Get With It in Metal Technology
By John Skull
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About this ebook
Exact words for exact meaning
To be adept in any particular subject ( art, cuisine or woodwork, for example) you need to know and be able to use effectively its specific language ( especially its vocabulary) which distinguish it from other subjects. Different subjects may use the same grammar, syntax, structure etc. but their vocabularies are subject -specific. Each distinct subject has its own particular and unique words. Many of the words used by a mechanic , for instance, are very different from ,say, those used by a chef.
If you want to be really competent in a subject , it is essential to have skills, of course, but you should know what you are talking about . Your practical skills should be blended with communication skills, of which vocabulary is an essential component.
It is sensible to learn the correct pronunciation of words you use , especially if you are speaking to a group of people, as mis-pronunciations can make you look foolish.
John Skull
I was brought up in a home that had no books. My hard-working parents were so involved in keeping a roof over our heads and food on the table that there was no money for books and little time for reading. Sounds a bit like a sketch from "Monty Python", doesn't it? Fortunately for me , they saw the benefits that a good education can produce and, over the years, I attended four tertiary institutions to gain academic qualifications, the final one being a Ph.D. I had a period in the British Army ( Intelligence Corps), serving mainly in Europe. I ran a marathon once – and once was enough! I taught in 2 Primary schools and specialised in English in three High schools and three uni's. Publishers in The U.K. , Australia and the U.S.A have been brave enough to publish 14 of my books- all educational - mostly non-fiction, factual stuff. I've also written children's stories, and recently quite a few e-books. I’ve enjoyed it and it's kept me out of mischief!
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Get With It in Metal Technology - John Skull
GET WITH IT IN METAL TECHNOLOGY
by
John Skull
Copyright © 2013 by John Skull
Foreword
The rationale of this book is based on the following opinions:
The beginning of understanding and wisdom begins with the precise
meaning of terms.
(Confucius)
It seems to be one of the paradoxes of creativity that in order to think
originally, we must familiarise ourselves with the ideas of others.
(George Keller in The Art and Science of Creativity
)
Alloy
Pronounced: A-LOY (a as in cat, oy as in boy)
Origin
From the Old French aloi which came from the verb aloier meaning to bind, tie, fasten or combine.
Meaning
An alloy is a metallic substance made by the fusing or melting of a base metal and at least one other metal or non-metal to form a new metal, which has different characteristics from the original metals. A base metal is known as a pure metal but an alloy is an impure metal, in that it comprises more than a base metal.
Different alloys have different functions. For instance, babbit, consisting of tin, copper and antimony, has special anti-frictional properties, so it is often used for lining moveable engine parts; invar (consisting of nickel, iron and a small amount of manganese, silicon and carbon) has an almost zero-rate of thermal expansion metal, so is used in the making of pendulums and balances in clocks and pistons in cars.
Bismuth is used as an alloy, as it has a low melting-point and can be used in fire- security systems, as a substantial rise in temperature will melt the bismuth which can trigger the turning on of a sprinkler system. Beryllium bronze is a non-ferrous alloy of mainly copper with about 2% of beryllium. It is used for making non-sparking safety wrenches Steels which have more than 4% of chromium in them are called stainless steel, because of their ability to resist stain and corrosion and weathering.
Speculum metal consists of two parts copper and one part tin.. As it has a bright, high-polish finish, it is used in the making of reflectors.
Alloys used in jewellery-making and casting are: white metal (about nine parts tin to one part antimony), pinchbeck metal (mainly copper and some zinc), German silver (mainly copper with varying amounts of nickel and zinc), casting brass (about six parts copper to four parts zinc and a little tin), pewter (nine parts tin with some antimony (7%) and a little copper) and electrum (equal parts of gold and silver). Other common alloys are: brass (copper and zinc), steel (iron and carbon), bronze (copper and tin), pewter (mainly tin, with some antimony and copper), and gar-alloy (zinc, copper and silver), which is used as a pewter substitute, as it is less expensive.
Associations
Amalgam is an alloy of mercury with one or more metals. See: alloy, brazing, corrosion, hardening, metallurgy, noble metals, solder.
Annealing
Pronounced: AN-EE-LING (a as in pan, ee as in bee, i as
in sing)
Origin From an old English word al meaning a fire, from which the verb onaelan came, meaning to burn, bake or set on fire.
Meaning Annealing is a process of reducing the stresses caused by heating metal (or glass) by a process of controlled heating and cooling. A metal is heated to a point above its usual hardening temperature and it is held at that temperature for sufficient time for the heat to spread evenly. It is then cooled slowly in a fire or in a sealed, temperature controlled muffle furnace. Metal which is softened by heat and then slowly cooled is less brittle and more easily worked (e.g.hammered, twisted or bent).
Most metals become hardened when beaten or worked and need to be softened by an annealing process to enable further shaping. This process toughens and tempers or glazes the materials. With silver and copper, cooling must be done quickly by quenching them in cold water. Each metal requires a different and specific temperature for annealing and a specific period for which the temperature is retained. The process varies, depending upon whether the metal is ferrous or non-ferrous.
Associations
Blue annealing is a process of annealing where a bluish- black finish is given to sheets of steel. Bright annealing (or box annealing) is a process of annealing where oxidization and discoloration are avoided by using containers to promote reduction (That is where a metal is starved of oxygen so that it is forced to give up its own oxygen to allow combustion). See: finish, flux,oxidation, pickle, temper.
Anodize
Pronounced: ANO-DIZ (a as in bat, o as in ago, i as in rise)
Origin From the Greek anodos meaning the way up. Anode was first used as a term in electricity by the chemist Michael Faraday (1791-1867).
Meaning To anodize (which is also called anodic oxidation or anodic treatment) has two main functions, namely, protective and/or decorative. For example, aluminum (which is a soft metal) can be covered with a hard, protective, durable film (e.g. with aluminum oxide of a thickness ranging from 0.005 to 0.02 mm.) which will oxidize it and prevent corrosion on such things as aeroplanes, ships and the exterior of buildings.
The aluminum also can be made attractive, as the film \ (which is very porous) can be dyed any color or tone (using coal-tar based or vegetable-based dyes) and the finish can be gloss or satin.
Anodizing is carried out in an acid solution of chromic or sulphuric acid electrolytically, using a process similar to that in electrolysis. Either AC or DC power can be used. The anodic film produced is usually sealed (to retain coloring and prevent leaching, its washing away) by boiling or steaming the metal in a steam chest for about 15minutes at a temperature of 100° C. to form a hydrated aluminum oxide on it. The oxide film can be polished.
Associations
An anode is the electrode through which an electric current enters an electrolytic cell. It is the positive pole of the cell, and is usually the means through which an oxide is deposited during a plating process. The opposite of an anode is