Realizing Governance 2.

0 Capturing the Value of Networked Citizens and the Fifth Estate

William H. Dutton
Oxford Internet Institute (OII) University of Oxford www.ox.ac.uk Presentation for Instituto de Comunicacin y Nuevas Technologas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile, 29 July 2011.

The Problem
Governments 1.0 Informational Websites Citizens 0.0 Apathy

Oxford Internet Surveys 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 Cross-sectional Surveys versus Panels Multi-Stage Probability Sample England, Scotland & Wales Respondents: 14 years and older Face-to-face Interviews, High Response Rates Sponsorship for 2011 from the Nominet Trust, British Library, Ofcom, O2, and ITV.com Component of World Internet Project (WIP)

Innovations in Use

Social Networking User Generated Content (UGC) Emergence of Next Generation Users Rise of Collaborative Network Organizations

The Global Internet Values Project* Collaboration of OII, INSEAD, and comScore for the World Economic Forum (WEF) Online Global Survey Completed by 5,400 Adult Internet Users Conducted from Oct-Nov 2010 13 countries: Australia/New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom
*Dutta, S., Dutton, W. H. and Law, G. (2011), The New Internet World: A Global Perspective on Freedom of Expression, Privacy, Trust and Security Online. New York: The World Economic Forum, April. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1810005

Figure 14. Percentage of Respondents who Produce Online Content Daily or Weekly
50% 45% 45%

40% 35% 35% 32% 30% 28% 27% 25% 25%

20% 16% 15% 12% 10% 12% 15% 15%

Percentage of respondents who produce the following content online content daily or weekly:

8%

7%

5%

-"Update or create a profile on a social networking site." -"Post pictures or photos on the Internet." -"Post messages on discussion forums or message boards." "-Use a distribution list for e-mail." -"Write a (web) blog." -"Maintain a personal website." -"Post a podcast online." -"Post a video blog online."

0%

Electronic Networks of Expertise

The Emergency Management Information Systems And Reference Index (EMISARI) 1971 PCs and Groupware, Group Decision Support Citizen Consultation: QUBE Columbus, Ohio 1980s Santa Monicas Public Electronic Network (PEN) early-1990s

Case Studies of Distributed Problem Solving Networks

Case study

What is it about?

News aggregators Sermo Seriosity Information markets Atlas ASOA Firefox development Simple Wikipedia
Source: OII

Different paradigms to find, rate, and

prioritize news available online Physicians sharing medical information Use of multi-player game features to help prioritize use of e-mail and attention foci

Aggregating judgments to predict public

and private events

Designing and building a high energy

physics (HEP) experiment Financing and creating an Open Content Feature Film Making an Open Source web browser Mom-and-Dad friendly Improve readability of Wikipedia

A Simple Typology of CNOs

Collaboration on documents, data, objects 1.0. Sharing: hypertextual 3.0. Co-creating: hypertextual + user-generated + cooperative work Atlas Bugzilla Innocentive Digg News Information Markets/ Prediction Markets Seriosity Sermo Firefox Simple Wikipedia Swarm of Angels

2.0. Contributing:

hypertextual + user-generated

Enabling Institutional Change

Governments 2.0 Citizen Consultation Citizen Sourcing of Expertise Citizens as Sources of Information

Wider Conceptions of the Public:

Public as Citizens: Voters within a Constituency supported by econsultation, Voting and Polling, Public as Advisors: Experts Distributed around the World

Citizen Opinion Engaging Networked Individuals Citizen Consultation, Polling, ePetitions

Expert Advice Distributed Intelligence through Collaborative Network Organizations Paid Consultants, Representatives of Interest Groups

Individuals, Interest Groups and Lobbies

Meetings, Hearings, Letters, Petitions, Elections

Many Reasons to Avoid CNOs:

1. Risk Aversion 2. Concern over Levels of Participation 3. Quality: Focus on Evidence-based Policy 4. Gaming of Outcomes 5. Revealing Problems or Strategies 6. Loss of Control over Communication 7. Concern over Civility 8. Concern over Committing Politicians and Officials

Strategies for Government Champions: 1. Dont reinvent the technology 2. Start small, but with scalable design 3. Be flexible in where you go for expertise 4. No one solution to all problems 5. Cultivate bottom up development of projects 6. Get colleagues involved in distributed collaboration 7. Capture, reward and publicize best practice

Empowering Networked Individuals

 Networked Individuals versus Institutions  The Fifth Estate

Networked Institutions v Networked Individuals

 Networked Institutions, such as in e-Health  Networked Individuals:  going to the Internet for health and medical information  networking physicians via Sermo

Sermo

Key Questions Concerning the Politics of the Digital Age

 How is the Internet being used to reconfigure access? Are there discernable patterns?  Does the Internet enable key actors to reconfigure access in ways that enhance their communicative power?

The Fourth Estate

[Edmund] Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more prominent far than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or witty saying; it is a literal fact very momentous to us in these times. Thomas Carlyle (1831), Heroes and HeroWorship, at www.gutenberg.org.etext/1091

Feudal Estates into the 21st Century

Estates

Feudal Clergy

Modern Public Intellectuals

Nobility

Business, Industry and Economic Elites

Commons 4th Estate Press

Government Journalists and the Mass Media Civil Society, Individuals, ?

Mob

The Fourth Estate:

News of the World Case The Fourth Estate Depends on an Independent Press Independent in Relation to Other Estates

The Fourth and Fifth Estates

 Press since the 18th Century the Fourth Estate  Internet in the 21st - enabling a Fifth Estate
Enabling people to network with other individuals and with information, services and technical resources in ways that support social accountability in business and industry, government, politics, and the media.

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Pattern of Findings Supporting Conception of Networked Individuals

Wael Ghonim, a 30-year-old executive from Google, was the administrator of an anti-torture page on Facebook, the social networking website, that is widely credited with organising the first day of protest [in Egypt] on January 25. Jon Swaine, The Telegraph, 11 Feb 2011

Networked Institutions v Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate

Arenas: Networked Institutions Online journalism, BBC Online, Live Micro-Blogging E-Democracy, EConsultation, eVoting Online Learning, Multimedia Classrooms NHS Direct, emailing safety alerts Networked Individuals Citizen Journalists, Bloggers, Netizens Posting Videos Obama campaign, Networking the ProDemocracy Protests Backchannels, informal learning Going to the Internet for health information, Sermo

News

Democracy

Education

Health and Medical

Networked Institutions v Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate

 Networked Institutions: greater ubiquity, universal access  Networked Individuals of the Fifth Estate: require a critical mass, not universal access

Percentage of Internet Users Across Regions of the World

Regions as Percentage of the Worldwide Population of Users

18th Century Estates: 21st Century Enemies

18th Century Estates
Clergy Nobility Commons

21st Century: Enemies of the 5th Estate

Public Intellectuals Business, Industry and Economic Elites Government and Regulatory Agencies Journalists and the Mass Media Spammers, Fraudsters, Cyberstalkers,

Attacks

Culture of Amateurism, individualist consumerism Vertical Integration; Monopoly over Search; Three Strikes Filtering; Content Regulation; Identification; Surveillance; Disconnection Echo Chambers; but Co-opting, Imitating, Competing, and Supporting Undermining Trust and Confidence; Fostering Regulation of Content

Press

Mob

Centrality of the Internet, Trust in Government and Attitudes toward Internet Regulation over Time

OxIS 2003: N=2,029; OxIS 2005: N=2,185; OxIS 2007 N=2,350. OxIS 2009: N=2,013

Capturing the Value

 Understanding the Potential The Fifth Estate Citizen Sourcing Expertise

 Understanding the Threats Engaging versus Resisting Inappropriate Regulation of the Internet

Selected References:
Dutton, W. H. (2008), The Wisdom of Collaborative Network Organizations: Capturing the Value of Networked Individuals, Prometheus, 26(3), September, pp. 211-30. Dutton, W. H. (2009), The Fifth Estate Emerging through the Network of Networks, Prometheus, Vol. 27, No. 1, March: pp. 115. Dutton, W. H. (2010), Networking Distributed Public Expertise: Strategies for Citizen Sourcing Advice to Government, Occasional Paper Series in Science & Technology, Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI), Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington DC.