The World of Visual Illusions: Optical Tricks That Defy Belief!
By Al Seckel
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The World of Visual Illusions - Al Seckel
INTRODUCTION
‘There is not enough darkness in all the world to put out the light of even one small candle.’
Robert Alden
Roughly 14 billion years ago, the universe originated in a cosmic light explosion. Ten billion years later the planet we call Earth gave birth to life, which eventually led to our modern human civilization. The probability of that sequence of events is absolutely infinitesimal, and yet it still happened. Dear reader, you are lucky to be here!
There is a strange analogy between the world globe and the globe of the human eye. The thin film of gases that surrounds the Earth – the atmosphere – is able to capture and absorb solar radiation; likewise, the thin film of neurons that covers the back of the eyeball, called the retina, catches and records the light and thus the images from the outer world; both films separate the visible from the darkness. It is said that the eye is the jewel of the head, and like a jewel it is a very effective light trap. Our eye can detect, under right conditions, the flicker of a small candle between up to 15 km (9 miles) away!
Over millions of years, the human eye (and indirectly the visual system) has slowly modified itself, becoming the privileged instrument of a mammal that ceased to use its nose to comprehend the world and began to rely on its vision. The ability to discern red from green helped our ancestors to forage for food: it was ‘important to distinguish red-ripe, nutritious fruits from leaves. Apart from humans and a small group of primates, only a few animals can see colours – fish, amphibians and some birds. While most animals do not care much about the substance of things, tending instead to care ‘where things go’, we humans are concerned about ‘what and how things are’. Our eyes move rapidly and jerkily, yet we are very skilled in detecting small objects: we are more concerned by still images than movement.
THE PATHWAY TO THE BRAIN
Although light shines through the eye pupil and lens like a projector, casting an image on the back wall, our eyeball is much more than a tiny cinema. The eye’s movie screen – or retina – is made up of thousands of nerve cells able to detect light and, above all, capable of channelling these visual signals into the coordinating centre of sensation that is the brain via a chain of electro-chemical events similar to a domino reaction. Imagine the incredible number of nerve cells receiving visual impulses from any single eye and passing them on to the next neurons by making sure that the correct impulse continues on its path.
Indeed, what we see depends mainly on the brain; it uses the electro-chemical signals received from the eyes to make sense of what is seen. But it also adds extra ingredients of its own – attention, memory and meaning. It is because of these that on occasion you apparently see something that does not represent reality; everything you observe is affected by the context, your prior knowledge, and your inbuilt assumptions. Even the manner in which you look at things dramatically affects your perception of them. When differences occur between your perceptions or expectations and the image seen, you are experiencing an optical illusion, and scientists have been studying these for centuries in order to understand how the brain works.
The authors of this book are leading authorities on visual perception and designers of optical illusions that fascinate neuroscientists worldwide, and here you will find many new artworks that have been created during their optical illusion workshops. The World of Visual Illusions provides an exciting approach to a well-established subject, placing the emphasis on interaction, education and creative thinking; it is divided up into nine chapters, each one featuring numerous illusory types such as size distortions, hidden figures, moving patterns, colour adaptations and many more. The illusions will fascinate, challenge and trick you, and the explanations of how they work will encourage you to look differently at the world we live in.
CHAPTER 1
EVERYDAY ILLUSIONS
‘Nothing is exactly as it seems, nor is it otherwise.’
Alan Watts (1915–73)
At some point in our lives, most of us