc nng chnh ca TR5 ch l khuch i tn hiu siu cao tn t u ra ca b cng cng
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sut HYB3 ri a n u vo b sai ng HYB4 xung t. Hai ng khuych i ny ging ht nhau v s nguyn l v kt cu. * ng 1: c ph trch bi TR6, chc nng chnh ca n l khuych i c mt cng sut ln hn. C11, C13 l cc t ngn cch mt chiu gia TR6 vi u vo v u ra. C27, C29, C251, C255, C256 l cc t hn ch in k sinh tn s cao. C82, C84 l cc t lc ngun. R11, R102 l cc in tr cp ngun cho TR6 lm vic. R22 l in tr n nh tr khng vo cho TR6. (R13, R63) lm nhim v chng in dung k sinh tn s thp. * ng 2: Do TR7 ph trch c chc nng ging ht TR6 nu trn. D10, D11 l cc diot zener dng n nh in p mt chiu ngun cung cp. C83, C85 l cc t lc ngun, C12, C14 l cc t ni tng. C28, C30, C261, C265, C266 l cc t hn ch in dung k sinh tn s cao. R103, R23 l cc in tr cp ngun cho TR7 lm vic. R23 dng n nh tr khng vo cho TR7. (R14, R64) dng chng in dung k sinh tn s thp. HYB5 lm nhim v cng cng sut t 2 ng trn mt ng a n ca ra. Ti ca ra c mt ng tn hiu siu cao tn ti y chnh lu, lc v a ra chn s 1 ca CD1 di dng in p mt chiu, y l tn hiu pht ra mc cng sut pht. R50 tng t nh R40. R15, R16 l cc in tr ni t ca mch ca ra. R45, R44, R46 l cc in tr suy gim mc cng sut pht v n nh tr khng ca ng mch ny. R31, R32: Suy gim tn hiu mt chiu sau lc. D3 l it chnh lu. C31, C32, C33: L cc t lc sau chnh lu. RF MON: Ca ra ly tn hiu o v hin th. RF OUT: Ca ra ly tn hiu sau khuch i a ra Anten. 4.4.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca ton mch. Tn hiu siu cao tn RF IN (t b MOD) vo qua l cm J1, qua b suy gim tnh c ghp qua mt ng khc a n hai tng khuych i n. Tn hiu u vo v u ra b HYB1 c a n chn s 2 ca CD1 iu chnh mc vo mt cch t ng. Qua 2 tng khuych i n TR1 v TR2 tn hiu c phn lm hai ng nh b sai ng HYB2, mi ng c khuych i ring r nh TR3 hoc TR4. Sau cng cng sut c khuych i mi ng nh HYB3 c mt cng sut ln gp i. Cng sut ny tip tc c TR5 khuych i, sau tn hiu t u ra ca TR5 li c tip tc khuych i nh ln trc ri HYB5 thc hin chc nng cng cng sut t
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
hai ng li c mt cng sut siu cao tn ln thng qua mch ca ra v phn nhnh ti RF OUT v RF MON. Mc cng sut ra RF OUT c xc nh nh mch TLVL DET. Ngi ta cng trch mt phn tn hiu ra chnh lu lc thnh in p mt chiu, thng qua cc in tr suy gim a n chn 1 ca CD1 xem xt mc cng sut pht ra.
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
Mt s bi o kim tra thit b vi ba DM2G - 1000
Bi 1 - o cng sut pht 1- Tng quan. Bi o ny l kim tra cng sut ra ca khi pht. 2- Ch tiu k thut Cng sut ti u ra: + 33 dbm 1db 3- Thit b yu cu cn dng cho bi o. + My cng sut ML 4803A hoc tng t. + B cm bin (Power sensor) hoc tng t. + Suy hao 30db (Narda 768-30) hoc tng t. + Adaptor, N(j) - SMA(j), cp SMA di 100 mm. 4- S o. SMA(j) N(j) SMA Cable (100mm) Adaptor ATT To RF OUT
power cord Power meter
RF OUT O No.1 TX BR NTWK
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
5- Phng php o. a. Chun b bi o. + M cp ni gia TX v BR NTWK. + t CAL FACTOR trn my o cng sut theo s phn trm ghi trn b cm bin (sensor) vi tn s o yu cu. + Thc hin CAL v 0 cho my o cng sut trc khi o. b. Thc hin php o nh hnh v. Ch : Nn dng suy hao 30db khi thc hin php o bo m an ton cho Sensor v di o ca Sensor thng t - 30db n + 20db. c. c kt qu o. Cng sut pht ra = Kt qu o trn my o + Gi tr suy hao d. Kt thc bi o. Sau khi o xong phi u li cp ni thit b hot ng bnh thng. 6- iu chnh cng sut.
Nu cng sut ra khng nh ch tiu k thut th ta c th iu chnh ti AUTO LVL ADJ (RV8) trn khi pht (TX).
Bi 2 - o tn s 1- Tng quan. Bi o ny kim tra tn s dao ng ni ca khi TX. 2- Ch tiu k thut. Tolerance: Within 20 ppm 3- Thit b cn dng cho bi o. My m tn s MF 1603A hoc tng t Adaptor, N(P) - SMA(J) Cp SMA (2000mm)
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Vi ba s DM 2G -1000
4- S o.
Frequency counter SMA (J) N(P) SMA Cable (2000mm) Adaptor To LO F MON
RF OUT O No.1 TX BR NTWK
5- Phng php o. a. Chun b my o. + Bt ngun cho my o trc khi o t nht 30 pht cho m my v chy n nh. + BAND SELEC T SW trn my m tn s s t theo ch tiu bng tn (RF band). b. Thc hin php o nh hnh v. c. Ghi li kt qu o trn my.
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Bi 3 - o bit li 1- Tng quan. Bi o ny dng thc hin php o nh gi cht lng ng truyn thng qua t s bit li. 2- Ch tiu k thut. BER 10-3 ti RSL = -87.0 dbm 3- Thit b yu cu cn dng cho bi o. + My phn tch ng truyn ME 520B hoc tng t + My o cng sut ML 4803A v b cm bin MA4701A hoc tng t + B suy hao 768-10 (10db) hoc tng t + B suy hao tng nc HP8494A v HP8495A hoc tng t + B suy hao 491F + B bin i tr khng 75 - 120 + Adaptor, N(P) - SMA(J) + Adaptor, N(J) - SMA(J) + Cp SMA, 2000mm + Cp SMA, 100mm + Cp BNC - BNC 4- Phng php o. + t v u ni thit b vi my o nh hnh v + a cp ni gia khi thu (RX) v RF - BR NTWK ra ngoi + Ni my o cng sut n u ra RF - BR NTWK + Ni my o bit li n u IN, OUT ca b phi hp tr khng + iu chnh suy hao cho mc thu t -50 dbm + Ni cp tr li cho khi thu (RF) v RF - BR NTWK + o t s li (BER) v mc tn hiu thu (RSL) thng qua vic iu chnh suy hao
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Suy hao bin i
Cp-3SMA
Suy hao bin i
Cp-1SMA
SMA(J) Adaptor N(P) Suy hao Adaptor SMA(J)-N(P)
Cp-2SMA
SMA(J) Adaptor N(P) Suy hao
n cng ANT
RX
n cng ANT
Adaptor SMA(J)-N(P)
My o cng sut
DM2G - 1000
n B IN/OUT
Cp SMA B cm bin (100mm) HDB-3 OUTPUT BNC-BNC My PTT (T) HDB-3 INPUT My PTT BNC-BNC (R)
n B IN/OUT
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Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Nhn xt ca gio vin phn bin

1- chnh xc : 2- Tnh thc tin: 3- nh gi chung: 4- im lun vn:

Nhn xt ca gio vin phn bin

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Chng I - X l tn hiu bng tn gc

Bng 1.1- Qui lut bin i ca m tam phn chn cp.

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

B= B + =rs/2 + = rng bng tn thc t Trong l h s bin i, B bng tn Nyquist.

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Chng II - iu ch v gii iu ch trong vi ba s

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Hnh 2.1 - iu ch ASK i vi tn hiu nh phn nh phn 10101101 p(t) A2 16 xung

-3/T -2/T -1/T f0-3rb f0-2rb f0-rb rb

1/T 2/T 3/T f0+rb f0+2rb f0+3rb

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

C1 Signal Chn bin C2 Signal tuyt i cc i v k hiu thch ng

a) Tng quan cho

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Ma trn quyt nh Quyt nh

S1(t) S0(t) = Accos0t

Tch sng hnh bao

Tch sng ngng

Hnh 2.5 - S khi b gii iu ch khng kt hp

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khi phc Sng mang

Hnh 2.7 - S khi b iu ch kt hp PSK

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Hnh 2.8(a) - B iu ch DPSK L mu

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Vi ba s DM 2G -1000 Trng thi vc t 1800 00

A/2 cos 2f0t

Tn hiu vo -fb NRZ

-A/2 sin 2f0t A/2 sin 2f0t

900 Trng thi vc t 01 2700 11 10 th vc t 00

Hnh 2.9 (a) B iu ch QPSK

Chuyn song song ni tip

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Hnh 2.10 (a) My thu mch vng theo di cu phng

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

Knh s liu Lc knh tn s Lc tone hng dn Lc knh s liu Tch sng ng b Mc q. nh

Chui s liu pht ra

nh thi gian bit

Hnh 2.10 (b) My thu c mch vng theo di TONE hng dn

B no B Dch pha 450

Hnh 2.11 (a) - B iu ch 8 - PSK

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

S.song n.tip NRZ

Khi phc sng mang

Khoa TVT - HBK H ni

So snh mc ngng Chui s liu tch

Hnh 2.12 (a) - th hnh sao , (b) - My thu 4-DPSK