International Rice Research Newsletter Vol12 No.6

IRRN growing and changing The International Rice Research Newsletter is in its 12th year of publication.
. In its first issue, October 1976, the IRRN objective was stated as: To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. That remains our objective. To meet that objective in the expanding and increasing complexity of the rice research world, we are initiating some changes, effective with the 1988 publication year. The family of rice researchers is growing exponentially. We distributed 6,000 copies of IRRN Vol. I, No. 1; we will distribute close to 13,000 copies of Vol. 12, No. 4, to individual scientists and to the libraries of research institutions. The first issue totaled 24 pages; some issues this year totaled 54 pages. The number of research brief reports being submitted has more than doubled, and grows daily. For IRRN to continue to meet its objective efficiently and with increased quality, the categories of research reported are being expanded to include new specializations and topics now being researched. The Guidelines for Contributors have been expanded and specified more precisely. Criteria for reviewers emphasize the global nature of rice research work reports that will be accepted. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the new categories and the new guidelines that follow. If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. Guidelines for contributors to IRRN The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may
accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland. upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms. When reporting soil nutrient studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
IRRN: categories of research reported
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement research techniques data management and computer modeling
IRTP
seed technology
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management INSFFER disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems ARFSN research methodology data management and computer modeling
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

environment production livelihood
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
Criteria for IRRN research reports has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate, data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions
Contents
GENETIC EVALUATlON AND UTILIZATION
Overall progress 4 TPS2: a new high-yielding rice variety 4 Performance of IRAT varieties at Ibadan, Nigeria 5 Six upland rice varieties released in Nigeria 5 Performance of shortduration rice varieties 6 Elite lines for rainfed lowlands in North Bihar, India 6 ADT37 released for Tamil Nadu 7 Rice varieties for delayed planting 7 Agronomic and yield characteristics of three elite upland rices in Tamil Nadu Germplasm 8 Some panicle characteristics of rice germplasm from the Northern Province of Sierra Leone Agronomic characteristics 8 Possibility of a ratoon crop from photoperiod-insensitive summer rices in calcareous sodic soils of North Bihar, India 9 Sequential tiller separation a method for rapid rice seed multiplication 10 Foliar application of polyamines, kinetin, and ascorbic acid and rice grain filling 10 Contribution of aquatic tillers to grain yield in deepwater rice Grain quality 11 Effect of simulated rain on head rice yields of varieties under delayed harvest Disease resistance 12 Evaluation of National Uniform Rice Yield 1985 against bacterial blight (BB) in Pakistan 12 Resistance of rice germplasm to bacterial blight (BB) at Ludhiana, India Insect resistance 13 Sources of resistance to rice thrips 13 Varietal resistance to rice hispa Cold tolerance 14 Spikelet sterility in winter rice Drought tolerance 14 Response of short-duration rice cultivars to drought stress 15 Response of rainfed upland rice to chlormequat chloride Adverse soils tolerance 15 Screening for zinc deficiency tolerance in rice Temperature tolerance 16 Cold tolerance in dry season rice for deepwater areas of north Bihar, India Deep water 16 Sudha, a new deepwater rice variety in Bihar, India 17 NC493. a promising variety for rainfed deepwater areas Hybrid rice 18 Retardation of heading in male sterile and restorer lines using paclobutrazol 18 Evaluation and use of male sterile systems in Mekong Delta, Vietnam 19 Susceptibility of A lines and B lines to bacterial blight (BB) 20 Yield evaluation of F1 hybrids in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Tissue culture 20 Induction of productive semidwarf mutants of Basmati rice 22 22 23 23 23 24 Chemical control of rice false smut Silica reduces disease on upland rice in a high rainfall area White leaf streak disease on rice in India Cellular inclusions in rice grassy stunt virus (GSV)-infected rice Effect of neem oil on tungro (RTV) infection in susceptible and resistant varieties Some pathological and physiological diseases of rice in Punjab
Insects 24 Antifeedant effect of sublethal levels of carbofuran against whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) 25 Rodent damage in Punjab ricefields, Pakistan 26 Composition of the rice leaffolder complex in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 26 Abdominal lateral lobe variations in females of Nilaparvata lugens biotypes from Korea 27 Nira variety a susceptible host for mass rearing rice thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) 27 Effect of insecticide treatment at different rice crop stages on carry-over of yellow stem borer (YSB) 27 Effect of some insecticide formulations against newly emerged yellow stem borer (YSB) larvae 28 Preference, oviposition response, and population growth of Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) on selected rice varieties 28 Ovicidal activity of insecticides against yellow stem borer (YSB) 29 Species composition of Nephotettix in Tamil Nadu 29 New genetic makeup of brown planthopper (BPH) populations in Central Java, Indonesia 30 Artificial diet for rearing rice leaffolder (LF) 31 Effect of insecticides on rice gall midge (GM) and its parasite Platygaster sp. 31 Toxicity of five insecticides to the cricket Metioche vittaticoIlis (Stl) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), a predator of some insect pests of rice Weeds 32 Ludwigia species most prevalent broad-leafed weeds in wet zone ricefields of Sri Lanka Other pests 32 Striga densiflora Benth., an angiospermic root parasite of rice in Bangladesh
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

33 34 34 34 35 35 36 37 38 Efficiency of urea supergranule (USG) under water stress at different growth stages Effect of Azospirillum inoculation on upland rice Effect of leaf leachates of neem and sirish on the biomass production and pests of Azolla pinnata Efficiency of azolla as an organic source for rice Effect of gypsum and pyrite with different moisture regimes on sodic soil improvement and rice yield Availability to wetland rice of nitrogen from cattle manure Effect of soil bulk density and soil texture on root growth Poultry manure as a N source for wetland rice Nitrogen-fixing potential of blue-green algae (BGA) from Kerala ricefields Effect of an interim summer crop in a rice - wheat rotation Intercropping rice and pigeonpea Response of rice to NPK in long-term jute - rice - wheat sequence
RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

38 39 39
PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
Diseases ANNOUNCEMENT 21 Effect of sclerotia size of Rhizoctonia solani on infectivity on rice plants 40 New IRRI publications 21 Time of spraying to control sheath rot (ShR)
Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

OVERALL PROGRESS
TPS2: a new high-yielding rice variety
O. Ramanathapillai, S. Kalaimani, G. Radhakumar, A. Idhayarajan, M. Subramanian, and A. Sindhamathar, Agricultural Research Station, Thirupathisaram, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
Table 2. Reaction of TP1974 and IR20 to insects and diseases. Tamil Nadu, India. Score a Entry Blast TP1974 IR20
a
Disease Bacterial bight 3 5 Brown spot 5 Brown planthopper 3 7
Insect Leaffolder 3 9 Gall midge 3 7 White tip nematode 3 7
3 3
In Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, farmers traditionally cultivate tall local rice varieties that mature in 160-180 d during the kumbaboo season (Sep-Oct to Jan-Feb). The straw is used to feed cattle. The local market preference also is for coarse rice. However, with a gradual reduction in seasonal rainfall, farmers are slowly switching to mediumduration varieties. TP1974 is a semidwarf (90-95 cm tall) derivative of the cross IR26/CO 40. It is nonlodging and matures in 125-130 d. In overall performance, TP1974 had a mean grain yield of 4.3 t/ha, 22.5% higher than IR20, and a straw yield of 8.2 t/ha, 34.4% higher than that of IR20 (Table 1). Yield potential is 6.1 t/ha. The culture is resistant to seed shedding, and is moderately resistant to four pests and two diseases (Table 2). Grain is short, bold, and white. Cooking quality is good in both raw and parboiled rice, with good consumer preference. Culture TP1974 has been released as TPS2 variety for Kanyakumari District.
1 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant, 5 = moderately susceptible, 7 = susceptible, 9 = highly susceptible.
Performance of IRAT varieties at Ibadan, Nigeria

P. G. Pillai and J. K. Kehinde, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Ibadan, Nigeria
We evaluated a number of breeding lines and varieties in the upland environment of Ibadan, Nigeria. IRAT varieties introduced from Ivory Coast exhibit high yield potential in the Advanced Variety Trials (AVT) conducted under the Coordinated Rice Evaluation Trial (CRET) and the African Upland Rice Advanced Trials (AURAT). IRAT104, IRAT156, and IRAT161 were tested in AURAT; the others in CRET. Both nurseries were laid out in the same location using the
same cultural practices. Of 12 short-duration entries in 1984 and 8 entries each in 1985 and 1986 CRET, IRAT133, IRATll2, and IRAT144 were the 3 highest yielders. On the average, all IRAT materials outyielded check variety ITA257. Of 15 medium-duration entries in 1984 and 1985 CRET, IRAT170 was the second highest yielder. In 1985, SelIRAT194 was the third highest yielder. On the average, IRAT170 and SelIRAT194 outyielded check variety FARO 11 (see table). In 1986, the trials suffered severe drought for several days during vegetative stage. All IRAT varieties outyielded the check. In addition to high yield and drought tolerance, they possess resistance to lodging and clean grains.
Performance of IRAT varieties in the upland environment at Ibadan, Nigeria, 1984-86. Variety Short-duration IRAT133 IRAT112 IRAT144 IRAT110 a IRAT146 ITA257 (check) Ht (cm) 97 100 105 96 102 87 Days to flowering 75 78 84 78 86 73 97 93 95 98 100 96 Panicles (no./m2) 216 188 267 319 198 240 215 218 189 203 197 184 Grain yield (t/ha) 1984 4.9 4.3 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.7 3.6 3.0 2.2 3.4 1985 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.6 2.5 2.9 5.6 5.4 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.7 1986 3.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 1.4 2.9 1.5 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.4 Average 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.3 4.0 3.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.8
Table 1. Performance of TP1974 in research station and adaptive research trials. Tamil Nadu, India, 1979-84. Trial date 1979-85 1982-83 1983-84 Mean Trials (no.) 8 11 10 Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) IR20 4.3 8.2 5.8 6.1
TP1974 IR20 TP1974 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 6.4 10.8 7.4 8.2
Medium-duration IRAT170 113 Sel-IRAT194 103 IRAT104 105 100 IRAT156 b IRAT161 b 110 FARO 11 (check) 131
a Not
included in 1986 AVT. bNot included in 1984 AVT.
4 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)
Six upland rice varieties released in Nigeria

S. O. Fagade, P. G. Pillai, and J. K. Kehinde, National Cereals Research Institute (NCKI), Badeggi, Ibadan, Nigeria
Six upland rice varieties, FARO 38 to FARO 43, have been released for cultivation in Nigeria. They were best in the 1984-86 multilocational Coordinated Rice Evaluation Trials (see table).
Short-duration FARO 38 and 39 have been recommended for dry upland environments. They are high yielding and resistant to diseases and drought. Their grains are clean and short bold. FARO 39 combines medium height and better plant type. Its cooking quality is also good. Both these varieties outyielded short-duration check ITA257 by 28%. FARO 40, 41 ,42, and 43 are medium-duration varieties
recommended for moist environments. FARO 40, a composite developed at NCRI, is resistant to lodging and diseases. It possesses better cooking quality than the commonly cultivated variety FARO 11. FARO 41 was the highest yielder (32% over check) among the medium-duration entries. It possesses better plant type and good cooking quality. FARO 42 and 43 are shorter than FARO 11 and are resistant to lodging.
Performance of 6 newly released upland varieties in multilocation trials. Nigeria, 1984-86. Variety Former name Ht (cm) Days to 50% flowering Panicles (no./m2 ) Av grain yield t/ha % over check Grain type a Amylose content (%) Reaction b to Blast Rice yellow mottle virus MR R R R R MR R R
Short-duration FARO 38 FARO 39 ITA257 (check) Medium-duration FARO 40 FARO 41 FARO 42 FARO 43 FARO 11 (check)
a SB
IRAT133 IRATl44 FAROX299 IRAT170 ART12 ITA128
87 103 88 118 100 105 108 123

bR
72 76 68 96 97 96 97 97
206 198 185 167 177 172 178 179
3.2 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.2
28 28 0 32 27 4
SB SB MB MB MB MB MB MB
15.0 24.0 14.0 22.0 22.5 16.8 20.8 19.2
R R R R MR MR MR MR
= short bold, MB = medium bold.
= resistant, MR = moderately resistant.
Performance of short-duration rice varieties

H.S. Bedekar and S. B. Murkute, Agricultural Research Division, SciTech Centre, Village Aswe, Dahanu 401602, Maharashtra, India
Short-duration, high-yielding rice varieties were compared with Dangi variety in three farmers' fields and at the SciTech Centre farm during the 1985
and 1986 main crop seasons. Test plots were in a completely randomized block design replicated four times. Seeds were sown on a raised bed in Jun and transplanted at 21 d, at 20- 15-cm spacing in 32.4-m2 plots. Fertilizer (100-50 kg NPK/ ha) was applied to all plots and normal management practices were followed. Yields of K184, K23, Ratna, and IR36 were similarly and significantly
higher than those of Dangi and K35-3 (see table). Ratna and R24 produced significantly longer panicles, suggesting high yield potential. Ratna, R24, and K184 are normally preferred by local farmers because of their resistance to lodging and substantially higher grain and straw yields compared to Dangi. IR36 has higher yields, but its straw yield is lower.
Comparison of 6 short-duration varieties with Dangi (local) variety. Dahanu, Maharashtra, India, 1985-86. Variety Duration (d) 100-110 120-130 110-120 100-110 120-130 110-120 80-90 Origin Grain yield (t/ha) 1985 Karjat (India) Karjat (India) KKV Dapoli (India) IRRI Ratnagiri (India) Thane (India) Karjat (India) 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.5 3.6 2.7 4.0 0.4 0.5 1986 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.9 2.8 3.2 3.9 3.6 0.8 1.2 Straw yield (t/ha) 1985 1.9 3.8 2.5 2.4 2.1 3.0 1.7 2.5 1.2 2.0 1986 3.2 5.2 5.0 4.4 4.5 6.1 5.5 4.8 1.2 1.9 Tillers (no./hill) 1985 12.2 8.6 10.1 10.7 9.4 10.0 10.8 10.2 ns ns 1986 13.8 11.4 12.8 13.6 12.2 9.8 12.4 12.3 ns ns Panicles (no./hill) 1985 11.7 8.1 9.6 10.2 8.8 8.7 10.2 9.6 1.7 2.6 1986 12.0 9.9 11.4 11.4 10.9 8.4 11.3 10.8 ns ns Average panicle length (cm) 1985 19.1 18.0 21.6 20.2 21.8 19.3 18.9 19.8 1.3 2.0 1986 17.6 19.4 20.2 17.9 19.1 18.4 18.8 18.8 ns ns
K184 K23 Ratna IR36 R24 Dangi K35-3 Mean CD (0.05) (0.01)
IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)
Elite lines for rainfed lowlands in North Bihar, India

B.N. Singh and S.P. Sahu, Plant Breeding Department, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar 848125, India
North Bihar, a medium-deep waterlogged area, is planted primarily to rainfed lowland rice. But in years with poor rainfall, drought occurs at vegetative or reproductive stages. Rice tungro virus also causes major yield losses in some years, bacterial leaf blight occurs sporadically, and brown spot and narrow brown leaf spot are severe in years of poor rainfall. Farmers usually grow traditional tall, lodging-susceptible, and photoperiodsensitive varieties that can yield at least
Elite lines that performed well in replicated trials and observational nurseries. Bihar, India, 1985 wet season. Entries tested (no.) Trial IRRSWYN (M) UVT-4 (DRR) UVT-3 (DRR) 28 31 20 Designation
1.5 t/ha under stress. Seedlings are planted after the onset of rains in midJun, and transplanted 15-60 d after seeding, after water accumulates in the field. One or two applications of urea is topdressed when water level lessens in the field before flowering. Plant protection is minimal. Efforts are underway to select an improved nonlodging plant type, 150160 d duration, photoperiod-insensitive, limited elongation, early seedling vigor, and intermediate height (120-130 cm). Evaluation of lines and segregating generations from national and international sources is in progress. Both pedigree and bulk breeding methods are being used. The segregating generations are grown under shallow and waterlogged rainfed lowland conditions
in alternate years to select desirable types. The major problem in improved photoperiod-insensitive varieties is sheath rot disease, maybe due to variation in seedling age, seeding time, or cooler temperature at flowering. Zn deficiency in the seedling stage as well a after transplanting have also become major constraints in recombinant lines. During 1985 wet season, when the water level reached 80 cm, 154 entries in 6 replicated yield trials and 305 lines in 2 observational nurseries were evaluated (see table). Yield varied; it was a maximum 2 t/ha in both insensitive and sensitive groups. The high-yielding entries will be further evaluated in yield trials, for use in hybridization programs.
ADT37 released for Tamil Nadu

A. P. M. K. Soundararaj, V. Sivasubramanian, and S. Chelliah, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai 612101, India
UVT-5 (State) PVT-5 (State) UVT-4 (State) Nurseries IRRSWON
26 25 24
BRB8-2B-74, BR 222B-358, Matcandu IET8005 (RP1486834-l), IET7598 (RP1486-833-1) IET7520 (RP1854566-1-1-l), IET8033 (RAU49-54-1-2), IET8611 (MTU 6861) TCA808, TCA48, TCA148-3 IET7970 (TCA80-4), SBIR38-140-2, SBIR38-148-3 IET6696 (IR42), BIET1165 (RAU77l), IR3646-9-3-1 B4259-48-1-3-1-3, CN505-5-3-1, Dud Kalash, IR20880-25P3, IR21064-48-2-1EP1, Leuang Yai 148, Matcandu CN571-236-15-1, CN570-661-48-3, OR611-8,OR620-17, OR620-52,OR621-6, CN706-2-26, CN569705-8-1, CN566-91563, CN363-3, CN578190-7-1, CN567-68225-3, CN580-86942-3
BG367-4, an International Rice Testing Program introduction evaluated in Tamil Nadu since 1980, was released in May 1987 as ADT37 for general cultivation in the first crop season (AprJul sowing). Mean grain yield was 6.3 t/ha, more than that of IR50, ADT36, and TKM9 (Table 1). ADT37 yielded 4.9 t/ha in
multilocation trials, and 6.2 t/ha in adaptive research trials (Table 2). ADT37 is moderately tillering. Its high yield potential is mainly due to high panicle weight, in turn due to high number of grains per panicle. Grains are short and bold with white rice; milling recovery is 71%. Cooking quality is highly preferred. ADT37 is resistant to leaf yellowing disease, blast, brown spot, brown planthopper, and green leafhopper; and moderately resistant to bacterial leaf blight, rice tungro virus, gall midge, and leaffolder. It is highly suitable for direct seeding.
Table 1. Performance of ADT37 at TRRI, Aduthurai, India, 1983-86. Variety ADT37 IR50 ADT36 TKM9 Grain yield (t/ha) 6.3 5.3 5.7 6.1 Duration (d) 106 103 108 110 Panicles (no./m 2) 436 542 510 496 Panicle wt (g) 1.62 1.21 1.35 1.40 Grains (no./panicle) 82 68 73 68
203
LLSN
102
Table 2. Performance of ADT37 in trials in Tamil Nadu, India, 1985-86. Trial Multilocation Adaptive research Locations (no.) 6 57 Mean grain yield (t/ha) ADT37 4.9 6.2 IR50 4.2 5.9 TKM9 4.7 5.7
Rice varieties for delayed planting

S. K. Sharma, S. V. Subbaiah, and K. K. Murthy, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India
Varieties evaluated for delayed planting at different locations. India, 1984-86. Location Planting date Standard check Name IET7192 IET7251 IET7251 IET7251 IET7251 IET7251 IET7251 IET7251 IET7251 Yield (t/ha) 2.2 3.9 1.6 3.1 3.2 1.6 3.7 4.8 4.3 Local check Name MTU7633 CTMl H4 Manoharsali CNM539 CNM539 CNM539 CNM539 Pankaj Yield (t/ha) 3.8 3.7 2.7 4.4 3.5 3.3 2.6 2.7 2.5 Test variety Name CR1018 Mandya Vijaya CNM539 CNM539 NC492 NC492 IR42 CR1016 CNM539 Yield (t/ha) 4.1 5.4 2.6 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.4 5.5 4.4
Late onset of the monsoon, late receipt of water by tail end canal farmers, scarcity of labor during transplanting in areas where the rice crop is in succession with other crops, and other socioeconomic problems can lead to delayed transplanting, resulting in yield reduction. To identify rice varieties suitable for different agroclimatic regions of India and with mechanisms for adaptability to late planting, we conducted trials with promising cultures, standard checks, and local checks during 1984, 1985, and 1986. N as urea was applied at 60 kg/ ha in 2 split doses 75% incorporated at the last puddling, 25% 15-20 d later. P, potash, and Zn were applied as recommended. Seedlings were
Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh Mandya, Karnataka Pattambi, Kerala Titabar, Assam Chinsurah, West Bengal Malda, West Bengal Mohanpur, West Bengal Kharagpur, West Bengal Patna,Biha
20 Aug 1984 8 Sep 1986 20 Jul 1985 10 Sep 1985 3 Sep 1985 30 Aug 1985 30 Aug 1986 2 Sep 1986 15 Aug 1985
transplanted at 60 d, 20- 15-cm spacing, from late Jul to early Sep. All test varieties except CNM539 at
Pattambi could be planted late without any significant reduction in yield (see table).
Agronomic and yield characteristics of three elite upland rices in Tamil Nadu
P. G. Nayagam and S. Natarajan, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Paramakudi; and G. S. Pandian, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. Tamil Nadu, India
We evaluated 186 upland rice entries comprising local, indigenous, and exotic collections in upland experimental fields
at ARS from 1984 to 1987. Major entries were derived from hybrid combinations of two genotypes from different ecogeographic zones. They were compared with the local check Nootripathu and the improved check PMK 1. Three superior varieties PM1390, AD35850, and IET7564 performed better than the improved check PMKl (see table). The varieties are short statured (55 to 73 cm) and have medium, dense panicles
(16.4 to 19.5 cm) and 7 to 8 productive tillers. They mature in 90 to 110 d. Average maximum yields range from 2.6 to 3.1 t/ha. The screened cultures are highly resistant to drought as well as to lodging and are suitable for the eastern arid zone of Tamil Nadu.
Characteristics of elitee upland rice hybrid derivatives and local checks. Tamil Nadu, India, 1984-87. Variety PM1390 AD35850 IET7564 PMKl (improved check) Nootripathu (local check) Parentage IR13564/ASD4 ADT36/ADT29 IRAT8/N22 Co 25/ADT31 Local land race Plant height (cm) 73 59 55 90 74 Panicle length (cm) 19.5 18.6 16.4 19.0 18.2 Spikelets (no./ panicle) 75 69 59 66 64 Productive tillers (no.) 8 8 7 8 5 Duration (d) 110 108 90 115 110
yield
3.1 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.0
Av
(t/ha)
Complete slide sets of photos printed in Field problems of tropical rice, revised 1983, are available for purchase at $50 (less developed country price) or $60 (developed country price), including airmail postage and handling, from the Communication and Publications Department, Division R, IRRI, P. O. Box 933; Manila, Philippines. No orders for surface mail handling will be accepted.

GERMPLASM
Some panicle characteristics of rice germplasm from the Northern Province of Sierra Leone
A. H. Hilton-Lahai, Rokupr Rice Research Station (RRRS), PMB 736, Freetown, Sierra Leone
few nonshattering types were identified. The 1,000-grain weight varied widely (Table 2). That of most cultivars averaged 25-29 g; 5 had very small grains, and 6 had very large grains. Indigenous rice cultivars in Northern
Sierra Leone thus display wide variability in agronomic traits. After further evaluation, some of these cultivars could be used in breeding programs for specific traits to suit the needs of local farmers.
Characterization of important agronomic traits of locally grown rice germplasm in widely variable ecologies is useful to programs breeding rice for adaptability to diverse environments. The agronomic traits of 150 indigenous lowland rice cultivars collected in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone were evaluated at RRRS. Variations in panicle length and exsertion among the cultivars were low (Table 1). Most cultivars displayed good exsertion and low spikelet sterility, and a
Table 1. Variation in panicle length, spikelet sterility, and panicle threshability of indigenous rice cultivars from the Northern Province of Sierra Leone, 1987. Varietal frequency (no.) on the SES a scale of 1-9 13579 Panicle length Panicle threshability Panicle exsertion Spikelet sterility
a Standard

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Possibility of a ratoon crop from photoperiod-insensitive summer rices in calcareous sodic soils of North Bihar, India
B.N. Singh, S.P. Sahu, S.S. Pandey, Plant Breeding Department, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa 848125, Samastipur, Bihar; and J.S. Chauhan, Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Post Box 48, Hazaribag 825301, Bihar, India
Character
110 9 115
12 87
32 47 29 61
92 2
8 6
Of the 5.6 million ha under rice cultivation in Bihar, about 1 million ha are under irrigated summer rice cultivation (Mar-Apr to Jun-Jul). Crop harvest in Jul-Aug normally coincides with the monsoon rains, thus leaving little time for land preparation for the main wet season (WS) rice planting. A ratoon crop in WS would reduce labor
costs and free farmers for other field operations. We studied the ratooning ability of 24 advanced breeding lines Mar-Oct 1984 in an experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Forty-five-day-old seedlings were transplanted in 12-m2 plots at 23 seedlings/ hill, with plants spaced 20 cm between rows and 15 cm within a row. Fertilizer was 80-18-17 kg NPK/ha. N was in 3 splits: 25% basal, 50% at tillering, and 25% at panicle initiation. The soil was calcareous sandy loam with pH 8.4 and EC 0.495 m. At maturity the main crop was ratooned by cutting the stalks 15 cm above ground. Immediately after harvest, 40 kg N/ha was applied. Ratooning ability [(number of
evaluation system for rice. Performance of ratoon selections. Pusa, North Bihar, India, 1984 DS and WS. Ratooning ability (%) 85.8 88.8 87.8 94.9 59.4 94.0 94.5 68.8 91.8 74.3 Growth duration Main crop (d) 132 129 128 142 129 129 133 128 130 133 Ratoon crop (d) 57 57 57 59 49 59 59 49 61 57 % of main crop 43 44 45 42 38 46 45 38 47 43 Main crop (t/ha) 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 Grain yield Ratoon crop (t/ha) 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.3 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.1 % of main crop 59 44 58 71 48 57 36 59 67 52
Table 2. Variability in 1,000-grain weight of some indigenous rice cultivars from the Northern Province of Sierra Leone, 1987. 1,000-grain weight range (g) 17.6-19.5 19.6-21.6 21.7-23.0 23.1-25.0 25.1-27.0 27.1-29.0 29.1-31.0 31.1-33.0 33.1-37.0 Cultivars (no,) 5 10 19 27 17 36 30 0 6
Variety or line
CR222 MW 10 IET7617 Rasi RP1664-4461-693-1333 IR19743-25-2-2-3-1 RP1158-172-1 IET7613 CR215-55-44-1 IET3279 IR5B-36-70-1
regenerated hills in the ratoon crop/total hills in the main crop) 100] was evaluated 4 wk after main crop cutting. Only 10 of 24 breeding lines showed regeneration. Ratooning ability varied from 59.4% to 94.9%, and ratoon growth duration from 49 to 61 d (see table). Thus, ratoon crop duration was 38-47% of that of the main crop. Ratoon height was slightly reduced but
ratoon grain yield did not significantly differ. RP1664-4461-693-1333 had the highest ratoon yield (1.7 t/ha), and IET7613 the lowest (0.8 t/ha) (see table). The reduction in ratoon grain yield was due primarily to smaller and fewer panicles. The ratoon crop harvest first week Oct left ample time for the farmers to
plant another oilseed crop (rape or mustard), winter maize, or potato. But before adoption of rice ratooning in WS, the benefit-cost ratios of different cropping patterns summer rice ratoon rice - oilseed (or maize or potato) and summer rice - WS rice - oilseed (or potato or maize) should be compared.
Sequential tiller separation - a method for rapid rice seed multiplication

H.L. Sharma, H. Singh, H.S. Randhawa, D. P. Joshi, and M.R. Gagneja, Seed Research and Production Unit, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
To increase seed production of elite rice cultivars in a single season, we tried transplanting single tillers after repeatedly separating tillers. Five-dayold seedlings of 4 rice cultivars PR103, PR106, PR109, and Basmati 370 were transplanted 30 May 1986 at 40 seedlings each with 15- 30-cm spacing. Each seedling developed 3-6 tillers within 18 d.
Effect of sequential tiller separation and transplanting on number of plants, yield, and seed multiplication ratio. Ludhiana, India, 1986 summer. Split no. Plants (no.) 10 40 116 416 10 52 179 659 10 62 225 953 10 38 97 390 Seed yield (kg/ha) PR 103 1 5 10 20 PR 106 1 6 12 42 PR 109 1 8 20 55 Basmati 370 1 5 9 19 Seed multiplication ratio 200 781 1569 3302 250 1235 2598 9332 250 1468 3418 9705 125 481 931 1985
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Thirty seedlings of each cultivar were uprooted and their tillers separated with a sharp razor (split 1). The separated tillers were retransplanted at 15- 30cm spacing in such a way that all tillers of every 10 uprooted seedlings formed one strip, for 3 strips/variety. The schematic propagation of PR109 is illustrated in the figure. Ten days after the second transplanting, two strips of each variety were uprooted and the tillers separated (split 2). Those tillers were retransplanted 3 Jul. On 18 Jul, seedlings from one strip/cultivar were uprooted, tillers separated, and transplanted (split 3). Purple colored cultivar R575 was transplanted around all strips of all cultivars to control border effect. The effect of sequential tiller splitting and transplanting on number of plants, seed yield, and seed multiplication ratio is given in the table. Maximum number of plants was from the original 10 seedlings of PR109, the minimum was with Basmati 370. Average increase in number of plants, irrespective of cultivar, was 62. Seed yield did not increase in proportion to plant numbers. This may be due to reduced size and length of panicles, higher floret sterility, and reduced number of effective tillers. Increase in seed yield ranged from 16 times in Basmati 370 to 39 times in PR109, with an average of 27 times that of control. Highest seed yield after the last split was 55 kg in PR109. Basmati 370 yielded 19 kg seed. Sequential splitting and transplanting of rice tillers could help in rapid multiplication of elite and newly developed cytogenetic male sterile lines
for hybrid rice production. Small quantities of experimental hybrid rice seed also could be multiplied for testing across several locations in a single season.
Schematic of single season vegetative propagation of rice cultivar PR109. Ludhiana, India, 1986 summer.
Foliar application of polyamines, kinetin, and ascorbic acid and rice grain filling
M. Anbazhagan, R. Krishnamurthy, and K.A. Bhagwat, Stress Physiology Laboratory, Botany Department, M.S. University of Baroda, Baroda 390002, India
We examined rate of grain filling when polyamines, kinetin, and ascorbic acid were applied at preflowering. Three-dayold pregerminated cultivar GR3 seeds were sown in 8 kg puddled soils in plastic pots. Plants were thinned to three per pot. At 45, 47, 49, and 51 d after sowing, 10 mol of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and ascorbic acid and 2 ppm of kinetin were sprayed on the test plants. Rate of grain filling after panicle emergence was measured gravimetrically. Polyamine, kinetin, or ascorbic acid brought about early grain maturity (indicated by early optimum fresh weight compared to control) (see figure).
Effect of polyamines, kinetin, and ascorbic acid on grain filling in rice cultivar G-R3. Baroda, India.
Initial rate of filling was higher in all treatments. However, 6 d after panicle emergence, rate of supply from source to sink in the ascorbic acid treatment decreased dramatically, and those plants yielded less than control. In the kinetin
treatment, rate of grain filling was higher (as indicated by fresh weight) on day 6, but final yield did not differ from control. In the polyamine treatments, rate filling was far superior.
Contribution of aquatic tillers to grain yield in deepwater rice

P. K. Singh, R. Thakur, and N. B. Singh, Plant Breeding and Genetics Department, Bihar Agricultural College (BAC), Sabour, Bhagalpur 813210, India
Aquatic tillers, height, panicle length, and percentage contribution of aquatic tillers to single plant yield in transplanted (T) and direct seeded (D) deepwater rices. Bihar, India, 1983. Variety Desaria 8 Jaladhi 1 Parwapankh CD Cultivation method T D T D T D Aquatic tillers (no.) 2.7 1.2 2.5 1.5 4.0 1.0 0.2 Tiller height (cm) 80.2 279.7 71.2 152.0 61.2 118.6 Panicle length (cm) 14.3 24.4 16.3 24.0 16.4 23.0 0.8 Contribution (%) of aquatic tillers to single plant yield 54.9 26.9 54.9 13.9 44.2 14.5 7.5
Aquatic tillers in deepwater rice can contribute considerably to grain yield, if the water level rises early in the rainy season and peaks 4-8 wk before flowering. To assess the contribution of aquatic tillers to grain yield, floating rices Desaria 8 and Jaladhi 1, deepwater rice Parwapankh, and 2 cultivation methods direct seeding the last week of May and transplanting 60-d-old seedlings the first week of Sep 1983 were studied in a randomized block design with 3 replications in the BAC farm tank. Plot size was 9 4 m. More aquatic tillers were formed in transplanted than in direct seeded rice (see table). Direct-seeded rice suffered a long dry spell during early growth and
produced more basal tillers. Transplanting was done in 25-30 cm deep water that inhibited production of basal tillers. To compensate, the plants produced greater numbers of aquatic tillers. Highest average number of aquatic tillers was in transplanted Parwapankh. The longest aquatic tiller (279.7 cm) was in direct seeded Desaria 8, the shortest (61.2 cm) in transplanted Parwapankh. The longest panicle (24.4 cm) was in direct seeded Desaria 8,
and the shortest (14.3 cm) in transplanted Desaria 8. Contribution of aquatic tillers to grain yield was highest in transplanted rice.
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GRAIN QUALITY
Effect of simulated rain on head rice yields of varieties under delayed harvest
F. Cuevas-Prez and A. Hosein, IRTP Latin America, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aereo No. 6713, Cali, Colombia
Head rice yield slopes of varieties under 3 wk of delayed harvesting and the application of simulated rain. Variety BR IRGA 409 BR IRGA 410 Ceysvoni CICA4 CICA7 CICA8 Diwani EMPASC 104 INIAP7 INIAP415 INTI IR36 IR46 IR52 IR56 IR60 Metica 1 Oryzica 1 Oryzica 2 Sinaloa A80
a SR
Country of origin Brazil Brazil Surinam Colombia Colombia Colombia Surinam Brazil Ecuador Ecuador Peru Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines Philippines Colombia Colombia Colombia Mexico
Treatment a
b0
Regression equationb
b1 b2
tc 3.42* 0.84 ns 0.26 ns 9.56** 0.88 ns 5.36** 4.33** 7.15** 5.45** 4.70** 1.75 ns 1.56 ns 3.56* 4.61** 4.42** 3.68* 3.15* 6.60** 2.45 ns 0.02 ns
Rain can cause harvest delays and losses in rice milling quality. Cycles of high and low moisture can increase the proportion of broken grains during milling. To test the effect of continuous evening rain on the milling yield of rice, we stagger-planted 20 varieties to obtain simultaneous maturity in Palmira, Colombia, during 9 May-30 Oct 1986. Each variety was transplanted in plots of 9 rows, 10 m long and 30 cm apart. At maturity (20-25% moisture content), each plot was divided in half with a plastic curtain extending from ground level to 30 cm above the top panicle. Simulated rain was applied to one-half of the plots with an atomizer operated at a water pressure of 2 atmospheres, delivering 60 liters/ h and covering a diameter of 1.5 m. A timing clock regulated the daily application of moisture from 1800 to 0600 h for 3 wk. Both conditions were sampled each week. Samples were taken at 1100 h, regardless of environmental conditions. Grain moisture measurements at harvest indicated that misting resulted in mean values 2.5% higher (20.9 vs 18.4%) after the first week and 1.1% higher (13.0 vs 11.9%) after the second week. Misting had no significant effect on grain moisture content at harvest with a delay of 3 wk. Rough rice samples of 125 g were dried and milled using standard McGill laboratory equipment. Head rice yield slopes for each treatment within each variety were calculated (see table). Seven varieties showed similar slopes under simulated rain and control conditions, whereas the rest showed faster head rice reduction
SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C SR C
58.2 51.4 46.7 53.9 20.8 20.2 39.2 36.5 36.1 37.6 53.6 52.7 16.4 29.6 42.2 47.1 65.5 53.2 6 1.9 59.3 58.1 65 .0 35.8 31.7 40.4 32.7 27.9 22.4 48.0 44.3 46.1 49.3 42.5 46.3 60.3 56.2 53.8 51.6 47.0 53.3
0.432 1.635 1.575 1.251 1.847 1.265 1.768 1.732 2.569 1.541 1.455 0.133 0.886 0.668 0.755 2.173 4.310 1.507 5.795 4.439 0.083 0.016 3.732 2.323 5.312 3.228 3.599 1.258 4.587 2.183 2.345 0.595 1.234 0.280 4.057 1.476 5.419 3.643 1.435 1.502
0.010 0.074 0.015 0.012 0.059 0.034 0.073 0.087 0.080 0.031 0.029 0.055 0.057 0.013 0.018 0.158 0.080 0.024 0.211 0.179 0.109 0.088 0.109 0.051 0.168 0.084 0.122 0.029 0.125 0.019 0.027 0.067 0.006 0.078 0.087 0.007 0.142 0.061 0.124 0.125
= simulated rain, 15 min every hour from 1800 to 0600 h, C = control. b Y = b 0 + b1 t + b 2 t 2 , c b 1 SR R = 0.95. b ic Ho: = B 2SR b 2c ns, *, ** = nonsignificant and significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
when simulated rain was applied. Within the first group, varieties INTI from Peru and Sinaloa A80 from Mexico seem to have acceptable initial milling yields and a slow rate of quality loss, which suggests a certain degree of tolerance for delayed harvest. Within the group of varieties with faster rate of loss with simulated rain, BR IRGA 409
could also be classified as tolerant; such varieties could be useful in areas where delayed harvest is common and milling quality is demanded. Varieties Oryzica 2 and INIAP415 represent genotypes with acceptable milling yields when harvested on time, but would be discarded if milling evaluations included samples harvested 10-15 d after maturity.
IRRN 12:6 (December 1987) 11

DISEASE RESISTANCE
Evaluation of National Uniform Rice Yield Trial 1985 against bacterial blight (BB) in Pakistan
M. A. Akhtar and M. Akram, Crop Diseases Research Institute, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, P.O. Box 1031, Islamabad, Pakistan
Resistance of rice germplasm to bacterial blight (BB) at Ludhiana, India

R. K. Goel, R. S. Saini, and A. K. Gupta, Genetics Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab) 141004, India
Table continued. Mean lesion length (cm) 70 DAS 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.6 90 DAS 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 5.6 5.6 4.4 5.6 4.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.0 4.2 6.8 6.4 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.4 3.4 2.6 2.8 6.2 3.4 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.4 2.6 2.2 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.6 3.0 3.0 14.6
Cultivar or line name
BB incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye occurs in almost all provinces of Pakistan; it has caused considerable yield loss over the last 4 yr. We tested 19 rice cultivars for reaction to BB at 10 sites in different ecological zones under natural epiphytotic conditions in 1985. Lines were planted in 4-m2 plots at 20- 15-cm spacing in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Recommended agronomic practices were applied. Disease was measured according to the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES) 20 d before harvest. Lateefy and IR161-1-1-1 showed the highest mean disease score, DM16-5-1 the lowest (see table).
Response of rice cultivars to BB in Pakistan. Cultivar Lateefy IR161-1-1-1 DR83 Swat II Swat I Basmati 370-1 RGP135 DR82 KS282 IR6 IR42 IR16461 IR8-5 IR2153-276 IR1529-ECIA IR6-104 Jajai 77-1 Basmati 370 DM16-5-1
a Based
We evaluated a germplasm collection of rites obtained from various places in India and internationally for resistance to BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Each cultivar or line was planted in a 3-m row; standard agronomic practices were followed. At 70 d after sowing (DAS), each line was inoculated with isolate IXO-3, the most virulent of 11 isolates identified from the Punjab, using the standard clipping method. The inoculum consisted of 48h-old growth of the bacterium, multiplied on PSA at 25 C, at a
Mean lesion length and reaction of rice lines and cultivars to BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Ludhiana, India. Mean lesion length (cm) 70 DAS 90 DAS 2.6 1.4 1.6 2.6 1.0 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 1.6 3.0 1.6 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.6 3.4
IR27316-6-2-2 IR28154-101-3-2 IR2035-117-3 IR64
R at 70 DAS and MR at 90 DAS Amritsari HR 22 1.9 ARC5752 1.6 NCS16 1.6 ARC10486 1.9 TCA728 1.4 201-1-27 1.9 PR107 1.4 1.9 RP2068-32-2-3 1.9 RP1801-21-24-20-9 1.6 IR13475-7-3-2 1.6 HAU2-165-3-3 1.6 IR13525-43-2-3-1-3-2 1.9 IR15529-256-1 1.9 IR19728-9-3-2 1.6 IR25587-67-1-3-3-3 1.9 IR48 1.6 NCS211 1.6 CR333-6-2 (Jagannath/Mahsuri) 1.6 IR15527-21-2-3 1.9 IRl8350-93-2 1.6 HKR26 1.6 HKR36 MR at 70 DAS and R at 90 DAS Nagkayat (HB62) 3.2 Nagra 41/14 2.2 IR46830 (B)2.8 4.0 CR333-1-1-3 (Jagannath/Mahsuri CR333-1-15-2 (Jagannath/ 3.0 Mahsuri) 2.6 RP1800-14-11-22-4 3.4 IR13240-82-2-3-2-3-1 2.4 IR13538-48-2-3-1 3.0 IR15429-268-1-2-1 3.6 IR17492-18-6-1-1-3-3 3.6 IR25588-7-3-1 3.0 IR25863-35-3-3 2.4 IR28125-79-3-3-2 3.0 IR28154-101-3-2 IR54 3.0 2.6 IR56 IR58 3.0 Bahbolon 3.2 IR17492-18-6-1-1-3-3 3.0 2.6 IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 3.2 IR25587-133-3-2-2-2 3.4 IR27325-27-3-3 3.0 IR29692-65-2-3 2.6 IR31803-32-2 3.0 IR32307-107-3-2-2 HKR30 2.6 IR13475-7-3-2 3.8 2.4 IR13458-117-2-3-2-3 Susceptible check TN1 7.6
Cultivar or line name
Scorea 6.20 6.20 5.80 5.80 5.40 4.80 4.80 4.60 3.80 3.40 3.40 3.20 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.80 1.20 1.20 1.00 h h gh gh fgh efgh efgh defgh cdefg cdef bcde bcde abcd abcd abcd abc ab ab a
on 1980 SES scale. 0-9: 0 = no incidence, 9 = 26-50% incidence. Each score is the average of 10 locations in different ecological zones of Pakistan. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 1% level by Duncans multiple range test.
R at 70 DAS and 90 DAS Palman 579 1.9 NCS83 0.4 NCS84 0.4 TCA368 1.0 IR22 1.6 DZ78 1.8 IR46828-B 1.6 1.6 IR18350-93-2 IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 1.9 1.0 IR25587-133-3-2-2-2 IR25916-42-3-3-2-2 1.6 1.6 IR27325-63-2-2 IR29692-65-2-3 1.6 1.9 IR31803-32-2 1.6 IR42 1.6 IR46 IR4744-295-2-3 1.0 1.6 IR50 1.6 CR333-6-1 (Jagannath/Mahsuri) 1.0 B4032D-MR-1-3-1 1.6 IR15529-253-3-2-2-2 1.0 IR15529-256-1 1.0 IR15795-151-2-3-2-2 1.6 IR15797-74-1-3-2 1.9 IR25586-108-1-2-2-2
concentration of 109 cells/ mi. Lesion length was measured 14 d after inoculation. Rices with lesion lengths up to 25% of that observed on highly susceptible TN1 were classified resistant (R); those with lesion lengths 26-50% of that on TN1 were classified moderately
resistant (MR); the remaining lines were classified susceptible. The experiment was repeated at 90 DAS with lines classified R or MR in the first test. Of 800 lines or cultivars screened, 29 were R at 70 and 90 DAS; 22 were R at 70 DAS and MR at 90 DAS; 28 were
MR at 70 DAS and R at 90 DAS (see table). Some sources of resistance detected here are being used in a crossing program for detailed genetic analysis of resistance to X. campestris pv. oryzae.

INSECT RESISTANCE
Sources of resistance to rice thrips
R. Velusamy and K. Natarajamoorthy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
Severe thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) damage kills rice varieties IR20, IR50, Vaigai, and Bhavani in the seedling stage. We observed differences in levels of resistance to thrips in the rice germplasm collections maintained at
Table 1. Sources of resistance to thrips S. biformis (Bagnall). TNAU, Coimbatore, India, 1986. Country India USA France Japan China Nigeria Netherlands Taiwan USSR Total Source no. 74 5 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 95 Percentage 77.9 5.3 6.3 4.2 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 100
Paddy Breeding Station, TNAU. Hence, we field-evaluated 1,840 traditional rice cultivars for thrips resistance during Oct 1986. Seeds were sown in three 1-m-long rows at 1 seed/cm. Resistant Ptb 33 and susceptible TN1 checks were sown at random. TN1 seedlings were completely
killed at 20 d after seeding. Damage rating was based on Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale. This mass screening identified 95 resistance sources, more than 75% originating in India (Table l), most of them from Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Table 2).
Varietal resistance to rice hispa

Md. E. Haque, S. L. Durbey, and B. N. Singh, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Sarnastipur) 848125, Bihar. India
Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera Oliv. is becoming increasingly important in many Asian countries. Pest attack was severe in Madhubani, Darbhanga, and Samastipur districts of Bihar, India, during the 1983 and 1984 wet seasons (WS). Ten elite lines were screened in iron trays covered with cages in Pusa in 1984 WS. The lines were randomized and
replicated three times. One hundred hispa adults, collected from the field, were released when the plants were 15 d old (4-leaf stage). Percentage of damaged leaves, number of eggs laid, number of grubs, and grub survival percentage were recorded on 10 plants taken randomly in each replication (see table). Type 3, a scented rice variety from Uttar Pradesh, was least preferred by the insect. The resistance mechanism seems to be both nonpreference and antibiosis. Other lines including TCA4, IET6263, and Rajendra Shan 201 were highly susceptible.
Screening of rice varieties against rice hispa in cages. Bihar, India, 1984 wet season. Table 2. Sources of resistance to thrips from India, 1986. State Tamil Nadu Kerala Orissa Assam Karnataka Bengal Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Total Source no. 33 12 10 7 5 3 3 1 74 Percentage 44.6 16.2 13.5 9.5 6.8 4.0 4.0 1.4 100 Variety Radha (BR4) Saket 4 Type 3 Pankaj Rajshree (TCA80-4) IET6263 BR34 Rajendra Shan 201 TCA4 Sugandha CD (0.05%) CV (%) Damaged leaves (%) 90.0 74.4 59.7 70.1 84.6 87.9 88.5 93.9 95.6 82.9 4.2 3.7 Eggs (no./plant) 1.53 2.17 0.70 1.50 2.06 3.13 2.50 2.80 2.13 2.36 0.50 14.19 Grubs (no./plant) 1.5 2.2 0.7 2.4 2.1 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.1 1.5 0.6 16.2 Grub survival (%) 71.7 67.5 62.1 70.9 73.9 69.5 77.5 69.7 67.6 82.6 4.0 4.1

COLD TOLERANCE
Spikelet sterility in winter rice
P. P. Reddy, K.S. Rao, and N. Kulkarni, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station, Warangal 506007, India
Sterility varied from 2.7 to 18%. The lowest was in NLR26706 and the highest in WGL 33343 (see table). Varieties NLR26706, MTU2400,
RNR29692, and WGL 26358 recorded higher grain yields with low sterility and can be used in low temperature zones and in breeding programs.
Spikelet sterility appeared at epidemic levels in farmers' fields of the North Telangana Zone of Andhra Pradesh in winter 1983-84. Average minimum temperatures 20 d before flowering, from 26 Feb to 4 Mar 1984, were around 15 C (range 13.7-16.8 C). In 1983, temperatures averaged 21.3 C during the corresponding period. We screened 22 rice varieties sown in the 1983-84 winter season for spikelet sterility. Entries were planted in 10-m2 plots at 10- 15-cm spacing in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Sterile and healthy spikelets on 10 randomly selected panicles in each plot were counted. Genotypic differences for spikelet sterility were significant.
Sterility and grain yield of 22 rice cultivars under low temperature, 26 Feb-4 Mar 1984. Variety NLR26706 MTU 2400 WGL 47877 RNR29692 WGL 26358 WGL 48828 WGL 48684 WGL 33808 Pothana Tella Hamsa WGL 48001 WGL 6861 MTU6286 C73905 MTU6910 WGL 39966 IR50 RNR99181 WGL 44645 RNR99377 IR13525 WGL 33343 Sterility (%) 2.7 5.6 6.4 6.5 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.7 8.5 8.7 8.8 9.3 9.9 10.0 10.3 10.4 12.3 12.8 13.2 14.6 17.0 18.1 Grain yield (t/ha) 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.5 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.9 5 .0 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.8 4.6 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.0

DROUGHT TOLERANCE
Response of short-duration rice cultivars to drought stress
U.N. Dikshit, D. Parida. and D. Satpathy, Dryland Agriculture Research Centre, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
Twenty early-maturing rice cultivars from different sources were evaluated during the 1985 and 1986 wet seasons (WS) (Jun-Oct) under upland rainfed conditions along with check DR92 (a released variety) in a randomized block design with three replications. Seeds were sown directly in 6.0-m2 plots with a
spacing of 20 cm between rows and 10 cm within rows. Soil preparation, fertilization (60-60-40 kg NPK/ ha), and weeding were as in standard, wellmanaged plot trials. Rainfall was normal during 1985 WS but erratic in 1986, with a 16-d drought spell. The maturity period of all cultivars was longer by 2 to 27 d in 1986 because of severe drought stress (see table). The long drought spell and the prolonged maturity period reduced grain yield 1091%. A significant and positive correlation (r = 0.727) was obtained between maturity prolongation and yield reduction due to drought stress.
Performance of rice cultivars under drought stress. Bhubaneswar, India, 1985-86. Cultivar DR83-1 DR83-2 OR165-93-15 ORKM6 DR83-16 OR165-97-15 IET7613 IET7566 DR83-3 OR165-86-12 ORKM4 IET7564 IET7617 IET7261 IET7635 IET7625 IET7633 IET7614 IET7911 DR92 (check) CD (0.05) Days to maturity 1985 91 91 89 94 98 90 89 89 90 90 91 92 102 102 104 105 114 102 102 91 1986 104 104 104 110 110 112 100 105 109 113 105 119 116 114 118 120 116 112 112 102 1985 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2 .0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.2 2.6 0.3 Yield (t/ha) 1986 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.2 1.2 0.2 Yield reduction (%) 45 52 88 65 62 91 76 65 75 80 69 88 58 37 62 34 10 54
The yield differences among the entries were significant in both years. DR cultivars recorded higher yields than IET or OR cultivars. DR83-1 and DR83-2 in both normal and drought years outyielded the other entries, indicating their drought tolerance capacity.
Table 2. Effect of chlormequat chloride on rice yield. Semiliguda, Orissa, India, Jun-Sep 1979. Chlormequat chloride (ppm) 0 (water) 500 1000 500 1000 CD (0.05) Sprays (no.) 1 1 2 2 Time of spray (d after germination) 25 25 25,40 25,40 Grain yield (t/ha) Parijat 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 0.3 Subhadra 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 0.1
Response of rainfed upland rice to chlormequat chloride

B. K. Ghosh and S. K. Sahu, Plant Physiology and Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Departments, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
(Table 1). After germination, chlormequat chloride at 500 and 1,000 ppm was sprayed once or twice. Both varieties yielded significantly
higher when 500 ppm chlormequat chloride was sprayed twice (Table 2). The response was higher in Subhadra than in Parijat.

ADVERSE SOILS TOLERANCE
Screening for zinc deficiency tolerance in rice
B. N. Singh and R. Sakal, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar, India
Upland, rainfed rice yields in Orissa are very low because of continuous drought. The use of a growth retardant on rice may improve crop yield by enabling the plant to resist drought through root proliferation. We studied the effect of chlormequat chloride on the grain yield of rice at the Regional Research Station, Semiliguda, in Jun-Sep 1979. The soil was a clay loam (Ochrept) with pH 5.5, 0.852% organic matter, 9.5 kg available P/ha, cation exchange capacity 8.5 meq/100 g soil, and water-holding capacity 45%. Parijat (100 d duration) and Subhadra (90 d) were the test varieties. The crops suffered from intermittent drought at various growth stages
Table 1. Stages of growth and drought spells suffered by the crop. Semiliguda, Orissa, India, Jun-Sep 1979. Plant age Seedling Germination to day 4 Day 5 to 19 Day 20 to 40 Day 41 to 52 Day 53 Day Day Day Day 54 to 60 61 to 62 63 to 68 69 Vegetative Drought conditions No drought Drought No drought Drought No drought Drought No drought Drought No drought
Zn deficiency is becoming a major nutritional problem limiting rice yield. Genetic variability for tolerating it exists in rice genotypes. During the 1985 wet season at Pusa, severe Zn deficiency was observed in a varietal trial of 16 entries
grown in 15-m2 plots in 3 replications. The symptoms were severe 25-30 d after transplanting. The soil was a light, extremely calcareous (free CaCO3 39%) sandy loam (organic C 0.48%, pH 8.6, EC 0.50 dS/m). Scoring was based on percentage of hills affected in a plot (see table). Zn content of the third leaf from the top (five leaves from each replication, bulked) was determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Tolerant varieties had higher Zn concentration in
Zinc tolerance in rice varieties. Bihar, India, 1985 wet season. IET no. 3279 7614 7613 6148 7254 7564 7616 6223
a Based
Designation CR126-42-2 NC1626 RP1451-1712-4319 RP1670-1418-2205-1582 TNAU6464 TNAU(AD)103 RP1667-301-1196-1562 RP1888-4259-1529-126 IR25588-7-3-1 Pusa 4-11 Pusa 33 Pusa 2-21 ES29-5-3 RAU4004-127 CR222-MW10 IR25890-82-5-3
Cross Dungansali/IR8 Selection from land races Rasi/Fine Gora M63-83/Cauvery Bala/CO 13 Tiruveni/Amravathi CO 3 IRAT8/N22 RP79-5/Tella Vadlu IR19657-37-3/IR9129-209-2-2 Tadukan/IRB Improved Sabarmati/Ratna IR8/TKM6 MTUl5/Waikoku RP825-714-ll/CR113-32// IR9129-209-2-2
Score a 3 1 3 3 3 3 7 5 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9
Zn concentration (ppm) 28 38 29 24 28 27 16 22 14 16 19 17 13 12 13 13
Reproductive
Flowering and ripening Day 70 until harvest Drought
100%.
on percentage of hills affected in a plot: 1 < 1%, 3 = 1-5%, 5 = 6-25%, 7 = 26-50%, 9 = 51-
the leaves than susceptible varieties. NC1626, IET3279, IET6148, and IET7614 were tolerant. ES29-5-3,
RAU4004-127, and IR25890-82-5-3 had over 95% affected hills. The Zn content in the third leaf may be taken as a
criterion for screening a large number of lines and can be used for genetic studies.
TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE
Cold tolerance in dry season rice for deepwater areas of north Bihar, India
B. N. Singh and S. P. Sahu, Plant Breeding Department, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar 848125, India

Table 2. Grain yield of promising cold-tolerant lines. Bihar, India, 1985-86 dry season. Designation CR126-42-2 RP1451-1712-4319 RP1888-4259-1529-126 CR222-MW10 Rasi CR125-55-54-1 RP1670-1418-2205-1582 Saket 4 (check) CD (0.05) CV (%) cross Dungansali/IR8 Rasi/Fine Gora RP79-5/Tella Vadlu MTU15/Waikoku TN1/CO 29 WH18/MTU17//TN1 M63-83/Cauvery TKM6/IR8 Grain yield (t/ha) 1.04 1.19 0.98 0.72 0.62 0.92 0.82 0.62 0.14 27.6
We have studied growing irrigated rice in deepwater and low-lying areas during the Dec-May dry season since 1980. In the eastern part of Bihar, adjoining West Bengal, semidwarfs Jaya, Pusa 2-21, and local cultivars are grown on about 10,000 ha. In some regions, the temperature drops to 5 C the last week of Dec to early Jan. Those areas need cold-tolerant lines. An experiment with 20 genotypes was laid out during the 1984 dry season. Entries were seeded 27 Oct 1984 by the wet method and transplanted 22 Dec in a deepwater plot puddled with residual water. Plot size was 9.4 m 2 in a randomized block design with 2 replications. P and K at 26 and 25 kg/ha was basally applied and 40 kg N/ ha was topdressed at tillering and at panicle initiation. Six irrigations were given as necessary. Temperature reached 5 C the last week of Dec and many varieties did not survive. However, 8 varieties had more than 50% survival
Table 1. Cold tolerance in different rice genotypes. Bihar, India, 1984-85. Designation IET7617, IET7613, IET6223 Rasi, CR251-55-54-1, IET7614 IET3279 Saket 4 Br 34, RD201, Rewa 353-1 ES 21-2-5 IR19743-25-2-3 Pusa 2-21, Sita, IET7564, Rewa 353-2 IET6148, IET7970 Seedling survival (%) 81-100 71-80 61-70 51-60 41-50 31-40 21-30 11-20 0-10
(Table 1). Br 34, a photoperiod-sensitive variety, did not flower. All other varieties flowered and were harvested in May. The eight cold-tolerant lines were in yield trials during the 1985-86 dry season. Each entry was planted in 24-m2 plots at 20- 15-cm spacing in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The nursery was sown 25 Oct 1985 by the wet method and transplanted 23 Dec 1985 after plots
were puddled with the receding water of deepwater plots. Fertilizer was 80-18-17 kg NPK/ ha. One-fourth N and all P and K were applied basal; one-half N was applied at maximum tillering, and one-fourth N at panicle initiation. Harvest was at the end of May. Yield data show RP1451-1712-4319 and CR126-42-2 as promising (Table 2). Brown leaf spot was a problem at the seedling stage; stem borer at transplanting and harvesting.

DEEP WATER
Sudha, a new deepwater rice variety in Bihar, India
B. N. Singh, S. P. Sahu, and R. Thakur, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar 848125, India
Sudha, the popular name given TCA72 (IET8977), has been released for rice areas with up to 100 cm water depth in Bihar. It can be direct seeded in deepwater areas in Mar or transplanted or direct seeded in May-Jun in rainfed lowland waterlogged areas (25-50 cm).
Sudha was selected for its nonshattering grain type and resistance to tungro and sheath rot (Table 1). It has drought tolerance at vegetative and reproductive stages. It is 150-200 cm tall, depending on water depth. It is photoperiod-sensitive, flowering around 22-25 Oct. Grain is long and slender (length 7.37 mm, width 2.37 mm, 1ength:breadth 3: l), and 1,000-grain weight is 27 g. The husk is straw colored and the kernel light red. It is resistant to leaf spot and moderately resistant to bacterial leaf
blight and stem borer. It has green foliage without basal leaf sheath pigmentation and can be used as a marker for identifying shattered grains of Janki, which has a purple basal leaf sheath, in deepwater plots. In 1982-86 deepwater rice yield trials, average yield at Pusa experiment station was 1.6 t/ha, compared to 1.4 t/ha for check variety Janki (Table 2). In 77 deepwater minikit tests in farmers fields 1984-85, it yielded an average 2.1 t/ ha compared to 1.8 t/ha of check. In all India coordinated trials during 1984, its average yield at deepwater locations was 2.4 t/ha, compared to 2.1 t/ha of checks. Maximum yields were 3.2 t/ha in 1985 on-farm trial at Deoria Kothi, East Champaran, and 3.7 t/ha in 1984 at Malda, West Bengal. Breeder seed is being produced at Pusa, Bihar.
Table 1. Varietal reaction to diseases and pests in Bihar, India. Variety Sudha Janki Br 8 T141
a By
Disease score a Tungro 3 3 7 7 Brown spot 3 5 5 5 Bacterial blight 5 7 7 7 Sheath rot 1 3 7 7 Stem borer 5 6 6 6
the Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale.
Table 2. Yield performance of Sudha in Pusa, India, 1982-86. Variety Sudha Janki CD (0.05) CV (%) Maximum water depth (cm) Grain yield (t/ha) 1982 2.0 1.8 0.25 19.4 50 1982 2.1 1.7 0.26 8.3 30 1983 2.0 1.9 0.49 17.5 80 1984 1.0 0.8 0.33 19.0 120 1985 0.8 0.8 ns 47.9 90 1986 1.7 1.6 95 Average 1.6 1.4
NC493, a promising variety for rainfed deepwater areas

S. Mallik, S. Biswas, N. K. Mitra, and B. K. Mandal, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah 712102, India
Performance of NC493 in state and national trials, India, 1979-85. Trial Sites Local check 1979-82 Pankaj, Mahsuri, and Tilakkachari IET7976 Tilakkachari Tilakkachari Tilakkachari Tilakkachari 1983 Yield (t/ha) NC493 3.9 Local check 2.8 Max water depth (cm) 75
The 1985 Annual Rice Workshop of the Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, has recommended NC493 (IET8989); a pureline selection identified at Chinsurah, as a promising variety for semideep water (50-100 cm) in West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Tripura. In 9 state adaptive trials 197982, NC493 averaged 39% higher grain yield than checks Pankaj, Mahsuri, and Tilakkachari (see table). NC493 is photoperiod sensitive and flowers in late Oct. It is medium tall (I 50 cm) and tillers moderately (7-9). The panicle is about 25 cm long with good exsertion and golden color glumes. The glumes are 10.1 mm long; shape index is 3.9; 1,000 grain weight, 23 g. Seed dormancy is strong. It is resistant to bacterial blight and blast, moderately resistant to brown spot, and moderately susceptible to sheath blight, bacterial leaf streak, and yellow stem borer. NC493 yielded an average 3.1 t/ha (2.4 t/ ha for check) over 46 locations and has been recommended for minikit demonstration trials in farmers fields.
State adaptive PVT-5
Nine sites
Chinsurah Cuttack Patna Pusa Gaghraghat Malda Hyderabad Cuttack Sabour Karimganj Bhubaneswar Pulla Four sites Arundhutinagan Patna Malda Cuttack Gaghraghat Aduthurai Masodha Ranital Karimganj Pulla Five sites Mean
4.6 4.2 2.6 1.6 0.7 5 .0 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.6 2.3 1.5 3.1 7.4 3.6 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.0 3.1 3.1
2.5 2.6 1.8 1.5 0 4.2 2.4 0.7 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.2 2.7 4.5 1.8 2.7 3.1 2.0 2.6 0.8 1.2 1.3 0.7 2.8 2.1
46 42 na 65 60 40 50 na na na 100 70 na na na 70 na 53 50 34 45 90 70 na
UVT-5
Physiology screening UVT-5
1984 CN540 (Suresh) IET9168 CR210-1018 Jantu NC492 (Sabita) OR142-105 Mahsuri NC492 (Sabita) 1985 Pizam Janki (C64-117) Janki (C64-117) CR1030 Madhukar CR1009 Tl00 CR 1009 Janki (C64-117) PLA1100 NC492 (Sabita)
Physiology screening
a na
= not available.

HYBRID RICE
Retardation of heading in male sterile and restorer lines using paclobutrazol
Rui-chi Pan and Guang-jian Liang, Biology Department, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
Flowering synchronization in parent plants is a key problem in increasing
hybrid rice seed yields. Heading can be promoted by GA 3 treatment, but no one has reported delay in heading by growth regulators. We sprayed an aqueous solution of 75 ppm paclobutrazol at 11 ml/m 2 on rice plants at the pollen mother cell formation stage of a cytoplasmic male sterile line (Zhen Shan 97A) and a
Table 1. Effect of 75 ppm paclobutrazol solution on the heading of cytoplasmic male sterile line and restorer line of rice, Guangzhou, China, 1985-86. Line Restorer line IR64 IR64 Cytoplasmic male sterile line Zhen Shan 97A Zhen Shan 97A Zhen Shan 97A Zhen Shan 97A
a d
Sowing date
Treatment date
Beginning of heading a Control 14 Jun 8 Sep 12 14 9 9 Jun Sep Jun Jun

c
Treated 16 Jun 10 Sep 15 18 12 15 Jun Sep Jun Jun
11 Mar 1985 3 Jul 1986 12 17 7 7 Apr Jul Apr Apr 1985 1986 1986 1986
b
4 Jun 30 Aug 2 Jun 4 Sep 29 May b 29 May c 3 Jun d
10% of the panicles have exserted. Second treatment.
First treatment, no second treatment.
First treatment.
restorer line (IR64) growing in the field. Endogenous GA 3 content was determined by leaf sheath bioassay. Paclobutrazol treatment reduced endogenous GA 3 content in panicles (paclobutrazol is an antigibberellin). After treatment, elongating rate of the topmost internode decreased. Beginning of heading was delayed 2-4 d with 1 treatment and 4-6 d with a second treatment 5 d after the first treatment (Table 1). Foliar spray of GA3 solution counteracted the retardative effect of paclobutrazol and the plants recovered their height or were even taller (Table 2). The pollen in treated plants developed normally, so did the seeds of the treated and the next generation. Using paclobutrazol spray at panicle differentiation could adjust synchronization of flowering in male sterile lines and pollen parents and should be conducive to higher crossed seed set.
Table 2. Effect of paclobutrazol (Pac) and GA3 on internode lengtha of mature rice plant Zhen Shan 97A. Guangzhou, China, 1986. Treatment lstb 0 75 75 75 75 5 d later 0 0 75 ppm Pac 30 ppm GA3 50 ppm GA3 Topmost internode Length (cm) 20.0 b 16.6 c 10.2 d 20.2 b 22.5 a % 100 83 51 101 112 2d internode Length (cm) 13.0 b 12.9 c 6.5 d 13.3 b 23.1 a % 100 84 50 102 178 3d internode Length (cm) 7.1 6.6 6.0 6.9 25.2 b b b b % 100 93 84 97 354 4th internode Length (cm) 3.4 b 3.4 b 2.8 b 3.0 b 11.3 a % 100 100 83 90 337
b Conducted
1-4 internodes Length (cm) 43.4 b 37.5 c 25.8 d 43.4 b 82.1 a % 100 83 59 100 189
ppm Pac ppm Pac ppm Pac ppm Pac
a Means
followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by Duncans multiple range test. formation stage.
at pollen mother cell
Evaluation and use of male sterile systems in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Nguyen Van Luat and Pham Cong Voc, Cum Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI), Oman, Hau Giang, Vietnam
We evaluated in 1983-86 10 male sterile (A) lines and their corresponding maintainer (B) lines introduced from
China and IRRI. A and B lines were transplanted in a row ratio of 2:4. Sowing times were adjusted to synchronize flowering. Seedlings were transplanted at 20- 15cm spacing and received 70-40-30 kg NPK/ ha. Rope pulling was used to supplement cross pollination but flag leaves were not clipped and GA 3 was not applied.
Agronomic traits and disease and insect reactions were recorded. Percentage spikelet sterility was determined by bagging five panicles from three plants of each A line at heading in the greenhouse. To estimate outcrossing pollination rate, 20 plants were harvested. V20A, V41A, Zhen Shan 97A, and Yar ai zhao A did not perform well in
Characters of male sterile lines evaluated in 1983-86 at CLRRI, Omon, Hau Giang, Vietnam. Male sterile (A) Maintainer (B) Maturity (d) Height (cm) Tillers (no.) Panicle exsertion Spike1et sterility (%) Seed setting (%) Wet season 2 6 2 9 9 9 7 8 6 10 Dry season 21 18 26 27 17 13 30 20 28 19 Disease reactiona Wet season BB 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 ShB 7 7 7 7 5 7 5 Dry season ShR 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 Bl b 2 3 5 5 4 3 6 8
V20A V41A Zhen Shan 97A Yar ai zhao A MS519A IR46829A IR46830A IR46831A IR48483A IR21845-90-3A (IR54752A)
V20 V41 Zhen Shan 97 Yar ai zhao IR24 IR19792-15-2-2 IR19807-21-2-2 Jikkoku Surranai 52-37 MS365 IR21845-90-3 (IR54752B) CV (%) LSD (0.05)
89 95 93 97 120 95 102 110 110 140
75 80 78 77 95 75 76 85 80 110 12.6 14
10 9 9 8 12 14 16 18 18 12 15.7 3
Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair
100 100 100 95 85 97 100 92 100 95
5 5
Field evaluation. b Evaluated in 1986 blast nursery according to IRRI Standard evaluation system for rice scale.
terms of plant type and reactions to diseases, especially to sheath blight (ShB) (see table). But they showed higher spikelet sterility. IRRI improved lines IR46830A, IR48483A, and IR21845-90-3A (IR54752A) had acceptable phenotype
with heavy tillering. They were resistant to blast (Bl) but moderately susceptible to bacterial blight (BB) and sheath rot (ShR) in the field. Seed setting in A lines was lower in the wet season than in the dry season. In general, IRRI improved A lines
showed better adaptability to local conditions than the A lines from China. However, V20A, IR46830A, IR48483A, and IR54752A grew reasonably well and could be used to develop rice hybrids in Vietnam.
Susceptibility of A lines and B lines to bacterial blight (BB)

R.C. Yang, Fujian Agricultural College, Fuzhou, China
Fifteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae were used to
inoculate male sterile (A) lines V20A and Zhen Shan 97A, and their corresponding maintainer (B) lines during the first growing season of 1985. The test was in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plants were inoculated at booting with a bacterial suspension of about 109
Susceptibility of A and B lines to BB. a Fuzhou, China, 1985. Lesion length (cm) Isolate group III IV III IV III III IV III IV III II III III I I
a Significance
cells/ml, using the clipping technique. Length of lesion was measured 3 wk after inoculation on a sample of 20 leaves/plot. Cytoplasm affected the expression of BB reaction significantly and interaction between nucleus and cytoplasm was detected (see table). A lines were less susceptible than the B lines.
Isolate no. A 83476-2 79113-4 83500-1 83505-1 82409-3 83498-1 82443-1 82400-1 80153-1 83470-2 81267-1 83485-3 79048-1 81259-7 81317-3 26.9 27.1 26.0 25.6 25.1 23.1 22.8 23.5 25.3 23.0 23.5 23.4 21.5 9.0 7.3
Zhen Shan 97 B 29.4 28.5 28.2 28.1 27.0 26.8 26.2 27.3 26.5 24.4 27.1 23.4 24.7 9.7 8.1 A-B a 2.5* 1.4 2.2** 2.5* 1.9** 3.7* 3.4* 3.8* 1.2 1.4 3.6* 0.0 3.2* 0.7 0.8 A 26.5 25.8 28.7 26.6 21.2 22.9 24.6 21.6 23.1 20.8 21.0 23.8 16.1 9.9 7.5
V20 B 28.8 26.1 27.8 27.3 24.0 25.0 25.1 23.1 22.9 21.7 22.9 22.6 17.9 10.7 7.6 A-B 2.3* 0.9 1.0 0.7 2.8* 2.1 ** 0.5 1.5 0.2 0.9 1.9** 1.2 1.8** 0.8 0.1
The International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN) invites all scientists to contribute concise summaries of significant rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to one or two pages and no more than two short tables, figures, or photographs. Contributions are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors will be identified by name, title, and research organization.
at the 1% (**) and 5% (*) levels.
Yield evaluation of F 1 hybrids in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Pham Cong Voc and Nguyen Van Luat, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI), Omon, Hau Giang, Vietnam
Yield, heterobeltiosis, and standard heterosis of some promising F 1 hybrids identified at CLRRI, Omon, Hau Giang, Vietnam, 1986. Year 1983-84 F1 hybrid V20A/NN4B 97A/NN4B NN4B CV (%) LSD (0.05) IR48483A/IR36 IR48483A/IR54 NN3A CV (%) LSD (0.05) IR46831A/OM90 NN7A CV (%) LSD (0.05) V20A/NN3A NN3A CV (%) LSD (0.05) IR46831A/OM90 NN7A CV (%) LSD (0.05) Yield (t/ha) Dry season 6.5 5.5 4.8 15.3 1.1 5.8 5.5 4.8 16.7 0.4 5.3 4.4 13.0 0.5 Wet season 6.6 5.2 12.7 0.6 6.2 5.2 13.6 0.6 Heterobeltiosis (%) 33.39 17.57 Standard heterosis (%) 16.1 1 10.50
We evaluated 29 FI hybrids introduced from IRRI and 60 FI hybrids developed at CLRRI in yield trials with 3 replications 1983-86. Single seedlings were transplanted at 22 d, at 20- 15cm spacing in 2- 2.5-m plots. Fertilizer was 40-30 kg PK/ha applied as basal and 75 kg N/ha in 3 equal splits: at puddling, tillering, and panicle initiation. Nine percent of the combinations yielded significantly higher than check varieties NN3A and NN4B. The promising F1 hybrids had 10-33% positive heterobeltiosis and 11-22% standard heterosis (see table).
1984-85
19.91 10.00
19.91 14.10
1985-86
21.31
22.27
1985
26.67
26.67
1986
17.73
17.78
TISSUE CULTURE

Induction of productive semidwarf mutants of Basmati rice
M.S. Sajjad and M. A. Awan, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Performance of semidwarf mutants and parent Basmati 370 in micro yield trial. a Faisalabad, Pakistan, 1983-84.
Mutant or variety Basmati 370 SDM18 (15 kR) SDM20 (15 kR) SDM22 (15 kR) SDM24 (20 kR) SDM25 (20 kR) SDM38 (25 kR)
a In
Plant height (cm) 177.0 a 132.8 b 133.2 b 134.1 b 132.8 b 131.5 b 131.8 b
Productive tillers (no./plant) 9.3 b 10.9 a 11.8 a 11.3 a 11.8 a 11.3 a 12.0 a
Panicle length (cm) 30.6 a 28.0 c 28.3 29.2 b 29.2 b 28.3 28.4 c c c
Grains (no./panicle) 112.3 a 121.6 a 119.5 a 127.3 a 127.4 a 124.3 a 118.0 a
Panicle fertility (%) 85.3 a 89.1 a 88.9 a 89.1 a 89.6 a 89.5 a 89.3 a
1,000grain wt (g) 21.3 a 19.1 b 19.3 b 19.3 b 19.3 b 19.1 b 19.5 b
Yield (t/ha) 3.6 b 4.5 a 5.1 a 5.2 a 5.4 a 5.2 a 5.2 a
Basmati rices are prized for their good cooking quality and aroma. Basmati 370, isolated from the local germplasm, currently is cultivated predominantly in Punjab Province. The cultivar is matchless in cooking quality and aroma, but is tall and has weak straw, so that it is unable to respond to fertilizer and to withstand lodging. Hybridization involving the Dee-GeoWoo-Gen dwarfing gene source has been tried to modify these two inherent characters. Induced mutation could be another approach. We induced semidwarf mutants of Basmati 370 during 1980. Healthy uniform seeds of Basmati 370 with 14% moisture content were exposed to 0, 15, 20, and 25 kR from a
a column, figures followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level of significance by DMRT.
60Co
source (5,000 seeds/ treatment). Seedlings were transplanted 1/hill at 15- 15-cm spacing to suppress profuse tillering. Three first-emerging panicles per plant were harvested and bulked by treatment. The M2 was grown at 1
seedling/ hill, 20- 20-cm spacing. Some semidwarf mutants were selected and their breeding behavior studied during 1982-83. True-breeding mutants (gross plant size 8 m 2) were tested in a micro yield trial during 1983-
84, in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Seedlings were transplanted at l/hill, 20- 20 cm spacing. Fertilizer was 80-40-0 kg NPK/ ha. All mutant lines were 24-26% shorter than Basmati 370 (see table), but panicle
length and 1,000-grain weight were significantly inferior. Mutant strains were similar in grains per panicle and panicle fertility. Their yield potential was 25-51% higher than that of Basmati 370. The attribute of mutant lines that may enhance yield potential seems to be
higher number of productive tillers per plant. All the mutants exhibited semidwarf plant posture along with higher yielding capability, and may be used directly and indirectly as new gene sources for short culm for Basmati rices.
Pest Control and Management

DISEASES
Effect of sclerotia size of Rhizoctonia solani on infectivity on rice plants
Yin Shangzhi and T. W. Mew, IRRI
Table 2. Effect of R. solani sclerotia size and number on infectivity on rice plantsa in the greenhouse. IRRI, 1985. Number inoculated Lesion length (mm) 0.7 0.7 mm 0 0 0 9.5 10.4 1 1 mm 10.5 11.4 14.0 15.2 16.5 1.5 1.5 mm 17.8 19.2 20.2 20.6 20.7 2 2 mm 20.6 21.1 22.0 22.2 23.7 Lesion number
Sclerotia of R. solani, the causal organism of rice sheath blight (ShB), are produced in large numbers on infected plants and often drop to the soil after harvest. Because they can survive for a long time, they tend to accumulate in the soil and are a primary source of inoculum. We examined sclerotia size and distribution in a naturally infested field and the effect of sclerotia size and number on infectivity of rice plants. Surface soil from a ShB-infested ricefield was collected after harvest and processed in the laboratory. The sclerotia recovered were measured and grouped by size. The effect of sclerotia size and number on infectivity was tested by inoculating detached rice leaves and rice seedlings with different size and numbers of sclerotia recovered from soil or grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Sclerotia produced naturally, sizes 1 1, 1.5 1.5, 1.8
Table 1. Effect of R. solani sclerotia size on infectivity on detached rice leaves. a IRRI, 1985. Sclerotia (mm) 2 1.8 1.5 1
a Data
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
aRice
0 0 0 2.9 5.2 4.3 5.1 8.2 11.8 13.6 12.4 14.9 16.3 17.0 17.4 10.3 14.5 22.5 28.4 31.6
1.2 to 5.1 and average lesion size from 9 4 to 19 5.6 mm as sclerotia size increased from 1 1 to 2 2 mm (Table 1). On seedlings in pots, average lesion number increased from 0 to 31.6 and lesion length from 0 to 23.7 mm, as sclerotia size increased from 0.7 0.7 to 2 2 mm and sclerotia numbers from 1 to 5 (Table 2).
Time of spraying to control sheath rot (ShR)

P. Vidhyasekaran and H. D. Lewin, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai 612101, India
We studied the effective time for fungicide application to control rice ShR in the greenhouse in two trials, five replications each. The pathogen Acrocylindrium oryzae Sawada was multiplied in rice grain
Table 1. ShR development after fungicide sprays. TRRI, Aduthurai, India. ShR intensity at given days after treatment 5d Carbendazim 0.1% Captafol 0.l25% Thiophanate methyl 0.1% Carboxin 0.2% Tridemorph 0.1% Mancozeb 0.25% Pyroquilon 0.1% Iprodione 0.1% Validamycin 0.1% Kasugamycin 0.1% Check CD
aNonsignificant.
cultivar IR36. Disease scoring 5 d after inoculation. Average tiller number/pot = 18.
size b
Lesions c (no.) 5.1 4.3 2.8 1.2
Lesion sized (mm) 19 17 13 9 5.6 4.5 4.1 4
2 1.8 1.5 1
collected 4 d after inoculation. bSclerotia recovered from naturally infested soil. c Numher counted on each leaf blade inoculated: 2 replications with 10 blades each. d Av size lesion measured.
1.8, and 2 2 mm, were inoculated at 1/leaf blade. Sclerotia produced on PDA, sizes 0.7 0.7, 1 1, 1.5 1.5, and 2 2 mm, were inoculated at 1 to 5/pot of seedlings. Lesions induced were counted and measured. Sclerotia recovered from soil were 1 to 3 mm in size. The distribution frequency were 2.18% size 2 2 mm (or bigger), 12.18% 1.8 1.8 mm, 26.73% 1.5 1.5 mm, and 58.91% 1 1 mm. Sclerotia size had a significant effect on infectivity. On detached rice leaves, average lesion number increased from
8
Treatment
10 d 3.7 0 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.3 7.7 1.5
15 d 6.3 6.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.3 7.7 7.7 7.1 7.0 8.3 ns a
0 0 2.3 3.7 3.0 2.3 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 1.2
Table 2. Effect on ShR of frequent spraying of fungicides. TRRI, Aduthurai, India. Fungicide Carbendazim 0.1% Frequency of spraying (d) 3 5 10 15 3 5 10 15 Disease intensity a 0 0.6 4.6 7.4 3.4 3.4 4.6 6.2 6.6 a a
Chemical control of rice false smut

S. Ray, Nematology Department, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, (OUAT), Bhuhaneswar 751003, India
Captafol 0.125%
b b b
Unsprayed check
a
c c
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
False smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke) Tak. is a minor disease that usually occurs sporadically in ricefields. It rarely becomes serious in susceptible varieties. We conducted a fungicidal trial in 1982 on CR1014, a popular susceptible
variety, with 10 treatments in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The chemicals were sprayed 4 times at 5-d intervals at the boot leaf stage. Disease incidence was calculated as percentage of panicles showing smutted grains in a randomly selected 1-m 2 area in each treatment. CuO and TB significantly reduced disease incidence (see table). There was no significant difference in yield due to treatments.
Effect of fungicidal sprays on false smut incidence. OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India, 1982. a Treatment Application rate (ai/liter) 2.5 g 0.2 ml 1.2 g 1.8 g 1.0 g 0.5 g 1.8 ml 0.5 g 0.5 ml Disease incidence angular (%) values 0.42 0.63 4.41 3.12 5.67 4.13 1.66 4.45 6.37 4.41 2.18 (0.16) (0.03) (0.59) (0.32) (1.00) (0.59) (0.13) (0.63) (1.31) (0.61) Grain yield (t/ha) 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.1 2 .0 ns
medium and individual grains were inserted by forceps into the leaf sheaths of CO 43, a susceptible cultivar. Only the boot leaf sheath was susceptible to the disease; all other leaf sheaths showed no symptoms. Different fungicides were sprayed at boot leaf emergence. A grain containing the fungus was inserted into the boot leaf sheath 24 h later. Disease development was assessed at intervals. When the entire leaf sheath was infected, thus preventing panicle emergence, the plant was graded 9; grades 7, 5, 3, and 1 showed decreasing disease intensity, with 0 as no infection. Fungicide captafol and carbendazim effectively controlled the disease up to 10 d after spraying. But at 15 d after treatment, none of the fungicides gave any protection (Table 1). These results suggest that captafol and carbendazim are only fungistatic against the pathogen, not fungicidal. For effective protection, fungicides must be sprayed more often than once in 15 d. In another experiment, the fungicides were sprayed and the fungus was inoculated 24 h later. Spraying was repeated once every 3 d 5 times, every 5 d 3 times, every 10 d 2 times, and every 15 d 2 times. Final disease intensity was assessed 3 d before harvest. Carbendazim sprayed every 3 or 5 d gave complete protection throughout the crop period. Captafol sprays at intervals of 3, 5, or 10 d and carbendazim sprayed at 10-d intervals also gave significant protection. However, the fungicides sprayed at 15-d intervals were ineffective (Table 2).
Copper oxychloride (CuO) Thiophanate benzyl (TB) Captafol Maneb Benomyl Carbendazim Zineb MBC Organophosphate Check (water) CD (0.05)
a
Mean of 3 replications.
Silica reduces disease on upland rice in a high rainfall area

M. Yamauchi and M. D. Winslow, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria
The effect of silica in reducing disease in lowland rice is well known, but reports of its effect on upland rice are few. Highly weathered, leached acid soils in
high rainfall upland areas might be expected to be low in available silica. Trials at IITAs high rainfall station at Onne in southeast Nigeria examined the effect of silica on diseases in upland rice. The soil is a Typic Paleudult with coarse-loamy texture, pH 4.3, and low effective cation exchange capacity (2.86 meq/ 100 g soil in the top 15 cm). Exchangeable Al is the dominant cation. Minerals in the clay fraction are mainly kaolinite, with a small amount of
Effect of silica application on fungal diseases of upland rice. a Onne, Nigeria, 1986 wet season. Variety Silica treatment Disease score b Sheath blight 1.7 1.0 3.7 3.0 1.0 1.0 Leaf scald 3.7 1.7 5.7 4.3 1.0 1.0 Neck blast 3.0 2.3 4.3 2.3 4.3 1.0 Grain discoloration 7.0 3.7 5.0 3.0 3.0 1.0
ITA212 (lowland semidwarf) ITA303 (upland semidwarf) OS6 (upland tall)

a
Without With Without With Without With
Means of 3 replications. b Standard evaluation system for rice.
recorded in March 1985 but at lower severity. Initial spots on the leaves are 0.52.5 mm long and 0.5-1.0 mm wide, oblong, white to creamish white, delimited by narrow brown margins,
amphigenous, and interveinal. They spread basipetally from the leaf tips in a linear manner. The spots gradually coalesce and form white streaks on both surfaces of the leaves.
ITA212, a lowland variety, also yields well in the high rainfall uplands. But it is susceptible to grain discoloration (left). Silica greatly reduced the disease (right).
Cellular inclusions in rice grassy stunt virus (GSV)-infected rice

F. C. Sta. Cruz and H. Hibino, IRRI
goethite. Annual rainfall averages 2,500 mm. Silica as sodium silicate was applied before sowing at 400 kg/ ha. Control and treated plots received 60-26-50 kg NPK/ha. Disease intensity was markedly reduced on silica-treated plots (see table). The greatest effect was in reducing grain discoloration (see figure) and neck blast. Varieties differ in inherent resistance to these diseases; generally, semidwarfs are most susceptible. However, all varieties tested benefited from silica application.
GSV-infected TN 1 plants were collected 1 mo after inoculation for electron microscope observation. Ultrathin sections showed an association of two types of inclusions in GSV-infected plants. No similar structures were observed in healthy plants. Fibrils grouped in bundles were abundant in mesophyll and phloem cells. The fibrillar inclusions were free either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm
(Fig. 1) or bounded with membrane in the cytoplasm. Similar inclusions were also found in vacuole and chloroplasts. Another type of inclusion observed in the sieve tube consisted of tubular structures associated with particles 18 nm in diameter (Fig. 2). The occurrence of tubular structures was less frequent than that of fibrillar inclusions. Similar fibrillar inclusions were observed in plants infected with maize stripe virus, rice stripe virus, and rice hoja blanca virus. Those viruses are similar to GSV in morphology and vector-virus interactions. The four can be classified in the same group.
Effect of neem oil on tungro (RTV) infection in susceptible and resistant varieties
K. E. A. Aiyanathan and P. Narayanasamy, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
White leaf streak disease on rice in India

D. K. Nayak, H.S. Chakrabarti, and A. Pal, Rice Research Station (RRS). Chinsurah, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
White leaf streak disease was first reported by Deighton and Shaw in Papua New Guinea in 1960. The causal organism was designated as Rumuluriu oryzae. Subsequently, the fungus was renamed Mycovellosiella oryzae (Deighton & Shaw) Deighton. In India Mycovellosiella (= Ramularia ) was recorded on several dicotyledonous plants. Until now there has been no report of the occurrence of this genus on cereals except for sorghum in India. The disease was noticed in the ricefields of RRS Chinsurah, in Sep-Oct 1984. Pronounced symptoms appeared on cv. Ratna in Oct during the milk to soft dough stage. The disease was again
1. Fibrillar inclusions (f1) in nucleus (n) and cytoplasm of a mesophyll cell (35,000X). m = mitochondria.
RTV-susceptible and resistant cultivars were inoculated using 1, 3, and 5 viruliferous green leafhoppers (GLH) Nephotettix virescens per plant. Neem
2. Tubular inclusions (ti) associated with tiny particles in a sieve tube of GSV-infected rice leaf (35,000X). m = mitochondria. cw = cell wall. st = sieve tube.
Effect of neem oil on RTV infection in susceptible and resistant varieties inoculated using different numbers of insects. Coimbatore, India.
oil (5%) was applied to seedlings 2 h before inoculation. Increasing the number of insects increased infection from 50 to 95% in susceptible ADT31 and from 5 to 35% in resistant TNAU831520 (see figure). In
ADT31, neem oil significantly reduced infection rates when 1 GLH was used for inoculation. A similar reduction was observed with inoculation using 3 or 5 GLH/plant.
All treated plants of TNAU831520 were free of infection when one GLH was used for inoculation. Neem oil reduced infection to 10% in resistant plants inoculated using 3 or 5 insects.
Some pathological and physiological diseases of rice in Punjab

M.S. Kang and I. Singh, Plant Disease Clinic (PDC), Plant Pathology Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Diseases in samples of rice in Punjab, India, 1980-85. Disease Bacterial blight Sheath rot False smut Sheath blight Bacterial leaf streak Acid rain Zn deficiency Fe deficiency N deficiency Diseased samples (%) 1980 71 3 5 4 3 0 13 0 0 1981 28 19 1 7 0 0 17 6 16 1982 13 19 5 5 0 0 50 0 3 1983 10 27 8 3 0 0 28 15 8 1984 10 6 7 3 0 1 10 5 8 1985 44 2 2 1 4 2 8 4 3
In Punjab, rice is grown as a wet season crop May-Oct. With the release of highyielding varieties IR8, Jaya, and PR106, the area under rice cultivation has increased from 258,000 ha in 1966-67 to 1,703,000 ha in 1985-86. Samples of diseased rice plants received for diagnosis by PDC 1980-85 are shown in the table. Bacterial blight appeared in 71% of the samples in 1980, then its incidence declined to 1985, when it increased to 44% samples infected. Sheath rot has threatened the most
popular variety PR106. False smut has recently gained importance, with infection in 1-7.5% of the samples. Stem rot caused by Sclerotium oryzae, considered to be very severe before the introduction of high-yielding varieties,
was conspicuously absent from the samples received. This could be due to rice - wheat rotation. Bacterial leaf streak appeared occasionally in 1980 and 1985. Blast and brown leaf spot seem unimportant now.

INSECTS
Antifeedant effect of sublethal levels of carbofuran against whitebacked planthopper (WBPH)
G. Liu and R.M. Wilkins, Agricultural Biology Department. University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
Table 1. Antifeeding effect of carbofuran on macropterous WBPH females. a Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Treatment method Leaf (g/cm2) Concentration 0.159 0.079 0.016 0.0 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 Quantity of amino acids in honeydew b (g dry weight/female per 24 h) 28.6 a 33.7 a 43.8 b 63.9 c 23.3 a 34.5 a 54.1 b 77.9 c 105.6 d 18.5 a 23.0 b c 30.9 d 36.2 e 46.9 f 56.8 Antifeeding response (%) 54.7 46.9 31.3 78.1 67.6 48.6 25.7 68.4 59.7 47.4 36.8 17.5
Topical (ng/female)
We evaluated the antifeedant effect of sublethal levels of systemic insecticide carbofuran against WBPH Sogatella furcifera (Horvath). Three treatments were tested: topically treating WBPH with carbofuran solutions in acetone, using a no-soil root-zone application to susceptible glasshouse-grown TN1 rice plants, and treating leaves of potted TN1 plants with acetone solutions using a fine brush. Recently emerged (3-5 d)
Root zone (M)
Within a treatment method, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 by Duncans multiple range test. No mortality was observed with any concentration (i.e., less than 5% mortality). Temperature 26 1. b Mean of 3 replications: quantity of amino acids in honeydew measured colorimetrically using glutamic acid as standard.
macropterous females were used in all experiments, with 3 replications. Antifeedant effect of sublethal levels of carbofuran on WBPH was measured as an antifeeding response: B-A 100 Antifeeding response (%) = B where A = quantity of honeydew excreted by carbofurantreated WBPH adults and B = quantity of honeydew excreted by untreated WBPH adults. As honeydew is produced by a WBPH population, response can be represented as the means of carbofuran concentration causing 50% reduction in feeding (AFC 50), calculated by probit regression.
Table 2. Calculated probit regressions and LC 50 or AFC 50 values for responses of macropterous WBPH femalesa treated with carbofuran. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Treatment Leaf (g/cm 2) Topical (ng/g) Root zone (M)
a Mean g/cm2
Response Mortality Antifeed Mortality Antifeed Mortality Antifeed
Regression equationb y = 2 . 81+3 . 11x y = 4 . 38+0 . 60x y = 1 96+2 86x y = 4 17+0 85 x y = 2 . 19+2 . 97x y = 3 . 99+1 . 05x
. . . .
LC50 or AFC50 0.51 0.11 865.6 6.72 8.82 0.90
Fiducial limits
Efficiency indexc 4.8 128.9 9.8
} 656-1126 4.48-9.70 } 7.45-10.45 0.64-1.27 }

0.44-0.58 0.05-0.23
female body weight = 1.34 mg. y indicates probit, x indicates log (concentration); units are in leaf, ng/g in topical and micromolar (M) in root-zone treatments. cEfficiency index = LC50 /AFC50.
Corresponding toxicities (LC50) were determined at 24 h for leaf (indirect) and topical (direct) treatments and at 48 h for root-zone (indirect) application. As contact of insects with carbofuran
increased, antifeeding response at lower concentrations became more evident (shown comparatively at the 50% level by the efficiency index) (Tables 1 and 2).
Rodent damage in Punjab ricefields, Pakistan

A.A. Khan, Vertebrate Pest Control Laboratory, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, P.O. Box 8401, Karachi University Campus, Karachi 32, Pakistan
Estimated rodent damage and yield reduction in standing rice in major rice-growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. District and site Sheikhupura Ferozwala Sheikhupura Nankana Sialkot Pasroor Sialkot Daska Gujranwala Hafizabad Wazirabad Gujranwala Damage (%/ha) 2.72 2.17 5.55 5.27 2.83 4.04 3.95 5.32 3.63 Area sampled (ha) 22.06 26.1 1 13.17 25.50 24.90 25.30 25.30 24.49 23.48 Tiller damage (%) 9.99 6.29 24.37 22.40 11.74 17.04 16.67 21.72 14.22 Yield reduction (%) 7.40 3.54 22.40 20.35 9.23 14.75 14.37 19.64 11.81
Preharvest rice crop losses in Pakistan are due primarily to three species of field rats. The lesser bandicoot or Indian mole rat Bandicota bengalensis is the most common pest. This species cuts the
Rodent damage to standing rice in 3 districts of Punjab, Pakistan.
tillers of the rice crop between nursery and seed hardening stages and also hoards grain. The short-tailed mole rat Nesokia indica and the soft-furred rat Millardia meltada are also important rodent pests. We surveyed crop losses to rats in three major rice-growing districts of Punjab: Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, and Sialkot. A multistage sampling technique was used to select subdistricts, villages, and farms; 468 fields on 52 farms were examined and about 100 hills measured for rat injury in each field 2 wk before harvest. Damage was widely distributed (see figure) 94.1% of the fields surveyed had damaged tillers. In 78.3%, damage averaged 1.7%;
in 15.7%, damage averaged 2.6%. About 52% of the dry fields had rodent burrows inside. The number of burrows on a damage transect line averaged 0.52/field. Estimated rat damage is summarized in the table. Average cumulative tiller damage was 16.1%, or 3.9%/ha. Damage in Sialkot and Gujranwala districts were similar. Damage calculated was 15.8% for Basmati and 15.5% for IRRI-6. In Sheikhupura district, IRRI-6 and Basmati did not differ significantly in susceptibility to rat damage (P>0.05). In Sialkot and Gujranwala, the difference between varieties was significant (P<0.05). Varietal susceptibility within
the three districts was significant. There were no significant differences within varieties in the three districts. Regression analysis developed on simulated rat damage studies indicated that 13.7% yield was lost to rat depredation.
Composition of the rice leaffolder complex in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

R. Rajendran and M. Gopalan, Agricultural Entomology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
We identified different genera of rice leaffolder or leafroller. Adult moths collected at 2-wk intervals in the wetland ecosystem were sorted based on wing markings. Two genera or species were identified: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalis. C. medinalis accounted for 86% of the moths collected (see table).
Rice leaffolders in Tamil Nadu, India, 1987. Collection date 1 Jan 15 Jan 1 Feb 15 Feb 1 Mar 15 Mar 1 Apr 15 Apr 1 May 15 May 1 Jun 15 Jun Total Moths collected (no.) C. medinalis 25 41 33 23 33 37 32 34 26 30 29 33 376 M. patnalis 7 9 9 7 3 6 1 2 9 3 3 6 65
Camera-lucida drawings of the types of abdominal lobes in female N. lugens biotype populations from Korea. Magnification, 78.75X. Number of brachypterous (BRAC) and macropterous (MAC) females of 3 Korean biotypes of N. lugens with different types of abdominal lobes. IRRI, 1987. Morph Biotype Total insects observed 57 77 60 60 50 53 Insects (no.) with given abdominal lobe types a I 23 19 30 20 8 12 II 14 7 3 0 0 0 III 9 5 4 6 3 3 IV 10 19 15 17 19 10 v 1 27 8 17 20 28
X2
BRAC
1 2 3 1 2 3
41.70**
MAC
11.93
a I normal lobes; II right and left lobes with discontinuous cut 0.167 mm from posterior tips; III right lobe with continuous or discontinuous cut, left lobe normal; IV right lobe normal, left lobe with continuous or discontinuous cut; V right and left lobes with distinct cuts 0.167 mm from the posterior tips.
Abdominal lateral lobe variations in females of Nilaparvata lugens biotypes from Korea
H. G. Goh, R. C. Saxena, and A.A. Barrion, Entomology Department, IRRI
Three biotypes of N. lugens isolated in Korea have been maintained for years on differential rice varieties: biotype 1 on variety Chucheongbyeo (no gene for
resistance), biotype 2 on Cheongcheongbyeo (Bph 1 gene), and biotype 3 on Milyang 63 (bph 2 gene). Female brachypters and macropters randomly collected from stock cultures of the 3 biotypes and fixed in 70% alcohol were brought to IRRI, where 50-77 individuals/ biotype were cleared and mounted on glass slides for morphological investigations. Among N. lugens females, five types of abdominal lobes were observed (see figure). The number of brachypterous females of different abdominal lobe types significantly differed among biotypes (see table). Type I lateral lobe
was most frequently found in biotype 3 and biotype 1 and least found in biotype 2. Type V lateral lobe was more common in biotype 2 females than in biotype 3 and biotype 1 females. The number of macropterous females in each category did not significantly differ among biotypes.
Nira variety - a susceptible host for mass rearing rice thrips Srenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall)
E. B. Medina and R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI
Effect of insecticide treatment at different rice crop stages on carryover of yellow stem borer (YSB)
H.V. Pandya, A.H. Shah, and M.S. Purohit, Entomology Department, N.M. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
Peak infestation of rice by thrips occurs during late Jul-Oct and Jan-early Apr in the Philippines. For a continuous supply of thrips to screen rice germplasm for resistance and for associated basic studies, suitable rice varieties are needed for thrips mass rearing. We evaluated thrips population growth on varieties Nira, Dawn, TN1, Pankhari 203, IR42, TKM6, Rexoro, and Kinanda (all considered susceptible) and Dahanala 2220 (resistant). Three-week-old seedlings of each variety grown in pots (15-cm-diam) at 5 seedlings/pot were infested with 5 pairs of male and female thrips and covered with snug-fitting mylar cages, with 5 replications/entry. Eggs, larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults on each plant were counted 14 d after infestation (DI). Increase in thrips population was significantly higher on Nira; Dahanala 2220 had the lowest population (see table). The suitability of Nira for thrips mass rearing was further evaluated by exposing to natural thrips infestation potted Nira plants at 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 d after transplanting. Regardless of plant age, no significant differences in thrips establishment were observed. Even older Nira plants could be used to maintain a thriving thrips culture year-round.
Populations of thrips S. biformis on different rice varieties. a IRRI, 1986. Variety Nira Dawn TN1 Pankhari 203 IR42 TKM6 Rexoro Kinanda Dahanala 2220
a
YSB larvae hibernating in rice stubbles can carry over infestation if continuous cropping is practiced. We studied the effect of insecticides applied at various crop growth stages on the intensity of hibernating larvae. The 2-season
experiment with 10 treatments was in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Larval population after harvest was determined by splitting 10 randomly selected stubbles from each treatment plot and counting the larvae found. The number of hibernating larvae was lowest with the maximum protection treatment, followed by maximum protection except during ripening (see table). Other treatments had comparatively higher numbers of hibernating larvae.
Effect of insecticides applied at different crop stages on YSB carry-over. Navsari, India, 1986 summer and wet season. Treatmenta Maximum protection Maximum protection except in seedbed Maximum protection except at vegetative stage Maximum protection except at reproductive stage Maximum protection except at ripening stage Seedbed protection only Vegetative stage protection only Reproductive stage protection only Ripening stage protection only Control (no protection) CD (0.05)
a
Hibernating larvae (no.)/l0 stubbles per plot 1986 summer 4.0 4.8 4.8 5.3 4.4 9 .0 7.8 5.3 6.8 9.6 0.3 1986 wet season 2.2 3.2 3.2 4.0 2.9 6.8 5.8 3.6 4.8 7.8 0.3 Pooled 3.1 4 .0 4.0 4.6 3.6 7.9 6.8 4.4 5.8 8.7 0.3
Maximum protection = seedbed protection: carbofuran 3 G at 0.5 kg ai/ha 5 d before transplanting; vegetative stage protection: foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.036% at 5 and 25 d after transplanting (DT), application of carbofuran 3 G at 1.0 kg ai/ha at 15 DT, and foliar spray of fenitrothion 50 EC at 0.05% at 35 DT; reproductive stage protection: foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.036% at panicle initiation and flowering; ripening stage protection: foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.036% at soft dough stage.
IRRI acc. no. 6309 02029 105 5999 36959 237 143 3882 50730
Thripsb (no.) at 14 DI 56 a 41 b 37 bc 33 bcd 28 bcd 24 cd 23 cd 18 d 0.60 e
Effect of some insecticide formulations against newly emerged yellow stem borer (YSB) larvae
H.V. Pandya, A.H. Shah, and M.S. Purohit, Entomology Department, N.M. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
Effect of some insecticide formulations against newly emerged YSB larvae. Navsari, India. Treatment Monocrotophos Fenitrothion Cypermethrin Carbaryl Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methyl parathion Water No treatment CD (0.05) Formulation 36 WSC 50 EC 25 EC 50 WP 20 EC 20 EC 50 EC Larval mortalitya (%) 68.9 65.9 60.1 52.1 63.1 39.7 61.6 12.6 8.4 1.4
Av of 5 replications. b From 25 pairs of males and females. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine the efficacy of some insecticide formulations against newly emerged larvae of YSB Scirpophaga incertulas. Aqueous 0.04%
a Av of 3 replications. Data converted to angular values.
IRRN 12: 6 (December 1987) 27
concentration solutions of 7 insecticidal formulations were applied as foliar spray on egg masses. Distilled water and no treatment were the controls. Em masses were observed daily for 10 d. Monocrotophos 36 WSC was most effective in killing newly emerged YSB larvae, followed by fenitrothion 50 EC and chlorpyrifos 20 EC (see table).
Table 1. Percent of S. biformis adults that settled on seedlings of resistant and susceptible rice varieties 1, 4, 16, 32, and 48 h after infestation (HI) in a free-choice test. a IRRI, 1987. Variety IRRI acc. no. Adults (%) that settled on seedlings 1 HI 3.2 c 34.2 a 10.3 c 20.3 b 25.3 b 4 HI 0.9 e 27.8 b 13.7 d 21.2 c 35.9 a 16 HI 0.9 d 25.3 b 15.8 c 20.9 bc 36.8 a 32 HI 1.8 d 22.8 b 16.4 c 17.5 c 40.7 a 48 HI 3.5 21.5 17.5 19.7 36.1 c b b b a
Dahanala (resistant check) 50330 BJ1 256 237 TKM6 ASD7 6303 Nira (susceptible check) 6309
Preference, oviposition response, and population growth of Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) on selected rice varieties E.B. Medina and R.C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI Several rice varieties with resistance to thrips have been identified by mass screening at IRRI. We compared thrips' preference, oviposition response, and population increase on varieties BJ1, TKM6, ASD7, Dahanala 2220 (resistant check), and Nira (susceptible check). Preference test. Pregerminated seeds of each variety were sown singly near the periphery of 30-cm-diam clay pots filled with paddy soil, with 10 pots/variety. At the first true-leaf stage, a small glass vial containing 10-cm-long rice leaf cuts with 100 thrips adults was placed in the middle of each pot, which was covered with a snug-fitting mylar cage. Thrips settling on each seedling were recorded at 1, 4, 16, 32, and 48 h after release. Oviposition response. Five- to sevenday-old seedlings with roots wrapped in moist cotton were placed singly in 20 by 2.5 cm glass test tubes (5 tubes/variety) and infested with 5 pairs of newly emerged males and females. The adults were removed after 2 d and the eggs laid on each seedling counted. Population increase. Three-week-old rice seedlings (5 seedlings /15-cm-diam pot) were infested with 25 pairs of newly emerged male and female thrips and the pots covered with a mylar cage. Thrips eggs, larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults in each cage were counted 14 d after infestation. In the preference test, thrips adults discriminated between susceptible and
a In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. Av of 10 replications, 100 adults/pot.
resistant varieties soon after release (Table 1). At 1 h after release, significantly more adults had settled on susceptible Nira than on resistant Dahanala 2220. After 4 h or longer, significantly more adults were on Nira than on seedlings of other varieties; Dahanala 2220 was the least preferred. Dahanala 2220 and TKM6 were the least preferred for oviposition; Nira was most preferred (Table 2). The population increase was highest on Nira and lowest on Dahanala 2220. Factors affecting resistance or susceptibility of rice varieties to thrips are being investigated.
Table 2. Oviposition response and population increase of S. biformis on plants of resistant and susceptible rice varieties. a IRRI, 1987. Eggs laid (no./5 females) in 48 h 0.3 d Thrips b (no.) at 14 d after infestation 0.2 17.2 b 9.2 c 18.2 b 90.6 a d
Variety Dahanala 2220 (resistant check) BJ1 TKM6 ASD7 Nira (susceptible check)
a
1.2 c 0.5 d 2.1 b 4.9 a
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. Av of 5 replications. b From 25 pairs of males and females.
Ovicidal activity of insecticides against yellow stem borer (YSB)

H. V. Pandya, A.H. Shah, and M.S. Purohit, Entomology Department, N.M. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari 396450, Gujarat, India
Ovicidal activity of insecticides at 0.04% concentration against YSB. a Gujarat, India. Insecticide Monocrotophos Fenitrothion Cypermethrin Carbaryl Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methyl parathion Control 1 (water spray) Control 2 (no treatment) CD (0.05)
a
Unhatched eggs a (%) 63.2 33.4 15.6 11.5 61.7 26.9 60.3 8.1 6.0 0.5
YSB Scirpophaga incertulas (Wlk.) is an internal rice borer pest. Satisfactory control can be achieved by spraying a persistent insecticide with ovicidal activity. We laboratory-tested 7 insecticides monocrotophos, fenitrothion, cypermethrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and methyl parathion at 0.04% concentration for their ovicidal activity against YSB. YSB egg masses collected from ricefields were sprayed with aqueous solutions of insecticide. Control I was sprayed with distilled water and control 2 was untreated. The experiment was replicated three times.
Av of 3 replications. Data were converted to angular values.
Both treated and untreated egg masses were placed in petri dishes lined with moistened filter paper and observed daily for 7 d. Highest ovicidal activity was with monocrotophos, followed by chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion (see table).
Species composition of Nephotettix in Tamil Nadu

S. Vennila and P. C. Sundara Babu. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
We collected Nephotettix specimens from 12 rice-growing centers in Tamil Nadu: Kancheepuram, Tirur, Vellore, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Aduthurai, Madurai, Ambasamudram, Nagercoil, Paiyur, Coimbatore, and Bhavanisagar.
Specimens were separated on the basis of morphological characters and sent to IRRI for identification. Two additional species besides those already identlfied N. virescens (Distant) and N. nigropictus (Stl) were found (see table). For the additional species N. malayanus Ishihara and Kawase and N. modulatus Melichar, only females were found. Previous records of N. malayanus in India are available from Calcutta and Malabar Coast. N. modulatus, an
African and Malagasian species, is reported for the first time in Asia. All four species were recorded at Coimbatore only. N. virescens was found at all sites and was the only species at Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, and Nagercoil. N. virescens dominated in all places. When N. nigropictus was recorded, it was next to N. virescens. N. nigropictus was found in seven places, N. malayanus in two, and N. modulatus in six.
Nephotettix species in different regions of Tamil Nadu, India. Species composition a Locality Nephotettix spp. (no.) N. virescens no. Kancheepuram Tirur Vellore Cuddalore Tiruchirappalli Aduthurai Madurai Ambasamudram Nagercoil Paiyur Coimbatore Bhavanisagar
a
N. nigropictus % no. 4 17 % 1.96 15.45 16.91 8.00 12.50 13.19 13.79
N. malayanus no. % 1.06 2.77
N. modulatus no. 1 4 8 10 % 1.35 1.96 7.28 5.29 8.33 6.90
74 204 110 44 233 189 278 25 31 32 144 29
73 196 85 44 233 177 231 23 31 28 109 23
98.65 96.08 77.27 100.00 100.00 93.65 83.09 92.00 100.00 87.50 75.71 79.31
47 2 4 19 4
12 2
= not found.
New genetic makeup of brown planthopper (BPH) populations in Central Java, Indonesia
K. Sogawa, Soekirno, and Y. Raksadinata. Indonesia-Japan Joint Programme on Food Crop Protection, Directorate of Food Crop Protection, P. 0. Box 36, Pasarminggu, Jakarta, Indonesia
BPH populations had been below the economic injury level on IR36 and Cisadane until recently. However, BPH populations which started to infest Cisadane in Yogyakarta in 1985 became prevalent in Central Java this year. Development of populations that could break down Cisadane resistance was closely related to the spread of new high-yielding national varieties Krueng Aceh and Sadang, whose genetic resistance to the BPH is rather vulnerable.
1. Honeydew excreted by adult females of Yogyakarta and Jatisari populations of the BPH on selected rice varieties. Mean and 95% confidential ranges are indicated by spot and bar, respectively.
Bioassays demonstrated that Central Java populations could feed and reproduce on Cisadane, Krueng Aceh, and Sadang as readily as on susceptible Pelita I/1, but not on IR36, IR42, and IR54 (Fig. 1). Inability to feed on ASD 7 clearly distinguishes Central Java populations from biotype 3 (Fig. 2). Central Java populations were characterized by selective virulence on a certain group of varieties with the BPH resistance gene bph 2 and were distinct from North Sumatra populations, which can infest all varieties with the bph 2 gene. Such differences in virulence between Central Java and North Sumatra populations corresponded to the level of BPH resistance in the varieties on which both populations developed. This indicates that BPH populations are able to modify their biotypic makeup in accordance with quantitative
Honeydew excreted (mg/female per day)
2. Honeydew excreted on ASD7 by adult females of Yogyakarta populations collected from 4 different places, and Bogor biotypes 1, 2, and 3 maintained on Pelita I/1, IR26, and ASD7, respectively.
as well as qualitative variations of genetic resistance in host varieties to maximize their fitness values. Central
Java populations pose a problem with nomenclature of BPH biotypes in the field.
Artificial diet for rearing rice leaffolder (LF)

Z. R. Khan, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya, and Entomology Department, IRRI
Several artificial diets for lepidopteran insects were evaluated for rearing LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene). A modified velvetbean caterpillar commercial diet was the most suitable. The diet consisted of 1,500 ml water,
Rearing rice LF on an artificial diet. a) Inverted clear plastic cups with artificial diet, b) LF larva feeding on the diet, c) LF pupa in the plastic cup, and d) a LF pupa and an adult developed on the diet. IRRI, 1987.
17.5 g agar, and 230 g dry mix. Six to eight grams of the diet was placed in a clear plastic cup (4.5 cm long, 4 cm diam) and baked in a 35C oven for 24 h to evaporate excess water (too much humidity in the cup was found to be detrimental to survival of first-instar larvae). Two newly emerged first-instar larvae of C. medinalis were released in each cup and the cups covered with snug-fitting lids. The cups with larvae were inverted in an incubator at 27 2C, 65-70% relative humidity, and 12:12 photoperiod (see figure). Survival and growth of the insect were monitored daily, and compared with insect growth on 30-dold susceptible IR36 rice plants. Larval development on this diet (1421 d, 16.2 d average) was almost the same as on IR36 plants (17 d). The percentage of larvae completing development was also quite high (93%). Average pupal weight was 21.02 mg, compared with 17.8 mg on IR36 plants. Average longevity of males (8.3 d) and females (9.6 d) was similar to that of insects reared on susceptible rice plants (7.8 and 9.3 d). Average fecundity of females reared on the artificial diet (182 eggs/ female) was similar to that of
females reared on IR36 rice plants (163 eggs/female). We will be studying LF growth, development, longevity, and reproduction on this artificial diet for several generations.
Effect of insecticides on GM and its parasite Platygaster sp. Madurai, India, 1986 wet season. Treatment Chlorpyrifos Cartap Formulationa (%) 10 G 4G 3G 40 EC 36 WSC 35 EC Dose (kg ai/ha) 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.5 GM incidence (%) 20 DAT b 8.4 (2.87) 5.8 (2.38) 3.8 (1.95) 4.4 (2.07) 5.4 (2.26) 9.9 (3.12) 14.5 (3.77) (0.6) Parasitization (%) 30 DAT c 90.0 (75.0) 60.0 (50.8) 60.0 (50.8) 53.0 (46.9) 76.0 (61.2) 80.0 (63.4) 86.0 (68.8) (6.7)
Effect of insecticides on rice gall midge (GM) and its parasite Platygaster sp.
G. Logiswaran, C. Durairaj, and P.C. Sundara Babu, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, India
Carbofuran Chlorpyrifos Monocrotophos Phosalone Control CD (P = 0.05)

aG
We studied the effect of three granular and three liquid insecticides on GM and the occurrence of its parasite Platygaster sp. during 1986 wet season. Treatments were applied 35 d after transplanting. GM incidence (% affected tillers) was estimated 20 d after treatment (DAT). Parasite occurrence was estimated 30 DAT by calculating percentage of puparia parasitized. GM incidence was significantly lowest with carbofuran 3 G treatment, which was on par with chlorpyrifos 40 EC,
= granule, EC = emulsifiable concentrate, WSC = water-soluble concentrate. bFigures in parentheses are x values. cFigures in parentheses are arc sine values.
monocrotophos 36 WSC, and cartap 4 G (see table). Percentage of parasitization was lowest with chlorpyrifos 40 EC, which was on par with carbofuran 3 G and cartap 4 G. The insecticides effective on GM were toxic to the parasite. The highest
percentage of parasitization was recorded with chlorpyrifos 10 G, indicating that it is safe for the parasite; the EC of the same insecticide recorded the lowest percentage of parasitization, indicating that it is highly toxic to the parasite.
Toxicity of five insecticides to the cricket Metioche vittaticollis (Stal) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), a predator of some insect pests of rice
E.G. Rubia and B.M. Shepard, Entomology Department, IRRI
Toxicitya of 5 insecticides to M. vittaticollis. IRRI insectary, 1985. Insecticideb BPMC Monocrotophos Cypermethrin Carbosulfan Buprofezin LD50 (after 24 h) g/g 4.51 (3.433-5.833) 0.4008 (0.316-0.500) 0.1442 (0.109-0.184) 0.2308 (0.164-0.300) >41,667 0.05416 0.00481 0.00173 0.00277 g/insect (0.0412-0.0700) (0.00380-0.00601) (0.00131-0.00221) (0.00197-0.00361) >500
The use of selective insecticides is important to protect the natural enemies of insect pests of rice. We studied the toxicity of some commonly used insecticides to M. vittaticollis, a predatory cricket in ricefields. Test compounds from different groups of chemicals were used: BPMC, buprofezin, carbosulfan, monocrotophos, and cypermethrin. Insecticides were applied topically using a microapplicator. Mortality was recorded 24 h after treatment. Based on LD50 (g/g), the order of decreasing toxicity of the 5 insecticides to M. vittaticollis was cypermethrin > carbosulfan > monocrotophos >
a Fiducial limits in parentheses. b Calculated as ED (the dosage that will give 50% mortality and 50 abnormalities of the test animals).
BPMC > buprofezin (see table). The growth inhibitor buprofezin was not toxic and did not affect the molting of M. vittaticollis nymphs.
These results suggest that using selective chemicals such as buprofezin will conserve important biological control agents such as M. vittaticollis.
The International Rice Research Newsletter and the IRRI Reporter are mailed free to qualified individuals and institutions engaged in rice production and training. For further information write: IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

WEEDS
Ludwigia species most prevalent broad-leafed weeds in wet zone ricefields of Sri Lanka
J. P. N. R. Chandrasena, Botany Department, University of Colombo, P.O. Box 1490, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka
Occurrence and levelsa of infestation of Ludwigia hyssopifolia and L. decurrens in 4 ricegrowing districts in the wet zone of Sri Lanka, 1984-85. District Fields (no.) sampled 176 80 168 234 176 80 168 234 Fields (no.) with given level of infestationsb 0 9 4 4 14 158 14 18 226 1 2 3 57 20 36 32 22 47 2 4 3 9 3 4 9 2 2 Frequency of occurrence (%) 94.8 95.0 97.6 94.0 11.4 82.5 89.3 3.5
We surveyed ricefield weeds in four major rice-growing districts in the wet zone (western and southern provinces) of Sri Lanka 1984-85. Villages were sampled according to a probability proportionate to the area under cultivation in each district, based on Department of Census and Statistics data. Two ricefields per village, 1 km apart, were taken randomly. The ricefields surveyed were regarded as reasonably representative of ricegrowing conditions in each district. Both narrow-leafed and broad-leafed species were counted in each field and frequency of occurrence determined for all major weed species. Level of infestation of each major weed was assessed on the basis of visual estimation of weed cover. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze, Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Cyperus iria L., Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., and Echinochloa colona (L.) Link were the dominant narrow-leafed weeds at all four sites (see table). Two species of Ludwigia appeared to be the most prevalent broad-leafed weeds. Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell was the most frequent broadleafed species, with moderate to heavy infestations in most fields surveyed. In addition to being found within the field or on bunds, the species also grew luxuriantly along the numerous minor waterways, streams, and irrigation canals. Ludwigia decurrens Walt. was recorded for the first time in Sri Lanka. A relatively recent introduction to the island, it is spreading rapidly in the wet zone. It was wellestablished in Kalutara
Gampaha Colombo Kalutara Galle Gampaha Colombo Kalutara Galle

a
L. hyssopifolia 14 93 21 26 48 77 63 121 L. decurrens 10 8 4 31 40 61 4
0 = weed species not observed, 1 = a few plants, 2 = occasional patches (weed cover 10-25% of area assessed), 3 = weed widespread throughout field (weed cover 26-50% of area assessed), 4 = dense and severe infestation (weed cover 51-75% of area assessed), and 5 = weed dominant, masking crop (weed cover 76-100%). b Neither weed attained 76-100% coverage.
and Colombo districts, with moderate to heavy infestations in most fields surveyed. In 1985, it occurred in only 10% of the fields surveyed in Gampaha district and 3.5% of those in Galle district. Farmer interviews revealed that both
species are troublesome. Their extensive root system and rapid growth rate may lead to the removal of large amounts of nutrients added to rice. Currently, control is by hand-pulling, particularly of larger plants.

OTHER PESTS
Striga densifiora Benth., an angiospermic root parasite of rice in Bangladesh
M.I. Zuberi, A. Ahmad, M.A.R. Biswas, G. P. Ghosh, A. N. M.A. Choudhury, and P. C. Roy, Botany Department, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Table 1. Damage caused by Striga in sugarcane and ricefields of Ishurdi, Bangladesh, 1987. Sugarcane Fields surveyed (no.) Fields infested (no.) Fields totally damaged (no.) Striga parasite (no./m 2) Host plants (no./m 2) 38 33 10 84 5 Rice 24 18 4 37 221
Striga densiflora Benth., a member of the Scrophulariaceae, has been reported as a noxious root parasite causing extensive damage to sugarcane crops in northern Bangladesh. In the 1986 dry season, we observed Striga parasitizing rice plants from Harian (Rajshahi) and from Rajbari. In 1987, in adjacent regions of Ishurdi, we found a number
of ricefields heavily infested with this angiospermic root parasite, with extensive damage to the premonsoon broadcast (Aus) rice crop (Table I). Infested plants were severely stunted with smaller leaves (Table 2). They failed to produce flag leaves; heavy infestations killed the rice plants. In
Table 2. Agronomic characters of rice plants from Striga infested and noninfested fields (n = 24). Ishurdi, Bangladesh, 1987. Character Noninfested Infested 46.52 3.71 24.32 2.00 3.14 No flag leaf t -value a 10.60*** 2.86** 10.57*** 5.56*** 6.39***
Plant ht 82.57 (cm) Fresh plant 7.92 wt (g) Leaf length 36.11 (cm) Internodes 3.08 (no./plant) Internode 8.64 length (cm) Stage of Maturing development Panicle
a
Significant at 0.1% (***) and 1% (**) levels.
mid-July, the parasite populations consisted of plants with mature fruits that were disseminating seed as well as plants in early and late juvenile stages of growth. The minute seeds of the parasite possess prolonged dormancy and can germinate across a very long period, making control by physical and chemical means difficult. When a sugarcane crop is destroyed by the parasite, farmers usually grow rice in the Striga-infested fields, enabling the parasite to establish and parasitize rice as well. Because rice is much more widely cultivated than sugarcane, the
parasite is getting a choice of two hosts and there is a greater chance of it spreading to other areas of the country. Nongraminaceous crops, especially legumes and jute, are recommended for infested fields to avoid crop loss and parasite dissemination during the dry season.
Soil and Crop Management

Efficiency of urea supergranule (USG) under water stress at different growth stages
P.S. Bisht, P.C. Pandey, and P. Lal, Agronomy Department, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital 263145, U.P., India
Effect on yield of USG under water stress at different growth stages.a Pantnagar, India, 1984-85. Growth stage stressb Early Active tillering tillering (0-15 DT) (16-30 DT) Advanced Near tillering panicle (31-45 initiation DT) (46-60 DT) Stress Stress Panicle initiation to flowering (61-90 DT) Grain yield (t/ha) Jaya, 1984 USG 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.5 NT 5.6 5.4 Urea 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.6 5.6 4.5 NT 5.6 4.9 Pant Dhan 4, 1985 USG 4.7 5.2 4.8 5.2 NT 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Urea 4.1 4.9 4.6 4.8 NT 4.4 4.4 4.9 4.5
Rice crops in most farming situations of northwest India are subjected to moisture stress during some growth stages, depending on rainfall and
Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress Rainfed throughout crop period
Stress
N carrier Water stress Interaction CV (%) Seeding date Transplanting date

a
LSD 5% 0.3 0.6 ns 9.7 12 Jun 17 Jul
LSD 5% 0.2 0.4 ns 6.5 1 Jun 11 Jul
DT = days after transplanting, NT = not tried. b = no water stress, stress = saturation during rains and about 20% depletion of available moisture during rainless periods.
Weekly rainfall and USWB pan evaporation during the crop season. Uttar Pradesh, India, 1984-85.
irrigation. We compared efficiency of urea supergranules (USG) and urea effects on yield under varying periods of water stress at different growth stages in 1984-85 field trials. Soil was silt loam Aquic Hapludoll (pH 7.9, 1.8% organic matter, CEC 20 meq/100 g soil, 29% field capacity, and 10% permanent wilting point). Available soil water in the root zone was l00 mm. Total rainfall during the season was 1,377 mm in 1984
and 2,033 mm in 1985. Rainfall distribution and pan evaporation are shown in the figure. The experiment was a split-plot design with four replications. One month moisture stress during advanced tillering to panicle initiation resulted in a USG performance no better than that of urea (see table). In all other moisture stress treatments, including rainfed, USG was superior to urea.
Effect of Azospirillum inoculation on upland rice

K. J. Murali and D. Purushothaman, Agricultural Microbiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
We studied the response of upland rice TKM9 to Azospirillum inoculation. A large number of efficient Azospirillum cultures were isolated from the root tissues of upland rice varieties.
Azospirillum lipoferum was the predominant species. Two isolates, C. 13 and IPI, have been recognized as the most efficient, with N2-fixing abilities above 26 mg/g of energy source and acetylene-reducing activities (ARA) of the order of 350-400 nmol ethylene/ mg protein per h. The isolates were prepared as peat-based inoculants carrying about 108 cells/g. The crop was raised under upland conditions with graded levels of N and 40 kg P and K applied basally. Seed and
soil inoculation of Azospirillum were used (1 packet inoculum/20 kg seed and 8 packets/ ha). Azospirillum inoculation significantly increased grain and straw yields (see table). Response at 50 and 75 kg N was high. There was also a significant increase in the root surface area. Although both isolates performed well, C.13 was better. Grain yield with 75 kg N and Azospirillum inoculation was higher than with 100 kg fertilizer N.
Effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain and straw yields of TKM9. Coimbatore, India. N level (kg/ha) 0 50 75 103 Mean Treatment N Interaction Grain yield (t/ha) Uninoculated control 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.3 2.8 Inoculated with isolate C.13 2.5 2.7 3.5 3.3 3.0 CD (P = 0.01) 0.5 0.6 1.1 Inoculated with isolate IPI 2.4 2.8 3.4 3.3 2.9 Uninoculated control 3.5 3.7 4.2 4.8 4.1 Straw yield (t/ha) Inoculated with isolate C.13 3.8 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.5 CD (P = 0.01) 0.1 0.2 0.3 Inoculated with isolate IPI 3.6 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.3
Effect of leaf leachates of neem and sirish on the biomass production and pests of Azolla pinnata
D. P. Kushari, Ecology Laboratory, Botany Department, Burdwan University, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
Influence of leachate of neem and sirish leaves on azolla biomass production. West Bengal, India. Medium Leaf leachate of neem Leaf leachate of sirish Control LSD (P=0.05) Green biomass production (g/pot) 1st wk 56.5 59.0 52.5 2d wk 84.0 78.0 62.5 3d wk 168.2 152.3 78.1 4th wk 246.3 85.2 29.4 7.0 5th wk 259.0 25.5 6th wk 242.2
Azolla is an attractive host for a wide variety of pests, particularly snails Limnaea acuminata ), moths ( Nymphula, Pyralis ), and fungus ( Rhizoctonia solani ). We studied the ( effect of leaf leachates of several plants. Concrete pots with 1,964 cm2 surface area were filled with 2 kg oven-dry soil plus 15 liters tap water. Fresh leaves (200 g) of Albizzia lebback (sirish) or Azadirachta indica (neem) were suspended in pots inoculated with 20 g fresh green azolla plants, in 3 replications. The pots were placed in an open area with full sunlight for 6 wk during Apr-May at 40.5-42.0 temperature, and light intensity 105-115 klx. Half the biomass was harvested weekly. Insect, fungus, and snail
incidence was recorded during each harvest. Plants cultured in sirish and neem leaf leachates were emerald green, with good growth and with no insects or snails up to the third week (see table). Control plants turned brown after 6 d, with poor growth leading to complete degeneration after 28 d. Seven insects and nine snails
were observed. With leachate of sirish leaves, 5 insects and 29 snails were found, leading to disappearance of the mass after 32 d, although the plant was still green. With leachate of neem leaves, only three snails and no insects were found and plants were green throughout the experiment. In no case were fungal symptoms observed.
Efficiency of azoila as an organic N source for rice

G. K. Patro, K. Mohanty, and B. K. Jena, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Orissa, Bhubaneswar, India
We laid out a 3-yr experiment at the Cropping Systems Research Centre during 1983-86 wet and dry seasons. Treatments were azolla alone, azolla in combination with nitrogenous fertilizers and N fertilizers alone, at
three N levels in a randomized block design with four replications. P and K (17.5 kg P, 33 kg K/ha) were constant for all treatments, including control. Chemical analysis established 4% N content of azolla, based on dry weight. Azolla inoculated at 1 t/ha at transplanting, with 3.5 kg P/ha, recorded a fresh weight of 5 t/ha at incorporation 20 d after transplanting. In the wet season, yields with N fertilizer were consistently higher than that of control (see table). Yield with fresh azolla inoculated at 1 t/ha with 3.5 kg P/ ha and incorporated 20 d after inoculation were equal to yields with 5 t fresh azolla/ha incorporated before planting. In the dry season, yields with 90 kg N/ha were significantly higher than in all other treatments. Azolla at 5 t/ha yielded 0.6 t/ha more than control. The actual benefit of azolla in combination with fertilizer was rather inconsistent. But azolla alone showed significantly higher yields than control. This study suggests alternative fertilizer strategies when chemical fertilizers are scarce or expensive.
Effect of azolla alone and in combination with N fertilizers on rice yield. a Orissa, India, 1983. Treatment per hectare Yielda (t/ha) Difference
Effect of gypsum and pyrite with different moisture regimes on sodic soil improvement and rice yield
S. K. Dubey, R. C. Mondal, and A. Swarup, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
We evaluated the effect of adding 7.25 meq gypsum/100 g soil (50% G.R.) and pyrite equivalent to gypsum on sulfur basis at 3 moisture regimes (continuous saturation [CS], continuous flooding [CF], and alternate saturation and flooding [ASF]) on the improvement of sodic soil and on yield in a pot with 3 replications. Soil was highly sodic, with pH 10.6, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 95, exchangeable Ca + Mg 0.45 meq/100 g soil, organic C 0.22%, CaCO3 , 2.75%, CEC 10.0
meq/100 g soil, and gypsum requirement 14.5 meq/100 g soil. Gypsum and pyrite were added to soil in 10-kg glazed clay pots 2 wk before transplanting 30-d-old Pusa 2-21 seedlings. The moisture regimes were maintained from transplanting to crop maturity. Urea at 80 ppm N and zinc sulfate at 4.5 ppm Zn were applied half the N and all the Zn at transplanting, the remaining N topdressed in 2 equal splits 3 and 6 wk after transplanting. Gypsum was better than pyrite in improving soil and yield of rice at all three moisture regimes. While CF proved more effective when gypsum was applied, ASF did better with pyrite (Table 1, 2). Growing of rice under CF facilitated greater sodic soil improvement.
Table 1. Effect of gypsum and pyrite at 3 moisture regimes on soil pH and ESP after rice harvest. Karnal, India. Moisture regime Continuous saturation Alternate saturation flooding Continuous flooding pH (1:2) soil water Control 10.40 10.35 10.35 Gypsum 9.20 9.00 8.80 Pyrite 9.70 9.40 9.90 Control 81.5 78.4 79.7 ESP Gypsum 41.2 36.1 25.4 Pyrite 51.8 48.5 65.2
Table 2. Effect of gypsum and pyrite at 3 moisture regimes on rice grain yield. a Karnal, India. Moisture regime Continuous saturation Alternate saturation flooding Continuous flooding Mean
a
Grain yield (g/pot) Control 1.10 1.47 1.93 1.50 Gypsum 12.67 14.87 18.40 15.31 Pyrite 5.77 8.40 4.13 6.10 Mean 6.51 8.24 8.15
Wet season 90 kg N 3.7 60 kg N 3.5 30 kg N 3.3 10 t azolla + 30 kg N 3.3 10 t azolla 3.2 5 t azolla + 30 kg N 3.1 1 t azolla + 3.5 kg P 2.6 5 t azolla inoculated and 2.6 incorporated at 20 DT b Control 1.9 CD (0.05) 0.2 CV (%) 6 Dry season 90 kg N 3.8 60 kg N 3.5 10 t azolla + 60 kg N 3.4 5 t azolla + 30 kg N 3.1 10 t azolla 3.1 30 kg N 3.0 1 t azolla + 3.5 kg P 2.8 5 t azolla 2.4 Control 1.8 CD (0.05) 0.1 CV (%) 4
aMeans
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.6
CD at P = 0.05: amendments = 0.72, moisture regimes = 0.72, amendments moisture regimes = 1.25.
Availability to wetland rice of nitrogen from cattle manure

Y. Singh, B. Singh, M.S. Maskina, and O. P. Meelu, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
planting.
of 3 yr, 1983-86. bDays after trans-
Mineralization and availability of N from organic manure will be affected by its C-to-N ratio, soil management, and climatic conditions. Since only a part of organic N will be mineralized during the
growing season of rice, a residual effect of manures is expected in the following crop. We compared the availability of N from cattle manure with urea N to wetland rice. Residual effect was evaluated in a following wheat crop. Soil of the experimental field was a Fatehpur loamy sand (Typic Ustipsamment) with pH 8.6, 0.34% organic C, 0.05% total N, and a water percolation rate of 4.5 mm/h. Treatments were 4 rates of N (0, 60, 120,
Rice grain yield and N uptake response to urea N and proportions of total N from applied cattle manure. Ludhiana, India. Effect of urea and cattle manure N on P and K uptake of rice and the residual effect on soil properties and wheat yield. Ludhiana, India. Rates of N (kg/ha) 0 N application to rice Urea Cattle manure Urea Cattle manure Urea Cattle manure Urea Cattle manure P application to wheat No P 26 kg P/ha 14 14 71 71 0.34 0.34 22 22 3.2 3.6 60 21 15 129 87 0.35 0.35 20 18 120 180 LSD (P=0.05)
the N applied as cattle manure and urea N had effects on grain yield; 40% of N as cattle manure and urea N produced similar effects on N uptake by rice. The lower values for N uptake than for grain yield suggest that cattle manure N was more efficiently translated into rice grain yield than was urea N. Both P and K uptake of rice increased significantly with the application of either urea and cattle manure N (see table). Soil organic C content increased only when cattle manure was applied at high rates. While Olsen P decreased significant with urea N treatments, with cattle manure it maintained its initial level. Since both organic C and Olsen P contents were higher in soil amended with cattle manure, grain yield of the following wheat crop increased significantly. At 120 and 180 kg N/ ha as cattle manure applied to rice, the wheat crop did not respond to direct P application.
P uptake of rice (kg/ha) 25 27 21 24 K uptake of rice (kg/ha) 140 155 93 149 Soil organic C (%) 0.36 0.39 OIsen P (kg/ha) 13 19 0.36 0.41 12 21
Effect of soil bulk density and soil texture on root growth

5.6 10.2
I. Meerigama, B. V. R. Punyawardena, and L. G. G. Yapa, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
0.03
3.6 0.21
Wheat grain yield (t/ha) on soil amended with cattle manure 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9
and 180 kg/ha) applied through urea and through cattle manure. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The cattle manure contained 1.3% total N, 0.38% total P, and had 26:l C:N. Cattle manure was incorporated into the soil 1 d before transplanting rice. Urea was applied in 3 equal splits at 7, 21, and 42 d after transplanting. A basal dose of 13 kg P and 5 kg Zn/ ha also was applied to rice. Variety PR106 was
transplanted 24 Jun 1986. After harvest, all plots were subdivided to accommodate 2 levels of P (0 and 26 kg/ha). Wheat was fertilized with a uniform 80 kg N and 25 kg K/ha. Both urea and manure N increased rice grain yield and N uptake significantly (see figure). Quadratic response curves were fitted to the rice grain yield and N uptake by considering different proportions of the cattle manure N to be as good as urea N. The regression analysis showed that 45% of
We studied root growth of rice variety H4 at different soil bulk density and soil texture levels. The soil was a sandy loam (Rhodustalf, 19% clay, 11% silt, and 70% sand) from the central region of Sri Lanka. The texture was changed by adding medium sand in a ratio of 1:5 (sand:soil). Soils were incubated 2 wk at 12% moisture and compacted in PVC cylinders (height and diameter 0.1 m) to a height of 7.5 cm, creating 3 levels of bulk density (1.15, 1.30, and 1.45 Mg/m 3 ). Ten pregerminated seeds were planted in each compacted soil column and covered with 1 cm layer of the same soil. Cores were covered with polyethylene and placed randomly in a large polyethylene chamber to minimize moisture loss. Root tips which
penetrated the entire column were counted 7 d after planting and root penetration percentage calculated as:
Roots (no.) penetrating entire soil column Seeds (no.) planted
Mean root performance at different soil bulk densities and textures. Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Soil bulk density (Mg/m3 ) 1.15 1.15 1.30 1.30 1.45 1.45
aMeans
Texture Soil Soil + sand Soil Soil + sand Soil Soil + sand
Root dry weight (mg) 20 13 30 16 11 10
Root length (cm) 62 45 68 41 4 a 4 a
Root penetration a (%) 30 a 25 ab 20 abc 18 abc 0 d 0 d
The length of the longest root for each plant and the dry weight of the entire root system in a core were measured. There were significant differences in root dry weight among soil bulk density levels for each soil texture level (see table). Root length also differed except at the highest bulk density. Both root
followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
dry weight and root length increased up to soil bulk density of 1.30 Mg/m3, then decreased. Root penetration decreased
with increasing soil bulk density. The addition of sand significantly decreased both root dry weight and root length.
Poultry manure as a N source for wetland rice

B. Singh, Y. Singh, M.S. Maskina, and O. P. Meelu, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Organic N is mineralized relatively slowly under anaerobic soil conditions. We studied whether poultry manure can be used efficiently as a source of N for wetland rice. Soil of the experimental field was a Fatehpur loam sand (Typic Ustipsamment) with pH 8.5, 0.27% organic C, and 0.04% total N. Poultry manure (C:N 12, 1.85% N, 1.81% P) was compared with urea at 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N/ha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Poultry manure was incorporated into the soil in the last puddling; urea was applied in 3 equal splits at 7, 21, and 42 d after transplanting rice PR 106. After the rice was harvested, soil samples were tested for organic C and available P, and wheat was grown to study the residual effect. On half of each plot, P at 0 and 26 kg/ ha was applied. A uniform 80 kg N/ ha as urea was applied overall. A quadratic grain yield response of rice to urea up to 180 kg N/ha was observed (see figure). When the source of N was poultry manure, the response was linear up to 180 kg N/ha; it was
Rice grain yield response to application of N through urea and poultry manure in Ludhiana, India. Residual effect on wheat of poultry manure applied to rice in Ludhiana, India. Urea or poultry manure applied to rice as kg N/ha 0 Urea Poultry manure LSD (P=0.05) Urea Poultry manure LSD (P=0.05) No P 26 kg P/ha LSD (P=0.05) 0.27 0.27 7.5 7.5 60 kg Soil organic C (%) 0.28 0.29 120 kg 0.28 0.28 8.7 14.2 180 kg 0.29 0.30 8.7 12.8 3.63 3.77
0.02
Olsens available P (kg/ha) 9.9 10.8 2.2
Wheat yield (t/ha) with P applied to poultry manure-amended plots 2.95 3.33 3.49 3.55 3.68 3.70 0.19
significantly less than to urea at 60 and 120 kg N/ ha. Poultry manure at 60, 120, and 180 kg N/ ha produced rice grain yield equivalent to that by 37, 96, and 168 kg urea N/ ha, respectively. On the basis of N uptake, poultry manure N was 80% as efficient as urea N at all rates of application. Urea and manure differ in increasing
rice grain yield at 60 kg N/ha, perhaps because at low application rates, sufficient manure N might not be mineralized for critical growth stages of rice. No significant differences in uptake of P and K by rice were observed between urea and poultry manure. A residual effect of poultry manure N was shown by wheat grown after rice
only at the highest rate of application (see table). The residual effect of the manure in supplying P to wheat was conspicuous, both through Olsens available P and a significant response of wheat to 26 kg P/ ha in plots where poultry manure had been applied to rice at 0, 60, and 120 kg N/ha.
Nitrogen-fixing potential of bluegreen algae (BGA) from Kerala ricefields

K. Joseph, N.R. Nair, K.P. Rajaram, D. Alexander, and K. Anilakumar, Kerala Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, India
Effect of Mo and P on N fixationa by BGA in Kerala ricefields, India. N fixation b (kg/ha) No Mo (control) No P (control) 4 kg P/ha 8 kg P/ha Mean
a Total
0.2 ppm Mo 6.3 15.7 12.5 11.5
0.4 ppm Mo 12.5 9.4 18.8 13.6
Mean 8.4 12.5 13.6
6.3 12.5 9.4 9.4

b CD
We studied the effect of P and Mo on N fixation by a mixture of BGA in 1-liter beakers containing 200 g each of airdried soil from Trichur district (pH 4.56, CEC 21 meq/ 100 g, C 3.2196, N 31%) brought to neutrality by adding calcium carbonate at 700 kg/ ha. Two levels of Mo (0.2 and 0.4 ppm) and 2 levels of P (4 and 8 kg/ ha) were used, in 9 treatments replicated 3 times. BGA crust at 10 kg/ha was inoculated. The beakers were kept in the open for 3 wk with water level
N after 3 wk - initial N. (0.05) for comparison of Mo and P = 3.16. Confidence limit for means = 2.109 CD (0.05) for comparison of combinations = 5.48 Confidence limit for cells = 3.65 3
maintained at 5-10 cm above soil level. Then the soil was allowed to dry and the BGA crust was incorporated. Total N was determined by the microKjeldahl method. Both Mo and P had favorable influence on N fixation. The combination treatment 8 kg P/ ha and
0.4 ppm Mo fixed the largest amount of N (see table). At 8 kg P/ ha, each additional Mo level improved N fixation by BGA. On average, addition of 0.4 ppm Mo increased N fixation by 44% over the control; addition of 8 kg P/ ha increased N fixation by 62% over the control.
Rice-based Cropping Systems

Effect of an interim summer crop in a rice - wheat rotation
M.S. Maskina, B. Singh, and Y. Singh, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
During the summer (May-Jun) in the Punjab, a shortduration crop is grown between the dry and wet season main crops. This crop could be a cereal fodder, a pulse, or a green manure. Green manuring is gaining importance with increasing costs of
fertilizers and threats of pollution. In rice, green manuring with sesbania has been successfully used to supplement fertilizer N. On the other hand, growing a cereal fodder might deplete available nutrients and adversely affect rice yield. We conducted a field experiment 198485 to study the effect of summer maize Zea mays fodder, mungbean Phaseolus aureus pulse, cowpea Vigna sinensis, sunn hemp Crotalaria juncea, and sesbania Sesbania aculeata green manure (GM) crops on the following rice crop.
Soil was a sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept), alkaline (pH 8.5), with 0.40% organic C, 7.5 kg available P/ ha, and 81 kg available K/ ha. Crops were planted the first week of May. Maize was fertilized with 120 kg N/ ha applied in 2 splits and harvested for fodder at 2 mo. Mature mungbean pods were picked. Mungbean residue and the 3 green manure crops were incorporated 1 d before transplanting rice. N was applied to rice at 60, 120, and 180 kg/ ha in 3 equal splits (1/3 at transplanting, 1/3 3 wk and 1/3 6 wk
Table 1. Effect of green manure (GM), mungbean residues, maize fodder, and N application on rice grain yield (t/ha). Ludhiana, India, 1984-85. Crop grown before rice Grain yield (t/ha) 0 2.5 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.1 2.2 0.7 60 kg N 4.6 6.4 6.8 6.8 6.2 4.5 120 kg N 5.6 5.7 180 kg N 6.6 6.5
incorporated in rice exhibited residual effects on the succeeding wheat crop (Table 2). Wheat yield in fallow plots with 120 kg N/ha was significantly
higher than in green manured plots supplied with 90 kg N/ ha. Wheat yield after maize fodder was no different from that in fallow plots.
Intercropping rice and pigeonpea

P.K. Mahapatra, N. Hati, and D. Satpathy, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
Fallow Sesbania GM) Cowpea (GM) Sunn hemp (GM) Mungbean (pulse) Maize (fodder) LSD (P=0.05)
Table 2. Residual effect of GM, mungbean residues, and maize fodder grown before rice on succeeding wheat crop. Ludhiana, India, 198485. Crop grown before rice Fallow Sesbania (GM) Cowpea (GM) Sunn hemp Mungbean (pulse) Maize (fodder) LSD (P=0.05) N applied to wheat (kg/ha) 120 90 90 90 90 120 Wheat yield (t/ha) 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.9 0.4
after transplanting). A basal dose of 1313 kg PK/ ha was applied. The residual effect of these treatments was studied on the succeeding dry season wheat crop. At 60 d growth, sesbania and sunn hemp had produced the most dry matter (4.9 and 5.3 t/ ha), followed by cowpea and mungbean (3.8 and 3.2 t/ha). Sesbania contained 97 kg N/ha, sunn hemp 101 kg N, cowpea 75 kg N and mungbean 65 kg N. Mungbean also produced 600 kg beans/ha. Maize fodder yielded 5.8 t dry matter/ha and removed 70 kg N/ ha from the soil. When no fertilizer N was applied, rice grain yields with sesbania, sunn hemp, and cowpea were similar and averaged 15% higher than with mungbean residue and 141% higher than fallow treatments (Table 1). With 60 kg N/ ha, rice grain yield with all green manure crops and with mungbean residue were on a par, 36-48% higher than fallow plots. These yields were comparable with yields from fallow plots receiving 180 kg N/ ha. None of the green manure crops
The response of pigeonpea + rice to varying levels of N was studied in a randomized block design replicated four times during the 1984 and 1985 wet seasons in a lateritic soil of sandy loam texture (pH 5.3, 0.04% total N, 8 kg available P/ha, 125 kg available K/ha, CEC 3.8 meq/100 g). Pigeonpea cultivar R-60 (180 d) was sown as the base crop in twin rows with an inter-twin-row distance of 90 cm and plant-to-plant spacing of 30 cm. Spacing and seed rate (20 kg/ ha) for pigeonpea alone and intercropped pigeonpea were the same. Rice cultivar DR-92 (90 d) was direct seeded in 15-cm rows in the interspace
of 90 cm. Row spacing for rice alone was 15 cm. Rice alone was sown at 100 kg seed/ ha and intercropped rice at 75 kg seed/ ha. Row ratio of pigeonpea to rice was 25 and the land area ratio was 1:0.75. N was applied at 30, 45, 60, and 75 kg/ ha; 10 kg N of each N level, plus 18 kg P and 17 kg K were applied at sowing for rice alone and the intercrops. The remaining N was applied to rice in 2 equal splits at 20 and 40 d after seeding. Pigeonpea alone received a single basal dose of 20-18-17 kg NPK/ha. Intercropped rice showed no response to N. Mean grain yields were 2.0 t/ha for rice alone and 1.2 t/ ha for intercropped rice. Mean yields of pigeonpea were 1.3 t/ ha for the monocrop and 1.1 t/ ha for the intercrop. The mean land equivalent ratio was 1.4, indicating considerable increase in resource use efficiency.
Response of rice to NPK in longterm jute - rice - wheat sequence

B. C. Mandal and B. P. Sarkar, Jute Agricultural Research Institute, Barrackpore 743101, West Bengal, India
The cropping sequence jute - rice - wheat is widely practiced in the eastern region of India, especially in the New Gangetic alluvial tracts. We laid out a long-term fertilizer experiment on 1 ha of recent
Table 1. NPK applied to jute - rice - wheat cropping sequence. Barrackpore, West Bengal, India, 1972-84. NPK (kg/ha) Treatment N T1 50% optimum a NPK T2 100% optimum NPK T3 150% optimum NPK T4 100% NPK + hand weeding T5 100% NPK + ZnSO4 for wheat only T6 100% optimum NP T7 100% optimum N T8 100% NPK + farmyard manure for jute only T9 100% optimum NPK + chemical weeding T10 Control (no fertilizer)
a Optimum
Rice and wheat P 13 26 39 26 26 26 26 26 K 25 50 75 50 50 50 50 N 30 60 90 60 60 60 60 60 60
Jute P 6.5 13.0 19.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 K 25 50 75 50 50 50 50
60 120 180 120 120 120 120 120 120
NPK based on initial soil test.

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International Rice Research Newsletter Vol12 No.6

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IRRN growing and changing The International Rice Research Newsletter is in its 12th year of publication.

IRRN: categories of research reported

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Disease Bacterial bight 3 5 Brown spot 5 Brown planthopper 3 7

Insect Leaffolder 3 9 Gall midge 3 7 White tip nematode 3 7

1 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant, 5 = moderately susceptible, 7 = susceptible, 9 = highly susceptible.

Performance of IRAT varieties at Ibadan, Nigeria

included in 1986 AVT. bNot included in 1984 AVT.

4 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Six upland rice varieties released in Nigeria

IRAT133 IRATl44 FAROX299 IRAT170 ART12 ITA128

87 103 88 118 100 105 108 123

206 198 185 167 177 172 178 179

3.2 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.2

15.0 24.0 14.0 22.0 22.5 16.8 20.8 19.2

= short bold, MB = medium bold.

= resistant, MR = moderately resistant.

Performance of short-duration rice varieties

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Elite lines for rainfed lowlands in North Bihar, India

ADT37 released for Tamil Nadu

UVT-5 (State) PVT-5 (State) UVT-4 (State) Nurseries IRRSWON

6 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Rice varieties for delayed planting

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

8 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Sequential tiller separation - a method for rapid rice seed multiplication

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Contribution of aquatic tillers to grain yield in deepwater rice

10 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987) 11

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Resistance of rice germplasm to bacterial blight (BB) at Ludhiana, India

Cultivar or line name

IR27316-6-2-2 IR28154-101-3-2 IR2035-117-3 IR64

Cultivar or line name

12 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Varietal resistance to rice hispa

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987) 13

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

14 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

Response of rainfed upland rice to chlormequat chloride

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Flowering and ripening Day 70 until harvest Drought

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987) 15

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

16 IRRN 12:6 (December 1987)

the Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale.

NC493, a promising variety for rainfed deepwater areas

State adaptive PVT-5

Physiology screening UVT-5

IRRN 12:6 (December 1987) 17