Está en la página 1de 26

A Search for the Lost Colony in Beechland

Written by Philip S. McMullan, Jr.

Preface
Many theories and myths have been put forward to explain the Lost Colony. They were thought lost at sea, washed away by a hurricane, moved southwest to become Lumbee Indians, killed by Powhatan in Chesapeake, or captured by the Mandoag in Chowanoke. None of these theories stand up to all of the available evidence. In his 1985 book, Set Fair for Roanoke, David Beers Quinn gave a very comprehensive review of all that was then published about the Roanoke Voyages. With the statement below, Quinn set the challenge for this paper. How did these people, over a hundred of them. ... survive or die? Surely they died, as they had begun to live, inside what is now North Carolina. Had they not, as seems most probable, somehow dispersed themselves among the Indian population? If this was so, did they leave traces that survive, hidden in the swamps and fields and even in the ancestry of the people of North Carolina today?" I was employed by Prulean Farms, Inc. and the Research Triangle Institute in 1982 to assist the U.S. Corps of Engineers with the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for a proposed 22,000-acre farm on the mainland of Dare County. One of my duties was to prepare a history of development for the Dare mainland and its surrounding region. During the preparation of that history, I became aware of a settlement on the Dare mainland called Beechland. A number of Dare natives have claimed that their ancestors lived undiscovered in Beechland for hundreds of years before it was abandoned in 1840 because of a black tongue plague. Family legends claimed that these settlers were the descendents of Indians and of English men and woman who they believed were from the Lost Colony. I examined historical documents, such

as John Whites papers, and the available physical evidence to determine if the legend satisfied the available documents' evidence. My examination is the subject of this paper. Although the evidence is far from conclusive that Lost Colonists reached Beechland, I believe it is sufficiently persuasive to justify a thorough archaeological search there and in the other likely Croatoan villages around the Alligator River.

A SEARCH FOR THE LOST COLONY IN BEECHLAND Table of Contents Preface Introduction What Were the Colonists' Intentions? Where Were the Croatans in 1587? Why Did the Colony Relocate? Where Did They Go? Did the Colonists Go to the Dare Mainland and Gum Neck? Is There Other Evidence of Settlement at Beechland? What Remains of Beechland? Why Did They Remain Hidden? Conclusion

Introduction
This paper explores the hypothesis that Sir Walter Raleighs 1587 colonists left Roanoke Island for Croatoan villages that were 50 miles by water into the mainland of present-day Dare County. It is also hypothesized that some of the colonists settled in Beechland community where many of their descendents remained until 1840. The first clues to the Colonists destination were their stated intentions, as given in John Whites 1593 report to Richard Hakluyt.1 A report by a Spanish Captain who searched for them provides a reason for their departure before Whites return.2 The likely location of the Croatoan people has been inferred from information in John Whites narrative of the 1587 voyage,3 and historic maps of later years support the inference. Oral histories and physical evidence suggests that Englishmen and Indians lived together at Beechland without official recognition by any authority for hundreds of years, until abandoned in 1840 because of the black tongue plague.4

What Were the Colonists' Intentions?


Before John White left for England in 1587, he knew that the planters had intended to leave Roanoke Island for another location 50 miles into the mainland. He had made an agreement with the colony leaders that, if they should leave before his return, they should leave a sign to indicate their new location. When White was finally able to return after three years, he had only one day to search Roanoke Island for the colonists. He reported that he found the following:5
... as we entred up the sandy banke upon a tree, in the very browe thereof were curiously carved these faire Romane letters CRO: which letters presently we knew to signifie the place, where I should find the planters seated, according to a secret token agreed upon betweene them & me at my last departure from them, which was, that in any wayes they should not faile to write or carve on the trees or posts of the dores the name of the place where they should be seated; for at my comming away they were prepared to remove from Roanoak 50 miles into the maine. Therefore at my departure from them in Anno 1587 I willed them, that if they should happen to be distressed in any of those places, that then they should carve over the letters or name, a Cros in this forme1, but we found no such signe of distresse.
1 For

Windows 98, this cross shape may not be supported. For all other versions, the shape should display properly.

And having well considered of this, we passed toward the place where they were left in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken downe, and the place very strongly enclosed with a high palisado of great trees, with cortynes and flankers very Fort-like, and one of the chiefe trees or postes at the right side of the entrance had the barke taken off, and 5 foote from the ground in fayre Capitall letters was graven CROATOAN without any crosse or signe of distresse; this done, we entred into the palisado, where we found many barres of Iron, two pigges of Lead, foure yron fowlers, Iron sackershotte, and such like heavie things, throwen here and there, almost overgrowen with grasse and weedes. From thence wee went along by the water side, towards the poynt of the Creeke to see if we could find any of their botes or Pinnisse, but we could perceive no signe of them, nor any of the last Falkons and small Ordinance which were left with them, at my departure from them. Sailors found the chests he had left behind, but they had been uncovered, looted, and left exposed. His treasured books, paintings, and maps were:6 ... rotten and spoyled with rayne, and my armour almost eaten through with rust; this could bee no other but the deede of the Savages our enemies at Dasamongwepeuk, who had watched the departure of our men to Croatoan; and as soone as they were departed, digged up every place where they suspected any thing to be buried: but although it much grieved me to see such spoyle of my goods, yet on the other side I greatly joyed that I had safely found a certaine token of their safe being at Croatoan, which is the place where Manteo was borne, and the Figure 1. White-deBry Map of 1590 Savages of the Iland our friends. [Emphasis added.]

After this short visit to Roanoke Island, White set sail for Croatoan Island (fig. 1) where he expected to find at least some of his colony. Seven sailors had drowned in Port Fernando inlet when Whites ship arrived in a northeastern storm, and his visit was almost aborted then before he stepped ashore. The northeaster had continued and made the failed attempt to return to Croatoan a near disaster for the entire ship. The ship and crew were lucky to survive the trip back to England, and White would never again return to Virginia.

Where Were the Croatans in 1587?


Whites report on the 1587 voyage indicates that there were Croatoan on the mainland at Dasamonquepeuk (fig. 1) west of Roanoke Island soon after the colony arrived in 1587.7 White was surprised to find Croatoan rather than Roanoke Indians on the mainland when his men attacked the Savages our enemies at Dasamongwepeuk [sic] to revenge the killing of one of the colonists. This turn of events had been set in motion by Ralph Lanes attack on the Roanoke Indians the previous year. Shortly before Ralph Lanes expedition departed for England with Sir Francis Drake in 1586, Lane had attacked Dasamonquepeuk8 and killed Chief Pemisapan (previously called Wingina), thus turning Wanchese, possibly the son of Pemisapan, into a revengeful enemy. Sir Richard Grenville arrived soon after Lane departed with Drake. Finding no one, he left behind 15 (or 18) men.9 When John White returned with Manteo and the Lost Colonists the following year,10 he expected to find Sir Richard Grenvilles men who had been left behind. Instead, he learned that two had been murdered and the others missing. Then George Howe, one of the leading colonists, was killed while crabbing some distance from the camp. The unarmored Howe was pierced by 16 arrows and then clubbed to death. White took Manteo to Croatoan Island to ask Manteos tribe members for help in assessing the cause of these deaths. He learned

that the remnants of Winginas Roanoke tribe, probably led by Wanchese, had attacked Grenvilles men and had killed Howe in retaliation for Wingina death. White asked the Croatoan to take a peace offering to the Weroanses of the neighboring villages (Secotan, Aquascogoc, Pomiock, and Dasamonquepeuk), asking that they meet with him seven days later. When even the Croatoan failed to come to him seven days later, White ordered Captain Stafford to take 24 men and Manteo to the mainland to seek revenge for George Howe. Early in the dark of morning, the English surprised a group of Indians at Dasamonquepeuk and shot one before discovering that these were men, women, and children of the Croatoan. They had come to harvest crops that the Roanoke Indians had abandoned.11 Four days after this incident on the mainland, our Savage Manteo was christened by the commandment of Sir Walter Raleigh and made Lord of Roanoke and Dasemongueponke in reward for his faithful service. White was persuaded to return to England after spending little more than a month with the colonists in Virginia. He objected to leaving because he would be leaving behind his daughter and newborn granddaughter, Virginia Dare. Knowing that the colonist had intended to leave Roanoke Island at some later time, he was also concerned that his valuables would be lost when the colonists moved:12 The next day, the 22 of August, the whole companie, both of the Assistants, and planters, came to the Governour [White], and with one voice requested him to returne himselfe into England, for the better and sooner obtaining of supplies. Also he alleaged, that seing they intended to remove 50 miles further up into the maine presently he being then absent, his stuffe and goods, might be both spoiled, and most of it pilfered away in the carriage. Whites report on the 1587 voyage offers no further information about Dasamonquepeuk and the Croatoan, but Manteo was its Lord when White departed. It may be supposed that, with their English allies to support them, the small Croatoan tribe under Manteo was strong enough to retain the mainland against continued attacks by a weakened Roanoke tribe. Maps of the region published between 1672 and 1808 support the contention that the Croatoan continued to occupy the mainland as well as Hatteras Island. The Croatoan Island of Whites 1590 map merged with Hatteras Island when the Chacandepeco inlet closed (fig. 1), and the name Croatoan no longer appeared on the Outer Banks. We do not know how much of the mainland was considered Croatoan territory by the Indians, but a 1672 map prepared for use by the Lords Proprietors showed the entire Dare mainland peninsula as Croatoan (fig. 2). John Lawsons 1709 map (fig. 3) contains the same identification of the Croatoan mainland.
Figure 2. Ogilby Map of 1672 The Lords Proprietors Map

Figure 3. John Lawsons 1709 Map

Other maps printed after 1590 also show either Croatoan or Croatan on what is now the Dare mainland peninsula. They include Moseley, 1733 (fig. 4) and Mouzon, 1775 (fig. 5). Mouzon identified the eastern part of the peninsula as Croatan Land and all the rest was swamp, which suggests that the Beechland settlement in the interior was unknown by surveyors as late as 1775.
Figure 4. Moseleys Map 1733

Figure 5. Mouzon 1775 Map Showing Croatan Land

Why Did the Colony Relocate?


When John White left for England in August 1587, he was expected to return at least by the following spring. The pinnace and several ships' boats, which had been used to lighter supplies from Port Fernando to Roanoke Island, were left with the settlers. When White finally returned in August 1590, it had been three full years since he had departed. We have no record of what occurred in the settlement during that three-year period, but we do know their Spanish enemies found them. A Spanish reconnaissance ship accidentally discovered the location of the colonists on Roanoke Island in 1588, and that may have been the spark that caused the colonists to leave their exposed location.13

In May 1588, Vicente Gonzalez sailed a small ship from St. Augustine to Chesapeake Bay to find the location of the English colony. He found no evidence of them in Chesapeake Bay, but he accidentally discovered their location on his return when strong northeast winds caused him to row to safety through the inlet at Port Fernando just below Roanoke Island. There he discovered evidence of English settlement. On the inside of the inlet there were signs of a slipway for small vessels. On the land were a number of shallow wells made of English casks and other debris, indicating that a considerable number of people had been there. Assuming that the colonists were still on Roanoke Island, they are very likely to have had an outpost at the major inlets waiting for the return of John White, as well as watching for Spanish ships. Although Gonzalezs small ship was not a threat, his discovery would surely cause the colonists to expect a larger Spanish fleet to follow and attack their settlement. Unlike the 100 men in Ralph Lane colony, the Lost Colony was not primarily a military force. They were sufficiently supplied with arms to fight off an Indian attack, but they would have been at the mercy of an attack-in-force by the Spanish. The Outer Banks no longer provided cover, and a safer place than Roanoke Island was needed.

Where Did They Go?


Factors to Consider - John Whites narrative suggests that the remaining leaders of the colony were accustomed to debating their options before making a decision, as they did when they persuaded White to return to England. They might have considered the following in making their decision after the Spanish ship was sighted: 1. They were not immediately threatened, but they could not delay too long because the Spanish knew where to find and destroy them. 2. They believed White would not abandon his daughter, friends, and personal effects without making every effort to bring them relief, and he must be told where to find them on his return. 3. White would expect them to relocate 50 miles into the mainland and to leave a sign telling him how to find them without giving their location to the Spanish. 4. Some who had been with the Lane expedition knew the locations of Indian villages, and they would expect that most would be hostile after Lanes attack on the Roanoke and their confederates. 5. The only support they could count on would be the Croatoan and their confederates. 6. A pinnace (boat propelled by sail or oars) had been left with them, in addition to other smaller boats. These vessels plus Indian canoes could carry all but the heaviest equipment and ordnance to their destination. Croatoan Island - Some went to Croatoan Island, which was clearly identified in John Whites 1590 map on the Outer Banks chain south of Roanoke Island (fig. 1). As he stated in his 1593 report to Richard Hakluyt, White intended to learn of the colonists destination from Manteos tribe on Croatoan Island. White clearly believed that the colonists destination would be found there. Some colonists had probably been stationed there to await John White and warn of Spanish ships. Ralph Lane had sent Captain Stafford and 20

men to do just that the previous year.14 However, Croatoan Island was very exposed to any Spanish fleet, and these sandy banks could not feed a large group of colonists. Most of the colonists are more likely to have gone to a safer place with greater safety and potential for feeding the colony. White did not consider that they might be on the mainland because he thought the Roanoke Indians were still there. John Lawson visited the Croatoan villages on Hatteras Island around 1701 and talked with Hatteras Indians about the Lost Colonists. He recorded the following in his 1709 publication:15 "A farther Confirmation of this [Roanoke Island settlement] we have from the Hatteras Indians, who either then lived on Roanoak-Island, or much frequented it. These tell us that several of their Ancestors were white People, and could talk in a Book [read], as we do. The Truth of which is confirmed by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians, and no others. They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English, and are ready to do them all friendly offices. It is probable, that this Settlement miscarryd for want of timely Supplies from England; or thro the Treachery of the Natives, for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them, for Relief and Conversation; and that in process of Time, they conformd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations. And thus we see, how apt Humne Nature is to degenerate. Lawsons report would appear to confirm that the colonists were with the Croatoan, that some of the men mated with the Indian women, and that some of the Croatoan (16 fighting men16) still were present in their 1587 villages more than 100 years later. His report that the Croatoan either lived on Roanak-Island or much frequented it suggests they roamed freely around the region. Unfortunately, Lawson did not report on the Croatoans other much frequented territory on the mainland. Chesapeake - Dr. David Beers Quinn, the recognized authority on the Lost Colony voyages, theorized that the colonists moved north to be with the Chesapeake Indians.17 Although Croatoan Island was to have been John Whites first stop, Quinn said that would not have been his only destination.18 Whites assumption that the settlers had gone to Croatoan was a reasonable one ... Manteo would have returned there in August 1587. But Whites belief, and the likelihood that some of the settlers visited Manteo, do not point to the whole colony having moved south instead of north. Quinn referred to Ralph Lanes report stating that some of his company had wintered with the Chesapeake Indians near Lynhaven. Quinn also refers to Powhatans claim that he had killed all the Chesapeake, and all but a few of the white settlers who lived with them, just prior to the Jamestown colonys arrival in 1607. It seems unlikely that the entire body of colonists could have been so easily defeated, but an advance party might have gone to the Chesapeake and been killed. The visit of some of Lanes company to the Chesapeake occurred before the Weapemeoc, the Mandoak, and the Chesapian and their friends are said to have joined forces with the Roanoke Indians

under Pemisapan (Wingina) to attack Lanes company.19 Quinn admits that no archaeological evidence has been found of white settlers in Chesapeake Indian sites. His theory is not convincing, but it cannot be dismissed before a competing theory is proven by archaeological studies. Quinn developed an interesting scenario about how the colony might have traveled to Chesapeake. He calculates how most of the 117 men, women, and children and their goods and armaments could be moved with only the pinnace and small boats available to them. It is a scenario that would work as well for the movement of the colony by water to the Alligator River villages as to the Chesapeake village. Choanoke - In Roanoke, Lee Miller presents the theory that the colonist left Roanoke Island for the Chowan River to settle initially with the Choanoke.20 She agrees with much of the evidence that supports the Quinn and Beechland theories, but she differs with Quinn on a number of the key points that could place them in Chesapeake. By examining all of the evidence collected by the Jamestown colony, she concludes that the colonists had first gone to Choanoke. She then conjectures that many were killed along with the Choanoke, and some were captured by a strong tribe from the west know as the Mandoag (probably the Eno.) According to Miller, the Mandoag took them to the Occaneechi Island slave trade mart, which is now under Kerr Lake. From there they were taken to the camps of those who traded for them. She believes this explains the numerous locations of white men on the so-called Zuniga Map obtained from John Smith by Zuniga, the Spanish Ambassador to England.21 She explains the Croatoan signs left for White by guessing that those who went to Croatoan Island were expected to give White the location of the rest of the colonists. She presents an intriguing theory in a well written and referenced book. However, Miller also provides no archaeological evidence of white settlers at Choanoke or any other of the named Indian sites. Villages Along the Alligator River - In 1994, Mr. Fred Willard located an Indian site on Croatoan Island by following the indications shown on John Whites 1590 map (fig. 1). He brought the site to the attention of Dr. David Phelps, anthropology professor emeritus at East Carolina University; and in 1998, Phelps found a gold seal ring 56 ft. from the original location. This artifact, which may be the oldest English artifact ever found on North American soils, is registered to the Kendell family in England. A Master Kendell is on the roster of the 1585 Roanoke Voyage and an Abraham Kendell is on the Sir Frances Drake rescue mission at Roanoke in 1586. Hundreds of very early English artifacts have been found in datable strata. Three more artifacts have been found at Croatoan that may date to the sixteenth century (a gun lock, a bale seal and copper and bone jewelry).22 Following his discovery, Willard began a quest for the Lost Colony that has continued for ten years. He is now performing his research while working toward a Ph.D. in Archaeology. His approach is unlike earlier efforts, as he explains in a recent research paper: The central premise of this research paper is the hypothesis that between 1587 and 1600, the Lost Colony migrated only fifty miles from Roanoke Island to Dare, Tyrrell, or Hyde County, NC. The body of evidence supporting this hypothesis contends that if you follow the migration trail of the Croatoan Indians from 1584, to present, you will find the Lost Colony.

Willard has found a set of deeds for the Croatoan site he located in 1994 and for Old Indian Town, also on Croatoan Island. He has also discovered a deed signed by Samuel Elks in 1777 selling Buck Ridge. Buck Ridge is possibly the Indian village of Tramaskecoock (fig. 1). Many surface artifacts and a reported Indian graveyard have been found in this targeted Indian village. Following leads from the deeds, Willard located 66 people in Chocowinity, NC with the last name of Elks living within three miles of a targeted Indian village named Panawicky. The Indian village of Panawicky is depicted in the vicinity on over twenty maps. In Chocowinity, there are approximately five hundred people with Croatoan surnames identified in his study. Samuel Elks and his brother Jacob have been identified as being direct ancestors of all of the Elks in Chocowinity. It seems apparent that all of the Elks now living in this small village are direct descendents of the last kings and queens of the Croatoan Indians. Moreover there are over fifty people with the last name of Buck in the same community. Five miles away in Washington there are fifty people with the last name of Squires. The last deeds signed for the Indian reservation lands at Mattamuskeet are by Charles and John Squires, Indian Kings. With the Croatoan apparently located, Willard will now go back to their villages and look for further evidence of the Lost Colony. After further archaeological study at the site on Croatoan Island (Buxton), he will then move to Buck Ridge at Gum Neck at the bend of the Alligator River (fig. 1). He has also agreed to place Beechland and Sandy Ridge, across the Alligator River from Buck Ridge, on the list of sites to be explored.

Did the Colonists Go to the Dare Mainland and Gum Neck?


The Hypothesis - Willard and this paper hypothesize that the Croatoan led the Lost Colonists to several Indian sites near the Alligator River, leaving behind a small party on Croatoan Island. The sites include Buck Ridge at the southern bend of the river, Sandy Ridge and other Indian settlements on Milltail Creek, and Beechland. Using the scale of miles on John Whites 1585 map, known Indian sites at either of these locations might meet the criteria of being 50 miles into the mainland from Roanoke Island. It would not be far off using modern maps if they traveled up the Croatan Sound, into the Albemarle Sound, down the Alligator River, and into the Milltail Creek. Figure 6 shows a route 50 miles into the Maine that the Croatoan and the Lost Colonists might have taken. The route is shown on the 1808 Price-Strother map, which was drawn after surveyors for the first time had entered the interior of the Dare mainland (which was still Tyrrell County at that time). Dispelling the Swamp Image - Physical evidence of English and Indian settlement on the Dare mainland and Gum Neck seldom shows up on historic maps. Beginning with Moseleys 1733 map and continuing through the most recent U.S. Geological Service map the interior of the Dare mainland peninsula has been pictured as a Dismal Swamp (e.g. Figure 5). It is therefore no surprise that historians such as David Quinn, who are unfamiliar with the peninsulas interior, have overlooked this potential colonist destination. However, hunters and loggers who had gone deep into the interior of the mainland had seen the sandy ridges that were separated by swampy creek beds. For the Lost Colonists, these

ridges may have offered a fertile sanctuary where ample sustenance could be had in its fields, forests, and waterways. Bogs, swamps, and marshes that surround these productive sandy ridges contribute to the safety of those hiding inside. When the Price-Strothers map (fig. 6) was published in 1808, several interior communities and proposed developments were finally identified. The map in Figure 6 specifically identifies the Milltail Creek and Croatan (formerly Dasamonquepeuk) on the mainland, and it shows Gum Neck (formerly Tramasquecoock) on the opposite side of the Alligator River.
Figure 6. Price-Strother 1808 Map Showing Travel Route from Roanoke Island to Alligator River Villages Beechland is shown on the map as Beech L., and there is a Jackson tract on the opposite side of the Milltail to the northeast. This map was prepared soon after speculators, such as John Gray Blount of Washington, NC, laid claim to thousands of acres between the Croatan, Albemarle, and Pamlico Sounds, including the entire Dare County mainland. Blounts surveyor reported that a number of settlers were already there, even though there was no record of their having obtained a grant from the Virginia Company, the Lords Proprietors, or the new North Carolina government. The map shows a Blount tract labeled J.G.B. 5000 at the headwaters of Long Shoal River, where the bombing range is now located.

Figure 7, Soil Mapping for Prulean Farms Proposed Farmland Development, identifies the sandy ridges, shallow organic soils, deep peat soils, and marsh/flood kill areas of the Dare peninsula. Prulean Farms 1980s soil surveys determined that 40 percent of the peninsula comprised sandy ridges with dark and histic mineral soils, excellent for row crops. Another 20 percent is shallow organic soils that is marginal for farms but is suitable

for forestry. The remaining 40 percent is deep organic soils, marshes, and flood-kill areas. These swampy areas are most visible from the peninsulas waterways and along its highways, leading to the peninsulas Dismal reputation. By the 1980s, it was even possible to appreciate the potential of one of the sandy ridges from the roadways. About 7,000 acres of the major sandy ridge along Highways #64 and #264 had been cleared and farmed by Prulean Farms. The US Fish and Wildlife Service now owns the land and still farms part of this acreage to provide food for migrant waterfowl. Roads crossing this cleared acreage provide access to the more remote ridges beyond Milltail Creek. Archaeological Evidence of Settlements - Dr. David Phelps and a student field party explored settlements along the Milltail in 1972 in search of an ancient graveyard.23Phelps made extensive use of Mary Wood Longs unpublished oral histories24 in determining likely locations of 17th and, possibly, 16th century English settlements. Dr. Phelps identified the potential for Paleo-Indian and Archaic period camps at the Brier Hall and Laurel Bay Units of the Prulean project area (fig. 7) and stated: Figure 7. Soil Mapping for Prulean Farms Proposed Farmland Development From Longs (n.d.) description of post-1850 historic settlements in the project area, a dispersed pattern of farmsteads existed in most of the project units. These, however, are less crucial from the archaeological and historical standpoint than the pre-1850 settlement. In the latter category is the one known settlement of Beechland, located in the Milltail Unit south of Milltail Creek. Oral history and legend have not preserved the original date of the Beechland settlement, but it appears to have been mostly abandoned by 1850. As remembered, it was a community of dispersed farmsteads located on the higher elevations of mineral soils south of the creek, and dependent upon the juniper trees in the swamp for production of shingles, barrel staves and other products. Keys to its location are found in the notation of Beechland Landing on the 1953 Buffalo City quadrangle map, the possible identification of Beechland Old Field, and the coffins exposed along Beechland Road in the 1950s.

Then in 1982, former students of Dr. Phelps at Carolina Archaeological Services (CAS) conducted a Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of the Prulean Farms project land around Milltail Creek.25 They were guided by Dr. David Phelps paper about the Prulean development area that identified Beechland, Sandy Ridge, Laurel Bay, and Brier Hall as having archaeological potential. Descendents of former residents of Sandy Ridge and Beechland accompanied the survey team. Sandy Ridge exhibited material evidence of prehistoric aboriginal occupation, Early Archaic and Middle Archaic occupation (8500 - 1500 BC); but a majority of the undisturbed evidence was of the historic mid-18th to 20th century period farming community. Sandy Ridge contains a historic period cemetery (mid-18th to 20th century) said locally to contain Twiford, Cain, and Sawyer family members. Figure 8 shows Beechland #1 on a ridge known locally as Beechland Oldfield, which locals say supported several homesteads and as many as two cemeteries. A pedestrian survey yielded surface finds of historic ceramics of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Past cultivation is clearly evident in surviving crop rows adjacent to logged sectors. Beechland A (fig. 8) is reported to be contemporaneous with Beechland #1. The survey team concluded:26 Beechland #1 and Beechland A encompass a ridge area traditionally believed by the local population to be the area of earliest historic settlement on the mainland of Dare County. Given comparable oral history, archaeological evidence, and physiographic content, Beechland #1 and Beechland A should be considered archaeologically and historically extremely sensitive." [Emphasis added.]

Is There Other Evidence of Settlement at Beechland?


Introduction - Beechland and Sandy Ridge are separated by Milltail Creek, but they can be considered a single community for purposes of examining their oral histories. Timber company workers who logged over most of the peninsula in the 19th and 20th Centuries uncovered their gravestones, old fields, ancient canals, and other physical evidence of historic settlement. It has been the consistent belief of long time mainland residents that the Lost Colony and the Croatoan moved to the Beechland area. Because it was all but abandoned around 1850 before census takers, tax collectors, or historians had discovered it, a recording of its history is almost entirely dependent on oral traditions. Published authors and journalist discovered this belief when they interviewed numerous descendents of Beechland settlers. Their findings are summarized below: The Riven Coffin - In the Beechland chapter of his 1966 book, "Legends of the Outer Banks and Tarheel Tidewater", Judge Charles Whedbee wrote:27 Within the memory of men still living, there was at Beechlands [sic] a tribe of fairskinned, blue-eyed Indians. Was it just coincidence, he asked, that some bore the names of colonists on Governor Whites rolls; names such as John White, Culbert White, Thomas Coleman, Richard

Taverner, John Gibbs, James Hynde, Michael Bishop, Thomas Phevens, and Henry Paine? Wheedbee was the first to publish the story of the exposed burial ground and the riven coffin: A few years ago when Figure 8. Identification of Beechland Units by Carolina Archaeological Services the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company was doing some excavating for timbering purposes, they had to dig into a rather large mound near Beechland. In this mound, in the heart of the wilderness, they found numerous Indian artifacts, arrowheads, works of pottery, and potsherds. They also found several riven coffins that were made from solid cypress wood. They were made in a form that can he best described as two canoesone canoe being the top half of the coffin, and the other the bottom half. On the top of each of these coffins was plainly and deeply chiseled a Roman or Latin cross, the type that has come to be universally and traditionally accepted as the cross of Christianity. Beneath each cross were the unmistakable letters, I N R I. These are thought to represent the traditional Jesus Nazarenus, Rex Judaeorum or, translated, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, the inscription which adorned the cross of Christ at the time of the crucifixion. It was common practice in Elizabethan times to write the letter I for the letter J. It was simpler and was accepted by the literate people of that day. A riven coffin with English carvings buried in the midst of a wilderness in an Indian burial groundis that coincidence?" Although there were several known 19th century graveyards in the Beechland and Sandy Ridge vicinity, no one had ever before reported a graveyard near this site. With his East Carolina University 1972 archaeological field school, Dr. David Phelps attempted to

investigation this story through a brief reconnaissance and testing of possible locations of the excavation site:28 A brief attempt was made by East Carolina University to locate the coffins exposed along Beechland Road in the 1950s, without success. Mr. James Mann, who was the Wetvaco supervisor when the coffins were exposed, showed us a location approximately 150 feet south of Milltail Creek, and immediately south of the intersection of Beechland Road with the road to the bombing range. (See fig. 8) Here, on the east side of Beechland Road, the coffins were exposed during excavation of the canal, and the remnants were reburied immediately east of the present canal. High water in the canal prevented observation of the coffin remnants reported to be protruding from the canal bank. Mr. Mann suggested we talk with Mr. Iris Ralph, whom he said was the dragline operator responsible for exposing the coffins. Mr. Ralph indicated an area on the north side of Milltail Creek as the point of exposure.... [but] the location pointed out by Mr Mann appears to be the most likely.... more graves may exist along Beechland road south of Milltail Creek, and any canal work or other disturbance in the area should be monitored and directly observed by an archaeologist as it proceeds. Steve Barnes of Fred Willard establishing a marker for the location of riven coffins Prulean Farms and the author visited the site with Mr. Iris Ralph. Mr. Ralph could not place the location exactly but identified a section of about 30 feet along the canal where he was reasonably sure the caskets had been found. The length of the casket taken out of the ditch by Mr. Ralph suggested it had contained a small child. That casket was a hollowed out cypress log with a flat juniper cover. In hollowing out the cypress log, a headrest had been left for the child. Nails rather than pegs attached the cover of this casket. Ralph did not remember if there was a cross carved into the lid, as has been reported by Whedbee. Mr. Willard also obtained information about the Beechland caskets. He interviewed Mr. Tom Ainsley, 1998, who reported that one of the principles involved with the discovery of the site showed him what the crosses looked like. He drew a Moline cross, the same form of cross described in John Whites narrative.29

Mary Wood Long obtained information from Westvacos James Mann that gives other details about how and where the coffin was uncovered:30 M. F. Kemp was operating the drag-line near the site of ancient Beechland when he struck a section that had been used as a burial ground. His scoop brought up board-like tree sections, and had moved forward into the site before Mr. Kemp realized what had happened. He stopped the machine as it held a long object which he identified as a coffin. This coffin was almost complete, although the top had been broken by the drag-line. It was about four feet long, and was hand carved from two sections of a log, one serving as the bottom of the coffin and one as the top, these were pegged together. The bottom section was carved so that a wooden pillow was provided for the headrest. The coffin was wider at the shoulder section, narrower toward the foot. Upon examination of the other boards or coffin sections, Mr. Kemp decided that five other coffins had been damaged and torn apart by his machine. There were no descriptive marks on the coffins other than the tool marks struck into the wood as the coffins were built. If anything had remained within the coffin it was washed out into the swamp water when the scoop cut through the top section. Mr. Kemp stopped work, and returned to the West Virginia office, where he reported what he had found. James Mann returned with him to the site, and together they investigated the area. The cemetery was a high knoll approximately thirty feet in diameter; it was surrounded by swamp water and marsh at a depth of five feet. The men decided it was a family burial plot, dating from the time of the earliest settlers of Beechland. Mr. Mann selected a site on high ground near the canal and the portions of the old coffins were reburied. Mr. Mann inquired about the burial site, and none of the older residents of Manns Harbor or East Lake area could remember ever hearing of a cemetery at that spot. If the site had been known, said Mr. Mann, the road and canal would have been routed around it rather than desecrate a burial site. All the residents he talked with felt that the type of coffin and its construction could have come only from the early settlers of the eighteenth century. This remains an intriguing, if somewhat confused, story about the Beechland community. Bill Sharpe - Sharpe got his start as a depression era writer for the Artist and Writers Program of the WPA and later became a highly respected publisher of North Carolina history and geography. In his 1958 New Geography of North Carolina31 Sharpe reported that there was once a thriving community at Beech-land on Mill Tail Creek. There, planters cultivated a five thousand acre tract on which corn, a wheat-like grain, and a variety of tobaccos were harvested. Shingles were cut from the forest and a canal dug by slave labor was used to move them to Alligator River from Beechland. Cattle roamed twenty-five thousand acres of reed lands. Sharpe said the settlement disappeared before the Civil War. His sources believed that a cholera epidemic caused its disappearance. Victor Meekins - Journalist Meekins interviewed Beechland descendent Marshal F. Twiford for a 1960 article printed in the Raleigh News and Observer.32 Twiford, who was born in 1876, told Meekins:

Old people always told me that older people before them said that the Beechland settlement was founded by the English who ran away from Roanoke Island. My grandfather, who came over from Kitty Hawk much later, lived there and married a fullblooded Indian, from Beechland. When I was a boy, there never seemed to be any mystery about this settlement, for the old folks took it for granted that everyone knew it. I use to go up there when I was a boy, and there were still several houses standing in Beechland. Most of the houses were log houses, and some had dirt floors. You reached it by paddling up Milltail Creek about ten miles from Alligator River. Twiford recalled Beechland families with names similar to the colonists, such as Dutton, Sutton, Paynes, Paines, Whites, and Sanderlins. He also remembered families of Sawyers, Edwards, Owens, Basnights, and Ambroses. In the article, Meekins said that he has heard similar stories over the 50 years that he had been a reporter in Dare County. It has been told by many people, and a dozen old citizens of East Lake who would now be close to 100 years old have repeatedly told the story as Twiford tells it. Nell Wise Wechter - Mrs. Wechter taught North Carolina history for many years in the public schools of the state and did much research about the lost colonists of Roanoke Island. In "Some Whispers of Our Name", Wechter puzzled: 33 It is a matter of curiosity to this writer why, in three hundred eighty-seven years, English or American historians, antiquarians or archaeologists have not investigated Beechlands to a greater extent, studied its artifacts and inscriptions and published their findings. It appeared to her that Beechland, lying to the west of Roanoke Island about fifty miles off, is a logical place for the settlers to have gone. Wechter said some historians have said the Matchapungos built a settlement on the mainland that they called Croatoan. Conversations with older Dare mainland residents, such as Alvin Ambrose of East Lake, helped solidify Wechters belief. Ambrose, whose ancestor timbered and trapped there, holds the Beechland theory as to the fate of the lost colonists, as does H.A.Creef, Jr., a history buff in Manteo. Mrs. Ruby Gray of Stumpy Point said her grandfather Charles L. Mann, who came from the East Lake community, used to talk a great deal about Beechlands and firmly believed it was the place where the lost colonists went from Roanoke Island. Thomas Mann, an old-time settler of Manns Harbor, held staunchly to the idea that the colony was not lost at all but still lives in the descendants of those English and Indian allies who fled Roanoke Island in 1587. Mary Wood Long - Mrs. Long, a South Carolina teacher, performed for many summers as Queen Elizabeth in Paul Greens outdoor drama, The Lost Colony. Her free time was spent in research for her book, The Five Lost Colonies of Dare, which includes Beechland as one of the five lost colonies.34 This document lay unpublished and unnoticed in the Park Service Library until it was found there by the author and featured in the history appendix to the Prulean Farms Draft Environmental Impact Statement.35 Long said Beechland settlers were inaccessible by choice; and research provided no records of their birth, death, marriage, or property ownership. Based on oral reports from

descendents, she learned that they raised livestock, hunted, fished, cut juniper trees, and made shingles all without discovery by any officials or census takers. They made seagoing vessels out of hollowed logs and sailed to Barbados with their shingles and naval stores - a practice that continued long after they had abandoned Beechland. As Long summarizes: In the center of this wilderness... there lays a high sandy ridge known as Beechland. Here once lived a large village of people, numbering at one time seventy families, or roughly seven hundred. Here were their homes, farms, and sources of livelihood ... between three hundred and eight hundred people lived at Beechland ... no schools, no church, and little if any hard money. Precisely who they were is unknown, but knowledge of how they lived has passed down through generations. How they arrived in the center of the wilderness is a fascinating problem, equaled by the question. When did Beechland begin? The end of this colony is known, for descendants of the settlers are residents of Dare County today. All had English names, many found at East Lake today. Living with their white neighbors were Indians of the Croatan or Machapungo tribe. Modern woodsmen and drag-line operators, while constructing the canals and roads that geometrically divide the woodland today, have found evidences of the existence of Beechland to the extent that its settlement can be proved factually; archaeological research will be necessary to determine its age. There are no written records of this colony. During the 1840s all but one family left Beechland. Soon this family moved away, and the forest covered the site of this once active village. Long said the settlers found a grove of beech trees on a sandy ridge near the center of the swamp, approximately eleven feet above sea level, with good drainage into the surrounding swamps. It was near an exceptional juniper swamp bearing giants of the forest comparable to the redwood forests of the West. The land was rich in game; deer and bear were the most prevalent of the large animals, but smaller game such as raccoon, opossum, squirrel, rabbit, muskrat, mink and otters could be found. Wild turkeys were in the trees, and waterfowl and migratory birds crossed the mainland in season. Fish could be taken in the small streams and lakes as well as in the nearby River and Sounds. Oysters, shrimp and clams were close at hand, in Long Shoal Bay. For the lazy hunter there were box, swamp and sea turtles. Basic agriculture gave the families a change in diet from game and fish. From outside, came an apple tree and pear tree. Wild berry vines were trained over fences, and swamp shrubs were planted as hedgerows, as in England. Bees filled the sweet gum trees. She told of a hearty breed of men who cut cypress and juniper for shingles and barrel staves. The men would dig a ditch to allow their skiffs to enter the forest and carry out the shingles and staves. They loaded them on their handmade boats and sailed them down Milltail Creek to the Alligator River, then across the Sounds and through the inlets to the Atlantic Ocean. They sailed on to Barbados, the West Indies, and Jamaica where they bartered their shingles and barrel staves, loaded their ships, and sailed homeward to Beechland. In the Caribbean the wood products were exchanged for sugar, salt, flour, coffee, cloth, and anything that would add to a more comfortable life at Beechland.

The legendary cause of Beechlands abandonment was also reported by Long. By the 1830s word of a settlement at Beechland had reached the growing settlement at Manns Harbor, known then as Croatan. Preacher Charles Mann went to Beechland to see for himself the life of the people, their prosperity, and their worldly possessions. He noticed the absence of the Bible, and heard no one speak of the love of God or the salvation of the soul. Also, with no preacher among them, they had undoubtedly not performed their marriage vows in a generally accepted fashion. Preacher Mann warned the people that if they did not turn to the ways of God, the Devil would take them. Some time after his visit, a terrible plague they called the Black Tongue appeared. The people were stricken, and many died. When the Black Tongue plague was over, the settlement was decimated and the people remembered the preacher and his warnings. Settlers began to move away, and by 1850 only Trimmergin Sanderlins family remained. Some authors believed Black Tongue to be cholera or the bubonic plague brought from the Bahamas. Barbara Midgette and Fred Willard found an ancient medical dictionary in which anthrax was called Black Tongue.36 Anthrax might well have been in Beechland cattle long before it infected humans. Several of the families moved northward on the mainland, into the neck between East and South Lakes. Some came back to Sandy Ridge, and their descendants remained there until the purchase of the Blount Survey by West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company in 1953. As outside life grew closer to those sections, it helped to leave a record of these almost recordless people through their granite and marble grave markers. As the people lived closer to shipping locations they were able to bring in the conveniences of the outside, and this included the purchase of grave markers. These mainland residents did not forget the words of the preacher. They built a church of the Disciple doctrine. A few years later the East Lake Methodist Church was built, and in the 1880s the Kehukee Primitive Baptist Church was founded, with a local man, Manley Twiford, as its first preacher. By fact of possession rather than deed, Beechland was soon inherited by Trimmergins son Thomas. He kept his cattle there, numbering several thousand in his herd, to range through five thousand acres. John Gray Blount obtained a patent to the entire peninsula after the American Revolution, but his company never attempted to develop the interior. (He is said to have accumulated a wealth of Continental script from returning soldiers, who thought the script to be of little value, and purchased government land in North Carolina and Tennessee with it.) When John L. Roper laid claim to the Blount Patent after the Civil War, the North Carolina Attorney General had to intercede to secure the property rights of Thomas and his sister Polly Sanderlin. Thomas Sanderlin was the great-grandfather of both Frank Cahoon and R. D. Sawyer, Sr. who were important sources of Mary Wood Long's oral history. Frank Cahoon, former Sheriff of Dare County, was born in East Lake in 1907. He could trace his lineage back to a sister of Malocki Paine who was a son of Henry Paine, one of the blue-eyed, blond-haired Indians of early Beechlands. The word Malocki is probably an Indian corruption of the Old Testament name of Malachi. It is said that both Malocki and his sister were blue-eyed and blond-haired. Other descendants of the original Beechland settlers still live at East Lake, on

Roanoke Island, and in the surrounding counties. The names of many are the same as those of the first settlers in the swampland.

What Remains of Beechland?


Much of the evidence of these early woodsmen-sailors was found by lumbermen of the past century. The Beechland Old Field was still evident when West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company (WestVaCo) purchased the peninsula in 1952. They discovered other evidence of Beechland as they constructed drainage ditches for their timber operations. James Mann was Maintenance Director for WestVaCo when Mary Wood Long researched her book. He told her that one could still see the ridges within the Old Field where corn was grown. The hills that once produced potatoes were still formed as clearly as if the farmer of long ago had just departed. The ridges were still evident when the 1982 preliminary archaeological study was made. Many ballast stones of unknown origin have been found in Milltail Creek beds where Nature has placed no stone. The ballast stones must had been brought in to Milltail by the early handmade boats. Bundles of hand-cut shingles have been found, in the peat and in the swamp waters. James Mann has said that, in spite of the fires and hurricane damaged trees; he had seen evidences of juniper and cypress cutting done by the men of Beechland. Long describes: A hand dug ditch, [about] two miles long, has been discovered, this leads into the juniper stand near Beechland Old Field, and enters the upper reach of Milltail. (See fig. 8) It is thought that the ditch was dug to provide a waterway for small shallow craft used to carry the shingles from the woods to the larger boats anchored in the deeper waters of the Creek.37 The author and Fred Willard have located the ditch and walked along it toward Milltail. The ditch was filled with leaves, diverted in places by logging skidders, and overgrown with trees and bushes, but a photograph of the ditch shows that it can still be clearly identified. The photo of a Beechland gravestone (fig. 9) was copied from the Victor Meekins article in the News and Observer.38
Hand dug skiff ditch

Figure 9. Beechland Gravestone

Why Did They Remain Hidden?


With so much economic activity in the settlement and with the outside world, it may be asked why they were not discovered and brought into organized Carolina society. If they were the colonists, they did not want to be discovered by unfriendly Indians or Spanish soldiers before John White returned. Two thirds of the colonists were unmarried men, and their descendents would have been as much Indian as English. When people from Virginia

first settled near the mouth of the Alligator River, more than 100 years had passed since the colonists were lost. Soon after John Lawson visited Hatteras, he was brutally killed in the 1711 Tuscarora War. An untold number of the English on the Alligator and Roanoke Island were killed in what we now understand as a second uprising called the Mattamuskeet War. The Indians of this second uprising were never defeated. After that war, it was not healthy for anyone appearing to be an Indian to enter a Colonial town. There were economic reasons as well to avoid outside civilization. Isolated in Beechland, the residents avoided taxes, court appearances, military service, and other duties of citizenship. John Lawson provides an interesting story that illustrates the point.39 Of these great trees (the cypress) the pereaugers or canoes are scooped and made, which sort of vessels are made chiefly to pass over the rivers, creeks and bays, and to transport goods and lumber from one river to another. Some are so large as to carry thirty barrels, though one piece of timber. Others that are split down the bottom and a piece added thereto, will carry eighty or a hundred. Several have gone out of our inlets on to the Ocean and Virginia laden with pork and other produce of the country. Of these trees curious boats for pleasure may be made, and other necessary craft. Some years ago a foolish man in Albemarle and his son had got one of these docked. She held, as I take it, sixteen barrels. He brought her to the Collectors to be cleared for Barbados, but the officer took him for a man who had lost his senses, and argued the danger and the impossibility of performing such a voyage in a hollow tree, but the fellow would hearken to no advise of that kind, till the gentleman told him if he did not value his own life, he valued his reputation and honesty, and so flatly refused clearing him, upon which the canoe was sold, and, I think remains in being still. With such a pioneering independence and the seclusion offered by Beechland, one need not ask if they cleared with the customs inspectors at the Port of Roanoke or Edenton for permits to make the journey, as did the foolish man of Albemarle and his son. It is also not surprising that their East Lake descendents became widely known in the 1920s for the quality of their bootleg whiskey.

Conclusion
The evidence suggests that the colony may have first moved to Croatoan villages 50 miles into the mainland. The physical evidence and oral histories suggests that some of the colonists then moved a short distance from the Indian villages to establish their own type of village. One can speculate that the married couples decided to settle separately with their children in Beechland so that they might maintain their English customs. We can only hope that archaeologists will soon make a concerted effort to solve the mystery of Beechland. Even if evidence of the Lost Colony is not uncovered, the research

should uncover a wealth of information about subsistence and survival by independent English settlers among the Indians in the earliest days of this nation.

Footnotes
1. David B. and Allison M.Quinn, Ed. The First Colonists: Document on the Planning of the First English Settlements in North America 1584-1590. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, 1982. John White to Richard Hakluyt, 4 February 1593 pp.115-116. and David B. Quinn, The Roanoke Voyages Vol. II, New York: Dover Publications. 1955. Hoffman, Paul E., New Light on Vicente Gonzalezs 1588 Voyage in Search of Raleighs English Colonies, Published in The North Carolina Historical Review, NC Division of Archives and History, April 1986. John Whites narrative of the 1587 Virginia voyage pp. 93-106. in Quinn, op.cit. Mary Wood Long, The Five Lost Colonies of Dare, Unpublished Document, National Park Service Library, 1982. (Since Published by the Family Research Society of Northeastern North Carolina, Elizabeth City, Feb. 2000.) John Whites narrative of the 1590 Virginia voyage pp. 125-126. in Quinn, op.cit.,. Ibid. John White 1587 op cit pp. 100-102. Ralph Lanes narrative of the settlement of Roanoke Island, 1585-6. Quinn, op cit, p.41. Richard Hakluyts Narrative of the Virginia Voyages. Quinn, op.cit, .p. 86. (Also, see footnote 5 to page 86.) John White 1587 op cit pp. 100-102. Lane, op cit, p.38. John White 1587 op cit pp. 103. Hoffman op cit. Lane, op cit, p.39. Lawson, John. A New Voyage to Carolina, 1709. Reprinted Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1967. p.69. Ibid. Quinn, David Beers, Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584-1606. Chapel Hill London: University of North Carolina Press. 1985. pp. 339-377. Quinn, op.cit. p.173. (footnote 1 to page 127.) Lane, op cit, p.38. Miller, Lee. Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, New York: Arcade Publisning, Inc., 2000. 1609 Zuniga Map. The original is in the Archivo General de Simancas, M.P.D., IV-66, XIX-153; reproduced in Barbour, Jamestown, I, facing p. 238. Fred Willard. Migration Patterns of Coastal N.C. Indians. Greenville: East Carolina University. undated. p.1. David S. Phelps. Archaeological potential of the Prudential Farms Project Area. Unpublished manuscript, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, 1981. Long, op cit. Carolina Archaeological Services, Cultural Resources Reconnaissance for Prulean Farms Joint Venture Proposed Farmlands, Prepared for The Research Triangle Institute: Research Triangle Park NC, 1982. Carolina Archaeological Services, op. cit., pg. 10. Charles Whedbee. Legends of the Outer Banks and Tar Heel Tidewater. Beechland, John F. Blair, Publisher: Winston-Salem 1966. p. 31. Phelps, op cit. Willard, Op Cit p.19.

2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29.

30. Mary Wood Long, The Five Lost Colonies of Dare, Unpublished Document, National Park Service Library, 1982. (Since Published by the Family Research Society of Northeastern North Carolina, Elizabeth City, Feb. 2000.) 31. Bill Sharpe, A New Geography of North Carolina, Vol. II 25 Counties: Edwards & Broughton Co., Raleigh, NC; 1958 32. Victor Meekins, Colony Was Never Lost, Merged With Settlers, Dare Native Says News and Observer, Raleigh: July 03, 1960. 33. Nell Wise Wechter, Some Whispers of Our Name, EAST LAKE, 1975, pp.. 3-9. 34. Long, op cit. 35. McMullan, op cit. 36. Fred Willard, personal communications. 37. Long, op cit 38. Meekins, op cit. 39. Lawson , op cit. p. 103.

Bibliography

Carolina Archaeological Services Cultural Resources Reconnaissance for Prulean Farms Joint Venture Proposed Farmlands, Prepared for The Research Triangle Institute: Research Triangle Park NC, 1982.pp.9-10. Hoffman, Paul E. New Light on Vicente Gonzalezs 1588 Voyage in Search of Raleighs English Colonies, Published "The North Carolina Historical Review", Raleigh: NC Division of Archives and History, April 1986. Green, Paul The Lost Colony: An Outdoor Play in Two Acts, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937. Kupperman, Karen Ordahl Roanoke: the Abandoned Colony. Savage, Maryland: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1984. Lawson, John A New Voyage to Carolina, 1709. Reprinted Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967. Long, Mary Wood The Five Lost Colonies of Dare. Unpublished Document, National Park Service Library, 1982. (Since Published by the Family Research Society of Northeastern North Carolina, Elizabeth City, Feb. 2000.) McMullan, Philip S., Jr. Environmental Impact Statement for Prulean Farms. Appendix A: A History of the Development of the Albemarle-Pamlico Region with Emphasis on Dare, Hyde, and Tyrrell Counties." Wilmington, NC: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1982. Meekins, Victor Colony Was Never Lost, Merged With Settlers, Dare Native Says News and Observer, Raleigh: July 03, 1960. Miller, Lee Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, New York: Arcade Publishing, Inc., 2000.

Noel Hume, Ivor Martins Hundred. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. Phelps, David S. Archaeological potential of the Prudential Farms Project Area. Unpublished manuscript, East Carolina University, Greenville NC, 1981. Quinn, David B. Set Fair for Roanoke, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Quinn, David Beers The Roanoke Voyages: Volumes I and II, New York: Dover Publications. 1991. Quinn, David B. and Allison M., Ed. The First Colonists: Document on the Planning of the First English Settlements in North America 1584-1590. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, 1982. Sharpe, Bill A New Geography of North Carolina, Vol. II 25 Counties. Raleigh, NC: Edwards & Broughton Co., 1958. Wechter, Nell Wise Some Whispers of Our Name, East Lake", 1975. (c971.28 W38sc.2) Whedbee, Charles Legends of the Outer Banks and Tar Heel Tidewater. Beechland, WinstonSalem: John F. Blair, Publisher 1966. Willard, Fred Migration Patterns of Coastal N.C. Indians, Greenville: East Carolina University. undated online publication. www.lost-colony.com. Zuniga Map 1609. The original is in the Archivo General de Simancas, M.P.D., IV-66, XIX-153; reproduced in Barbour, Jamestown, I, facing p. 238.

También podría gustarte