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© Susana Vera
ACUTE MALNUTRITION
A Preventable Pandemic
Measuring for the Weight/Height Index Measuring the middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) Diagnosing a child with acute malnutrition Marasmus, a type of severe acute malnutrition
ID
M
YRA
POVERTY During the last two decades, extreme TRADE POLICY The major food crises that have VIOLENCE Violence is one of the principal causes
ER P
poverty in Sub-Saharan African has nearly recently buffeted Sub-Saharan Africa stem of acute malnutrition. The disruption of food
doubled, from 164 million in 1981 to some from a lack of access to food, not a lack of production and distribution networks, whether a
G
HUN
313 million as of 2002. Poverty alone does not availability (i.e., the markets are full, but prices deliberate military objective or the consequence
explain the presence of famine, although it does are too high and the poor don’t eat). Prices have of armed conflict, violence is one of the primary
THE
affect the state of food security among the most remained high because much of what is produced causes of severe food shortages, and therefore of ACUTE
vulnerable of populations. domestically is exported while the economic acute malnutrition. MALNUTRITION
powers that control the cereal markets have
GENDER The benefits stemming from the colluded to keep prices high. FAILING STATES Somalia is representative of
education of women constitutes the single the types of crises that can be triggered by the
greatest contribution to the reduction of HIV & AIDS HIV and AIDS have become one of failing of state structures—Somalia being one TRIGGER FACTORS
malnutrition from 1970 through 1995, accounting the primary causes—and consequences—of of the more enduring and costly examples. The Violence
for 43% of all progress made. Women, after malnutrition. An HIV positive child has a faltering of State structures, the absence of basic Failing States
children, are the most susceptible to the ravages greater chance of contracting malnutrition than services, the complete breakdown of public health Natural Disasters
of hunger. his healthier counterparts. Moreover, anti- infrastructure and sanitation systems, have all
retroviral treatments do not perform as well on imposed tremendous suffering on a population with
CLIMATE CHANGE During the 1990s, it is malnourished children, and life expectancy is one of the highest rates of chronic malnutrition in
estimated that natural disasters were responsible considerably shorter for patients who lack proper the world.
for $600 million dollars in losses each year, more diets.
than twice the losses reported during the 1980s. NATURAL DISASTERS When natural disasters STRUCTURAL FACTORS
According to the UN’s Food and Agriculture affect geographic areas with poor structural Poverty
Gender
Organization (FAO), in nearly 40 developing stability, their impacts can be devastating, often
Climate Change
countries, the losses in agricultural production with little relation to the actual magnitude of Trade Policy
attributed to climate change could dramatically the natural phenomenon. Less visible forms of HIV & AIDS
increase the estimated number of people destruction—of productive assets and capacity—
suffering from hunger in the near future. can constrain food supply networks in ways that
are more serious, if less visible, than obvious
effects of a natural disaster.
1 2 3 4
ACUTE MALNUTRITION AROUND
THE WORLD
Countries with the highest incidences of acute malnutrition.
Source: The State of the World’s Children 2008, UNICEF
A
• Child has no appetite
• Has major medical
PHASE 1 TRANSITION PHASE PHASE 2 POST TREATMENT
Administration of therapeutic Administration of therapeutic milk Administration of therapeutic RUFs Children treated for acute
complications
milk formula F-75 to jumpstart formula F-100 until the child’s along with doses of antibiotics, malnutrition are enrolled in
• At least 3 cases of
a child’s metabolism and restore metabolism stabilizes and solid vitamin A, anti-parasite and anti- supplementary nutrition programs
bilateral edema pitting
hydroelectric equilibrium. foods can be introduced. malaria medicines, and measles for an additional four months to
(Kwashiorkor)
vaccinations. ensure total recovery.
B
• Child exhibits appetite
• No major medical
complications
• Fewer than 3 cases of
bilateral edema pitting
(Kwashiorkor)