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    Oracle SQL and PL/SQL
    Oracle SQL and PL/SQL
    Oracle SQL and PL/SQL
    Ebook122 pages1 hour

    Oracle SQL and PL/SQL

    By Niraj Gupta

    4.5/5

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    About this ebook

    80 Most Asked SQL Questions and Answers
    60 Most Asked PL/SQL Questions and Answers
    51 Most Asked Basic SQL Queries with Examples
    25 Most Asked Complex SQL Queries with Examples
    120 SQL and PL/SQL Tips and Concepts

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNiraj Gupta
    Release dateAug 25, 2014
    ISBN9781311459084
    Oracle SQL and PL/SQL

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    4.5/5

    8 ratings3 reviews

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    • 5/5
      I want to download this post, please help me, it is very helpful for the basics of any level PL/SQL interview preparation.

      Thanks
    • 4/5
      The book is fine. You cover a lot of material with this book. start well ahead.
    • 3/5
      so nice....

    Book preview

    Oracle SQL and PL/SQL - Niraj Gupta

    Success Guide to Oracle SQL and PL/SQL

    By Niraj Gupta

    Copyright 2014 Niraj Gupta

    Smashwords Edition

    Smashwords Edition, Licence Notes

    Thank you for downloading this book. Please note that this book may not be re-sold or

    given away to other people. It remains the copyrighted property of the author, and may

    not be reproduced, copied and distributed for commercial or non-commercial purposes. If

    you enjoyed this book, please encourage your friends to download their own copy at

    Smashwords.com, where they can also discover other works by this author. Thank you for

    your support.

    Table of Contents

    Best 80 SQL Questions and Answers

    Best 60 PL/SQL Questions and Answers

    Best 51 Solved Basic SQL Queries

    Best 25 Solved Advanced SQL Queries

    Best 120 SQL and PL/SQL Tips

    Best 80 SQL Questions and Answers

    Question 1: What is SQL and also describe types of SQL statements?

    SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a language used to communicate with the server to access, manipulate and control data.

    There are 5 different types of SQL statements.

    1)      Data Retrieval: SELECT

    2)      Data Manipulation Language (DML): INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE

    3)      Data Definition Language (DDL): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, TRUNCATE.

    4)      Transaction Control Statements: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

    5)      Data Control Language (DCL): GRANT, REVOKE

    Question 2: What is an alias in SQL statements?

    Alias is a user-defined alternative name given to the column or table. By default column alias headings appear in upper case. Enclose the alias in a double quotation marks ( ) to make it case sensitive. "AS" Keyword before the alias name makes the SELECT clause easier to read.

    For ex: Select empname AS name from employee; (Here AS is a keyword and name is an alias).

    Question 3: What is a Literal? Give an example where it can be used?

    A Literal is a string that can contain a character, a number, or a date that is included in the SELECT list and that is not a column name or a column alias. Date and character literals must be enclosed within single quotation marks (‘ ‘), number literals need not.

    For ex: Select last_name||’is a’||job_id As emp details from employee; (Here is a is a literal).

    Question 4: What is a difference between SQL and iSQL*Plus?

    SQL                       iSQL*Plus

    Is a LanguageIs an Environment

    Character and date columns heading

    are left-justified and number column

    headings are right-justified.Default heading justification is in Centre.

    Cannot be Abbreviated (short forms)Can be Abbreviated

    Does not have a continuation characterHas a dash (-) as a continuation character if the command is longer than one line

    Use Functions to perform some formattingUse commands to format data

    Question 5: Define the order of Precedence used in executing SQL statements. 

    Order Evaluated                          Operator

    1Arithmetic operators (*, /, +, -)

    2Concatenation operators (||)

    3Comparison conditions

    4Is[NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN

    5[NOT] BETWEEN

    6NOT Logical condition

    7AND logical condition

    8OR logical condition

    Question 6: What are SQL functions? Describe in brief different types of SQL functions?

    SQL Functions are very powerful feature of SQL. SQL functions can take arguments but always return some value.

    There are two distinct types of SQL functions:

    1)      Single-Row functions: These functions operate on a single row to give one result per row.

    Types of Single-Row functions:

    1)      Character

    2)      Number

    3)      Date

    4)      Conversion

    5)      General

    2)      Multiple-Row functions: These functions operate on groups of rows to give one result per group of rows.

    Types of Multiple-Row functions:

    1)      AVG

    2)      COUNT

    3)      MAX

    4)      MIN

    5)      SUM

    6)      STDDEV

    7)      VARIANCE

    Question 7: Explain character, number and date function in detail?

    Character functions: accept character input and return both character and number values. Types of character function are:

    a)     Case-Manipulation Functions: LOWER, UPPER, INITCAP

    b)     Character-Manipulation Functions: CONCAT, SUBSTR, LENGTH, INSTR, LPAD/RPAD, TRIM, REPLACE

    Number Functions: accept Numeric input and return numeric values. Number Functions are: ROUND, TRUNC and MOD

    Date Functions: operates on values of the Date data type. (All date functions return a value of DATE data type except the MONTHS_BETWEEN Function, which returns a number. Date Functions are MONTHS_BETWEEN, ADD_MONTHS, NEXT_DAY, LAST_DAY, ROUND, TRUNC.

    Question 8: What is a Dual Table?

    Dual table is owned by the user SYS and can be accessed by all users. It contains one column Dummy and one row with the value X. The Dual Table is useful when you want to return a value only once. The value can be a constant, pseudocolumn or expression that is not derived from a table with user data.

    Question 9: Explain Conversion function in detail?

    Conversion Functions converts a value from one data type to another. Conversion functions are of two types:

    Implicit Data type conversion:

    1)      VARCHAR2 or CHAR To NUMBER, DATE

    2)      NUMBER To VARCHAR2

    3)      DATE To VARCHAR2

    Explicit data type conversion:

    1)      TO_NUMBER

    2)      TO_CHAR

    3)      TO_DATE

    TO_NUMBER function is used to convert Character string to Number format. TO_NUMBER function use fx modifier. Format: TO_NUMBER ( char[, ‘ format_model’] ). fx modifier specifies the exact matching for the character argument and number format model of TO_NUMBER function.

    TO_CHAR function is used to convert NUMBER or DATE data type to CHARACTER format. TO_CHAR Function use fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros. TO_CHAR Function formats:TO_CHAR (date, ‘format_model’).Format model must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive.

    For ex: Select TO_CHAR (hiredate, ‘MM/YY’) from employee.

    TO_DATE function is used to convert Character string to date format. TO_DATE function use fx modifier which specifies the exact matching for the

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