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    Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook115 pages1 hour

    Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    This book describes Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

    Recently I have a patient who complains of weakness of the left knee after a car road accident where he was sitting nest to the driver.
    His MRI showed the presence of a complete Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tear.

    A posterior cruciate ligament injury is a partial or complete tearing or injury of any part of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
    The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is one of the 4 ligaments inside the knee.
    It obtains its name from the fact that it passes behind another ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), forming a cross shape.
    The posterior cruciate ligament is sited in the back of the knee.
    It is one of several ligaments that join the femur (thighbone) to the tibia (shinbone).
    There are 4 primary ligaments in the knee.
    They function as strong ropes to hold the bones together and keep the knee stable.
    Collateral ligaments
    These ligaments are found on the sides of the knee.
    The medial collateral ligament is on the inside and the lateral collateral ligament is on the outside.
    They regulate the sideways movement of the knee and brace it against abnormal movement.
    Cruciate ligaments
    These are present inside the knee joint.
    They cross each other to form an "X" with the anterior cruciate ligament in front and the posterior cruciate ligament at the back.
    The cruciate ligaments regulate the back and forth movement of the knee.
    The posterior cruciate ligament stops the tibia from moving backwards too far.
    Along with the other ligaments in the knee, it maintains the stability of the knee and prevents the thigh and shin bones moving out of place.
    The PCL is one of the 2 cruciate ligaments of the knee.

    It functions as the major stabilizing ligament of the knee and stops the tibia from excessive posterior displacement in relation to the femur.

    It also functions to stop hyper-extension and restricts internal rotation, adduction and abduction at the knee joint.
    The PCL is two times as thick as the ACL and sustains less injury than the ACL because of its stronger nature.
    As a result, PCL injuries are less frequent than ACL injuries.
    Possible causes of PCL injuries are:

    1. Football injuries
    2. Running injuries
    3. Motor vehicle accidents
    4. Falls onto a flexed knee
    More mechanisms of PCL injury are:
    1. Bad landings from a jump,
    2. A simple misstep or
    3. Fast direction change.

    Because it takes such great strength to tear such a strong ligament such as the posterior cruciate ligament, a complete rupture of the PCL will be difficult to repair.
    The normal symptoms of a posterior cruciate ligament injury are:

    1. Pain with swelling that happens steadily and quickly after the injury
    There is tenderness in the space behind the knee (popliteal fossa)
    2. Swelling that makes the knee stiff and may induce a limp
    3. Difficulty walking
    4. The knee feels unstable, like it may give way
    The MRI is till the best way to diagnose a PCL injury or tear.
    Important signs are the positive posterior sag test, quadriceps active teat and posterior drawer tests.
    Treatments of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury are:
    1. Protection, from further harm with support or splint
    2. Rest, the injured leg for 2-3 weeks; use crutches if needed
    3. Ice, wrapped in cloth, applied to injury reduces swelling every 15-20 minutes
    4. Compression with bandages or tubing to reduce movement and swelling
    5. Elevation of injured leg above the heart using support
    6. Painkillers
    Surgical treatment may be needed only if conservative treatment fails.
    This is normally followed by rehabilitation and physiotherapy.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
    Chapter 2 Causes
    Chapter 3 Symptoms
    Chap

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateJul 5, 2019
    ISBN9780463978269
    Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Posterior Cruciate

      Ligament Injury,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2019 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury)

      This e-Book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiography account of my journey as a medical student to family doctor on my other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiography account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

      Recently I have a patient who complains of weakness of the left knee after a car road accident where he was sitting nest to the driver.

      His MRI showed the presence of a complete Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tear.

      What is the Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury?

      A posterior cruciate ligament injury is a partial or complete tearing or injury of any part of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).

      The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is one of the 4 ligaments inside the knee.

      It obtains its name from the fact that it passes behind another ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), forming a cross shape.

      The posterior cruciate ligament is sited in the back of the knee.

      It is one of several ligaments that join the femur (thighbone) to the tibia (shinbone).

      Bones are joined to other bones by ligaments.

      There are 4 primary ligaments in the knee.

      They function as strong ropes to hold the bones together and keep the knee stable.

      Collateral ligaments

      These ligaments are found on the sides of the knee.

      The medial collateral ligament is on the inside and the lateral collateral ligament is on the outside.

      They regulate the sideways movement of the knee and brace it against abnormal movement.

      Cruciate ligaments

      These are present inside the knee joint.

      They cross each other to form an X with the anterior cruciate ligament in front and the posterior cruciate ligament at the back.

      The cruciate ligaments regulate the back and forth movement of the knee.

      The posterior cruciate ligament stops the tibia from moving backwards too far.

      Along with the other ligaments in the knee, it maintains the stability of the knee and prevents the thigh and shin bones moving out of place.

      Pathoanatomy

      1. PCL is the primary restraint to posterior tibial movement

      2. It functions to prevent hyperflexion/sliding

      3. Isolated injuries produce the greatest instability at 90° of flexion

      Origin of PCL

      The PCL origin is at the posterior tibial sulcus below the articular surface

      Insertion of PCL

      a. Anterolateral medial femoral condyle

      b. Broad, crescent-shaped footprint of the insertion is present

      Dimensions of PCL

      a. 38 mm in length x 13

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