Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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Major :
Mobile Services and networks
Topic :
Elaborated by :
Fatma HAMDI
Supervisors :
M. Taieb MASMOUDI
M. Mohamed Taher MISSAOUI
To my dear mother
To my brothers
To my sisters
To my friends
To Wijden
✠ Fatma HAMDI
This report represents my end of studies project within the Mobile Network Direction of
“Tunisie Télécom”. It was held from February 2006 to June 2006.
“Tunisie Télécom” is the historic operator of Tunisia. It provides several services for cellular
and fixed network subscribers. The Mobile network Direction is responsible for satisfying
subscribers in terms of quality of service.
One of the complexities of the GSM and GPRS systems rests in the way they satisfy users and
involve better services. As often, Quality of service optimization led to a greater complexity.
So the huge success of those networks requires more and more qualified people. A software
allowing the live observation of the network performance eases the training of those people.
This project is aimed at the design and implementation of such software. It describes the base
principles of GSM and GPRS, especially on the radio way, and includes the architectural and
functional specification of the application. Moreover, it joins a real case study which aids to
more understand our optimization way.
I would like to thank all the persons who helped me on this project.
I wish to thank particularly :
All the employees of Mobile Network Direction of “Tunisie Télécom” for their cordial
greeting.
Taieb MASMOUDI, Quality Optimization Director, my supervisor at “Tunisie Télécom” who
gave me precious advices in planning this project and provided me with technical knowledge
and support throughout my training period.
Mohamed Taher MISSAOUI, Master assistant at Sup’ Com, my supervisor at Sup’Com for
the interest he showed in my work.
All my thanks and my great recognition to all the professors of Sup' Com for the formation
that they gave us.
Key Words:
GSM/GPRS, evaluation, optimization, QoS, indicators, drive test, Key Performance
Indicators.
Abstract.............................................................................................................................…....ii
Summary............................................................................................................................…...iv
Acronyms...................................................................................................................................x
Table of figures......................................................................................................................viii
Tables list .................................................................................................................................. x
General introduction................................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 1: GSM/GPRS Generality ........................................................................................ 3
1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. An overview of GSM .......................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. GSM services ............................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Basic overview of the GSM Network .......................................................................... 3
1.2.2.1. The Network Switching Subsystem ...................................................................... 4
1.2.2.2. The Base Station Subsystem ................................................................................. 4
1.2.2.3 The Operating Sub-System .................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. GSM interfaces............................................................................................................. 5
1.2.4. Radio link aspects......................................................................................................... 6
1.2.4.1. Channel structure................................................................................................... 6
1.2.4.2. Speech coding ....................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4.3. Channel coding and modulation............................................................................ 8
1.2.4.4. Discontinuous transmission................................................................................... 9
1.2.4.5. Power control ...................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5. Network aspects ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5.1. Radio resources management.............................................................................. 11
1.2.5.2. Mobility management ......................................................................................... 12
1.2.5.2.1. Location updating......................................................................................... 12
1.2.5.2.2. Authentication and security.......................................................................... 13
1.2.5.3. Communication management.............................................................................. 14
1.3. GSM limits ........................................................................................................................ 14
1.4. An Overview of GPRS...................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1. GPRS Services ........................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1.1. PTP (Point-To-Point) Services............................................................................ 15
1.4.1.2. PTM (Point-To-Multipoint) Services.................................................................. 15
1.4.2. Basic overview of the GPRS Network....................................................................... 15
1.4.2.1. The GPRS Base Station Subsystem .................................................................... 16
1.4.2.2. The GPRS Network Switching Subsystem ......................................................... 16
1.4.3. GPRS Interfaces ......................................................................................................... 16
1.4.4. GPRS radio link aspects............................................................................................. 17
1.4.4.1 Logical channels................................................................................................... 17
1.4.4.2 Radio link adaptation: .......................................................................................... 18
1.4.5. Network aspects ......................................................................................................... 18
1.4.5.1. Mobility Management in GPRS.......................................................................... 18
1.4.5.1.1. Accessing the GPRS Network...................................................................... 18
1.4.5.1.2. Mobility Management States ....................................................................... 18
General introduction
With the growth of these services, operators do their utmost to satisfy subscribers’ needs. So,
they aim to provide a good quality of service. In this context, we have approached this
subject.
Our project gives a solution of how operators can optimize their network in terms of QoS. It
includes three chapters. In the first part, we will speak about general information about
GSM/GPRS architecture and functionalities. The second part is a study of drive test and KPI
indicators from “Tunisie Télécom” network and a proposition of some algorithms used in
order to overcome some problems that affect the network. In the third part, we will implement
the algorithms described in the previous chapter and make a case study that validates our tool.
1.1. Introduction
It is interesting to deal with general information about GSM/GPRS network because
many concepts will be used in the next chapters. In this chapter, we will present GSM and
GPRS networks in terms of services, architectures, interfaces, mobility management.
Today, in addition to circuit-switched voice services, GSM supports the following data
services:
• Circuit-Switched Data: A dedicated connection is set up for the duration of the call,
regardless of whether data is being transferred. The data throughput rate is 9.6 or 14.4 Kbps,
depending on the coding scheme supported by the network and terminal device.
• SMS: GSM also supports sending and receiving short text messages (approximately 160
characters) known as SMS on a signalling channel. Billions of these messages are sent per
month and the numbers are growing. The circuit-switched services provided by the GSM
technology are augmented by packet-switched services provided by the GPRS overlay [1].
The BSC provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC and the BTS.
A number of BSCs are served by one MSC while several BTSs can be controlled by one BSC.
• Alarm Handling,
• Fault Management,
• Performance Management,
• Configuration Management,
• Software Version Management,
• Network Statistics Data Collection,
• Network Status Control.
• Um: The air interface is used for exchanges between a MS and a BSS,
• Abis: This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been
standardised. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio
frequency allocation in the BTS,
• A: The A interface is between the BSS and the MSC. The A interface manages the
allocation of suitable radio resources to the MSs and mobility management,
• B: The B interface between the MSC and the VLR uses the MAP/B protocol. Most MSCs
are associated with a VLR, making the B interface "internal". Whenever the MSC needs
access to data regarding a MS located in its area, it interrogates the VLR using the MAP/B
protocol over the B interface,
• C: The C interface is between the HLR and a GMSC. Each call originating outside of
GSM (i.e., a MS terminating call from the PSTN) has to go through a Gateway to obtain
the routing information required to complete the call, and the MAP/C protocol over the C
interface is used for this purpose. Also, the MSC may optionally forward billing
information to the HLR after call clearing,
• D: The D interface is between the VLR and HLR, and uses the MAP/D protocol to
exchange the data related to the location of the MS and to the management of the
subscriber,
• E: The E interface interconnects two MSCs. The E interface exchanges data related to
handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol,
• F: The F interface connects the MSC to the EIR, and uses the MAP/F protocol to verify
the status of the IMEI that the MSC has retrieved from the MS,
• G: The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G
protocol to transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure,
• H: The H interface is between the MSC, and uses the MAP/H protocol to support the
transfer of short messages,
• I: The I interface is the interface between the MSC and the MS. Messages exchanged over
the I interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.
A total of 156.25 bits is transmitted in 0.577 milliseconds, giving a gross bit rate of
270.833 kbps. There are three other types of burst structure for frame and carrier
synchronization and frequency correction. The 26bit training sequence is used for
equalization. The 8.25 bit guard time allows for some propagation time delay in the arrival of
bursts. Each group of eight time slots is called a TDMA frame, which is transmitted every
4.615 ms. TDMA frames are further grouped into multiframes to carry control signals. There
are two types of multiframe, containing 26 or 51 TDMA frames. The 26frame multiframe
contains 24 Traffic Channels (TCH) and two Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH)
which supervise each call in progress. The SACCH in frame 12 contains eight channels, one
for each of the eight connections carried by the TCHs. The SACCH in frame 25 is not
currently used, but will carry eight additional SACCH channels when half rate traffic is
implemented. A Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) works by stealing slots from a
traffic channel to transmit power control and handover signalling messages. The channel
stealing is done by setting one of the control bits in the time slot burst. In addition to the
Associated Control Channels, there are several other control channels which (except for the
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) are implemented in time slot 0 of specified TDMA
frames in a 51frame multiframe.
unprotected. Thus every 20 ms speech sample is encoded as 456 bits, giving a bit rate of
22.8 kbps. To further protect against the burst errors common to the radio interface, each
sample is diagonally interleaved. The 456 bits output by the convolutional encoder are
divided into 8 blocks of 57 bits, and these blocks are transmitted in eight consecutive timeslot
bursts. Since each timeslot burst can carry two 57 bit blocks, each burst carries traffic from
two different speech samples. Recall that each timeslot burst is transmitted at a gross bit rate
of 270.833 kbps. This digital signal is modulated onto the analog carrier frequency, which
has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, using Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK). GMSK was selected over other modulation schemes as a compromise between
spectral efficiency, complexity of the transmitter, and limited spurious emissions. The
complexity of the transmitter is related to power consumption, which should be minimized for
the mobile station. The spurious radio emissions, outside of the allotted bandwidth, must be
strictly controlled so as to limit adjacent channel interference, and allow for the coexistence of
GSM and the older analog systems (at least for the time being).
There are five classes of mobile stations defined, according to their peak transmitter
power, rated at 20, 8, 5, 2, and 0.8 watts. To minimize cochannel interference and to conserve
power, both the mobiles and the Base Transceiver Stations operate at the lowest power level
that will maintain an acceptable signal quality. Power levels can be stepped up or down in
steps of 2 dB from the peak power for the class down to a minimum of 13 dBm (20
milliwatts). The mobile station measures the signal strength or signal quality (based on the Bit
Error Ratio), and passes the information to the Base Station Controller, which ultimately
decides if and when the power level should be changed. Power control should be handled
carefully, since there is the possibility of instability. This arises from having mobiles in co-
channel cells alternatingly increase their power in response to increased cochannel
interference caused by the other mobile increasing its power. This in unlikely to occur in
practice but it is (or was as of 1991) under study.
Ensuring the transmission of voice or data of a given quality over the radio link is only
part of the function of a cellular mobile network. A GSM mobile can seamlessly roam
nationally and internationally, which requires that registration, authentication, call routing and
location updating functions exist and are standardized in GSM networks. In addition, the fact
that the geographical area covered by the network is divided into cells necessitates the
implementation of a handover mechanism.
The signalling protocol in GSM is structured into three general layers, depending on the
interface, as shown in Figure 1.2. Layer 1 is the physical layer, which uses the channel
structures discussed above over the air interface. Layer 2 is the data link layer. Across the Um
interface, the data link layer is a modified version of the LAPD protocol used in ISDN, called
LAPDm. Across the A interface, the Message Transfer Part layer 2 of Signalling System
Number 7 is used. Layer 3 of the GSM signalling protocol is itself divided into 3 sublayers.
• Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile services
Switching Center (MSC) : Inter-BSC and Intra-MSC Handover,
• Cells under the control of different MSCs : Inter-MSC Handover.
The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve only one Base Station
Controller (BSC). To save signalling bandwidth, they are managed by the BSC without
involving the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), except to notify it at the completion
of the handover. The last two types of handover, called external handovers, are handled by the
MSCs involved. An important aspect of GSM is that the original MSC, the anchor MSC,
remains responsible for most call-related functions, with the exception of subsequent inter-
BSC handovers under the control of the new MSC, called the relay MSC.
address of the new VLR, although it may be a routing number. The reason a routing number
is not normally assigned, even though it would reduce signalling, is that there is only a limited
number of routing numbers available in the new MSC/VLR and they are allocated on demand
for incoming calls. If the subscriber is entitled to service, the HLR sends a subset of the
subscriber information, needed for call control, to the new MSC/VLR, and sends a message to
the old MSC/VLR to cancel the old registration. For reliability reasons, GSM also has a
periodic location updating procedure. If an HLR or MSC/VLR fails, to have each mobile
register simultaneously to bring the database up to date would cause overloading. Therefore,
the database is updated as location updating events occur. The enabling of periodic updating,
and the time period between periodic updates, is controlled by the operator, and is a trade-off
between signalling traffic and speed of recovery. If a mobile does not register after the
updating time period, it is deregistered. A procedure related to location updating is the IMSI
attach and detach. A detach lets the network know that the mobile station is unreachable, and
avoids having to needlessly allocate channels and send paging messages. An attach is similar
to a location update, and informs the system that the mobile is reachable again. The activation
of IMSI attach/detach is up to the operator on an individual cell basis.
earlier, each GSM terminal is identified by a unique International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) number. A list of IMEIs in the network is stored in the Equipment Identity Register
(EIR).
important issue concerning error detection, failure statistics, and performance measurements
is the dearth of long-term experience and an unfortunate lack of trust by many optimization
engineers in the GPRS mobile stations that are available today.
GPRS Services are defined to fall in one of two categories: PTP (Point-To-Point) and
PTM (Point-To-Multipoint) services.
Different network components of the GPRS are connected together by well defined
interfaces. Some new interfaces to GSM have been added in GPRS to support packet
switched data mainly between GGSNs, SGSNs and other network components. The following
interfaces have been defined [3]:
• Um interface between MS and BTS is very similar to GSM and defines the
modulation type, error correction/detection technique, power control information etc,
• A interface between n BTS and BSC defines the channel allocation, power
measurement information etc,
A PTCH channel can transfer either subscribers data or control ones related to RLC level
(acknowledgments). So, it can support:
A MS in the Idle state is not traceable and can only receive PTM-M transmissions such as
general broadcast events destined to a specific geographical area. The MS needs to perform
the attach procedure in order to connect to the GPRS network and become reachable.
• Ready State:
Data is sent or received in this state. The MS informs the SGSN when it changes cells. The
MS may explicitly request (or can be forced by the network) to detach in which case it moves
to Idle. A timer monitors the Ready state and upon its expiry, the MS is put on Standby. The
timer insures that resources are not wasted by an inactive MS.
• Standby State:
A connected MS which is inactive is put in the Standby state. Moving back to Ready can be
triggered by sending data or signalling information from the MS to the SGSN. Upon arrival of
data destined to the MS, the SGSN pages the latter and a response to the page moves the MS
back to the Ready state. The MS may wish (or can be forced by the network) to terminate the
connection by requesting to detach in which case it returns to Idle.
A timer is used by the SGSN to monitor the tracking of the MS, and when it expires, the MS
is detached and is considered unreachable.
GPRS Attach
Idle
GPRS Detach GPRS Detach/
Timer Expiry
point-to-point and point-to-multipoint addressing. The RLC (Radio Link Control), MAC
(Medium Access Control), and GSM RF (Radio Frequency) layers control the radio link, the
allocation of physical channels and radio frequency. LLC PDUs (Packet Data Units) between
the MS and the SGSN are relayed at the BSS. The BSSGP (Base Station System GPRS
Protocol) layer handles routing and QoS between the BSS (Base Station System) and the
SGSN. The GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) is the basis for tunnel signalling and user
PDUS between the SGSN and GGSN.
1.5 Conclusion
In this chapter, I have presented an overview of GSM and GPRS and covered most of
the key architectural and functional aspects. This overview is really necessary to understand
the rest of this project. In reality, these specifications are not sufficient to judge a network
performance. That is why, presenting criteria and indicators of quality of service are essential
to evaluate the performance of a network.
It is obvious that these networks are very complex to deploy but it rests another complexity
which is how supervising and optimizing these networks using these criteria.
2.1 Introduction
With the rapid growth of the GSM networks and the introduction of GPRS, high
quality of service is a competitive advantage for a service provider. Quality of service can be
characterized by such factors as contiguity of coverage, accessibility to the network, speech
quality and number of dropped calls. Service providers must continually strive to improve
their quality of service if they want to keep customers.
This chapter provides an insight into network performance management and quality of service
(QoS) of GSM/GPRS network. It identifies the components of QoS and the available
mechanisms to analyze and evaluate them. This part also identifies important key
performance indicators (KPIs) that need to be monitored and optimized and cites important
data collected by protocols analyser in A interface.
over a predetermined period of time. There are many factors which can degrade the speech
quality of the end-to-end connection: Propagation conditions, poor coverage, external
interference, cochannel interference, terminals quality…
Drive tests allow the mobile network to be tested through the use of a team of people
who take the role of users and take the QoS measures to judge the QoS of the network. This
test does not apply to the entire network, so it is always a statistical sample.
represents the received power. We distinguish RXLEVSUB where DTX is enable and
RXLEVFULL where we DTX technique is not activated,
RXLEV Evaluation
RXLEV ≥ -60dBm Deep Indoor
-72dBm ≤ RXLEV<-60dBm Indoor
-82dBm ≤ RXLEV<-72dBm Incar
-94dBm ≤ RXLEV ≤ -82dBm Outdoor
RXLEV<-89dBm Poor coverage
• RXQUAL: Quality of the received signal is a key parameter for evaluating network
performance. It indicates the Bit Error Rate (BER). We distinguish RXQUALFULL
where the received signal quality is averaged over a time interval containing both periods of
voice information and periods of no transmission and RXQUALSUB where the received
signal quality is averaged only over the periods when voice information is present,
RXQUAL BER
0 Less than 0.2%
1 From 0.2% to 0.4%
2 From 0.4% to 0.8%
3 From 0.8% to 1.6%
4 From 1.6% to 3.2%
5 From 3.2% to 6.4%
6 From 6.4% to 12.8%
7 Greater than 12.8%
• BSIC : It is used to distinguish between two BTSs using the same beacon channel. It is
better to allow the same BSIC to two BTSs in the same cluster,
• TIME : Measurement time,
• MODE : idle or dedicated,
• RXFREQ : It is the frequency number of the channel allowed to the MS in reception,
• BCCHFREQ, BSIC, RXLEV of the six neighbouring cells,
• BER: Bit Error Rate is the ratio of erroneously received bits to all received bits. It is
important to notice that BER is evaluated before channel decoding, i.e. after
equaliser. BER is used for defining the RXQUAL value according to Table 2.2,
• FER: Frame Erasure Rate displays the percentage of lost or bad speech frames. This field
is not displayed if the attached mobile does not support frame erasure measurements. The
FER range is 0 to 100%,
• RLC Throughput: GPRS RLC data rate,
• LLC Throughput: GPRS LLC data rate.
We note that two different modes of measurement are available for this tool:
- The "Connected" mode used when a communication has been established and TCH
channel has been provided,
- In "Idle" mode, when the mobile phone is not connected to the network. Only
information from the BCCH channel such as received signal level and the normal
procedures of the disconnected mode like cell re-selection are available and network
events.
HO call drop rate: Call dropped during intracell, internal intercell and external HO
execution.
SDCCH assign cong fail rate: Rate of SDCCH unsuccessful seizures during radio link
establishment procedure (congestion, radio access problem, BSS Problem).
SDCCH drop rate: Rate of dropped SDCCH (SDCCH is established for any transaction call
establishment, location updating procedure…).
TCH/PDCH Blocking rate (%): TCH/PDCH blocking caused by cell congestion.
SDCCH Blocking rate (%): SDCCH blocking caused by cell congestion.
Downlink quality HO rate (%): Rate of HO that occurs because of quality degradation in
down link.
Uplink quality HO rate (%): Rate of HO that occurs because of quality degradation in up
link.
• KPI Strengths
- Good source of low-resolution radio data for both uplink performance metrics, and
downlink transmit parameters for a single call [5],
- Cost to perform measurements is low and no additional hardware is necessary,
- Testing can be performed for any handset or user equipment.
• KPI Weaknesses
- Often not available for initial infrastructure release of a new technology,
- Specialized knowledge required to run the application and retrieve the results,
however, the task itself is relatively straightforward,
- No positioning information, however OMC data can be synchronized to drive test
data with position information,
- Limited capability to monitor multiple calls at the same time (due to system
performance issues).
- Parameters adjustment
- Antennas direction change
- On site intervention
- Maintenance actions…
MS max power CCCH : The maximum allowed power of the mobile when transmitting on
the RACH,
RxLev min : The minimum Received signal level at a MS from an adjacent cell for handover
into that cell to be permitted,
HO margin (n) : Hysteresis allowing meeting a tradeoff between the ping-pong handover
rate and the quality of service,
2.5.1 Interference
The signal at the receiving antenna can be weak by virtue of interference from other
signals. These signals may be from the same network or may be due to man-made objects.
However, the major cause of interference in a cellular network is the radio resources in the
network. Indeed, high capacity increases interference because of reuse of frequency
technique.
We distinguish three kinds of interference:
• Co-Channel interference: occurs when radio transmitters from two adjacent cells transmit
on the same channel, in the same TDMA timeslot. When this happens, the signal is
temporarily distorted. The result will be poor speech quality, drop-outs or even complete
call losses in voice calls, GPRS data connections will slow down significantly. Co-
channel interference cannot be avoided, since the same channels must be re-used in other
cells not far apart. In GSM various techniques have been developed to reduce the
problem, for example discontinuous transmission, frequency hopping, power control and
adaptive multi-rate coding. However, the problem remains the ultimate limiting factor for
network capacity,
• Adjacent channel interference: This phenomenon is due to the use of two frequencies
having adjacent bandwidth by sites not well separated,
• Co-site interference: occurs when two neighbouring frequencies are used in the same site.
To avoid this problem, many actions can be taken: Operators should choose an adequate
cluster for frequency reuse technique, change antenna direction and reduce the BTS
transmission power.
The diagram below summarizes interference analysis and optimization procedure :
Begin
Percentage of poor
RXQUAL ≥ threshold
No
No interference problem
Yes
Call drop
≥ threshold
No
No interference problem
Yes
Better cell HO
≤ threshold
No
No interference problem
Yes
HO drop
≥ threshold
No
No interference problem
Yes
HO interference
≥ threshold
No
No interference problem
Yes
- Frequency change
- Antennas actions
- …… Yes
End
2.5.2 Congestion
A network is congested when the available resources are not sufficient to satisfy the
experienced workload traffic.
• Causes:
TCH/PDCH availability, missing neighbours, missing assignments in neighbour list, traffic
distribution.
• Action:
– Check TCH/PDCH availability. TCH/PDCH time slots may go into sleep mode. Real-time
data can show if certain time slots are constantly idle. If this occurs over a long period of time
and especially during the busy hour, a BTS restart and retest validation may be required,
– Check for cell mean holding time (MHT) and compare it with that of the surrounding cells
in the area. Greater MHT may be due to missing or incorrect neighbour cell definitions.
Check the radio plan for missing neighbour cell assignments,
– Use traffic management (load shedding) techniques that force traffic originating near the
cell border to the surrounding cells. This can be achieved with optimum use of capacity-
efficient features such as directed retry, cell load-sharing (traffic reason handover or changing
the handover hysteresis parameters), and handover offset between two neighbour cells,
– In a hierarchical cell structure, distribute traffic to lower or higher cell levels as required,
using layer threshold and layer threshold hysteresis,
– Redistribute traffic among cells within the same layer, using early handover from a
congested cell to another cell. This can be accomplished by adjusting handover hysteresis and
handover offset [7].
• Causes:
SDCCH availability, high number of location updates, high level of short message service
(SMS) traffic, high number of call set-up bids,
• Action :
– Check historical statistics of SDCCH availability. In some systems, time slots may go into
sleep mode. Historical data can show if certain time slots are constantly idle. If this occurs
over a long period of time and especially during the busy hour (BH), a base transceiver station
(BTS) restart and retest validation may be required,
- Check for high number of location updates, call set-ups, and SMS traffic. Increasing the cell
reselect hysteresis (CRH) will delay GPRS reselection. It might be wise to expand SDCCH
resources, if possible. This can be done at the expense of one TCH, which can be converted to
eight SDCCHs. It is advisable to aim for no SDCCH congestion at all times.
Begin
Percentage of poor
RXQUAL ≥ threshold
No
No congestion problem
Yes
Congestion rate
≥ threshold
No
No congestion problem
Yes
- Frequency change
- New sites
- ……
End
Begin
Percentage of poor
RXLEV ≥ threshold
No
No coverage problem
Yes
Call drop
≥ threshold
No
No coverage problem
Yes
HO RXLEV
≤ threshold
No
No coverage problem
Yes
- Frequency change
- Antennas actions
- ……
End
Begin
Call drop
≥ threshold
No
No call drop problem
Yes
BSS drop
≥ threshold
Yes
Call drop is due to an
No interior problem in the
BTS
radio drop
≥ threshold
Yes Call drop is due a radio
interface problem
HO Quality
≥ threshold
No
HO interference
≥ threshold Yes
Yes
The cause is interference
No
HO RXLEV
≥ threshold
End
The first thing to check is the coverage. If we have in the concerned site good
coverage, we have to see if channels are congested. First, we have to check circuit channels
and then packet channels. Session set up failure may also be caused by Gb interface
congestion or BSS problem.
The diagram below shows how using RXLEV and KPI indicators to see if this problem is due
to coverage :
Begin
Percentage of poor
RXLEV ≥ threshold
No
No congestion problem
Yes
Call set up
≥ threshold
No
No congestion problem
Yes
- Antennas actions
- New sites
- ……
End
2.6 Conclusion
In this chapter, we have presented the principal indicators of quality of service as well
as the various parameters which allow the management of this quality.
Then, we have enumerated the various problems which can be encountered in such a network
and proposed possible actions which can be carried out to avoid these problems. Our post
processing tool will be presented in the following chapter.
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we will develop a tool that aims to evaluate the QoS in a GSM/GPRS
network, detect some problems and eventually propose recommendations for each problem.
We deal with a brief presentation of programming languages and after that a description of
our tool. Eventually, we will do a case study based on field trial measurements.
3.2. Objectives
This tool has to provide a solution for improving GSM/GPRS performance in terms of
Quality of service. First, it gives a detailed evaluation of the network and after that it detects
problems, locates them and eventually offers some recommendations.
The evaluation is obtained through visual analysis:
• Via map: This tool is able to transform drive test files into maps for visual analysis of
many QoS indicators such as RXLEV, RXQUAL, Call drop,…
• Via graph: This tool is able to make histograms that contain statistical information
summarizing the data in drive test files. They will be used with RNO parameters for post
processing.
over many aspects of MapInfo functions from file manipulation to geographic analysis and
interface design. Through Map Basic, it is possible to simplify complex or often repeated
tasks, thus reducing the training level required for every-day operators. We note also that
there are deep links between MapInfo and Map Basic versions.
This tool is an executable program (‘.exe’), written in Visual Basic and Map Basic. It
uses two external applications:
• Microsoft Access database, which stocks data coming from RNO (Radio Network
Optimization) center and containing Key Performance Indicators (KPI). It includes also
physical and logical parameters for “Tunisie Télécom” network.
• Geographical software processing tool, MapInfo, for map making display.
The following figure describes the architecture of the tool. On the left are the types of
imported files and their origin; on the right are the internal links of the software with different
applications.
Data from drive tests are converted into excel files. RNO measurement is stored in an Access
database.
The post-processing tool uses Visual Basic for making statistics and analysing different data
and Map BASIC scripts to manage MapInfo software.
Selected records are those which give the best characterisation of the air interface, and
which allow us to judge the QoS.
3.5.1 Authentication
Only users who have the suitable password can accede to our tool. If user enterS
wrong password, an error message is posted and thus user can try again.
The main menu contains five fields. The first one is drive test analysis. Here, user can choose
the drive test file that he wants to analyse. He can do many statistics. For instance, user can
make histograms that show the percentage of good, fair and bad indicators such as RXLEV,
RXQUAL, T_ADV. Also, user can represent the recorded information through a map. An
example of a map could be the display of the level for the received signal in GSM and GPRS,
a second could give the level of Quality. The second field is KPI analysis. Here, user can see
the value of many indicators for each cell, in addition, users can focus on areas of data that are
of interest, such as high dropped call rates or setup failure rates, by using the key performance
indicators obtained by RNO. Another field is optimization which shows recommendations
that we have to do if there are problems.
This tool gives also a daily list of physical parameters for each cell, for instance tilt, azimuth,
LAC, BSC, MSC, BCCH, geographic position… This list can be daily updated.
Also, users are able to view logical parameters and their values for each cell, for example
GSM_Rxlev_access_min, GSM_penalty_time… These parameters can also be daily updated.
And finally the field “about” which gives general information about our tool:
3.5.3 Statistics
The window below allows users to make statistical information summarizing the data in drive
test files. They can choose any drive test files, fix the suitable thresholds and view histograms
summarizing the repartition of RXLEV.
First, user has to select the drive test file he wants to analyse:
Min Max
Good 0 3
Fair 4 4
Poor 5 7
Table 3.2 : Quality thresholds.
The following window provides a complete overview of the content of the drive test in terms
of RXQUAL indicator. In fact, the statistical distribution of this element allows engineers to
assess the overall quality of the radio conditions on the test route.
And when checking RXQUAL histogram, we notice that the percentage of poor quality is 0 %
and this illustrates coding schemes statistics.
The second step in our tool is the creation of maps. Maps are created through
MapInfo. This software uses a script language, MapBasic. The post-processing tool generates
various recoverable data files under MapInfo, and a MapBasic script file. Once the script is
launched under MapInfo, using the different file generated, the requested map, with the
appropriate sets of themes for the legend, is created. The Post Processing tool allows the user
to choose a raster image (geographical map), which is used in the background. We have
chosen Tunisia map for our representation.
When user chooses the field called “map”, the window below is posted.
When user clicks on the first button, a MapInfo application is open and user can run map
Basic application by clicking on the second button.
To analyse an area, user has to import its drive test files and then save them as MapInfo
tables.
We note that user can add as many files as he wants to get stronger analysis. For instance if
we have problems in the drive test file, we can replace it by other files.
The Tool proposed a variety of maps to analyse signal coverage, Quality, Better cell analysis
in GSM/GPRS systems. A specific setting (Colours, Thresholds) is allocated for each map.
This map helps us to visualise the concerned area. From this map, we can extract the
following results:
Coverage Percentage (%)
Deep indoor 32.28
Indoor 27.03
Incar 27.99
Outdoor 11.02
Poor coverage 1.65
According to these results, we notice that there are areas where we have problem in the
coverage. This visualisation is not sufficient to locate problems. So, the other parts in our tool
will show how can us do this task.
For this map, we have used RXQUALSUB indicator. Three Levels of quality are
represented on the map Blue colour corresponds to good quality, cyan colour for fair quality
and red colour for poor quality. We have imported many files corresponding to Tunis area.
From this map, we can get the number of samples for each kind of quality.
According to this display, we remark that bad quality percentage is high. So, an optimization
process is needed in this area.
A colour is allocated for each cell. User will be able to know where the mobile
changes cell and this allow him to have an idea about better cell handover in the network.
Also, better cell map is a way that shows the partition of cells in this area.
We have divided the total course into small courses with low length. The analysis will
be made on each one of these small courses and will thus allow a better localization of the
problems in space. So each drive test file will be analysed closely.
In this project, we have focused on a part from “bon lieu sud” area. This area contains 67 cells
and its course respects the criteria of an optimization course which are :
- Without change envisaged during the day of test,
- With high traffic,
According to Figure 3.26, the percentage of Deep Indoor coverage, Indoor coverage, incar
coverage, Out Door coverage and poor coverage are respectively 27.74%, 14%, 29.8% and
6.68%. These results incite us to say that this area has coverage problem.
According to Figure 3.27, the percentage of good, fair and poor quality are respectively 75%,
1.09%, 23.9%.In fact, these maps are not sufficient to judge the QoS in this area. That is why,
we have made statistics and analyse KPI and this helps us to locate exactly problems.
User can choose the problem he wants to analyse by clicking on one of the following button:
For interference, we have focused on four KPI: Call drop rate, better cell HO rate,
interference HO, HO drop. If these call drop rate, interference HO rate and HO drop rate are
respectively bigger than 0.02, 0.1 and 0.02 and if better cell HO is smaller than 0.2, there is an
interference problem. Some solutions on the concerned cell are available in our tool.
3.7 Conclusion
In this chapter, we have made a study, an implementation, a validation of the tool and
a real case study of analysis and optimization. In this tool, we have used drive test
informations and key performance indicators for an automatic analysis and an easy
optimization of a real area.
We notice that this application remains open to the improvement because the world of
telecommunications and especially the networks mobile are very evolutionary.
Conclusion
The Telecommunications field are very revolutionary. The operators and the suppliers
of service propose not only voice services, but also other services such as WAP, ftp, WEB
which exploit the resources of the mobile networks. So, operators and suppliers have to face
the degradation of quality of services by optimization. For instance, they have to overcome
many problems that come from the introduction of these services ; we can cite coverage,
interference, congestion….In this context, we have worked in this project. We have first of all
made an overview about architecture and functionalities of the GSM/GPRS network. Second,
we have analysed many indicators that are related to the quality of service and proposed some
algorithms that help the optimization process. Eventually, we have developed our tool.
The stake of this tool was to be able to process by easy way using data obtained on the radio
interface during field trial and data extracted from RNO. It allows the visualisation of traces
from measurement tools and RNO indicators by the means of maps or graphs. Then, and
using these graphs and RNO indicators, this tool analyses an area chosen by the user, detect
problems and propose some recommendations
From a personal point of view, this project was for me an excellent occasion to supplement
my education by an experience in the world of the company. The study was carried out in real
areas. The team in this direction works with experienced individuals and the responsibility
related to the success conclusion for a complete project enabled me to discover the multiple
issues of engineer work.
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