Microwave Principle and Equipment

ZTE University

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application

Application/Solution Mobile Network Application Cellular Network Application Ethernet Application

Microwave Communication Principles ZTE Microwave Product Microwave Future Evolution

Application/Solution
Point to Point Digital Microwave transmission system

Coaxial cable
Microwave link

MUX

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Mobile Network Application

SDH
..... MSC

SDH

PDH
BTS

PDH
BTS

PDH
BTS BTS BTS

PDH
BTS

BTS
BTS

PDH
BTS BTS

BTS
PSTN MSC BSC

SDH

BSC

SDH SDH
BSC BTS BTS BTS

BTS BTS

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network MSC: Mobile Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station SDH

BTS BSC BTS

SDH

PDH PDH PDH

BTS BTS

SDH Microwave
PDH Microwave

BTS

BTS

PDH

BTS

PDH

Cellular Network Application 1

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Cellular Network Application2

RNC: Regional Network Centre ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer MUX: Multiplexer STM: Synchronous Transport Module

Ethernet Application(1)
LAN to LAN Bridge

Ethernet Application(2)

Ethernet Application(3)

Review

What are the main transmission methods nowadays? What are the main applications for microwave equipments?

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles

Introduction to Microwave Principles System Structure

ZTE Microwave Product Microwave Future Evolution

Introduction to Microwave Principles

Different Transmission Systems Microwave Frequency Features of Radio Transmission Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization Radio Wave Propagation Fading Interference Microwave Radio Link Relay station (Passive)

Different Transmission Systems

Coaxial cable

Microwave link

MUX

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave Frequency
Frequency: 300MHZ 300GHZ Wavelength: 1m~1mm

Frequency band: UHF: 0.3-1.12G KU: 12.4-18G S: 2.6-3.95 G U: 40-60G

X: 8.2-12.4G LS: 1.7-2.6 G Ka: 26.5-40G XC: 5.85-8.2G

L: 1.12-1.7G K: 18-26G C: 3.95-5.85G

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF microwave

EHF

10Km 30KHz

1Km 300KHz

100m 3MHz

10m 30MHz

1m 300MHz

10cm 3GHz

1cm 30GHz

1mm 300GHz

Features of Radio transmission

1 2 3 4 5 6 Wavelength is short while frequency is high. Wide frequency band Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering Free space loss Fading caused by other types of path loss. Interference

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization 1

Regional network 1.5 2.5

2 8 34 Mbit/s

3.3 11 GHz National backbone network 34 140 155 Mbit/s Regional and local network 2 8 34 140 155 Mbit/s 8 10 20 30 40 50

GHz

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization 2

Low frequency band High frequency band

Channel number 1 F3 2 n 1' 2' n'

Fo Frequency F1 F2 Band width Fo: Center frequency

Radio Wave Propagation 1

The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between transmitting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)

The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation: 1) Path curvature 2) Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events Free space loss (Lfs)=92.4+20log(fd) (dB) f:GHz, d:km

Radio Wave Propagation 2

Atmosphere influence

Refraction

Partial reflection

Absorption
Gaz and water vapor

Diffusion
Diffusion volume

n2

n2 i.2 Frequ. < 15 GHz : insignificant 20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km

Rain
i.1 n1 n1 Frequ. > ?10 GHzo

500Km

n1sin i.1 = n2sin i.2

Almost horizontal

Radio Wave Propagation 3

Ground influence

Diffraction Reflection

Diffraction on a ridge

Spherical diffraction

Radio Wave Propagation 4

Air refraction index at sea level: n = 1.000 315
N
h

N = 315 N units

Standard atmosphere

N = - 39 N.units Km

Ro Real Earth
N : Gradient of air refraction index

K = R/Ro = 4/3

R Imaginary Earth

N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time

An imaginary earth with the radius of 8500km, allows to simplify analysis on Refraction propagation of radio wave.

Fading
Causes Types Selective Fading Rain and Snow Fading Anti-Fading Measures

Causes
Causes of fading

1 2 3 4

Changes of transmitting media Reflection Atmosphere Rain

Types
1 2 3 Fast fading and slow fading Up fading and down fading Frequency selective fading and flat fading

Selective Fading
Cause Multi-path propagation
Refraction Reflection A1 A A 2 ,T A 1 ,T
1 2

Transmitter
F= A max 1

Receiver
= A T =
2

-T A2 A1

A min A1 -A2 A1+ A For A1 = A2

Frequency F0
2

Radio channel < 1 minimal-phase fading > 1 non-minimal phase fading

A max dB = + 6 A min dB = -

The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal

Rain and Snow Fading

Main cause frequencies > 10 GHz
-80 < Pr < -20 dBm Receiver A B
FI

Demodulator

CAG

Digital signal Transmitter dBm A IF W0 Noise dBm

IF Level 0 dBr ?2dB?

B Signal Time
C N

Time

Noise

Anti-Fading Measures
Techniques without diversity

1 2
3

Reduce ground reflection Increase path consistency

Various equalizers

Diversity techniques 1 2

Frequency Diversity Space Diversity

10.2/F0/2<H<37/F0/2

Interference
Types Anti-Interference Measures

Sort
A B Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference

Anti-Interference Measures
A B Increase transmit power Improve band pass filter performance

Microwave Radio Link

Hop NO.1 Hop NO.2 Hop No.n

Or
TX/R x TX/Rx TX/R x TX/Rx

Terminal Station
Cable

Relay station (Active) Radio Link

Relay station (Passive)

Terminal Station Cable

Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, a few km < D < 100km Availability and quality depends on the distance recommended by ITU-R.

Relay station (Passive)

Plane reflectors

Parabolic reflectors

System hierarchy

Digital System Hierarchy

Transmission Rate Levels

Digital System Hierarchy

2400/19200 bit/s Data VF Data

MUX

PCM

64 kbit/s
TN 1 2.048 Mbit/s 4 x 30 channels TN 2 8.448 Mbit/s 4 x 120 channels TN 3 34.268 Mbit/s 4 x 480 channels TN 4 139.264 Mbit/s 1920 channels 480 channels 120 channels + frame + stuffing 30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame 32 x 64 = 2048 kbit/s

Transmission Rate Levels

2/34 Mbit/s PDH ADM 155 155 Mbit/s

CMI

Tx/Rx

34,268 Mbit/s

4 3 2 1

TN4

140 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

CMI

8,448 Mbit/s

4 3 2 1

TN3

34 Mbit/s HDB3
or 16x2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

2,048 Mbit/s

4 3 2 1

TN2

8 Mbit/s HDB3
or 4x2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

30 64 kbit/s 1

TN1

2 Mbit/s HDB3
4x2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

Review

1. What are the frequency rang of microwave? 2. Describe the features of the microwave transmission? 3. What are the influences of the atmosphere on microwave transmission? 4. What are the causes of fading? 5. What are the main causes of selective fading? 6. What are the two types of counter-fading measures? What are the main measures? 7. How many kinds of passive relay stations are there?

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles ZTE Microwave Product

ZXMW P10 S400&S500 ZXMW SR10 S200 ZXMW SR10 S340 ZXMW NR8000 Series

Microwave Future Evolution

ZXMW PR10 S400&S500

ZXMW SR10 S200

ZXMW SR10 S340

NR8000 Series Overview

SDR BBU Platform
NR8000 is a PDH&SDH integrated digital microwave system developed by ZTE Corporation

NR8050

NR8250

NR8120

Integrated Solution

Nodal Solution

PTP Solution

ZXMW NR8250

ZXMW NR8250 is a high capacity and nodal digital microwave system developed by ZTE Corporation for mobile system hub, aggregation, nodal application and backhaul transmission solutions. ZXMW NR8250 is a versatile, compact split type radio system. It supplies both the data and voice transmission and supports the continuously increasing large capacity digital transmission. It supports the hybrid transmission for TDM traffic and IP traffic. In addition, the NR8250 system supports the typical applications in mobile backhaul network, enterprise private network, government and emergency communications.

Nodal Solution-NR8250
Up to 6 ways

NR8250 Series
Core unit Modem Unit All outdoor solution - Install on Tower - Install on Ground - Zero Footprint

2U

Traffic Interface
Power unit

ZTE Nodal Microwave Solution

NR8250 - based on same platform with SDR BBU Built-in ADM multiplexer, support digital cross connect. Smooth upgrade from 2+0 east-west to 6+0 multi-directional configuration. TU and MU can support mixed insertion. Flexible Configuration.

Benefits

High integrity and unified structure. Fast engineering and simplified network structure. Low CAPEX, suitable for aggregation site.

Contents

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles ZTE Microwave Product Microwave Future Evolution

All IP Broadband Low TCO

Development Trend and Hot Topics of New Microwave Technology

ALL-IP

Node-type Structure Smooth Upgrade Device Convergence Unified Network Management Platform All-outdoor Solution

MPLS/MPLS-TP PWE3 End-to-end OAM End-to-end QoS Clock synchronization technology Ethernet Ring Network Protection

Low TCO

Highly efficient mobile Backhaul is the key to win

ACM Self-adptive Modulation/Demodulation Ethernet Packet Compression XPIC Common-frequency and Dualpolarity High QAM Modulation/Demodulation E-band UHF band

Broadband

1 ALL-IP Technology

Carrier-class Ethernet-CE

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

QoS mechanism provides different quaility Carrier Ethernet Broadband guarantee for different services.
Priority Queues

LOW TCO

Services are classified based on the priority field of L2/L3 frame head

W1 - Highest priority

Source Port VLAN 802.1p IPv4 TOS/IPv6 TC

Classify Arrivals

W2
W3 Scheduling departures

W4

Flexible port-based scheduling mechanism

W5 W6 W7 W8 lowest priority

Strict priority (SP) Weighted Round Robin (WRR) Hybrid any combination of SP & WRR

PWE3 is compatible with traditional Carrier Ethernet Broadband network services

BTS E1 PWE3 NB ATM PWE3 NB HSDPA PWE3 BTS E1 PWE3

LOW TCO

Bi-directional Tunnel

NB ATM PWE3 NB HSDPA PWE3

BTS

P BSC PE PE
Iub IP 802.1Q ETH PWE3 Tunnel PHY

NodeB
IMA E1 TDM E1
Abis TDM E1 Iub AAL2/5 ATM IMA E1 Iub

RNC
ATM STM-1 TDM E1
Abis TDM E1 Iub AAL2/5 ATM STM1

Ethernet
Iub IP 802.1Q ETH

Abis TDM PWE3 Tunnel

AAL2/5 ATM PWE3 Tunnel

Ethernet
Iub
IP 802.1Q ETH

PHY

PHY

PWE3 realizes unified bearing of TDM, ATM/IMA, and Eth services PWE3 is used to implement fexible TDM/ATM/IMA/MLPPP protocol processing, service sensing and configuration according to requirements TDM: Supports structured/unstructured emulation, as well as structured idle DS0 timeslot compression ATM/IMA: Supports VPI/VCI switching and idle cell removing

Service Sensing
P

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

BTS

BSC

PE
NodeB TDM E1 PWE3 ATM PWE3 Ethernet PWE3 EF (Expedited Forward) AF (Assured Forward) BE (Best Effort)

PE RNC

Service sensing is useful for adopting suitable scheduling mode according to the priority level of the service. For ATM service, service sensing is based on the cell, theVPI/VCI ID mapped to different PW for processing, the priority (including the priority of dropping) can be mapped to the EXP field of the PW. For ethernet service, service sensing is based on outer VLAN ID or IP DSCP For TDM real-time service that is more sensitive to delay, the service is quickly forwarded by fixed rate.

End-to-end QoS

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

EF AF BE

P PE

P PE

Entrance processing: The customer service is recognized and the service priority is mapped to the tunnel priority. Transmission process: The service is assigned according to the tunnel priority by using PQ or PQ+WFQ shceduling strategy. Exit processing: The tunnel tag is removed, and the original customer service is restored.

Structured OAM
MEP

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

PTN
MIP OAM Cell 802.3ah MEF/ITU-T Y.1731 PW OAM ITU-T G.8114 ITU-T G.8114 / Y.1730 / Y.1731 / 802.1ag Tunnel OAM Segment OAM
Access Link OAM

PTN
Client Service

Access Link OAM

Client Service OAM(UNI to UNI) PW OAM

Tunnel OAM
Segment OAM

ITU-T G.8114

Supports OAM functions that are similar to SDH, including failure, performance and presetting, to implement convenient end-to-end network monitoring and maintain the customer's operation habbits. Supports line protection and ring network protection that are similar to SDH

Clock Synchronization Technology

Slave clock GPS BTS

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

E1

Traditional Hybrid/PTN Timing Solution Timing Solution

c

Master clock E1/STM1

c

BSC/RNC

GPS

Slave clock GPS

Node B FE
c

FE/GE

Slave clock GPS

Node B

FE
c

Clock synchronization technology based on

IP transfer ITU-T G.8261 Sync. Eth Freq. transfer IEEE 1588v2 Freq. transfer time-of-day transfer Private 1PPS+TOD Freq. transfer time-of-day transfer

Microwave Ethernet and Ring Network Protection

RNC

Port blocked

Broadband-based Technology

Demand for mobile Backhaul capacity is increasing rapidly

PACKET COMPRESSION ACM
Step 1 Step 1 Step 1

NATIVE ETH
Step 1

Not compress

Step 2

Step 2

Up to 45% Improvement 4 times capacity increased

Improve spectrum utilization efficiency

Vertical

Enhanced capacity by 25%

Co-channel can be doubled

56MHz
V H
Horizontal

500Mbps 500Mbps

ACM

CCDP(XPIC)

Since the radio spectrum is becoming more and more precious, we have to use multiple new technologies to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency.

Hybrid & Native Structure

Native TDM Service Native Ethernet Service
Eth TDM

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

100% TDM

Hybrid Transmission

100% Ethernet

What is Hybrid & Native?

Native Ethernet + Native TDM Service All services share the same RF channel TDM and IP services are directly mapped to the microwave frame. TDM and IP service capacity bandwidth is dynamically assigned without loss.

Why we use Hybrid & Native?

Advantages Since the unified hardware platform supports hybrid transmission of TDM and IP services, the CAPEX will be reduced. Delay of IP service transmission is reduced. The one-time investment can bring larger transmission capacity.

Adaptive Coding Modulation Technology Broadband Carrier Ethernet

LOW TCO

256QAM 128QAM 64QAM 32QAM

16QAM

QPSK

16QAM

32QAM 64QAM

Real-time service Non-real-time service

Typical 4E1 transmmision link Bandwidth of 7MHz 99.999% availability rate Capacity expanded to 4E1 + 40M Bandwidth of 7MHz 4E1 @ 99.999% available 40M @ 99.9% avilable

QPSK

Fixed Modulation Scheme

256QAM QPSK

Adaptive Coding Modulation

Increase Throughput via Packet Header Carrier Ethernet Broadband Compression

Packet length (bytes) 64 96 128 256 Capacity Expansion 45 % 29 % 22 % 11 %

LOW TCO

512
Compression Step 1
Preamble 7 Bytes Start of Frame 1 Byte

5%
Compression Step 2
MAC DA 6 Bytes MAC SA 6 Bytes

Compression Step 1
ETH Type / Length 2 Bytes Payload 46 - 1500 Bytes CRC32 4 Bytes

Compression Step 1
IFG 12 Bytes

All

implemented via hardware.

The throughput is increased while the service is not affected.

Transmission capacity of single microwave Carrier Ethernet Broadband channel is doubled

Vertical

LOW TCO

56MHz
V H

500Mbps 500Mbps 256QAM

Horizontal

Get double capacity based on the limited spectrum,

Common Channel Dual Polarity (CCDP): Transmit two circuits of signals in the vertical and horizontal directions of one channel.

Cross Polarity Interference Cancellation: improve the cross polarity separation degree to

gurantee the transmission performance of the system.

By using XPIC and CCDP technologies,the transmission capacity of single microwave channel is doubled.

E-Band Ultra High Band Microwave Technology

Working frequency: 71-76GHz, 81-86GHz 10GHz available BPSK or QPSK modulation scheme Up to 2.5Gbps transmission capacity

1-5km Backhaul short distance transmission

High antenna gains: 44dBi/1ft (30cm) High output power: allowed

E-Band Frequency allocations

Atmospheric and molecular absorption

E-Band provides ultra high transmission capacity bandwidth to support the deployment of LTE network in the future.

Higher-order QAM Modulation/Demodulation Carrier Ethernet Broadband Modes

Modulation
Q
23

LOW TCO

512QAM

21 IkQk=00 19

Q
0000 15 0001 0101

IkQk=00
0100 0100 0101 0001 0000

17

15 0011 10 0111 0110 0110 0111 11 1111 1110 1110 1111 1011 1010 11 0011 0010 13 1011

0010 13

Q
11010 11 11000 11001 01001 01000 IkQk=00 11011 01011 01010 1010 11

QPSK
Q
00110 00010

10 1000 9

1001

1101

1100

11 1100

1101

1001

1000 9

Q
7 IkQk=00 IkQk=10 3 IkQk=10
00000 00001 00011 0001 00100 00101 00111

IkQk=00 00100 00100 0 1 00101 1 00001 1 00000 1 3 IkQk=01 00110 1 00111 1 00011 1 00010 1 5 00110 0 00111 0 00011 0 00010 0 7 I IkQk=11 IkQk=10
10000 7 10010 5 00010 3 00000 1 1 00001 3 00101 5 00100 7 01100 9 01101 11 I 00011 00111 00110 01110 01111 3 00 0000 1 1 0001 3 0101 5 0100 7 01 0100 9 0101 11 0001 13 0000 15 I 10011 10111 10110 11110 11111 10001 10101 10100 11100 11101 7 1000 1001 1101 1100 1100 1101 1001 1000

7 1010 1011 00 0010 0011 0111 0110 0110 0111 1111 1110 1110 1111 01 0011 0010 3 1011 1010

00101 5 0 00001 3 0 00000 0 1

IkQk=10
5

IkQk=10

Q Q
IkQk=10 I IkQk=11 1 3

IkQk=00
0010 0011

0000

1 I IkQk=11

1 IkQk=01

3 IkQk=01

1 I IkQk=11

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

IkQk=01

IkQk=11 IkQk=01

IkQk=11

IkQk=01

QPSK 16QAM

32QAM

64QAM

128QAM

256QAM

512QAM

bits/symbol

Advantages

Adopts higher level of modulation modes, and supports larger transmission capacity. Disadvantages: Once the modulation mode gets upgraded by 1 level,the C/N threshold of the system becomes 3dB inferior.

Table of Transmission Capacity of Microwave Systems

2.5 Gbps 1000 Mbps 500 Mbps

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

2500
QPSK BPSK 256QAM 256QAM 128QAM

1000

1000

500 300

200 Mbps 100 Mbps

32QAM

200
150

32QAM

100

128QAM

150 75

16QAM

40 Mbps

QPSK

40

16QA M

*Single wave channel

28 MHz

56 MHz

56 MHz (XPIC)

N*250 MHz (E-band)

Low TCO Solution

How to help the operator cut TCO?

1 Reduce site cost

Lower the quantity and cost of sites Simplify the network topology Reduce the CAPEX of devices Highly reliable structure Flexible deployment High spectrum utilization effeciency

Green Microwave Reduce power consumption by multiple technologies Suitable for outdoor environment, no need to install devices in the equipment room. Easy to maintain Device Convergence Unified Network Management Platform

2
Reduce operation & maintenance cost

3 Reduce evolution cost

Unified platform for the future TDM Hybrid Packet smooth evolution Supports multiple services access: E1, STM-1, FE, GE, ATM

Highly Integrated Nodal Solution for HUB Site

Traditional Solution

Carrier Ethernet Broadband

LOW TCO

Nodal Solution

IDU IDU IDU ADM/ Switch Nodal IDU IDU

Advantages

Lower power consumption Smaller space to install devices Fewer external devices Quick deployment Easy to maintain

Low Cost Clock Synchronization Carrier Ethernet Solutions Based on IP Transmission

BTS
E1
c

Broadband

LOW TCO

GPS

Node B
c

Hybrid MW Network
Eth
c

E1/STM1 Eth
c

BSC/RNC

Node B

GPS
Eth

Traditional GPS Clock Solution

Investment on GPS receiver Cost on GPS installation High TCO solution

Sync Eth. + 1588v2 Solution

No need of investment on GPS receiver No need of cost on project installation Low TCO solution

ACM Technology Reduces Antenna Size Carrier Ethernet Broadband

4.3km route, 28MHz bandwidth, 180Mbps, 128QAM
Modulation Average Availability (%) Unavailability Throughput Without ACM: requires 0.9 m antennas 128QAM 180 Mbps 99.999 5min, 15sec

LOW TCO

Antenna

0.9 m

Modulation

Average Availability (%) Throughput With ACM: requires 0.3 m antennas 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 120 Mbps 150 Mbps 180 Mbps 99.999 99.997436 99.996384 99.994746 99.993123

Unavailability

QPSK 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM

5min, 15sec 13min, 29sec 19min, 0sec 27min, 37sec 41min, 38sec

0.3 m

With lower requirement for the load-bearing capacity of the iron tower, the cost of iron tower is reduced. Allows to use smaller antenna, the delivery cost of the antenna is reduced. With simple installation, the costs on land requisition and installation are reduced.

Unified Network Management Platform Reduces Carrier Ethernet Broadband Maintenance Cost
NML
Flat File/CORBA/DB

LOW TCO

NMS/OSS/BSS
SNMP/CORBA Flat File/CORBA/DB Flat File/CORBA/DB EMS Client

Performance Management EML Topology Management

Fault Management

Configuration Management

Inventory Management

GUI

Security Management

System Management

WEB

CLI

NEL

MW

RAN

BN

All-outdoor IP-based Microwave Solution

Carrier Ethernet Broadband LOW TCO

Power over Ethernet

No need to install devices in the equipment room.

Baseband and RF modules are integrated in the outdoor equipment case. Adots PoE power supply

No need of cabin and equipment room Cost on site renting is reduced Supports quick and easy installation and deployment

Suitable for end access of Backhaul application in WiMAX /LTE network

Microwave & Radio Laser Integrated Transmission Carrier Ethernet Broadband LOW TCO Solution

FSO (Free Space Optics): Laser Radio Communication System is based on the utilization of invisible laser beam, and it uses the air as the transmission media. It can be combined with the microwave to be used in mobile Backhaul. Advantages

The working frequency is on the THz frequency band, so there is no signal interference.
No need to apply for license, so the cost is reduced. Supports high capacity: 155Mbps to 10Gbps Supports quick installation and easy to maintain The communication quality may be affected by adverse whether conditions, such as rain, fog, snow and wind. The best communication quality can be acquired only within the range of 1km from the site.

Disadvantages

NodeB

NodeB

RNC