Energy for Sustainable Development: Demand, Supply, Conversion and Management

Energy for Sustainable Development

Demand, Supply, Conversion and Management

Editors

Dr. MD. Hasanuzzaman

Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Dr. Nasrudin Abd Rahim

Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Contributors

Biography

Chapter 1. Introduction to energy and sustainable development

1.1. Energy and civilization

1.2. Global energy resources

1.3. Energy management, energy policy, and energy strategy

1.4. Energy management for sustainable development

Chapter 2. Modern energy conversion technologies

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Fossil fuel energy conversion

2.3. State-of-the-art energy conversion technologies

2.4. Renewable energy conversion systems

Chapter 3. Energy demand

3.1. Introduction to energy demand

3.2. Demand classification

3.3. Energy demand analysis in different sectors

3.4. Building sector energy demand analysis

3.5. Industrial sector

3.6. Transport sector

Chapter 4. Energy supply

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Energy supply

4.3. Renewable energy supply chain

4.4. Energy supply indicators for sustainable development

4.5. Sustainability indicators of renewable energy technologies

4.6. Energy supply forecasting

4.7. Conclusion

Chapter 5. Energy demand forecasting

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Importance of energy demand forecasting

5.3. Challenges in energy demand forecasting

5.4. Forecasting process

5.5. Forecasting methods

5.6. Simple and multiple linear regression

5.7. Multivariate linear regression

5.8. Nonlinear regression

5.9. Forecast accuracy

5.10. Mean absolute deviation

5.11. Mean square error

5.12. Mean absolute percent error

5.13. Symmetric mean absolute percent error

Chapter 6. Energy storage technologies

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Battery energy storage technologies

6.3. Hydro energy storage

6.4. Thermal energy storage

Chapter 7. Energy economics

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Cost concept

7.3. Money value or time value of money

7.4. Business models

7.5. Barriers to renewable energy

Chapter 8. World energy policies

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Mapping global energy policies

8.3. Government roles in perspective: initiatives and impacts of energy policy

Index

Copyright

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Contributors

Hang Seng Che,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

M. Hasanuzzaman,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Fayaz Hussain,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Nur Iqtiyani Ilham

Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Masai, Johor, Malaysia

M.A. Islam,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

M.M. Islam,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Laveet Kumar,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

M.A.A. Mamun,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

A.K. Pandey,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

N.A. Rahim,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

M. Zillur Rahman,     Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Ashvini Nair Sivasengaran,     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Yuan Yanping,     School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

Biography

Dr. Md. Hasanuzaman received PhD and M. Eng. Sc. from University of Malaya, Malaysia and BSc in Mechanical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh. Dr. Md. Hasanuzaman is currently a Senior Lecturer and Program Coordinator (Master of Renewable Energy) in the UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), University of Malaysia. Presently he is Associate Editor in Chief and Editorial Board member of several international journals. He works in the field of Thermal Engineering, Energy Conversion, Renewable Energy, Energy Policy, Solar Energy, Photovoltaic, PV/Thermal, Solar Heat in Industrial Process, Energy and Buildings, Transport and Electric Vehicle, and Photovoltaic Materials. He received University of Malaya Excellence Awards 2012 for his outstanding achievement in PhD, Technical Scholarship from BUET, Bangladesh Scholarship Council, and the Nippon Foundation, Japan, 2003–2004.

Prof. Ir. Dr. Nasrudin Abd Rahim received BSc (Hons) in Electrical Electronic Engineering and MSc in Electrical Power Engineering from University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, in 1985 and 1988, respectively. He received PhD in Power Electronics from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, in 1995. He is currently a Professor at University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Director/Founder of UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), a recognized Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) under Ministry of Higher Education. He is a Distinguished Adjunct Professor of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah (2012–2017). His research interests include Power electronics and drives, Solar photovoltaic technologies, Real-time control systems, Transportation Demand Side Management, and Energy Policy, with over 400 technical papers in journal and international conference proceedings. Prof. Nasrudin is a Chartered Engineer (UK), Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK, and Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, USA. He is also a Fellow of the Academy Science and Professional Engineer, Board of Engineer, Malaysia.

Chapter 1

Introduction to energy and sustainable development

M.M. Islam, and M. Hasanuzzaman     Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, Jalan Pantai Baharu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Human civilization has an innate dependence on energy. In fact, energy is the impetus behind the socio-economic development of the society. Growth of global energy demand for energy is almost 5.3% per year, while the increase in world energy use will reach the highs of 28% by 2040. But, to its worst the sources of energy, especially clean and sustainable source are very limited. Therefore, there is an urgency for efficient use of the available energy, which can be achieved through best practices of energy management system. This chapter presents a brief overview on the significance of energy management to ensure an uninterrupted supply of energy and its role in achieving sustainable development goal. An all-inclusive list of available energy sources has also been included with a view to provide an up-to-date impression regarding what resources we have to face the twofold challenge of energy paucity and climate change as well.

Keywords

Energy management; Energy policy; Energy sources; Sustainable development

1.1. Energy and civilization

The modern worldview is constructed around the central concept of energy. Energy is a concordant notion that encompasses not only physical and environmental science but also the socioeconomic disciplines. Physicists define energy as the capacity to do work as measured by the capability to do work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). On the other hand, in modern economic concept, energy is considered as fuel, a substance used as source of energy (Martinás, 2005). Energy is of worth if it is easily convertible to useful work, and most of the world's convertible energy comes from fossil fuels. That is why fuel is the most dominant factor apart from food affecting the human civilization.

Unlike all other animal species, human beings derive their energy from both food and fuel. At a very early stage of civilization, human beings used tools and weapons to effectively apply their somatic strength, but these were not the sources of energy. The maiden access to a source of energy was possible when they learnt to control the fire. Later, man tried to control the energy of water and wind. However, the epochal discovery of fossil fuels brought the major impact in every sector of human civilization, from agriculture to industry, from economics to politics, and most importantly the environment. The great ages of civilization are characterized in terms of new source or form of energy used or introduced in that era, e.g., fossil fuel era, post fossil fuel era, nuclear era, era of renewables, etc. Historical industrial revolutions were essentially energy revolutions. The first industrial revolution (1760–1840) saw the advent of mechanization that led to the formation a new economic structure. Steam engines powered by coal brought about revolutions in production system and communication network; handlooms were replaced by power looms, railway and steamboats brought the far near. With the emergence of a new source of energy, i.e., electricity, gas, and oil, the second industrial revolution instigated at the late 19th century (1870) and extended up to the World War I. This was essentially a technological revolution and connoted by the electrification of manufacturing systems that made possible the assembly line and mass production (Ford & Crowther, 1922). The third industrial revolution started (1969) as nuclear power generation commenced. Prodigious development in electronics, telecommunication, and computing technology, especially programmable logic controllers and robots, led to the automation of the production system. The first industrial revolution mechanized the production system through the use of steam power, electric power facilitated mass production in the second industrial revolution, and industrial automation came into reality in the third industrial revolution because of electronics and information technology (Schwab, 2016). A fourth industrial revolution is building on the third and integrating the production processes with alternative energy resources such as wind, sun, and geothermal energy (Sentryo, 2017).

Today, energy is directly related to the most critical economic and social issues that affect sustainable development such as water supply, sanitation, mobility, food production, environmental quality, education, job creation security, and even peace in global context. Energy nowadays has become the universal currency. While extra energy at the disposal of the first world countries is widening their power and control, access to the energy sources is becoming limited to the under developed countries. The global economic disparity among the nations is predominantly perceived by their respective control over energy and fuel sources. It has been estimated that about 1.2 billion people are out of electrical network and more than 2.0 billion people worldwide are deprived of mere access to modern energy resources (Behl, Chhibar, Jain, Bahl, & El Bassam, 2013). The competition has gone so hostile that it led to series of oil war including two gulf wars in the Middle East region. This raised the question how to ensure a more equitable energy dissemination and whether it is possible to attain control in the demand for energy. As the former clause is related to complex global politicoeconomic order, researchers have emphasized on the later one, that is, abating the energy demand and at the same time ensuring efficient use of available energy emphasizing on more and more infliction of renewable energy technologies.

1.2. Global energy resources

There are numerous sources of energy all around the nature. The conventional sources of energy can be classified as nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable energy resources, such as coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are limited in reserve and supply because of the very long time required for them to be replenished in nature. On the other hand, renewable resources are replenished continuously or over very short time span. The major renewable energy resources are solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, and marine or ocean energy (Andrea, 2014). There are some unconventional sources such as waste-to-energy (WtE), carbon capture, and storage, etc., which have been emerging as energy sources in recent years. Nowadays, energy storage and energy efficiency are also considered as energy source.

1.2.1. Coal

Coal is the transformed remains of prehistoric vegetation amassed in swamps and peat bogs. It is an ignitable organic sedimentary rock composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (WCA, 2009). Coals are ranked based on their physical and chemical properties that have been developed in course of coalification (the process of maturation from peat to anthracite). Soft lignite and subbituminous coals with dull fictile appearance are ranked low-grade coal. The moisture level is high and carbon (thereby, energy) content is low. Coals with higher carbon and lower moisture content are ranked higher (e.g., anthracite) and generally harder and stronger rocklike material, often with black vitreous luster. Fig. 1.1 depicts classification of coals according to their energy and moisture content.

Figure 1.1 Classification of coal according to energy and moisture content (Kavalov & Peteves, 2007).

A major share (around 30%) of world's primary energy consumption is met by coal in range of sectors including power generation, iron and steel production, cement manufacturing, etc. Currently, about 40% of global power plants run on coal burning; on the other hand, coal is used in 70% of the steel production and 50% of aluminum production plants (WCA, 2009). From 2000 to 2014, global coal consumption rose by 64%, which portarys its dominating role in world economy (WEC, 2016). Distribution of world proven coal reserves in 2016 is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Coal is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel, and its undeterred use in power generation could have significant impact on global climate change. However, modern carbon capture utilization and storage technology allows higher efficiency and low carbon emissions of coal power plants, still upholding its utility in energy sector.

1.2.2. Oil

Oil is liquid mixture of hydrocarbons found in suitable rock strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including petrol, paraffin, and diesel oil. Different grades of petroleum oils (molecular weight of the hydrocarbon ranging from 1 to 70) are produced from crude by factional distillation method. In oil industry, oil (also raw natural gas) extracted by natural pressure after drilling is known as conventional oil (and conventional gas); on the other hand, unconventional oil is extracted by means of techniques other than traditional method. Petroleum product derived by unconventional methods from fine-grained, organic-rich rocks (known as oil shale) is called shale oil (and gas) or light tight oil. The estimated global shale oil resource is around 6050 billion barrels (bbl), which is four times the world's conventional crude oil reserve (WEC, 2016).

Figure 1.2 Distribution of proven coal reserve in 2016. 

BP Statistical review of world energy 2016.

There is no major chemical difference between unconventional and conventional oil and gas. Crude oil quality depends on its sulfur content, which is an extremely corrosive element and produces toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. Crude oil with total sulfur level over 0.5% is called sour and oil with lower sulfur is termed sweet. Light (lower density) and sweet (low sulfur content) crude oil are usually costlier than heavy, sour oils because light sweet grades can be processed with