Present A Tie Par Is May 2012 DRAFT

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OECD Smart Specialization Project
Feedback on the complete Project

May 10-11, 2012 --- Paris
ECOOM KU Leuven & EWI
W. Glänzel, B. Thijs (ECOOM)
J. Callaert, M. du Plessis (ECOOM)
P. Andries (ECOOM)
K. Debackere (ECOOM)
J. Larosse (EWI)
N. Geerts (EWI)
2
Project Outline
A refresher overview
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Objective
• This (pilot) project aims at identifying good practices in

policy development, methodologies and selection criteria for
designing and assessing smart specialisation strategies
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Expected outputs
• Indicator-based specialisation profiles of the countries and regions
involved in the project, as a tool for strategic monitoring
• Strategic governance profiles of the countries involved in the

project, allowing countries to benchmark their capacity for
managing the 'discovery' of smart specialisations, and their policies
to promote smart specialisation strategies
• One or two case studies per country, enabling an in-depth analysis

of real-life experience in policies and governance mechanisms for
developing and building smart specialisation strategies
• A final report with

▫ Insights on good methodological practices for designing and monitoring
smart specialisation strategies
▫ A self-assessment tool for ‘upgrading’ existing strategies
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Project design
• Learning loop over 16 months: a ‘discovery process’ for advanced policy development
• Baseline: present specializations and governance capabilities

▫ Step 1: construction of specialization profiles consisting of quantitative indicators
for the countries involved in the project
▫ Step 2: the development of a template for the presentation of qualitative
information on governance mechanisms and policies supporting smart
specialization
▫ Step 3: the construction of strategic governance profiles for the countries involved
in the project
• Beyond the baseline: strategy development as discovery process

▫ Step 4: one or two case studies per country involved in the project:
 Representing real-life experiences in developing and building smart
specialization strategies in clusters, in order to deepen the understanding of
governance mechanisms, policies and methods for strategy development for
future ‘smart’ specialization
 With a focus on the interaction between national and regional policy levels to
support smart specialization
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Step 1: Indicator-based specialisation

profiles (deadline: December 2011)
• To develop a standard model for assessing specialisations along the innovation trajectory,
by means of presently available databases:
▫ Possible indicators:
 Inputs (education, investment in R&D and innovation)
 Outputs (scientific publications, citations and patents)
 Economic activities (employment, value-added, exports)
▫ Critical points include the choice of the categories (such as economic sectors, scientific
disciplines, technology domains, …) and the way the different category types can be cross-
linked to one another (e.g. as nodes in an innovation trajectory)
• To draw a comparative picture on the relative specialisation of ± 10 pilot countries and

regions
• Multi-level approach:
▫ Focus on the relation between national specialisation profiles for the participating countries,
and regional profiles that can identify the clusters of specialisation in the case-studies
▫ Include cross-border regional profiles
▫ Specialisation profiles can be constructed for any administrative region, going to NUTS 3 level
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Step 2: Strategic governance profiles:

template (deadline: December 2011)
• Strategic intent and leadership of dominant actors, such as leading companies or
research institutes
• Priority setting that is taking place (both explicitly and implicitly)
• Strategic governance of cluster policies
• Existence of specific governance capabilities (e.g. foresight)
• Actions for appropriate framework conditions (including ‘quality of life’ and

“sustainable growth & development” in urban environments)
• Possible legal mechanisms that are deployed in support of cluster policies
• Policy learning cycles
• …
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Step 3: Strategic governance profiles: data

and policy learning (deadline: June 2012)
• Countries and regions involved in the project will fill out the
template, using:
▫ Data in existing policy monitoring instruments (e.g. ERAWATCH,
RIM, etc.)
▫ Own information
• Benchmarking profiles and policy learning on bottlenecks

▫ Facilitated trough OECD STI Platform
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Step 4: Case-studies (deadline: June 2012)
• One or two case-studies per country involved in the project
• Presenting real-life experiences in developing and building smart specialisation strategies in clusters and at the
regional level, each in their specific country setting
• Including different types of strategies:

▫ Retooling or modernizing existing specialisations with new knowledge inputs
▫ Transforming existing specialisations into new (smart, inclusive and sustainable) growth regimes
▫ Diversification into new specialisations
▫ Foundation of new specialisations from new knowledge creation
• Some specific points of interest:

▫ Cross-border clusters (functional regions) and international networks of cluster nodes
▫ Combination of top-down and bottom-up management mechanisms required for acceleration of economic
restructuring towards a new growth regime driven by ‘smart’ specialisations
▫ Role of flagship companies and institutes to ‘brand’ a region to attract focused investments
▫ Alignment between the different levels of regional, national and international governance
▫ Role of shared Foresight and the use of early warning technology watch
• Framework:
▫ Cases can be developed according to an ‘smart specialisation strategy matrix’ articulating the regional
competence fields (technology platforms) with the global societal and economic challenges (new markets and
value chains)
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OECD Smart Specialization Project

Step 1: Constructing the Baseline
Quantitative Baseline Profiles

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Structure of the baseline presentation

• Introduction
• Specialisation in scientific research
• Specialisation in technology
• Economic specialisation
• First results
▫ Specialisation of countries and regions
• Case-study for Flanders
• First conclusions
• Further steps and future tasks
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Introduction
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Introduction to baseline data:

the road ahead …
• Using robust, existing data sources with benchmark potential:
▫ WoS
▫ Patent databases (EPO, USPTO, PCT)
▫ CIS & R&D surveys
▫ (Regional) economic data (employment, added value, export, …)
• Using robust indicators such as:
▫ Activity index
▫ Relative specialisation index
▫ Salton cosine measures
▫ Robust classification systems --- that may differ though between science (journal
classification), technology (patent classification) and economic data (sector
classification)
• Using those indicators:
▫ Longitudinally and across consistent time periods
▫ Focusing on relative advantages and disadvantages of countries and regions
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Data and indicators are determined for the following eleven

countries and fourteen regions:
 Australia
 Austria
 Lower Austria (AT12)
 Upper Austria (AT31)
 Belgium
 Flanders (BE2)
 Finland
 Etela-Suomi (FI18)
 Germany
 Berlin (DE3)
 Brandenburg (DE4)
 Netherlands
 South Netherlands (NL4)
 Poland
 Malopolska (PL21)
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 South Korea
 Jeolla (KR04)
 Spain
 Pais Vasco (ES21)
 Andalusia (ES61)
 Murcia (ES62)
 Turkey
 East Marmara (TR42)
 UK
 West Midlands (UKG)
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Specialisation indicators deployed for

data on scientific research
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Measures of national and regional specialisation
•
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Properties of the Activity Index:

• AI may take values in the range [0, ].
• Its neutral value is 1.
• AI = 0 indicates a completely idle research field.
• AI < 1 indicates a lower-than-average activity.
• AI > 1 a higher-than-average activity.
AI reflects a certain internal balance among the fields:
• AI > 1 values in some fields is always balanced by AI < 1 in
others.
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The successful application of this index strongly depends on the

underlying subject classification system, notably on its
granularity.
If a multi-level hierarchical scheme is used, then AI allows for

zooming in on the broader fields.
The Budapest–Leuven classification scheme (Glänzel et al.,
2003) is used in this project. This scheme is hierarchically
structured and comprises the 12 major fields, 60 sub-fields
and 170 disciplines in the sciences.
The disciplines are identical with the JCR Subject Categories of

Thomson Reuters.
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The science classification scheme comprises the following 12

major fields:
A: Agriculture & Environment
Z: Biology
B: Biosciences
R: Biomedical research
I: Clinical & Experimental Medicine I (General & Internal Medicine)
M: Clinical & Experimental Medicine II (Non-Internal Medicine Specialties)
N: Neuroscience & Behaviour
C: Chemistry
P: Physics
G: Geosciences & Space Sciences
E: Engineering
H: Mathematics
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The scheme allows for zooming in on each level, for instance:

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The basic idea of the method applied here

1. Those major fields are identified, where the highest relative
specialisation is observed.
2. Then the same indicator is used to zoom in on these major
fields in order to identify outstanding relative activity in
discipline at the lowest hierarchical level within the selected
major field.
3. In addition, those subjects are selected, which are not sub-
disciplines in high-activity research fields, but reflect
considerable specialisation within the corresponding main
area.
4. Special attention is paid to increasing specialisation.
5. Underlying the data and indicators, lead institutions can be
identified (not yet reported here).
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Data sources:
• Data of Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) are used.
• Only original research work and review articles were
extracted from the database.
• A full counting scheme was applied to country, region and
institutional assignment.
• The observation period comprises 13 years and is subdivided
into the following sub-periods:
▫ 1998–2002
▫ 2003–2006
▫ 2007–2010
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Specialisation indicators deployed for

data on technology
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Measures of national and regional specialisation:

• Technological specialisation is studied using patent-based
indicators, broken down by:
• Country / Region (based on applicant addresses)
• Technology domain (Fraunhofer classification into 35 domains)
• Application years (1998-2001; 2002-2005; 2006-2009)
• Patent system: EPO – USPTO - PCT
• Full counting schemes are used for allocation to countries, regions
and technology domains.
• Data source: PATSTAT database (EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical
Database, version October 2011).
• In the current presentation, we focus on EPO application data;
USPTO grant data (only on country level) and WO application data
will be reported in the full report (the USPTO results run parallel to
the EPO results, though).
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• Relative specialization indicators are typically used:

▫ RTAij = (Pij/SiPij)/(SjPji/SijPij)
 with P the number of patents
 with i = country or region grouping variable and j = patent IPC-
class grouping (technological domain or industrial sector)
 value of 1 = benchmark group average
 various mapping possibilities (RCA - RTA or RTA over different
periods, …) exist
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Economic specialisation indicators

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• National economic specialisation is usually studied using

export data or production output, broken down by NACE
sector.
• However, data not available at the regional level.
• Most appropriate available data are OECD’s regional labour
market statistics:
▫ Available for selection of countries and regions
▫ Aggregated in 32 industries (not all industries represented)
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•
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Results per country / region

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Presentation of results:
• Results are organised by countries and – within individual countries – by regions.
• Results consistently presented for three considered time periods (1998–2001 / 2002–2005 /
2006–2009).
• Research and technology specialisation are presented separately.
• Research specialisation:
• By major fields with high specialisation
• By disciplines within fields of high activity
• By disciplines with high specialisation in other fields
• Technological specialisation:
• Evolution (1998-2009) of the number of patents per million inhabitants (EPO patents) for
the top 10 technological domains in each country
• Radar plots of the RTAN values for the 35 Fraunhofer technological sectors (EPO patents)
• Economic specialisation:
• Radar plots of the RCAN values for 32 industries
• Striking observations are summarised.
• NOTE: underlying those results is a wealth of rich data that are not reported in this
presentation but that are available (e.g. lead institutions, etc.).
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Australia
Scientific profile according to the Activity Index
A
1.6
Z B
1.4
1.2
R C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

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Australia
Specialisation within the science fields with the highest relative activity
(AI values are given in chronological order)
geosciences & space sciences (G)
oceanography (AI=1.35; 1.45; 1.60)
geography (AI=1.24; 1.04; 1.47)
mineralogy (AI=1.88; 2.05; 1.70)
clinical and experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties)
nursing (AI=1.43; 1.38; 2.02)
rehabilitation (AI=1.51; 1.86; 2.12)
health care sciences & services (AI=1.34; 1.35; 1.84)
psychiatry (AI=1.33; 1.35; 1.56)
emergency medicine (AI=0.76; 0.74; 1.34)
gerontology (AI=0.93; 0.98; 1.51)
health policy & services (AI=0.93; 0.81; 1.54)
neuroscience & behavior
psychology (AI=1.37; 1.51; 1.45)
substance abuse (AI=1.77; 1.97; 1.77)
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Australia
Subject Categories of scientific specialisation outside the ‘focus fields’ (according to AI)
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
GU HT JU OU PI PT QH YQ
Legend: GU: ecology; HT: evolutionary biology; JU: fisheries; OU: limnology; PI: marine & freshwater biology;
PT: medical informatics; QH: materials science, composites; RE: mineralogy; YQ: transportation

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Australia
Striking observations, scientific profile:
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in neuroscience & behaviour; clinical and
experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties)
• High specialisation in geosciences & space sciences
• Decrease of relative activity in mathematics
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Increase of specialisation in nursing;
rehabilitation; gerontology; health care sciences & services and
related specialties
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in
transportation and medical informatics
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Australia
Technology profile:
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Australia
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Australia
Observations, technology profile:
• Top 3 highest and lowest specializations
Highest specialisation Lowest specialisation
IT methods for management Basic communication
Biotechnology Semiconductors
Micro-structure & nano-tech Digital communication
• Highlights
▫ Top domains in terms of patent volume: Pharmaceuticals and Medical
technology.
▫ Patent volume ‘peaks’ for Computer technology and Textile & paper
machines in 2000.
▫ Textile and paper machines: specialization in 1998-2005; decrease
towards under-specialization in recent period 2006-2009.
▫ Other domains stay relatively stable in terms of specialization /
under-specialization for the considered time period.
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Australia
• No sectoral OECD employment data found yet on

Australia --- TBC.
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Austria
A
1.4
Z B
1.2
0.8
R C
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
I Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

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Austria

astronomy & astrophysics (AI=1.25; 1.30; 1.42)
geography, physical (AI=0.91; 0.96; 1.30)
mineralogy (AI=3.38; 2.85; 2.62)
biology (organismic & supraorganismic level) (Z)
mycology (AI=1.60; 2.22; 1.91)
biosciences (general, cellular & subcellular biology; genetics) (B)
evolutionary biology (AI=1.43; 1.69; 1.78)

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Austria
Subject Categories of specialisation outside the ‘focus fields’ (according to AI)
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
AQ DS EW EX KA PJ PT QF RQ RX RY WH
Legend: AQ: allergy; DS: critical care medicine; EW: computer science, software engineering; EX: computer
science, theory & methods; KA: forestry; PJ: materials science, paper & wood; PT: medical informatics; QF:
materials science, characterization & testing; RQ: mycology; RX: neuroimaging; RY: nuclear science & technology;
WH: rheumatology
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Austria
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in biology (organismic & supraorganismic
level); neuroscience & behaviour, and agriculture & environment
• High specialisation in biosciences (general, cellular & subcellular
biology; genetics)
• Highlights
▫ Enormous increase of specialisation in geosciences & space sciences
(as field) and materials science, paper & wood (as subject category)
▫ Very high specialisation in mineralogy (in the ‘focus fields’), in allergy;
materials science, paper & wood, and medical informatics (outside
the ‘focus fields’)
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Austria
Technology profile:
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Austria
47
Austria
Observations, technology profile
• Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations
Civil engineering Digital communication
Furniture, games Telecommunications
Machine tools Micro-structure & nano-tech
• Highlights
▫ Pharmaceuticals and Civil Engineering: top in terms of patent volumes (per
capita).
▫ Pharmaceuticals peak around the period 2000-2003, dropping again from
2006 onwards – Translates into specialisation in the same period.
▫ Specialisation patterns for other domains: relatively stable over time …
▫ … except: Analysis of biological materials and Textile and paper machines
(both developing towards specialisation after 2005) – and Engines, pumps,
turbines (decreasing towards under-specialisation since 2005).
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Austria
Data source: OECD

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Austria
Observations, economic profile

Highest specialisations Lowest specialisations
Manufacture of wood and wood products Water transport
Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication Tanning and dressing of leather
Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of textiles
• Highlights
▫ Specialisations and under-specialisations are relatively stable over time
50
Lower Austria
Scientific profile (according to the Activity Index)

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Lower Austria
Agriculture & Environment (A)

Environmental Sciences (AI=1.49; 1.28; 1.62)
Environmental Studies (AI=2.27; 1.90; 2.14)
Biology (organismic & supraorganismic level) (Z)

Ecology (AI=1.20; 1.86; 2.27)

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Lower Austria
Subject categories of specialisation outside the ‘focus fields’ with the
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CO CU HT VY
Legend: CO: Biochemical research methods; CU: Biology; HT: Evolutionary Biology; VY: Radiology, Nuclear
Medicine & Medical Imaging

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Lower Austria
Scientific profile
Striking observations:
• General trends
• Low scientific output activities
• High specialisation Agriculture and Biology but with decreasing AI
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Specialism in Environmental Sciences and Studies
and in Ecology
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Specialism in three related fields:
Biomedical Research Methods, Biology and Evolutionary Biology. And
an increasing specialism in Radiology and medical imaging.

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Lower Austria
Technology profile:
55
Lower Austria
56
Lower Austria

Civil engineering Micro-structure and nano-technology
Furniture, games Basic communication processes
Machine tools Digital communication
• Highlights
• Civil engineering top domain (in terms of patent volume but also
specialisation) over whole period, with patent volume peaking
around 2005-2006.
• Specialisation patterns relatively stable over time, but:
• Increasing level of under-specialisation for Optics, Semiconductors as well
as Engines, pumps and turbines
• A previously outspoken under-specialisation for Analysis of biological
materials
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Lower Austria
RCAN - LOWER AUSTRIA (AT12)
mining and quarrying

real estate, renting and business…
.800 food products, beverages and…
post and telecommunications manufacture of textiles
supporting and auxiliary… .600 tanning and dressing of leather;…
.400
air transport manufacture of wood and of…
.200
water transport .000 manufacture of paper and paper…
-.200
land transport; transport via… publishing, printing and…
-.400
hotels and restaurants -.600 manufacture of coke, refined…
-.800
wholesale and retail trade; repair… -1.000 manufacture of chemicals and…
construction manufacture of rubber and…
electricity, gas and water supply manufacture of other non-…
manufacture of furniture,… manufacture of basic metals
manufacture of other transport… manufacture of fabricated metal…

manufacture of motor vehicles,… manufacture of machinery and…
manufacture of medical,… manufacture of office accounting…
manufacture of radio, television… manufacture of electrical and…
manufacture of electrical…
1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

Data source: OECD
58
Lower Austria

Manufacture of office accounting and computing
Manufacture of basic metals machinery
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork,
except furniture Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of Manufacture of radio, television and communication
travel agencies equipment and apparatus
• Highlights
▫ Recent data missing for several sectors
▫ Specialisations and under-specialisations appear relatively stable over
time
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Upper Austria

60
Upper Austria
Mathematics (H)
Mathematics, Applied (AI=1.76; 1.87; 1.67)
Physics (P)
Instruments & Instrumentation (AI=0.70; 1.07; 1.44)
Physics, Applied (AI=1.49; 1.59; 1.45)
Physics, Mathematical (AI=0.68; 1.20; 1.99)
Physics, Condensed Matter (AI=2.17; 1.83; 1.73)

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Upper Austria
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
PZ QG ZA
Legend: PZ: Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering; QG Material Sciences, Coatings & Films; ZA, Urology &
Nephrology

62
Upper Austria
Scientific profile
• General trends
• Rather low scientific output activities
• High specialisation in Mathematics (Increasing) and Physics
(decreasing)
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Applied Mathematics and strong growth in
Instruments and Instrumentation and mathematical physics. Applied
Physics and Condensed Matter are still specialism but declining.
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Specialism in three fields: Two in chemistry:
Metallurgy; Material Sciences, Coatings and Films and one medical
discipline: Urology

63
Upper Austria
Technological profile:
64
Upper Austria
65
Upper Austria
Machine tools Basic communication processes
Materials, metallurgy Digital communication
Civil engineering Telecommunications
• Highlights
• High level of technological activity in Machine Tools over the whole
period. Since 2006, also high activity levels in Civil Engineering and in
Other special machines
• High activity in Machinery-related fields also visible in the regional
specialisation profile (and strong under-specialisation in Communication
and IT related fields)
• RTAN for Microstructure and nano-technology shows strong increase
over time  from outspoken under-specialisation at the end of the
nineties to modest level of specialisation by 2006-2009.
66
Upper Austria
RCAN - UPPER AUSTRIA (AT31)

real estate, renting and….600 food products, beverages and…
air transport .200 manufacture of wood and of…
.000
water transport manufacture of paper and…
-.200
land transport; transport via… -.400 publishing, printing and…
-.600
hotels and restaurants manufacture of coke, refined…
-.800
wholesale and retail trade;… -1.000 manufacture of chemicals and…
manufacture of other transport… manufacture of fabricated…

manufacture of medical,… manufacture of office…
manufacture of radio,… manufacture of electrical and…
Data source: OECD

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009
67
Upper Austria

Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork,
except furniture Air transport
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Water transport
• Highlights
68
Belgium
A
1.4
Z B
1.2
0.8
R C
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H

69
Belgium
veterinary sciences (AI=1.27; 1.25; 1.33)
mycology (AI=0.97; 0.90; 1.18)
microbiology (AI=1.24; 1.40; 1.28)
parasitology (AI=1.21; 0.95; 1.19)
clinical and experimental medicine II (non-internal medicine specialties) (M)
tropical medicine (AI=1.82; 1.93; 2.05)
infectious diseases (AI=1.49; 1.27; 1.53)
radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging (AI=1.63; 1.53; 1.53)
critical care medicine (AI=1.45; 1.47; 1.45)
neuroscience & behavior (N)
psychology, mathematical (AI=1.89; 2.42; 2.53)
70
Belgium
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
UN WF
Legend: UN: physics, nuclear; WF: reproductive biology
71
Belgium
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in geosciences & space sciences
• High specialisation in biology (organismic & supraorganismic level)
• Decrease of relative activity in agricultural science & technology and
biosciences
• Outside the ‘focus fields’: high specialisation in physics, nuclear and
reproductive biology
• Highlights
• Enormous increase of specialisation in neuroscience (as field) and
neuroscience & behaviour (as subfield)
72
Belgium
Technology profile:
73
Belgium
74
Belgium
Macromolecular chemistry, polymers Digital communication
Textile and paper machines Telecommunications
Food chemistry IT methods for management
• Highlights
▫ Pharmaceuticals top in terms of patent volume throughout the
considered period (with a decrease around 2002).
▫ Considerable decrease in Optics patent volume over the considered
time period – also notable in drop in specialisation.
▫ Emerging specialisations (high increase) in the latest period (2006-
2009) for the domains: Nanotechnology; Other consumer goods;
Furniture, games and Thermal processes, apparatus.
75
Belgium
Data source: OECD

76
Belgium
Observations, economic profile:

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Tanning and dressing of leather
Post and telecommunications Mining and quarrying
Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery
• Highlights
▫ Relative employment in air transport plummeted initially, but then
recovered slightly.
▫ Other sectors remained more or less stable over time.
77
Flanders (Belgium)
A
1.4
Z B
1.2
0.8
R C
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
I
78
Flanders (Belgium)
veterinary sciences (AI=1.02; 1.12; 1.26)
microbiology (AI=1.28; 1.50; 1.37)
parasitology (AI=1.49; 1.13; 1.40)
radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging (AI=1.70; 1.55; 1.57)
critical care medicine (AI=1.10; 1.09; 1.22)
psychology, mathematical (AI=2.53; 3.19; 3.27)
psychology, experimental (AI=1.94, 2.01; 1.98)
psychology, applied (AI=0.87; 1.33; 1.66)
psychology, social (AI=0.97; 1.54; 1.50)
engineering (E)
transportation (AI=0.60; 0.92; 1.88)
nuclear science & technology (AI=1.46; 1.32; 1.54)
medical informatics (AI=1.22; 1.16; 1.32)
engineering, electrical & electronic (AI=1.34; 1.26; 1.23)
computer science, interdisciplinary applications (AI= 1.18; 1.38; 1.38)
79
Flanders (Belgium)
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
EA KV WF XE
Legend: EA: chemistry, analytical; KV: geography, physical; WF: reproductive biology; XE: agriculture, soil
science
80
Flanders (Belgium)
• General trends
• Follows the general trends in Belgium
• High specialisation in engineering
• Specialisation in tropical medicine has historical roots
• Highlights
▫ Enormous increase of specialisation in neuroscience
▫ Enormous growth of relative activity in transport (within engineering)
▫ High specialisation in electronics and informatics related disciplines
(within engineering)
▫ High specialisation in psychology (within neuroscience & behaviour)
81
Flanders (Belgium)
Technology profile:
82
Flanders (Belgium)
83
Flanders (Belgium)
Textile and paper machines IT methods for management
Food chemistry Digital communication
Biotechnology Transport
• Highlights
▫ Pharmaceuticals become top in patent volumes from 2002 onwards.
▫ Considerable decrease in Optics patent volume over the considered time
period - also notable in decreased specialisation (cf. Belgian national profile).
▫ Increase in patent volume ‘Other consumer goods’ – also notable in
increased specialisation.
▫ Emerging specialisations (high increase) in the latest period (2006-2009) for
the domains: Thermal processes and apparatus and – to a lesser extent – for
Nanotechnology.
▫ Decreased specialisation in latest period: Environmental technology; Analysis
of biotech materials.
84
Flanders (Belgium)
Data source: OECD

85
Flanders (Belgium)
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products Mining and quarrying
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Tanning and dressing of leather
Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication Manufacture of other transport equipment
• Highlights
▫ Relative employment in air transport plummeted initially, but then

recovered somewhat.
▫ Considerable fall in relative employment in the manufacture of basic
metals, followed by a small recovery.
▫ Economic profile relatively similar to that on country-level
86
Flanders (Belgium)
• Lead research institutions, scientific output:
▫ Universities & research institutes IMEC / VIB
• Lead instutions, patent output:
87
Flanders (Belgium)
• Lead companies, R&D investments:
88
Finland
A
1.6
Z B
1.4
1.2
R C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
I
89
Finland
agriculture & environment (A)

forestry (AI=3.66; 3.82; 4.18)
genetics & heredity (AI=1.52; 1.51; 1.67)
astronomy & astrophysics (AI=1.64, 1.54; 1.46)
meteorology & atmospheric sciences (AI=2.22; 2.08; 1.97)

90
Finland
Legend: GU: ecology; IA: endocrinology & metabolism; LI: endocrinology & metabolism; PJ: materials science,
paper & wood; UN: physics, nuclear; XQ: spectroscopy

91
Finland
• General trends
• High specialisation in agriculture & environment
• Decrease of relative activity in clinical and experimental medicine II
(non-internal medicine specialties); biomedical research
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Very high specialisation in forestry and
meteorology & atmospheric sciences; enormous growth of
specialisation in evolutionary biology
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Very high specialisation in materials
science, paper & wood
92
Finland
Technology profile:
93
Finland
94
Finland
Telecommunications Organic fine chemistry
Digital communication Pharmaceuticals
Basic communication processes Semiconductors
• Highlights
▫ Top patent volumes in communication-related domains:
Telecommunications (although slight decrease over considered
period); Digital communication and Computer technology.
▫ These are also the domains with high specialisation levels.
▫ Other specialised domains: Textile and paper machinery, and – more
recently – Macromolecular chemistry, polymers.
95
Finland
Data source: OECD

96
Finland

Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery
Water transport Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of textiles
• Highlights

▫ Significant decrease in employment for Manufacture of office
accounting and computer machinery
97
Etela-Suomi (Lathi-region)
Technology profile:
98
99

Digital communication Engines, pumps, turbines
Telecommunications Transport
Basic communication processes Organic fine chemistry
• Highlights
• Top patent volumes in communication-related domains:
Telecommunications; Digital communication and Computer technology.
• These are also the domains with high specialisation levels.
• Specialisation profiles relatively stable over time, except: recent
specialisation in Microstructure and nanotechnology
• Technology profile of Lathi region mirrors the national profile.
100
RCAN - LAHTI (FI18)

.400
.200
-.200
-.400
-.800
wholesale and retail trade;… -1.000 manufacture of chemicals and…

manufacture of medical,… manufacture of office…
2002-2005 2006-2009 Data source: OECD

101

Manufacture of radio, television and communication Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage,
equipment and apparatus handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear
Water transport Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery

Manufacture of paper and paper products Manufacture of textiles
• Highlights

▫ Economic profile very similar to country-level
102
Germany
A
1.6
Z B
1.4
1.2
R C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
I
103
Germany
paleontology (AI=1.48; 1.47; 1.32)
biosciences (general, cellular & subcellular biology; genetics) (b)
cell biology (AI=1.14; 1.16; 1.14)
biochemical research methods (AI=1.06; 1.09; 1.06)
physics (P)
physics, particles & fields (AI=1.29; 1.51; 1.55)
physics, nuclear (AI=1.50; 1.69; 1.54)
microscopy (AI=1.18; 1.27; 1.34)
physics, atomic, molecular & chemical (AI=1.25; 1.27; 1.30)
physics, fluids & plasmas (AI=1.06; 1.16; 1.20)
psychology, psychoanalysis (AI=2.47; 2.72; 2.73)
neuroimaging (AI=1.77; 1.76; 1.77)
104
Germany
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
EC RY XE
Legend: EC: chemistry, inorganic & nuclear; RY: nuclear science & technology; XE: agriculture, soil science

105
Germany
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in geosciences & space sciences;
neuroscience & behaviour
• High specialisation in physics
• Decrease of relative activity in chemistry, physics, mathematics
• Highlights
▫ Enormous increase of specialisation towards geosciences & space
sciences
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: High specialisation in psychology, psychoanalysis
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: High specialisation in nuclear science &
technology
106
Germany
Technology profile:
107
Germany
108
Germany
Mechanical elements Telecommunications
Transport Digital communication
Engines, pumps, turbines IT methods for management
• Highlights
▫ Top patent volumes in Transport (at the same time highest level of
specialisation) and – to a lesser extent – Electrical machinery,
apparatus, energy.
▫ Several other domains with high specialisation levels: Mechanical
elements; Thermal processes; Engines, pumps, turbines; Machine
tools; Handling.
▫ Specialisation profile stays relatively stable over time (except for
Nanotechnology - decreasing; Telecommunications - decreasing; IT
methods for management – increasing, but still underspecialised).
109
Germany
Data source: OECD

110
Germany

Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus nec Tanning and dressing of leather
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments Construction
• Highlights
▫ Relative employment in contruction and in mining and quarrying has
fallen sharply.
▫ Other specialisations remained more or less stable over time.
111
Berlin
Technology profile:
112
Berlin
113
Berlin
Biotechnology Handling
Pharmaceuticals Textile and paper machines
Analysis of biological materials Macromolecular chemistry, polymers
• Highlights
• Top patent volume in Pharmaceuticals.
• Decrease in Telecommunications patent volume.
• These patterns are reflected also in the specialisation profile for the Berlin
region:
 specialisation for Pharma, Biotech and Anal of biol materials
 Communictaion-related fields have become under-specialised over the
considered time period
• Notable drop in specialisation for Medical Technology (from specialisation to
under-specialisation)
• Specialisation level in IT fields appears volatile
114
Brandenburg
Technology profile:
115
Brandenburg
116
Brandenburg
Analysis of biological materials Telecommunications
Engines, pumps, turbines Macromolecular chemistry, polymers
Control Optics
• Highlights
• No outspoken top field in patent volume, but higher levels for
Engines, pumps, turbines in 2004 and from 2006 onwards. Same
field displays specialisation (as do Analysis of biological materials
and Control).
• Over time, Environmental technology and Food chemistry have
become under-specialised fields
• Over time, specialisation in Materials and metallurgy has increased
117
Berlin-Brandenburg
RCAN - BERLIN & BRANDENBURG (DE3 & DE4)
manufacture of chemicals and
chemical products
real estate, renting and business manufacture of rubber and plastics
activities .600 products of other non-metallic
manufacture
post and telecommunications .400 mineral products
supporting and auxiliary transport .200 manufacture of basic metals
activities; activities of travel agencies
.000
manufacture of fabricated metal
air transport -.200 products, except machinery and…
-.400
manufacture of machinery and
water transport -.600 equipment n.e.c.
-.800
land transport; transport via manufacture of office accounting and
-1.000
pipelines computing machinery
manufacture of electrical and optical

hotels and restaurants
equipment
wholesale and retail trade; repair of manufacture of electrical machinery

motor vehicles, and household goods and apparatus nec
manufacture of radio, television and

construction
communication equipment and…
manufacture of medical, precision
electricity, gas and water supply
manufacture of furniture, andof
manufacture optical
motorinstruments,
vehicles, watches…
manufacturing nec; recycling trailers and semi-trailers
manufacture of other transport
equipment
1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Data source: OECD
118
Berlin-Brandenburg

Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage,
Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus nec handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear
Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments,
watches and clocks Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of furniture, manufacturing nec; recycling
• Highlights
▫ Economic profile is relatively different from country-level
119
The Netherlands
A
1.8
Z 1.6 B
1.4
1.2
1
R C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H

120
The Netherlands
neuroscience & behavior
psychology, social (AI=1.81; 1.54; 1.69)
psychology, applied (AI=0.93; 1.25; 1.36)
clinical and experimental medicine II(non-internal medicine specialties)
rheumatology (AI=1.92; 2.04; 1.98)
clinical and experimental medicine I (general & internal medicine)
peripheral vascular disease (AI=1.36; 1.44; 1.50)
hematology (AI=1.41; 1.40; 1.41)
cardiac & cardiovascular systems (AI=1.06; 1.13; 1.28)
geosciences & space sciences
geography (AI=1.28; 1.30; 1.46)

121
The Netherlands
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
IJ JB PE PS PT RQ SR YQ
Legend: IJ: engineering, industrial; JB: environmental studies; PE: operations research & management
science; PS: social sciences, mathematical methods; PT: medical informatics; RQ: mycology; SR: remote
sensing; YQ: transportation
122
The Netherlands
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in clinical and experimental medicine I
(general & internal medicine); clinical and experimental medicine II
(non-internal medicine specialties)
• High specialisation in neuroscience & behaviour and geosciences &
space sciences
• Decrease of relative activity in biology and agriculture & environment;
• Highlights
▫ Enormous increase of specialisation in neuroscience & behaviour
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in psychology,
applied
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Very high specialisation in social sciences,
mathematical methods; enormous increase of specialisation in
environmental studies and transportation
123
The Netherlands
Technology profile:
124
The Netherlands
125
The Netherlands
Food chemistry Engines, pumps, turbines
Basic communication processes Transport
Audio-visual technology Mechanical elements
• Highlights
▫ Top patent volumes in Computer technology, Audiovisual technology
and Telecommunications (peaking around period 2002-2003,
decreasing afterwards).
▫ Food chemistry: highly specialised (but not especially pronounced in
terms of patent volume per capita).
▫ Other domains with high specialisation levels: Audiovisual tech
(~patent volume; but decreasing); Basic communication (also
decreasing); Measurement.
▫ Recent specialisation increase in: Chemical engineering; Analysis of
biological materials.
126
The Netherlands
Data source: OECD

127
The Netherlands

Real estate, renting and business activities Tanning and dressing of leather
Post and telecommunications Manufacture of textiles
Land transport; transport via pipelines Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
• Highlights
▫ Overall stable over time.
▫ No recent data available for water transport.
128
Zuid-Nederland (Eindhoven region)

Technology profile:
129

130

Basic communication processes Engines, pumps, turbines
Audio-visual technology Thermal processes and apparatus
Semiconductors Pharmaceuticals
• Highlights
• Top fields in terms of patent volume are Audio-visual technology, Computer
technology and Telecommunications, all peaking in the period 2002-2004.
• Slight increase in technological activity in Medical technology
• Top fields in terms of patent volume also specialised fields, although an
under-specialisation becomes visible for Telecommunications in the latest
period 2006-2009.
• For many fields, specialisation level increases over time. A notable exception
is IT methods for management, which shows a considerable drop in
specialisation over the considered period.
131
Zuid-Nederland(Eindhoven region)
RCAN - Eindhoven (NL4)

supporting and auxiliary transport… .600 tanning and dressing of leather;…
.400
.200
-.200
-.400
-.800
wholesale and retail trade; repair of… -1.000 manufacture of chemicals and…
construction manufacture of rubber and plastics…
electricity, gas and water supply manufacture of other non-metallic…

manufacture of medical, precision… manufacture of office accounting…
1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Data source: OECD

132
Zuid-Nederland(Eindhoven region)

Manufacture of radio, television and communication
equipment and apparatus Air transport
Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery Mining and quarrying

Real estate, renting and business activities Manufacture of textiles
• Highlights
time
133
Poland
A
2.5
Z B
1.5
R C
0.5
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H

134
Poland

forestry (AI=0.60; 0.49; 1.75)
engineering, environmental (AI=0.57; 0.81; 1.12)
mathematics (H)
mathematics, applied (AI=1.10; 1.17; 1.24)
mathematics (AI=1.27; 1.31; 1.42)
mining & mineral processing(AI=0.50; 0.66; 4.15)
mineralogy (AI=0.87; 0.70; 2.83)
engineering, marine (AI=0.11; 0.43; 4.11)
geology (AI=0.54;2.37;1.87)

135
Poland
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
AQ DQ GA QJ TE UN YP SD
Legend: AQ: allergy; DQ: cardiac & cardiovascular systems; GA: dermatology & venereal diseases; KY:
geology; QJ: materials science, textiles; TE: paleontology; UN: physics, nuclear; YP: transplantation; SD:
obstetrics & gynecology
136
Poland
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in agriculture & environment;
geosciences & space sciences
• High specialisation in physics and chemistry
• Decrease of relative activity in physics and chemistry
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in forestry;
engineering, environmental; mining & mineral processing;
mineralogy; engineering, marine
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Very high specialisation in transplantation;
enormous increase of specialisation in allergy and obstetrics &
gynecology
137
Poland
Technology profile:
138
Poland
139
Poland
Civil engineering Micro-structure and nano-technology
Environmental technology Digital communication
Thermal processes and apparatus Basic communication processes
• Highlights
▫ Low volumes overall (! volatility of relative indicators !)
▫ No outspoken ‘top’ domains in terms of patent volume, but notable
increase in Civil engineering and – to a somewhat lesser extent – in
Medical technology.
▫ For Civil engineering, this translates into a high specialisation.
▫ Recent period: increase in specialisation for Measurement.
▫ Decrease in specialisation for several chemistry-related domains
(most notably for Basic materials chemistry).
140
Poland
Data source: OECD

141
Poland
Mining and quarrying Air transport
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork Water transport
Land transport; transport via pipelines Hotels and restaurants
• Highlights
▫ Relative stable overall
▫ Slightly decreased relative specialisations for manufacture of coke,
refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, as well as electricity, gas
and water supply.
142
Malopolskie
Technology profile:
143
Malopolskie
144
Malopolskie
Lowest specialisation (6 fields due to
Highest specialisation values which are the same)
Thermal processes and apparatus IT methods for management
Environmental technology Control
Biotechnology
Micro-structure and nano-technology
Machine tools
• Highlights
• Very low patent volumes overall (! volatility of relative indicators !)
• National-level increase in Civil engineering patent volume is mirrored in
Malopolskie region.
• Civil engineering is at the same time the most highly specialised field.
145
Malopolskie
RCAN - MALOPOLSKIE (PL21)

.400
.200
-.200
-.400
-.800

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

Data source: OECD
146
Malapolskie

Mining and quarrying Air transport
Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery equipment and apparatus
handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear Hotels and restaurants
• Highlights
▫ Relative stable overall
▫ Decreased relative specialisation for manufacture of basic metals, and
for manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel
▫ Increased relative specialisation for manufacture of office accounting
and computing machinery
147
South Korea
A
2
Z 1.8 B
1.6
1.4
1.2
R C
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
I
148
South Korea
engineering (E)
telecommunications (AI=1.56; 1.58; 2.07)
transportation science & technology (AI=1.33; 1.46; 1.39)
engineering, electrical & electronic (AI=1.40; 1.23; 1.39)
engineering, mechanical (AI=1.60; 1.25; 1.28)
physics (P)
physics, applied (AI=1.50; 1.64; 1.59)
physics, condensed matter (AI=1.01; 1.14; 1.13)

149
South Korea
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
AE DB GA HQ IO JY MU OI PK QG QU RX VY
Legend: AE: agricultural engineering; DB: biotechnology & applied microbiology; GA: dermatology & venereal
diseases; HQ: electrochemistry; IO: engineering, ocean; JY: food science & technology; MU: horticulture; OI:
integrative & complementary medicine; PK: materials science, ceramics; QG: materials science, coatings &
films; QU: microbiology; RX: neuroimaging; VY: radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging
150
South Korea
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in clinical & experimental medicine II
(non-internal medicine specialties) and biomedical research
• High specialisation in physics, chemistry and engineering
• Decrease of relative activity in chemistry
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in
telecommunications
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Very high level of specialisation in
engineering, ocean and integrative & complementary medicine;
enormous increase of specialisation in horticulture
151
South Korea
Technology profile:
152
South Korea
153
South Korea
Audio-visual technology Machine tools
Telecommunications Transport
Thermal processes and apparatus Civil engineering
• Highlights
▫ Increasing volume trends for most domains; especially for two top
domains: Telecommunications and Audio-visual technology.
▫ Both domains also display high specialisation levels.
▫ Other specialised domains: Digital communications; Computer tech;
Semiconductors (recent increase); Optics; Thermal processes; Other
consumer goods.
▫ Recent decrease in specialisation for: IT methods for management.
154
South Korea
• No sectoral OECD employment data found on South
Korea --- TBC.
155
Jeolla(Gwangju Region)

156
Agriculture & Environment

Food Science & Technology (AI=1.28; 1.31; 1.64)
Water Resources (AI=1.62; 1.72; 1.56)
Chemistry
Chemistry, Medicinal (AI=1.88; 2.39; 1.98)
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary (AI=1.46; 1.40; 1.51)
Electrochemistry (AI= 1.64; 2.09; 1.80)
Materials Science, Coatings & Films (AI=1.98; 1.51; 1.90)
Physics
Optics (AI=0.93; 1.90; 1.84)
Physics, Applied (AI=1.89; 1.66; 1.61)
Biomedical Research
Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AI=1.58; 1.55; 1.37)

157
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
DA IQ RT TC DB QU
Legend: DA: Biophysics, DB: Biotechnology and applied Microbiology; IQ: Engineering, Electrical and Electronical;
QU: Microbiology; RT: Clinical Neurology; TC Orthopedics

158
Scientific profile
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in agriculture & environment and
biomedical research.
• High specialization in physics.
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Increase of specialisation in food science &
technology and optics.
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in
orthopedics, clinical Neurology; High specialisation but with a decline
of relative activity in biotechnology & applied microbiology and
microbiology

159
Technology profile:
160
161

Furniture, games Basic communication processes
Micro-structure and nano-technology Audio-visual technology
Food chemistry Digital communication
• Highlights
• Low patent volumes overall (! Volatility of relative indicators !)
• Sharp increase in technological activity within the Furniture and games
field, especially since 2003
• This is also the field with the highest specialisation level
162
Spain
A
1.6
Z B
1.4
1.2
R C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H

163
Spain

agricultural economics & policy (AI=0.35; 0.50; 2.01)
food science & technology (AI=1.84; 1.70; 1.43)
geography (AI=0.28; 0.73, 1.23)

164
Spain
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
AQ EA NN RB RQ SA TA UP VJ YP
Legend: AF: agricultural economics & policy; AQ: allergy; EA: chemistry, analytical; NN: infectious diseases;
RB: robotics; RQ: mycology; SA: nutrition & dietetics; TA: ornithology; UP: physics, particles & fields; VJ:
psychology, multidisciplinary; YP: transplantation

165
Spain

• General trends
• High specialisation in agriculture & environment; biology and
mathematics
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in
agricultural economics & policy and geography
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: High specialisation in infectious diseases;
enormous increase of specialisation in robotics
166
Spain
Technology profile:
167
Spain
168
Spain
Civil engineering Semiconductors
Furniture, games Computer technology
Food chemistry Basic communication processes
• Highlights
▫ Sharp increase in patent volume Pharmaceuticals from 2003
onwards (becoming top domain) – translates into growing level of
specialisation.
▫ (Less outspoken) increase in patent volumes for: Transport and Civil
engineering (also among the top since 2004).
▫ Other domains (besides Pharmaceuticals) developing towards
specialisation: Biotechnology; Organic fine chemistry.
169
Spain
Data source: OECD

170
Spain

Construction Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment
Land transport; transport via pipelines Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery
Air transport Water transport
• Highlights
▫ Specialisations in air transport and tanning and in dressing of leather
become less pronounced over time
171
Andalusia (Spain)
A
2
Z 1.8 B
1.6
1.4
1.2
R C
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H
I
172
Andalusia (Spain)

agriculture, soil science (AI= 1.47; 1.45; 1.48)
agricultural engineering (AI=1.39; 1.32; 1.72)
astronomy & astrophysics (AI=1,73; 1.59; 1.61)
geology (AI=1.23; 1.17; 1.26)

173
Andalusia (Spain)
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
AQ BD DW EA EP HT NN RE SA TA UN UR VJ WH YP
Legend: AQ: allergy; BD: biodiversity conservation; DW: chemistry, applied; EA: chemistry, analytical; EP:
computer science, artificial intelligence; HT: evolutionary biology; NN: infectious diseases; RE: mineralogy;
SA: nutrition & dietetics; TA: ornithology; UN: physics, nuclear; UR: physics, mathematical; VJ: psychology,
multidisciplinary; WH: rheumatology; YP: transplantation
174
Andalusia (Spain)

• General trends
• Follows the general trends in Spain
• High specialisation in agriculture & environment; biology;
mathematics and geosciences & space sciences
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in geography,
physical
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Very high specialisation in chemistry,
applied, nutrition & dietetics and ornithology; enormous increase of
specialisation in rheumatology; nutrition & dietetics
175
Andalusia (Spain)
Technology profile:
176
Andalusia (Spain)
177
Andalusia (Spain)
Micro-structure and nano-technology Optics
Civil engineering Macromolecular chemistry, polymers
• Highlights
▫ No outspoken ‘top’ domains in terms of patent volume, but increase
in Pharmaceuticals that characterized Spain as a whole is also present
in Andalucía.
▫ Also in terms of specialisation profile: pattern roughly similar to
profile for Spain.
▫ Decrease towards under-specialisation in latest period for: Transport
and Microstructures & Nanotechnology.
178
Andalusia (Spain)
Data source: OECD

179
Andalusia (Spain)

Construction Post and telecommunications
Land transport; transport via pipelines Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment
• Highlights
▫ Overall stable
▫ Exceptionally high employment in Post and Telecommunications for
2000 and 2001
180
Andalusia (Spain)
• Lead instutions, patent output:

181
Pais Vasco (Basque Country)

Technology profile:
182

183

Furniture, games Organic fine chemistry
Civil engineering Computer technology
Thermal processes and apparatus Textile and paper machines
• Highlights
• Low patent volumes overall (volatility of relative indicators)
• Increased technological activity in Transport and Civil engineering from
2003 onwards
• Specialisation patterns appear relatively stable over time, except:
• Sharp increase in specialisation for Microstructure and nanotechnology;
and to a lesser extent for Biotechnology and Analysis of biological
materials, as well as for Computer technology
• Notable drop towards under-specialisation for Food Chemistry
184

RCAN - BASQUE COUNTRY (ES21)

.400
.200
-.200
-.400
-.800

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009 Data source: OECD

185

Manufacture of basic metals handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except
machinery and equipment Manufacture of textiles
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products Mining and quarrying
• Highlights
time
186
Murcia
Technology profile:
187
Murcia
188
Murcia
Lowest specialisation (5 fields due to
Handling Computer technology
Biotechnology IT methods for management
Analysis of biological materials
Macromolecular chemistry, polymers
• Highlights
• Low patent volumes overall (volatility of relative indicators)
• No outspoken top fields, but recent higher activity in Food chemistry
and in Pharmaceuticals
• Low patent volumes result in instability of regional specialisation
pattern over considered time period…
• …but notable specialisation for Food chemistry
189
Murcia (Spain)
RCAN - MURCIA (ES62)

.000
water transport manufacture of paper and paper…
-.200
-.600
-.800

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

Data source: OECD
190
Murcia (Spain)
Construction Air transport
Manufacture of furniture, manufacturing nec; recycling equipment and apparatus
Manufacture of office accounting and computing
Land transport; transport via pipelines machinery
• Highlights
time
191
Turkey
A
2
Z 1.8 B
1.6
1.4
1.2
R C
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H

192
Turkey
engineering, environmental (AI=1.58; 1.36; 1.41)
food science & technology (AI=1.48; 1.47; 1.22)
engineering (E)
computer science, artificial intelligence (AI=0.76; 0.82; 1.50)
computer science, interdisciplinary applications (AI=1.35; 1.20; 1.27)
emergency medicine (AI=0.32; 0.72; 1.76)
dentistry, oral surgery & medicine (AI=1.36; 1.86; 1.85)
otorhinolaryngology (AI=1.46; 1.82; 1.77)
clinical and experimental medicine I(general & internal medicine) (I)
medicine, general & internal (AI=0.36; 0.99; 1.65)
cardiac & cardiovascular systems (AI=1.70; 1.68; 1.60)
pediatrics (AI=2.47; 2.01; 1.72)
193
Turkey
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
AY DT FA FI ID II IM IX PE PU QH QJ WF ZC ZQ
Legend: AY: anatomy & morphology; DT: thermodynamics; FA: construction & building technology; FI:
crystallography; ID: energy & fuels; II: engineering, chemical; IM: engineering, civil; IX: engineering, geological;
PE: operations research & management science; PU: mechanics; QH: materials science, composites; QJ:
materials science, textiles; WF: reproductive biology; ZC: veterinary sciences; ZQ: mining & mineral processing
194
Turkey
• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in mathematics and biology
• High specialisation in clinical & experimental medicine II (non-
internal medicine specialties)
• Decrease of relative activity in clinical & experimental medicine II
(non-internal medicine specialties)
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Enormous increase of specialisation in computer
science, artificial intelligence; emergency medicine and medicine,
general & internal
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: very high specialisation in engineering,
geological (with steady increase) and reproductive biology; enormous
increase of specialisation in materials science, textiles
195
Turkey
Technology profile:
196
Turkey
197
Turkey
Other consumer goods Micro-structure and nano-technology
Furniture, games Optics
Thermal processes and apparatus Analysis of biological materials
• Highlights
▫ Increasing patent volumes for: Other consumer goods; Furniture, games and
Thermal processes and apparatus.
▫ These 3 domains are also the ones with highest specialisation levels
(consistent throughout considered periods).
▫ Decreasing specialisation levels for several Machinery-related domains; and
for Chemistry-related domains, as well as Environmental technology.
▫ Increasing specialisation levels for: Audiovisual technology; Basic
communication; IT methods for management.
198
Turkey
Data source: OECD

199
Turkey
Mining and quarrying Post and telecommunications
Manufacture of textiles Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
Electricity, gas and water supply Manufacture of equipment for radio, tv and communication
• Highlights
▫ Overall stable to more pronounced specialisation
200
East Marmara (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova)


201

Agriculture & Environment
Agricultural Engineering (AI= 1.31; 2.04; 2.16)
Engineering, Environmental (AI= 2.03; 2.32; 1.96)
Environmental Sciences (AI= 1.88; 1.69; 1.31)
Food Science & Technology (AI=AI= 1.39; 0.99; 1.28)
Chemistry
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear (AI= 0.53; 0.77; 1.24)
Engineering Chemical (AI= 1.76; 1.25; 1.48)
Material Sciences, Multidisciplinary (AI= 0.94; 1.32; 1.34)
Materials Science, Ceramics(AI= 1.08; 3.68; 1.69)
Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering (AI= 1.05; 1.03; 1.85)
Engineering
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence (AI= 0.9; 1.29; 1.27)
Energy & Fuels (AI= 1.97; 2.05; 2.04)
Engineering, Multidisciplinary (AI= 0.83; 1.09; 1.35)
Engineering, Manufacturing (AI= 1.22; 2.96; 1.98)
Engineering, Civil (AI= 0.25; 1.27; 1.28)
Engineering , Mechanical (AI= 0.83; 1.52; 1.29)
202

1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
5
0
DB DQ FI GA LE OA PY TQ ZA
Legend: DB: Biotechnology and applied Microbiology; DQ: Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; FI: Crystallography;
GA: Dermatology & Venereal diseases; LE: Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; OA: Instruments & Instrumentation;
PY: Medicine, General & Internal; TQ: Pediatrics; ZA: Urology & Nephrology
203

Scientific profile
• General trends
• The publication output has grown with 250% between first and last
period. This resulted in a changing output profile
• Decline in Chemistry and Engineering and strong increase in
Agriculture
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: Strong focus on Agricultural Engineering and
decline in Environmental Sciences. Specialism in Material Sciences
within Chemistry and Manufacturing, Mechanical and Civil
Engineering
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: Several medical fields like Cardiovascular
Systems, Dermatology and General Medicine,

204

Technology profile:
• Due to insufficient population data in the Eurostat statistical database it is

not possible to give a graph of the number of patents per million
inhabitants of East Marmara
205
East Marmara
206
East Marmara
Lowest specialisation(9 fields due to
Other consumer goods Audio-visual technology
Furniture, games Computer technology
Thermal processes and apparatus Semiconductors
Measurement
Analysis of biological materials
Organic fine chemistry
Biotechnology
Pharmaceuticals
Micro-structure and nano-technology
• Patent volumes too low (hence relative indicators too volatile)

for identifying further highlights in terms of relative indicators
207
East Marmara
RCAN - EAST MARMARA (TR42)

1.000 food products, beverages and…
.600
.400
.000
-.400
-.800

2002-2005 2006-2009 Data source: OECD

208
East Marmara

Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus nec
Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and
nuclear fuel Post and telecommunications
Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, Manufacture of radio, television and communication
watches and clocks equipment and apparatus
• Highlights
▫ Overall stable specialisation
209
UK
A
1.6
Z B
1.4
1.2
R C
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1998-2002
P 0 E 2003-2006
2007-2010
N G
M H

210
UK
Specialisation within the science fields with the highest relative
activity
(AI values are given
geosciences in chronological
& space sciences (G) order)
geography (AI=2.97; 2.68; 2.11)
health policy & services (AI=0.60; 0.77; 1.16)
genetics & heredity (AI=1.22; 1.28; 1.31)
biology (AI=1.27; 1.30; 1.26)
neuroscience & behaviour (N)
psychology (AI=1.48; 1.44; 1.41)
psychology, experimental (AI=1.52; 1.67; 1.72)
neuroimaging (AI=0.74; 0.95; 1.04)
psychology, clinical (AI=0.92; 0.97; 1.08)
211
UK
1998-2002 2003-2006 2007-2010
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
ER JB MC PS
Legend: ER: computer science, cybernetics; JB: environmental studies; MC: mathematical & computational
biology; PS: social sciences, mathematical methods

212
UK

• General trends
• Increase of relative activity in geosciences & space sciences and
neuroscience & behaviour
• High specialisation in geosciences & space sciences
• Highlights
▫ In the ‘focus fields’: very high specialisation in geography; enormous
increase of specialisation in health policy & services and
neuroimaging
▫ Outside the ‘focus fields’: very high specialisation in environmental
studies
213
UK
Technology profile:
214
UK
215
UK
Analysis of biological materials Semiconductors
Pharmaceuticals Macromolecular chemistry, polymers
Furniture, games Micro-structure and nano-technology
• Highlights
▫ Pharmaceuticals: top in terms of patent volume (but decreasing).
▫ Specialisation in chemical domains, except for Macromolecular
chemistry, polymers (under-specialisation).
▫ Specialisation profile is stable over time…
▫ … except over-time increase towards specialisation for: IT methods
for management; Engines, pumps, turbines.
216
UK
Data source: OECD

217
UK
Air transport Tanning and dressing of leather
Post and telecommunications Manufacture of textiles
Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; travel agencies Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
• Highlights
▫ Ever more pronounced relative under_specialisation in manufacturing
▫ Relative specialisation in the transport sector, and the post and
telecommunication sector.
218
West Midlands
Technology profile:
219
West Midlands
220
West Midlands
Transport Semiconductors
Mechanical elements Organic fine chemistry
• Highlights
• In terms of patent volumes: most fields display slightly decreasing levels
of technological activity
• Fields with highest patent volumes: Transport, Civil engineering and – to
a lesser extent – Mechanical elements; which is also reflected in high
specialisation levels for the same fields
• Specialisation patterns appear relatively stable over time, except:
• Recently emerged specialisation in Analysis of biological materials
• Previously outspoken under-specialisation in Food chemistry has become
eroded in the more recent period (2006-2009)
• Microstructure and nanotechnology: has become highly under-
specialised over the considered time period.
221
West Midlands
RCAN - WEST MIDLANDS (UKG)

real estate, renting and business….600 food products, beverages and…

-.400
-.600
wholesale and retail trade; repair of… -.800 manufacture of chemicals and…

1998-2001 2002-2005 2006-2009

Data source: OECD
222
West Midlands
Post and telecommunications Water transport
Manufacture of office accounting and computing machinery Manufacture of textiles

Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Mining and quarrying
• Highlights
▫ Decreasing relative specialisation in manufacturing
▫ Increasing relative specialisation in the transport sector, and the post
and telecommunication sector.
223
General observations
224
What do we see?
• Classification schemes in science – technology –
economics are (only) partially convergent, however:
▫ The baseline does reveal patterns of specialization at
the level of science, technology and economic base
that are quite finegrained taking into account the
benchmarking needs --- 60 subfields / 170 disciplines
(science), 35 Fraunhofer technology categories, 32
economic sectors
▫ The three specialization axes (S-T-E) need not align;
however observation shows that 2 out of 3 tend to
align quite often
225
What do we see?
▫ Most patterns are quite stable over time, although
processes of emergence and maturity can be observed
▫ The more detailed insight the finer grained analyses
provides shows that specialization patterns are not
equal & may differ quite significantly between
countries
▫ In order to position entrepreneurial discovery
processes, we may have to look at the S-T-E baselines
separately and complementary (e.g. Nanotechnology
for Health & Sustainable chemistry in
Flanders/Belgium)
226
What do we see?
• Don’t forget:
▫ Underlying the spider plots, there is a wealth of
individual country/region data that can be made
available to the countries/regions participating in the
pilot study
▫ Data on lead institutions and lead companies can be
drawn from those underlying data (cfr. Flanders)
▫ Alongside the relative positions countries/regions
should also take into account their absolute positions
in terms of S-T-E economic output (cfr. raw data)
227
Case-studies for Flanders:

Lessons from the baseline analysis
228
Case studies for Flanders

Nano-electronics (for health) – the case of IMEC
• Those subject categories have been chosen in which IMEC has
published more that 10%* of its papers each in the period
2000-2009.
▫ 45.2% engineering, electrical & electronic
▫ 45.0% physics, applied
▫ 19.7% physics, condensed matter
▫ 19.5% materials science, multidisciplinary
▫ 13.2% optics
______________
* Note that multiple assignment is possible
229

Nano-electronics (for health) – the case of IMEC
• In addition, Flemish scientific and technological output in the
medical fields (including neurosciences) is high:
▫ Above average specialization in clinical research & neuroscience
research, as well as in medical informatics & electrical engineering
▫ High and increasing RTAN values for biotechnology & pharmaceuticals,
microstructure & nanotechnology
• Hence: there is a strong and diverse basis of knowledge
specialization in the area of nanotechnology for health --- but not
(yet) translated into or aligned with an existing economic
specialization.
230
IMEC (Flanders, Belgium)

Subject Categories of specialisation according to the Activity Index
20002009
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
UB IQ UK PM SY
Legend: UB: physics, applied; IQ: engineering, electrical & electronic; UK: physics, condensed matter; PM:
materials science, multidisciplinary; SY: optics
231

• Sustainable chemistry – the case of FISCH:
▫ Chemistry is a Belgian rather than just a Flemish
specialization; therefore FISCH also includes Belgian lead
institutions (companies like Solvay & AGC)
▫ Strong technology base in surface technology,
macromolecular chemistry and polymers
▫ Top economic sector in terms of chemical products and
chemical manufacturing
• Sustainable chemistry can build both on a strong
economic and technology base. The scientific base is
weaker. Strengthening this scientific base is a major
objective of FISCH.
232
Step 2: the governance template

233
Focal points – 1:
• Topics:
▫ PRIORITY AREAS FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
 AREAS
 PRIORITIES --- SPECIALIZATIONS
 ALIGNMENT R --- TI --- ED PRIORITIES
▫ PRIORITY SETTING PROCESS
 METHODS --- DISCOVERY PROCESSES
 INVOLVEMENT
▫ INSTRUMENTS AND BUDGETS TO SUPPORT PRIORITIES
 BUDGET LEVEL AND ALLOCATION
 CLUSTER POLICIES
• TWO TEMPLATE LEVELS:

▫ NATIONAL
▫ REGIONAL
234
Focal points – 2:
• Process:
▫ INDENTIFY SPOKESPERSON
▫ BACKGROUND INFORMATION DOCUMENTS: RIM, ERAWATCH …
▫ TEMPLATE PREPARATION
▫ SUPPORTIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE INTERVIEW TO FILL OUT TEMPLATE
▫ FEEDBACK AND CORRECTIVE COMMENTS ON FILLED OUT TEMPLATE
▫ JANUARY --- JUNE 2012
• TEMPLATE FEEDBACK MOST WELCOME IN THE WEEKS TO COME

235
[Link to the governance template discussion]

236
Step 3: the case studies for Flanders

237
[Link to Technopolis presentation]

238
Future tasks
239
Time-line:
• First Workshop: development of smart specialisation profiles and template for strategic
governance profiles (November 2011)
• Step 1: Indicator-based specialisation profiles (December 2011)
• Step 2: Strategic governance profiles: template (December 2011)
• Second Workshop: discussion of first case study results (Spring 2012)
• Step 3: Strategic governance profiles: data and policy learning (June 2012)
• Step 4: Case-studies (June 2012)
• Final Workshop: discussion of main lessons for final report (Winter 2012)
• Step 5: Final report (December 2012)

240
What is expected from participating

countries in the next months?
• Pilot countries:
▫ Commenting on the country/region baselines, countries/regions
can have access to baseline data for further insight & refinement
▫ Filling out the strategic governance profile template, template +
background documents + telephone interview + interpretative
feedback
▫ Conducting (1-to-)2 case-studies, articulating the link to baseline
& governance mechanisms
▫ Participating in policy learning workshops
▫ Assessment tool development, validation and policy learning
mechanisms and instruments
241
Thank you!
Further discussion …

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1

OECD Smart Specialization Project

Feedback on the complete Project

• This (pilot) project aims at identifying good practices in

• Strategic governance profiles of the countries involved in the

• One or two case studies per country, enabling an in-depth analysis

• A final report with

• Baseline: present specializations and governance capabilities

• Beyond the baseline: strategy development as discovery process

Step 1: Indicator-based specialisation

• To draw a comparative picture on the relative specialisation of ± 10 pilot countries and

Step 2: Strategic governance profiles:

• Priority setting that is taking place (both explicitly and implicitly)

• Strategic governance of cluster policies

• Existence of specific governance capabilities (e.g. foresight)

• Actions for appropriate framework conditions (including ‘quality of life’ and

• Possible legal mechanisms that are deployed in support of cluster policies

• Policy learning cycles

Step 3: Strategic governance profiles: data

• Benchmarking profiles and policy learning on bottlenecks

Step 4: Case-studies (deadline: June 2012)

• One or two case-studies per country involved in the project

• Including different types of strategies:

• Some specific points of interest:

OECD Smart Specialization Project

Quantitative Baseline Profiles

Structure of the baseline presentation

Introduction to baseline data:

Data and indicators are determined for the following eleven

Specialisation indicators deployed for

Measures of national and regional specialisation

Properties of the Activity Index:

The successful application of this index strongly depends on the

If a multi-level hierarchical scheme is used, then AI allows for

The disciplines are identical with the JCR Subject Categories of

The science classification scheme comprises the following 12

The scheme allows for zooming in on each level, for instance:

The basic idea of the method applied here

Specialisation indicators deployed for

Measures of national and regional specialisation:

Measures of national and regional specialisation:

• Relative specialization indicators are typically used:

Measures of national and regional specialisation:

Economic specialisation indicators

Measures of national and regional specialisation:

• National economic specialisation is usually studied using

Measures of national and regional specialisation:

Results per country / region

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

• No sectoral OECD employment data found yet on

I Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

geosciences & space sciences (G)

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

Data source: OECD

• Top 3 highest and lowest specialisations

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

Agriculture & Environment (A)

Biology (organismic & supraorganismic level) (Z)

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge

Data source: Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge