Some Help With Phrases in Spanish

Greetings
Hello / Hola Goodbye / Adios Good morning/good day / Buenos dias Good afternoon / Buenas tardes Good evening/night / Buenas noches How are you? / Como esta usted? Very well thank you / Muy bien, gracias See you soon / Hasta luego Thats all right / Esta bien Dont worry / No se preocupe

Common Phrases

Yes / Si No / No Please / Por favor Thank you / Gracias Youre welcome / De nada No thank you / No gracias Sorry / Perdone What is your name? / Como se llama? My name is ___ / Me llamo ___

Useful Statements

Language Problems

I (dont) like it / (No) me gusta Im not sure / No estoy seguro I dont know / No se I think so / Creo que si Im hungry (thirsty) / Tengo hambre (sed) Im tired / Estoy cansado Im ready / Estoy listo Leave me alone / Dejame solo por favor Just one minute / Un minuto por favor One moment please / Un momento por favor Come in / Adelante Its cheap (expensive) / Es barato (caro) Its cold (hot) / Hace frio (calor) Its too much / Es demasiado Thats all / Es todo Thank you for your help / Gracias por tu ayuda Taxi please / Taxi por favor

Do you speak English? / Habla Ingles? Do you understand me? / Me entiende? I dont speak Spanish / No hablo Espaol Please speak slowly / Hable despacio por favor I dont understand / No entiendo

Questions

Opposites

Where is(are)? / Donde esta(estan)? When? / Cuando? Who? / Quien? Why? / Por que? What? / Que? How much is (are)? Cuanto es(son)? How far? / Que distancia hay? I want (would like...) / Quiero... What is the matter? / Que pasa? Can you help me? / Puede usted ayudarme? Can you show me? / Puede usted ensearme? Can you tell me? / Puede usted decirme?

Before (After) / Antes (Despues) Early (Late) / Temprano (Tarde) First (Last) / Primero (Ultimo) Here (There) / Aqui (Alli) Now (Then) / Ahora (Entonces) Small (Large) / Pequeo (Grande) Empty (Full) / Vacio (Lleno) Few (Many) / Pocos (Muchos) More (Less) / Mas (Menos) Beautifu l(Ugly) / Bonito (Feo) Better (Worse) / Mejor (Peor) Clean (Dirty) / Limpio (Sucio) Cold (Hot) / Frio (Caliente) Free (Taken) / Libre (Ocupado) Open (Closed) / Abierto (Cerrado)

In A Restaurant

Ive reserved a table / Reserve una mesa Waiter(Waitress) / Camarero(Camarera) May I have the menu? / El menu por favor? May I have the wine list? / La lista de vinos? Id like... / Quiero... A little more / Un poco mas What will you drink? / Que desea beber? This is bad / No esta buena One beer please / Una cerveza por favor Glass of water / Un vaso de aqua Ice (cubes) / Hielo The bill please / La cuenta por favor Cheers! / Salud! Breakfast / El desayuno Lunch / El almuerzo Dinner / La comida(la cena)

Buenos das! bway-nohs dee-ahs Hello! / Good morning! Hola! / Chao! oh-lah / chow Hi! / Bye! Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah loo-ay-go See you / See you later. (Muchas) Gracias. (moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs Thank you (very much).

Buenas tardes! bway-nahs tard-ays Good afternoon! Adis. ah-dee-ohs Good bye.

Buenas noches! bway-nahs noh-chays Good evening! / Good night! Por favor. por fah-bor Please.

Hasta pronto. ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon. De nada. day nah-dah You're welcome. Con permiso / Perdn / Disculpe kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehrdohn /dees-kool-peh Excuse me / Pardon me Cmo ests? koh-moh ay-stahs How are you? (informal) Mal / Muy mal / Ms o menos mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh may-nohs Bad / Very bad / OK Cmo te llamas? koh-moh tay yah-mahs What is your name? (informal)

Hasta maana. ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah See you tomorrow. Bienvenidos byen-veh-nee-dohs Welcome

Lo siento loh see-ehn-toh I'm sorry

Vamos! bah-mohs Let's go!

Cmo est usted? koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted How are you? (formal)

Qu tal? kay tahl How's it going?

Bien / Muy bien bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn Good / Very good

S / No see / noh Yes / No

Cmo se llama usted? koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted What is your name? (formal)

Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... may yah-moh / mee nohmbreh ess My name is...

Mucho gusto. / Encantado. moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahntah-doh Nice to meet you. De dnde es usted? day dohn-day ehs oo-sted Where are you from? (formal) Cuntos aos tiene usted? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-aynay oo-sted How old are you? (formal) Habla usted espaol? ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol Do you speak Spanish? (formal) Entiende usted? / Entiendes? ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehntyen-dehs Do you understand? (formal / informal) Puede ayudarme? pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh Can you help me? (formal) Dnde est / Dnde estn... ? dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahn Where is ... / Where are ... ? Cmo se dice ____ en espaol? koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh-spahn-yol How do you say ____ in Spanish?

Igualmente. ee-guahl-mehn-tay Same here. / Same to you. De dnde eres? day dohn-day eh-rehs Where are you from? (informal) Cuntos aos tienes? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs teeayn-ays How old are you? (informal) Hablas ingls? ah-blahs een-glehs Do you speak English? (informal)

Seor / Seora / Seorita sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / sayn-yor-ee-tah Mister / Mrs. / Miss Yo soy de... yoh soy day I'm from... Yo tengo _____ aos. yoh tayn-goh _____ ahnyohs I am _____ years old. (No) Hablo... noh ah-bloh I (don't) speak...

(No) Entiendo. noh ehn-tyen-doh I (don't) understand.

Yo (no lo) se. yoh noh loh seh I (don't) know.

Claro / Claro que s klah-roh / klah-roh keh see Sure / Of course

Cmo? koh-moh What? Pardon me?

Aqu / Ah ah-kee / ah-ee Here / There

Hay / Haba... eye / ah-bee-ah There is / are... / There was / were...

Qu es esto? keh ehs ehs-toh What is that?

Qu te pasa? keh teh pah-sah What's the matter (with you)?

No importa. noh eem-por-tah It doesn't matter. No tengo ninguna idea. noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah eedeh-ah I have no idea. Estoy cansado / enfermo. eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehnfehr-moh I'm tired / sick. Estoy aburrido. eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh I'm bored. Est bien. ehs-tah bee-ehn That's alright. / It's ok. Listo? lees-toh Ready? Qu chistoso! keh chees-toh-soh How funny! Salud! sah-lood Bless you! Te toca a ti. teh toh-kah ah tee It's your turn. (informal)

Qu pasa? keh pah-sah What's happening? Buena idea! bweh-nah ee-deh-ah Good idea!

Sin novedad. seen noh-veh-dahd Nothing much. Pase! pah-seh Go ahead!

Tengo hambre / sed. tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed I'm hungry / thirsty. No me importa. noh meh eem-por-tah I don't care. Me olvid. meh ohl-vee-deh I forgot. Quizs / Depende. kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh Maybe / It depends. Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day! Felicitaciones! feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs Congratulations! Callate! kah-yah-teh Shut up!

Tengo calor / fro. tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh I'm hot / cold. No se preocupe. noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh Don't worry Tengo que ir ahora. tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah I must go now. Todava no. toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet. Nos vemos! nohs veh-mos We'll see you! Buena suerte! bweh-nah swehr-teh Good luck! Te amo. tay ah-moh I love you. (informal and singular)

Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children.

The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language is calledcastellano instead of espaol.

2. PRONUNCIATION Spanish Letter English Sound a ah e ay i ee o oh u oo ll y v b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels ny (as in canyon) r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels rr r with a roll of the tongue d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels j hard h g g, sometimes a h qu k ai / all / ay eye z s z, ce, ci th (in northern Spain only) The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end). Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as inel pjaro (bird). Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all

countries. This tutorial is mostly concerned with the language that is spoken in Mexico and Spain.

3. ALPHABET

a b c

ah bay say

j k l ll

hoh-tah kah ay-lay ay-yay

air-ay

rr airr-ay s t u v
ay-say tay oo bay chee-kah vay doh-blay ah-kees ee-gree-ay-gah say-tah

ch chay d e f g h i
day ay ay-fay hey

m ay-may n o
ay-nay

ayn-yay w oh pay koo

x y z

ah-chay p ee

The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most dialects just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile). 4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES Masc. Singular the a, an el (ail) un (oon) Fem. Singular la (lah) una (oonah) esta esa aquella the some Masc. Plural los (lohs) unos (oonohs) Fem. Plural las (lahs) unas (oonahs) estas esas aquellas

this este that ese that aquel

these estos those esos those aquellos

El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -cin, -tad, -dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquelforms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: ste, sta, stos, stas, se, sa, sos, sas, aqul, aqulla, aqullos, aqullas. 5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS yo yoh I you (informal) noh-sohnosotros / nosotras trohs / noh- we soh-trahs boh-sohvosotros / vosotras trohs / boh- you all soh-trahs they / they / you (plural)

too

ayail / ay- he / she / it yohs / ayl / ella /usted yah /oo- / you ellos / ellas /ustedes yahs /oosted (formal) sted-ays

Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras andvosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs. 6. TO BE & TO HAVE ser - to be present soy eres es somos sois son I am you are he/she/it is we are you are they are fu fuiste fu fuimos fuisteis fueron past I was you were ser sers future I will be you will be he/she/it will be we will be you will be they will be

he/she/it was ser we were seremos you were they were seris sern

present estoy ests est estis estn present tengo tienes tiene I have you have tuve tuviste I am you are he/she/it is you are they are estuve estuviste estuvo

estar - to be past I was you were estar estars

future I will be you will be

estamos we are

he/she/it was estar he/she/it will be estuvimos we were estaremos we will be estuvisteis you were estuvieron they were tener - to have past I had you had tendr tendrs estaris estarn you will be they will be future I will have you will have

he/she/it has tuvo tenemos we have tuvimos tenis tienen you have they have tuvisteis tuvieron

he/she/it had tendr he/she/it will have we had tendremos we will have you had they had tendris tendrn you will have they will have

Highlighted forms are only used in Spain. Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels. Uses of Ser Identify person/object Inherent characteristics or qualities Nationality/Occupation Telling time Express ownership Impersonal expressions Passive voice El edificio es un templo. La casa es grande. Carlos es pobre. Es carpintero. Son las tres. Los libros son de Juan. Es necesario. El telfono fue inventado por Bell. Uses of Estar Location/position Temporary condition/state State of health Form progressive tense El libro est en la mesa. La ventana est abierta. Juan est enfermo. Miguel est estudiando. The book is on the table. The window is open. John is sick. Michael is studying. The building is a temple. The house is large. Charles is poor. He is a carpenter. It's three o'clock. The books are John's. It is necessary. The telephone was invented by Bell.

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado- to

be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan. Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all): to be afraid tener miedo to be in a hurry to be jealous to be lucky to be patient to be sleepy to be successful tener prisa, estar de prisa tener celos tener suerte tener paciencia tener sueo tener xito tener sed estar cansado/a

to be against estar en contra to be at fault tener la culpa to be careful tener cuidado to be cold tener fro

to be curious ser curioso/a to be happy to be hot

estar contento/a to be thirsty tener calor to be tired

to be hungry tener hambre 7. QUESTION WORDS what who how when qu

to be ___ years old tener ___ aos

which

cul(es)

quin(es) cmo cundo

how much cunto (-a) how many cuntos (-as) whom whose a quin(es) de quin(es)

where dnde why por qu

8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cero uno dos tres cuatro cinco seis siete say-roh oo-noh dohs trays kuah-troh seen-koh says see-ay-tay first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh primero segundo tercero cuarto quinto sexto sptimo

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

ocho nueve diez once doce trece catorce quince diez y seis

oh-choh new-ay-vay dee-ays ohn-say doh-say tray-say kah-tor-say keen-say dee-ays ee says

eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth

octavo noveno dcimo undcimo duodcimo dcimo tercero dcimo cuarto dcimo quinto dcimo sexto dcimo sptimo dcimo octavo dcimo noveno vigsimo vigsimo primero

diez y siete dee-ays ee see-ay-tay seventeenth eighteenth diez y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh diez y nueve dee-ays ee new-ay-vay nineteenth veinte bayn-tay twentieth twenty-first veinte y uno bayn-tay ee oo-noh veinte y dos bayn-tay ee dohs trayn-tah treinta cuarenta cincuenta sesenta setenta ochenta noventa kuar-ain-tah seen-kuain-tah say-sain-tah say-tain-tah oh-chain-tah noh-bain-tah see-ain-(toh) meel

twenty-second vigsimo segundo thirtieth trigsimo fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth thousandth cuadragsimo quincuagsimo sexagsimo septuagsimo octogsimo nonagsimo centsimo milsimo

100 cien(to) 1000 mil

If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would beciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use diecisis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintids, veintitrs, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers. Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun. 9. DAYS OF THE WEEK Monday Tuesday lunes martes loo-nays mar-tays

Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday day week weekend today tonight last night yesterday tomorrow my birthday next last

mircoles jueves viernes sbado domingo el da la semana el fin de semana hoy esta noche anoche ayer maana mi cumpleaos

mee-air-coh-lays hway-bays bee-air-nays sah-bah-doh doh-ming-oh dee-ah say-mahn-ah feen day say-mahn-ah oy es-tah noh-chay ah-noh-chay eye-yair mahn-yahn-ah mee coom-play-ahn-yohs

prximo / prxima prok-see-moh / mah pasado / pasada pah-sah-doh / dah ahn-teh-eye-yair pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh vees-peh-rah

day before yesterday anteayer day after tomorrow the following day the day before pasado maana el da siguiente la vspera

Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays 10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR January February March April May June enero febrero marzo abril mayo junio ay-nair-oh fay-bray-roh mar-soh ah-breel mi-oh hoo-nee-oh

July August September October November December month

julio agosto septiembre octubre noviembre diciembre el mes

hoo-lee-oh ah-gohs-toh sayp-tee-aim-bray ohk-too-bray noh-bee-aim-bray dee-see-aim-bray mais

first of [a month] el primero de [month] pree-mair-oh day _____ year decade century millennium el ao la dcada el siglo el milenio ahn-yoh deh-kah-dah see-gloh mee-leh-nee-oh

The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing. Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date? Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st. 11. SEASONS spring la primavera in spring en primavera

summer el verano winter el invierno autumn el otoo 12. DIRECTIONS to the right to the left straight ahead north el norte south el sur east el este west el oeste

in summer en verano in winter en invierno in autumn en otoo

a la derecha a la izquierda todo derecho northeast el noreste northwest el noroeste southeast el sureste southwest el suroeste

13. COLORS & SHAPES red pink orange yellow green blue light blue purple violet brown black gray white golden silver rojo / roja rosado / rosada anaranjado / anaranjada amarillo / amarilla verde azul celeste morado / morada violeta marrn negro / negra gris blanco / blanca dorado / dorada plateado / plateada dark light oscuro / oscura claro / clara circle square rectangle triangle oval cube sphere cylinder cone octagon box pyramid el crculo el cuadrado el rectngulo el tringulo el valo el cubo la esfera el cilindro el cono el octgono la caja la pirmide

All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrn) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s. a red house = una casa roja 14. TIME Qu hora es? Es la una. Son las dos/tres/cuatro... Es medioda. Es medianoche. Son las cinco y cinco. Son las ocho y cuarto. What time is it? It's one. It's two/three/four... It's noon. It's midnight. It's 5:05 It's 8:15

Son las diez menos cuarto. Son cuarto para las diez Son las nueve menos diez. Son diez para las nueve Son las tres y media / treinta. de la maana de la tarde de la noche en punto A qu hora? 15. WEATHER Qu tiempo hace? Hace buen tiempo. Hace mal tiempo. Hace fro. Hace calor. Hace sol. Hace viento. Hace fresco. Est nublado. Hay niebla. Hay neblina. Hay humedad. Hay granizo. Llueve. Nieva. Truena. Llovizna. 16. PREPOSITIONS

It's 9:45 It's 9:45 (common in Mexico) It's 8:50 It's 8:50 (common in Mexico) It's 3:30 in the morning / AM in the afternoon / PM in the evening / PM exactly / sharp At what time?

What's the weather like? The weather's nice. The weather's bad. It's cold. It's hot. It's sunny. It's windy. It's chilly. It's cloudy. It's foggy. It's misty. It's humid. It's hailing. It's raining. It's snowing. It's thundering. It's sprinkling.

a con

at, to with

al lado de

beside, alongside of

alrededor de around cerca de lejos de delante de debajo de near, close to far from in front of below, under

contra against de en entre hacia para por of, from in, on between, among towards, about for, in order, by for, through, along, via

en frente de opposite detrs de encima de hasta desde behind above, on top of till, until from, since

sobre on, over sin without

There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del. 17. FAMILY & ANIMALS family parents husband wife father / dad mother / mom son daughter children brother sister brothers & sisters la familia los padres el marido / el esposo la mujer / la esposa el padre / pap la madre / mam el hijo la hija los hijos el hermano la hermana los hermanos grandfather grandmother grandparents grandson granddaughter grandchildren uncle aunt aunts & uncles nephew niece nieces & nephews cousin (m) cousin (f) el abuelo la abuela los abuelos el nieto la nieta los nietos el to la ta los tios el sobrino la sobrina los sobrinos el primo la prima baby teenager boy girl boys & girls man woman adult twins (f) dog cat bird fish el beb el adolescente el nio la nia los nios el hombre la mujer el adulto las gemelas el perro el gato el pjaro el pez

twins (m) los gemelos

only child (m) el hijo nico only child (f) la hija nica

kid / boy kid / girl half-brother half-sister

el muchacho la muchacha el medio hermano la media hermana

cousins relatives stepfather stepmother stepbrother stepsister stepson stepdaughter godfather godmother

los primos los parientes el padastro la madrastra el hermanastro la hermanastra el hijastro la hijastra el padrino la madrina

gold fish horse goat pig cow rabbit turtle mouse deer duck

la carpa dorada el caballo la cabra el cerdo la vaca el conejo la tortuga el ratn el ciervo el pato

father-in-law el suegro mother-in-law la suegra brother-inlaw sister-in-law son-in-law daughter-inlaw el cuado la cuada el yerno la nuera

18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS conocer - to know people conozco conoces conoce conocemos conocis conocen s sabes sabe saber - to know facts sabemos sabis saben

19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS

1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa las casas 2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel los papeles 3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz las luces 4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lpiz los lpices

20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Initial Forms singular my your mi tu nuestro / nuestra su plural mis tus sus nuestros / nuestras sus singular mo / ma

Terminal Forms plural mos / mas tuyos / tuyas suyos / suyas nuestros / nuestras suyos / suyas

tuyo / tuya suyo / suya nuestro / nuestra suyo / suya

your/his/her/its su our your your/their

vuestro / vuestra vuestros / vuestras vuestro / vuestra vuestros / vuestras

Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain). Because su and sus can have so many meanings, the definite article may be used instead of su with these expressions following the noun: de Ud., de l, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas. los libros de ellos their books The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc. el libro mo my book Qu haces, hijo mo? What are you doing, my son? un amigo mo a friend of mine