Fundamentals of Technical Mathematics

Fundamentals of Technical Mathematics

Sarhan M. Musa

Prairie View A&M University

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Basic Concepts in Arithmetic

Introduction

1.1. Basic arithmetic

1.1. Exercises

1.2. Decimals

1.2. Exercises

1.3. Percents (%)

1.3. Exercises

Chapter 1 Review exercises

Chapter 2. Introduction to Algebra

Introduction

2.1. Introduction to algebra

2.1. Exercises

2.2. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of monomials

2.2. Exercises

2.3. Ratio, proportion, and variation

2.3. Exercises

Chapter 2 Review exercises

Chapter 3. Equations, Inequalities, and Modeling

Introduction

3.1. Equations

3.1. Exercises

3.2. Inequality equations and intervals

3.2. Exercises

3.3. Complex numbers

3.3. Exercises

Chapter 3 Review exercises

Chapter 4. Graphs and Functions

Introduction

4.1. Graphs

4.1. Exercises

4.2. Functions

4.2. Exercises

Chapter 4 Review exercises

Chapter 5. Measurement

Introduction

5.1. Length measurements

5.1. Exercises

5.2. Mass and weight measurements

5.2. Exercises

5.3. Capacity measurements of liquid

5.3. Exercises

5.4. Time measurements

5.4. Exercises

5.5. Temperature (T) measurement

5.5. Exercises

5.6. Derived units

5.6. Exercises

Chapter 5 Review exercises

Chapter 6. Geometry

Introduction

6.1. Basic concepts in geometry

6.1. Exercises

6.2. Angle measurement and triangles

6.2. Exercises

6.3. Perimeter and circumference in geometry

6.3. Exercises

6.4. Area in geometry

6.4. Exercises

6.5. Volume in geometry

6.5. Exercises

Chapter 6 Review exercises

Chapter 7. Trigonometry

Introduction

7.1. Units of angles

7.1. Exercises

7.2. Types of angles and right triangle

7.2. Exercises

7.3. Trigonometric functions

7.3. Exercises

7.4. Unit circle and oblique triangles

7.4. Exercises

Chapter 7 Review exercises

Chapter 8. Matrices, Determinants, and Vectors

Introduction

8.1. Matrices

8.1. Exercises

8.2. Determinants

8.2. Exercises

8.3. Vectors

8.3. Exercises

Chapter 8 Review exercises

Appendix A. Maple

Appendix B. MATLAB

Appendix C. Solution Manual

Glossary

Index

Copyright

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ISBN: 978-0-12-801987-0

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Dedication

To my late father, Mahmoud; my mother, Fatmeh; my wife, Lama; and my children, Mahmoud, Ibrahim, and Khalid

Preface

Fundamentals of Technical Mathematics introduces applied mathematics for engineering technologists and technicians. Through a simple, engaging approach, the book reviews basic mathematics including whole numbers, fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, percentages, ratios, and proportions. The text covers conversions to different units of measure (standard and/or metric) and other topics as required by specific businesses and industries. Building on these foundations, it then explores concepts in arithmetic; introductory algebra; equations, inequalities, and modeling; graphs and functions; measurement; geometry; trigonometry; and matrices, determinants, and vectors. It supports these concepts with practical applications in a variety of technical and career vocations, including automotive, allied health, welding, plumbing, machine tool, carpentry, auto mechanics, HVAC, and many other fields. In addition, the book provides practical examples from a vast number of technologies and uses two common software programs, Maple and Matlab.

This book has eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides basic concepts in arithmetic. Chapter 2 introduces algebra. Chapter 3 presents equations, inequalities, and modeling. Chapter 4 presents graphs and functions. Chapter 5 presents measurement. Chapter 6 introduces geometry. Chapter 7 reviews trigonometry. Finally, Chapter 8 introduces matrices, determinants, and vectors.

Sarhan M. Musa

Acknowledgments

It is my pleasure to acknowledge the outstanding help and support of the team at Elsevier in preparing this book, especially from Cathleen Sether, Steven Mathews, Katey Birtcher, Sarah J. Watson, Amy Clark, and Anitha Sivaraj.

Thanks for professors John Burghduff and Mary Jane Ferguson for their support, understanding, and being great friends.

I would also like to thank Dr Kendall T. Harris, his college dean, for his constant support. Finally, this book would never have seen the light of day if not for the constant support, love, and patience of our family.

Chapter 1

Basic Concepts in Arithmetic

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview of the basic concepts in arithmetic. It shows the arithmetic operations on real numbers and fractions. In addition, the chapter covers decimal operations and the rules of rounding off decimals, and illustrates the concept of percents and its applications.

Keywords

Arithmetic; Decimals; Fractions; Percents

You must do the thing you think you cannot do.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), an Italian physicist, chemist and a pioneer of electrical science. He is most famous for his invention of the electric battery. Alessandro has a special talent for languages. Before he left school, he had learned Latin, French, English and German. His language talents helped him in later life, when he traveled around Europe, discussing his work with scientists in Europe's centers of science.

Introduction

In this chapter, we will discuss the most useful and important basic topics in arithmetic (science of numbers), which are essential refreshment for people who have forgotten or do not like math. Mastering the fundamental concepts in mathematics is vital in strengthening the foundation for learning advanced material and forming a like for mathematics.

1.1. Basic arithmetic

In arithmetic numbers used are known. The purpose of this section is to introduce the basic principles/laws of arithmetic such as properties for the operations of addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (×), and division (÷). Next, we introduce fractions, decimals, and percents.

Numbers are categorized into six categories. First is real numbers, which includes all numbers. Whole numbers are numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, …, while natural numbers do not include zero, i.e., 1, 2, 3,…. Integer numbers are whole numbers including their negative counterparts, i.e., …, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …. Rational . Irrational numbers are decimals that are not negatives and have no end such as π .

1.1.1. Arithmetic operations

1.1.1.1. Addition (+)

Addition is the process of finding the sum of two or more numbers. The symbol (+) represents the addition operation.

Example 1

(a) How much is 3 + 5?

(b) How much is 3  +  5  +  13?

(c) How much is 12  +  15  +  28  +  13?

Solution

(a) 3  +  5  =  8

(b) 3  +  5  +  13  =  21

(c) We can use columns of numbers to get the total or sum many numbers:

Therefore, 12  +  15  +  28  +  13  =  68. We write the numbers in columns, and then we add the numbers in the columns from right to left. If the sum of the numbers in any column is 10 or more, we write the ones number under the sum line, carry the tens number to the next column, and add it to the numbers in that column.

1.1.1.2. Subtraction (−)

Subtraction is taking away a number from another number. The symbol (−) represents the subtraction operation.

Example 2

(a) How much is 3 subtracted from 7?

(b) How much is 7  −  2?

(c) How much is 21  −  72?

(d) How much is 23  −  82?

Solution

(a) 7  −  3  =  4.

    When we subtract a small number from a bigger number, we get a positive number (+).

    Note that, positive numbers do not require the + sign in front of the number.

(b) 2  −  7  =  −5.

    When we subtract a big number from a smaller number, we get a negative number (−).

(c) We can use columns of numbers to get the subtraction:

    We write the numbers in a vertical column and then subtract the bottom numbers from the top numbers. We start from right to left.

(d)

    When the bottom number is larger than the top number, we borrow from the number in the top of the next column and add ten to the top number before subtracting, at the same time we reduce the top number in the next column by 1.

    Since 2 is smaller than 3, 2 borrows 1 from 8 to become 12, and 8 becomes 7.

1.1.1.3. Multiplication (×)

Multiplication is a quick way to add many similar numbers. The symbol (×) represents the multiplication operation.

For example, 7  ×  5 is the same as adding 7 for 5 times, 7+7+ 7  +  7  +  7  =  35. This is the same as 7  ×  5  =  35 by multiplication table.

Example 3

(a) Multiply 23 with 12.

(b) Multiply 57 with 18.

Solution

(a)

    We write the numbers in a vertical column and then we multiply each number in the multiplicand from right to left by te rightmost multiplier. If the product is greater than 9, add the tens numer to the product of numbers in the next column. Next, we multiply each number in the multiplicand by the next number in the multiplier and we place the second partial product under the first partial product, by moving one space tho the left. We continue the process for each number in the multiplier, and then we add the partial products to get the final answer.

(b)

    Signs play very important roles in arithmetic and algebra; we have summarized the sign rules for multiplticatiotn in the table below.

Properties of signs for multiplication

We see from the table that, like signs give (+) and unlike signs give (−).

Any number written without a sign except 0 is considered to be positive, for example, 3  =  +3.0 is a neural number, neither positive nor negative.

Example 4

(a) (3)  ×  (4)  =  12

(b) (−2)  ×  (5)  =  −10

(c) (3)  ×  (−8)  =  −24

(d) (−3)  ×  (−6)  =  18

1.1.1.4. Division (÷)

Division is used for separating a number to several equal groups of numbers. The symbol (÷) represents the division operation.

Example 5

(a) Divide 22 by 2.

(b) 634  ÷  28.

Solution

(a) 22  ÷  2  =  11

    By dividing 22 by 2 we get 11 without remainder.

    When we have very large numbers to divide, long division is performed with the method as shown below:

(b)

    Long division allows us to use two numbers of the divided at a time, making the division process easier. We divide 63 by 28, we get 2 of 28 in the 63, we put the 2 as the quotient. We multiply 2 by 28 to give us 56. Then we subtract 56 from 63 to give us 7. The 4 is brought down so we have 2 numbers to divide. So, 634  ÷  28  =  22  +  (18/28). This means that 634 can be divided into 22 groups of 28 and there will be 18 left over, which is not enough to make a 23rd group of 28.

Signs are important in division as in multiplication. The table below summarizes the rules of signs in division.

Properties of signs for division

Example 6

1.1.1.5. Fraction (–, /)

Fractions are rational numbers and basically unsolved division.

or a/b, the top number a is called numerator and the bottom number b is called the denominator, where a and b are separated by a bar (–) or a slash (/).

For example, 3/16 is a fraction. Also, the denominator of any fraction cannot be zero, that is, b  ≠  0. But, when the numerator of a fraction is zero, then the value of the fraction is zero. For example, 0/5  =  0. Any whole number has a denominator equal to 1, that is, a/1  =  a.

Example 7

Write the fraction for each shape in following spectrum.

Solution

 =  2/8

 =  3/8

 =  2/8

 =  1/8

There are two types of fractions: proper and improper.

Definition of proper fraction

A proper fraction is a fraction with a numerator less than its denominator.

are proper fractions.

Definition of improper fraction

An improper fraction is a fraction with a numerator greater than or equal to its denominator.

are improper fractions.

If the numerator a  =  denominator b, then the fraction is equal to 1, such as a/a  =  1, where a is a whole number.

Fractions can be at lowest term when both the numerator and denominator can only be divided by 1. Therefore, to reduce a fraction to lowest terms, we need to divide the numerator and the denominator by the largest number in which both can be divided equally. This process is reducing or simplifying.

Example 8

to lowest terms.

to lowest terms.

Solution

(a) We divide both the numerator and the denominator by 5, as

is in simplest form because it cannot be divided by a number other than 1.

(b) We divide both the numerator and the denominator by 6, as

is not the simplest form, so divide again.

is the simplest form because it cannot be divided equally further.

    Or

.

Definition of mixed number

A mixed number is a number that consists of a whole number and a fraction.

are mixed numbers.

To convert an improper fraction into an equivalent mixed number, we need to divide the denominator into the numerator and write the answer as a whole number, and any remainder (which is smaller than the numerator) becomes the numerator of the fraction part of the mixed number.

Example 9

into a mixed number.

into a mixed number.

Solution

(a) We divide 5 by 3, as

    Therefore, the final solution is:

(b)

.

    To convert mixed numbers into improper fractions, you need to multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction and add the answer to the numerator of the fraction, then use the answer as the new numerator and keep the same denominator as it is from before.

Example 10

into an improper fraction.

into an improper fraction.

Solution

(a) Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction and add the answer of it to the numerator of the fraction, then use it on the numerator and keep denominator as it is from before:

(b) Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction and add the answer of it to the numerator of the fraction, then use it on the numerator and keep the denominator as it is from before:

1.1.1.6. Adding or subtracting of fractions

When we want to add or subtract fractions, we need to have the same denominator, which is called a common denominator. When we add and subtract fractions, we use the lowest common denominator (LCD).

When adding or subtracting fractions with the same denominator, we need to add or subtract just their numerators and keep the denominator as it is.

Example 11

Solve the following:

Solution

    When adding or subtracting fractions with unlike denominators, we need to find common denominator by multiplying the denominators together and multiply each numerator with the other denominator, then add or subtract them.

Example 12

Solve the following:

Solution

(b)

1.1.1.7. Multiplying fractions

In multiplying fractions operation, all we have to