Ging vin hng dn:

Hong Hu Ha
Sinh vin thc hin:
Nguyn Vn Hn
ti:
I. Gii thiu chung v cu to ca Lazer.
II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
III. Chc nng ca bung cng hng.
IV. Phn loi bung cng hng.
V. Cc mode trong bung cng hng.
VI. H s phm cht ca bung cng hng.
VII.Chn lc mode trong bung cng hng.
VIII.Kt lun.
NI DUNG TRNH BY:
Cu to ca Lazer gm ba b phn chnh:
1. Ngun bm.
2. Mi trng hot cht.
3. Bung cng hng
L ngun nng lng kch hot cho hot cht (cc nguyn t, phn t)
lun lun trng thi nghch o mt c tr (hp th nng lng bm).
L mi trng khuch i gm rt nhiu cc nguyn t hoc phn t c
cu trc nng lng sao cho c th tm trong t nht l ba mc nng lng
(hoc bn mc nng lng) to nghch o mt c tr.
L b phn m bo qu trnh phn hi ngc quang hc dng.
Ngoi ra cn c thm mt s b phn khc nhm nng cao tnh u vit ca
chm tia Lazer gm c:
Hp phn x: tp trung nng lng bm vo hot cht (dng trong trng hp
bm quang hc).
Khe chn: lc mode ngang, tp trung nng lng trong bung cng hng
cho mt mode c bn
Cht lm lnh: gim nhit ca hot cht nhm nng cao n nh ca
laser.
1. Ngun bm:
2. Mi trng hot cht:
3. Bung cng hng:

II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
Bung cng hng cu to chnh gm c hai gng quang hc c h s phn x
cao t i din nhau v cch nhau mt khong trong khng gian. Mt trong hai
gng l gng phn x ton phn. Sau y l cu trc chi tit ca gng quang hc
v bung cng hng quang hc.

1. Gng quang hc:
Gng phn x c lm t tm kim loi hoc thy tinh c m mt lp vng
hoc bc c phn x cao. Tuy nhin h s phn x ca gng khng c tnh lc la
cc bc sng. c c h s phn x lc la cao theo tng bc sng nht nh
ta phi s dng cc tm phn x cng hng gi tt l gng Lazer.

Gng Lazer c ch to rt c bit . N c phun bi nhiu lp in mi
trong sut, mng song song cch nhau bng mt lp khng kh ln . Tnh cht
phn x lc la ca gng Lazer c c trng bi cc tham s c trng ca lp
in mi nh: s lp, dy mi lp, khong cch gia cc lp,chit sut ca cht
lm in mi. Hin tng giao thoa xy ra nhiu ln gia cc mt phn x dn n
s ph thuc ca h s phn x ca gng vo bc sng bc x.

H s phn x cc i ca bc sng ca bc x quang trong chn khng
ca gng bao gm m bn mt c dy bng nhau, t cch nhau mt
khong bng nhau, bng mt s l ln mt phn t bc sng, xc nh bng
cng thc:

Trong m l s bn mt hay s lp in mi, n l chit sut ca n. iu
kin chiu dy quang hc bng tc l:
m bo cc tia sng phn x trn cc lp giao thoa ng pha vi nhau.
Khi cc tia sng phn x ng pha th tng cng phn x trn ton b cc
lp s l cc i.

N
1
>1
N
2
<1
N
3
=N
1
N
4
=N
2

N
5
=N
1


Thy tinh
Khng kh N =1
4

4
r
1
n
1
= r
1


n
2
=
2
2
ax
2
1
1
m
m
m
n
r
n
| |
=
|
+
\ .
II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
a. S ph thuc ca h s phn x vo chiu dy ca lp in mi.

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
4 sin 2
1 4sin 2
f
r nDf
R
r nDf
t
t
=
+
Trong f l tn s bc x, D l dy ca bn mt, r l dy ca lp
in mi.
i vi tng Lazer nht nh th h s phn x ca n t cc i mt
bc sng(tn s) nht nh. Cn vi cc bc sng khc th h s phn x
s nh hn.
Da vo hai iu ny m ta ch to nn gng phn x ton phn hay bn
phn. V nguyn tc chng ta cng c th ch to gng Lazer gm nhiu
mt c dy khc nhau song iu ny kh thc hin c gy kh khn
trong thit k v gia cng nn t c s dng trong thc t. Tuy nhin nhm
s dng cho Lazer c phn b nghch o khng u theo tit din ngang
ca hot cht hoc cn lc cc MODE ngang th ngi ta ch to gng
Lazer c nhiu bn mt c dy bng nhau nhng bn knh khc nhau.
II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
b. S ph thuc ca h s phn x theo tn s bc x :
2. Lng knh:

Trong nhiu trng hp lng knh phn x thay cho gng phn x ton phn
100% ca bung cng hng Lazer. Nh lng knh ny m cc tia phn k nh c
phn x tr li hot cht. Ngoi ra cng nh lng knh m qu trnh khuch i trong
hot cht c phn b u. Nn lng knh c s dng trong Lazer bin iu xung.
i vi bung cng hng c tnh lc la ngoi vic thay cho gng ra lng knh cn
c tc dng ging nh cch t nhiu x nhm lc nhng bc sng thch hp.
H mt lng knh
II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
H hai lng knh
Hot cht
Lng knh
3. Khe chn:
Bc x Lazer pht ra c th c rt nhiu sng c tn s khc nhau. Tuy nhin
thng thng vic s dng Lazer ta ch s dng mt vi sng c tn s nht
nh. V cho Lazer pht bc x n sc ta c th dng 2 cch:
Cch 1: S dng Lazer c kch thc nh.
Cch 2: Dng cch khe chn.
Dng cch th nht gp kh khn trong vic gia cng, lp ghp, kh chnh sa
v cng sut b nn trong thc t ta thng s dng cch th hai l dng khe
chn bng cch t nhiu x.
II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
II. Cu to ca bung cng hng.
3. Khe chn:
Khe chn c hc thng dng trong bung cng hng Lazer c cng sut nh.
l mt l trn nh trn mt kim loi khng trong sut.
i vi Lazer c cng sut ln thng xy ra s ph hy trn ng bin ca l
chn. trnh s ph hy ny phn mt bin ca l c gia cng di dng mt
cu hoc mt vung gc v c nh bng sao cho bc x phn x mnh nht
vng ny. Tuy nhin mun c bn cao di tc dng ca bc x Lazer mnh nn
khe chn c thay bng thy tinh hoc thch anh
Khi t khe chn trn trc ca bung cng hng lc la th nhng tia c tn s
ph hp s c i qua khe chn nhiu ln v ch khuch i. Nhng tia no
khng c i qua s b phn x ra ngoi v khng c khuch i.
1. Thc hin hi tip dng:
Mi trng hot cht t trong bung cng hng tuy c kh nng khuch i tn
hiu i qua n theo quy lut hm m nhng khuch i ny khng ln do chiu
di ca bung cng hng c hn. Chng hn nu dng CO
2
c h s khuch i
tng i ln trong cc hot cht thng thng th c c cng sut 1 Wat cn
phi s dng mt ng cha kh di khong 10
4
m iu ny l khng th thc hin
c. V vy chiu di ca hot cht phi c gii quyt theo cch khc. Chnh nh
bung cng hng m chiu di ca hot cht c gii quyt mt cch n gin.
Trong bung cng hng tia sng c phn x rt nhiu ln v y chnh l bin
php tng qung ng i ca tia. C th din ra nh sau:

Gi s s dch chuyn t pht ca nguyn t no trong bung cng hng xut
hin mt sng nh snh. Sng s c khuch i ln do dch chuyn cng bc khi
n i qua lp hot cht. Khi ti mt phn x mt phn sng nh sng c th b mt do
hin tng hp th hoc truyn qua, nhng phn ch yu c phn x tr li v c
khuch i ln trn ng i ti mt phn x kia. Ti y xy ra qu trnh tng t v
c nh vy sau nhiu ln phn x s thu c dng bc x c cng rt ln.
Gi s s dch chuyn t pht ca nguyn t no trong bung cng hng xut
hin mt sng nh snh. Sng s c khuch i ln do dch chuyn cng bc khi
n i qua lp hot cht. Khi ti mt phn x mt phn sng nh sang c th b mt do
hin tng hp th hoc truyn qua, nhng phn ch yu c phn x tr li v c
khuch i ln trn ng i ti mt phn x kia. Ti y xy ra qu trnh tng t v
c nh vy sau nhiu ln phn x s thu c dng bc x c cng rt ln.
1. Thc hin hi tip dng:
S hnh thnh hi tip dng trong BCH.
Khuch i khng th ln v cng c n b gii hn bi cng sut ca ngun bm
Do bung cng hng m nn nhng sng truyn dc theo trc ca bung cng
hng s i qua hot cht nhiu ln v c khuch i ln. Nhng sng nh sng
ny xc nh cng sut ra ca Lazer. Cn nhng sng no truyn vi gc tng i
ln so vi trc ca bung cng hng th sau mt vi ln phn x s b thot ra ngoi.
V vy bc x hnh thnh ca ra ca bung cng hng c tnh nh hng rt cao.
Trong qu trnh phn x nhiu ln gia hai gng pha ca sng nh snh lun bo
ton v quan h gia cc pha cng khng i do bc x ra l bc x kt hp.
Nh c bung cng hng c th thc hin c cc phng php dao ng khc
nhau thu c bc x trong mt di ph rt hp gn nh n sc. Nh vy c th
ni rng bung cng hng quang hc c vai tr quyt nh trong vic hnh thnh cc
tnh cht c bn ca bc x Lazer.
2. To ra bc x nh hng, n sc, kt hp.
y l loi thng dng nht v n gin nht gm hai gng phng bn phn x
c phn x cao
khong 95% quay mt phn x vo nhau t song song vi nhau.
Bung cng hng ny i hi kht khe v song song ca hai gng v th rt
kh chnh nhng li c c bc x c nh hng cao. Loi ny thng c
s dng trong Lazer rn v bn dn.


IV. Phn loi bung cng hng:
1. Giao thoa k Fabri-perot.
Bung cng hng gm hai gng cu c bn knh cong bng nhau v c phn
b trn khong ng bng bn knh cong , do tiu im ca chng trng
nhau.

Loi ny c u im l: d chnh v tn hao do nhiu x trong bung cng
hng coi nh khng ng k. Chng c s dng nhiu trong Lazer kh.
2. Bung cng hng ng tiu:
3. Bung cng hng gm mt gng phng v mt gng cu:

Loi ny c dng trong cc Lazer kh v mt s Lazer rn.
Ngoi ra thu c cc xung Lazer c rng xung nh v c cng sut ln th ta
thay mt trong 2 gng hoc c hai gng bng lng knh quay vi vn tc ln.
IV. Phn loi bung cng hng:
Mc d cu to ca bung cng hng tng i n gin nhng qu
trnh xy ra trong li tng i phc tp. Trc ht ta xt s hnh
thnh cc dao ng ring ca bung cng hng: trong k thut Lazer
cc dao ng ring c gi l cc mode. Trong gn ng bc nht cc
mode c th coi nh kt qu giao thoa ca cc sng phng lan truyn
theo hng ngc chiu nhau gia hai gng phn x. Mi mt mode
c c trng bi cu hnh tng ng ca trng trn b mt cc
gng v s na bc sng c sp xp gia hai gng tc l trn trc
ca bung cng hng. Cc mode dc c hnh thnh bi sng phng
lan truyn ngc chiu nhau. Nh vy mi mode l mt sng ng.
V. Cc mode trong BCH:
1. MODE dc:
Khi mt sng c hc lan truyn dc theo mt si dy v n gp mt bc tng
ri phn x li gp sng ban u truyn ti th trn si dy s hnh thnh mt sng
dng. Mi lin h gia bc sng v chiu di si dy l:
2

n L = trong n l mt s nguyn
Tng t, trong bung cng hng quang hc, khi sng in t truyn dc theo
trc ca bung cng hng v phn x qua li gia hai gng cng s hnh thnh nn
sng dng. Ch nhng dao ng in t no m mt s nguyn ln na bc sng ca
n bng chiu di bung cng hng mi c th tn ti. V mt ton hc, ta vit l:
2

q L =
Nh vy s c nhiu bc sng tha mn c iu kin ny, ngha l trong
bung cng hng s ng thi c cc mode sng dng bc sng khc nhau , ,
cng tn ti. chnh lch tn s ca cc mode dc lin tip nhau l: y c
l vn tc nh sng.

L
c
2
V. Cc mode trong BCH:
V. Cc mode trong BCH:
2. MODE ngang:
Trong khi xt mode dc, ta xt cc sng m phng truyn ca n nm dc theo
trc ca bung cng hng. Nu phng lan truyn ca sng to vi trc ca bung
cng hng mt gc kh nh th sng dng cng c hnh thnh. Cc sng dng
c hnh thnh trong trng hp ny c gi l cc mode ngang v phn b
trng (hoc phn b nng lng) ca n thay i theo phng ngang.

Khi sng ti truyn n gp gng ca bung cng hng th mt sng phn x s
hnh thnh v chuyn ng theo hng ngc li v chng gp nhau to nn sng
dng. iu ny ch ng khi cc sng ny l sng cu (Kch tht ca bung cng
hng l hu hn nn bung cng hng khng ch c sng phng m cn c sng
cu). Theo tnh ton, ch cc sng dng c bc sng tha mn h thc sau y mi
tn ti:
) 1 ( 2
4
+ + + = n m q
L

y q l s th t mode dc, cn m v n l s th t mode ngang.

chnh lch tn s gia hai mode ngang ln cn nhau nh hn nhiu so vi cc
mode dc.
Tm lai trong bung cng hng kn. Ngoi cc mode dc thun ty c trng bi
m=n=0 v q#0, trong BCH tn ti cc mode ngang hnh thnh bi cc sng phng lan
truyn di mt gc tng i nh so vi trc ca BCH. Khc vi mode dc phn b
trng ca cc mode ngang khng phi l ng nht m mang tnh tun hon theo
khng gian gim dn v 0 mp gng. Nh vy trong BCH c 2 loi mode khc
nhau: cc mode dc ch phn bit nhau bi tn s pht,cc mode ngang phn bit nhau
bng s phn b bin v pha trn b mt gng.
Nu by gi b i cc mt dn bn th s thu c BCH h v khi xut hin yu t
mi nh hng n qu tnh vt l xy ra trong gng l: tn hao nhiu x trn cc
gng.Tuy nhin do gc kh nh so vi trc ca BCH nn tn hao do nhiu x coi
nh khng ng k. V khi m,n nh th v trng ca tt c cc dao ng hu nh ch
tp trong trung tm ca gng v gim dn v mp gng
Nh vy,trong bung cng hng kn c th tn ti cc mode ngang vi cc gi tr
m,n ln. Trong bung cng hng h cc dao dng khng xut hin c do tn hao
l rt ln m chng phi chu trn mp gng. Cc tn hao ng vai tr quan trng
trong BCH quang hc, n cho php gim i mt cch ng k s mode ngang c
kch thch trong BCH v ch gi li nhng mode ngang no ng vi cc tia sng lan
truyn gn nh song song vi trc ca bung cng hng. Chnh iu ny quyt nh
n tnh nh hng ca bc x Lazer.
V. Cc mode trong BCH:
nh gi cht lng ca BCH quang hc theo quan im nng lng, ngi ta s
dng khi nim h s phm cht. H s phm cht c xc nh theo cng thc:

0
2
d
E
Q f
p
t =
Vi E
d
l nng lng d tr trong BCH.
P
0
l nng lng trung bnh b tiu hao trong mt giy.
Theo cng thc ny ta thy h s phm cht t l nghch vi tn hao trong BCH. Cc
tn hao trong bung cng hng trc ht c xc nh bi cht lng phn x ca
cc gng. Nu coi cc gong l hon ton ging nhau v c cng h s phn x r th
phn nng lng trong BCH gim i trong khong thi gian dt do hin tng truyn
qua v hp th c xc nh nh sau:
Khong thi gian sng i t gng ny n gng khc l:
L Ln
t
f c
A = =
VI. H s phm cht ca BCH quang hc.
(1 )
2
E
r
Gi s sng phng mang nng lng i t gng G1 n gng G2. Ti gng
G2 sng ny phn x mt phn. Tn hao lng bng :

2
E
Nh vy c sau khong thi gian th sng i c mt ln t gng ny ti
gng kia v b tiu hao mt lng nng lng l:
t A
(1 )
2
E
R
V vy tnh trung bnh trong mt n v thi gian sng b mt mt phn nng lng l:
(1 )
(1 )
2 2
E E R C
R
t Ln

=
A
V mi dao ng trong BCH c to bi hai sng phng lan truyn theo hai hng
ngc chiu nhau nn phn nng lng m mt mode mt i trong mt n v thi
gian l:
(1 ) E R C
Ln

tnh cho c khong thi gian th ta c phng trnh xc nh tn hao:

t A
(1 )
c
dE E R dt
Ln
=
VI. H s phm cht ca BCH quang hc.
Mt khc nu coi cc mode ca BCH nh cc dao ng in t c lp
mi dao ng in t ny c c trng bi mt tn s cng hng v tc
tn x nng lng c th biu din qua h s phm cht Q nh sau:
0
.
t
Q
E E e
e

=
E
0
l nng lng d tr ban u.
Ly vi phn ta c :
dE E dt
Q
e
=
So Snh hai biu thc ny ta c:
2
(1 ) (1 )
L n Ln
Q
c R R
e t

= =

V d L= 10cm ,
6
0, 6.10 m

=
,R=0,9 n=1.5 ta c Q=1,5.10
7

Tc l h s phm cht c gi tr rt ln, ln hn rt nhiu so vi BCH cao
tn
Tuy nhin, trn thc t ngoi tn hao do phn x ra cn c rt nhiu nguyn
nhn khc lm gim h s phm cht ca BCH quang hc. Do nhiu x gy
bi kch thc hu hn ca cc gng, s khng song song ca cc gng,
nhm ca cc gng ...
VI. H s phm cht ca BCH quang hc.
VII. Chn lc mode.
Trong BCH quang hc thng thng c mt s lng rt ln cc mode dc v cc
mode ngang c kch thch ng thi. Do khi lm vic Lazer s bc x ra mt tp
hp cc tn s rt gn nhau nm trong phm vi ca ng bao ca vch ph pht
quang ca hot cht. Mi mode tng ng vi mi tn s xc nh v phn b trng
trn b mt gng. Ch a mode ca Lazer s lm gim tnh kt hp v n sc
ca bc x, lm m rng v gin nh hng ca chm tia bc x. s dng
c Lazer trong k thut v trong thng tin vic u tin l phi trit tiu c
nhng dao ng khng cn thit v tp trung nng lng bc x cho mt vi mode
nht nh to iu kin cho Lazer hot ng ch n mode. Qa trnh ny gi l
chn lc mode.
1. Chn lc mode ngang.
Trong qu trnh chn lc mode ngang vic kh cc dao ng khng cn thit c
thc hin bng cch tng t ngt gi tr tn hao do nhiu x. lm c iu ny
ta a vo BCH mt mn chn thch hp. Hin nay mn chn thng c s dng
l thu knh hi t.
Chn lc mode xin dng mn chn v hai thu knh
VII. Chn lc mode.
2. Chn lc mode dc.
chn lc mode dc ta c th s dng mt trong s cc phng pp sau:
Thay i chiu di ca BCH.
a vo BCH mu chun Fbri- Perot hoc tm phng song song.
Dng gng phn x c h s truyn qua thay i dc theo tit din.
Dng gng phn x Bragg to hi tip chn lc tn s.
S mode dc trong BCH c xc nh bi rng ph pht quang ca hot cht v
di ca BCH. Do v nguyn tc c rt ngn di ca BCH ta c th gim dn tn
s dc. Tuy nhin cch ny t c s dng v n rt ngn BCH lm gim chiu di ca
hot cht dn n gim hiu sut ca Lazer.
Phng php thng dng nht dng chon lc mode dc l dng phng php BCH
kp
G1

G2

G3

L1

L2

a)

b)

Chn lc mode vi BCH kp a) s ; b)Ph dao ng

VII. Chn lc mode.
BCH kp c to bi ba gng phng G1,G2,G3,khong cch gia hai
gng G1,G2 l L1. Trong phn ny BCH s hnh thnh cc mode dc vi
hiu tn s c xc nh bng cng thc:
12
1
2
c
f
L
A =
Trong phn cn li ca BCH c hnh thnh cc mode dc vi hiu tn s
c xc nh:
23
2
2
c
f
L
A =
Nh vy nu chon L1,L2 khc nhau th hiu tn s ca hai mode dc cch
nhau hai phn ca BCH s khc nhau.
VII. Chn lc mode.
VII. Chn lc mode.
Ch c nhng mode dc no m tn s ring ca chng trong c hai phn ca BCH
trng nhau th mi l mode chung ca BCH. Kt qu l ph dao ng ca BCH kp
gim i rt nhiu so vi ph dao ng ca mode bnh thng.
Hiu sut ca phng phng php chn lc mode ny tng ln khi ta tng s gng
phn x t trong BCH. Tnh cht ny c s dng rng ri trong cc Lazer rn m
ta dng hn hp hai hoc nhiu tm gng phng t song song lm mt mt phn
x cn mt kia l mt gng ic.
VIII. Kt lun:
Trn y l nhng nghin cu tng quan v bung cng hng Lazer.
Qua y ta thy c nhng c im c bn nht ca bung cng
hng Lazer. Da trn nhng c im ny ta ng dng vo trong
cng ngh gia cng ch to Lazer ng vi tng loi Lazer c th ta
c tng loi bung cng hng thch hp nhm t hiu sut pht
Lazer cao nht.
Mt loi bung cng hng khc l bung cng hng lc la ng
dng thay i bc sng v nng cao n sc ca chm tia
Lazer nhng do gii han ca ti nn cha c nghin cu trong
ti ny.