I1A1 Waffle Slabs oat Shab Drop panel Column Torsional pat of the drop panel (e) Figure 17.32 (continued) The width of column strip in each direction is 4 = 10 ft, whereas the width of the middle strip is 10 ft in the long direction and 14 ft in the short direction. 5, Calculations of moments and steel reinforcement are shown in Table 17.11. Use an average d= 10 ~ 1.5 = 85 in. in the column strip and d = 8 ~ 1.5 = 65 in. in the middle strip. Bars are chosen for adequate distribution in both the column and middle strip. Reinforce- ment details are similar to those in at-plate examples. {111 WAFFLE SLABS A two-way waffle slab system consists of concrete ribs that normally intersect at right angles. These slabs might be constructed without beams, in which case a solid column head is made over the column to prevent any punching due to shear. Wide beams can also be used on the column centerlines for uniform depth construction. Square metal or fiberglass pans are commonly used to form these joists. A thin slab of 3 to 5 in. is cast with these joists to form the waffle slab. Each panel is divided into a column and a middle strip. The column strip includes all joists that frame into the solid head; the middle strip is located between consecutive column strips. Straight or bent bars could be used as a reinforcement in a waffle slab. The design of a two-way waffle slab is similar to that of flat slabs by considering the solid head as a drop panel. To prevent any excess in the diagonal tension in the head, a sufficient size of column must be used or a shear cap must be provided. In the design of a wafffe slab, the top slabs with each rib form a T-section, with considerable depth relative to flat plates. Consequently, long spans carrying heavy loads may be designed with great savings in concrete. Waffle slabs also provide an attractive ceiling, which is achieved by leaving the rib pattern or by integrating lighting fixtures. The standard pans that are commonly used in waffle slabs can be one of the following two types:Chapter 17 Design of Two-Way Slabs Table 17.11 Design of an Interior Flat-Slab Floor System Long Direction My, = 358 K-ft Column Strip Middle Strip M factor -0.49M, 021M, —0.16M, 04M, M, (K-ft) -175.4 +75.2 57.3 #501 Width of strip (in.), b 120 120 120 120 Effective depth (in.), d 8.5 65 65 65 R= a (psi) 243 178 129 19 Steel ratio p (%) 0.48 0.34 0.25 0.23 A, = pbd (in.?) 49 2.65 1.95 aoe Min. A, = 0.0018bh, (in.*) 2.16 2.16 173 1B Selected bars 16 no. 5 14 no. 4 10 no. 4 9no.4 Short Direction Middle Strip MQ. = 289.3 K-ft M factor 0.49M, 021M, —0.16M, 0.14M, M, (K-ft) 142 +608 =46.3 £405 Width of strip (in.), b 120 120 168 168 Effective depth (in.), d 85 65 65 65 196 144 B 6&8 R, (psi) Steel ratio p (%) 0.38 0.28 0.15 0.13 A, = pbd (in) 3.9 22 1.64 1.42 Min. A, = 0.0018bh, (in2) 2.16 2.16 2.42 242 Selected bars 13 no. 5 11 n0. 4 12 no. 4 12 m0.4 1, 30 X 30-in. square pans with a 3-in. top slab, from which 6-in.-wide ribs at 36 in. (@ f) on centers are formed. These are available in standard depths of 8 to 20 in, in 2-in, incre: ments, Refer to Example 17.12 and Fig. 17.33. 2. 19 x 19-in. square pans with a 3-in, top slab, from which 5-in.-wide ribs at 24 in, (2 ft) on centers are formed. These are available in standard depths of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 in Other information about pans is shown in Table 17.12 [21]. Other types, ranging from 19 X 19-in, pans to 40 x 40-in. pans, are available in the construction industry. Example 17.12: Waffle Slab Design a waffle floor system that consists of square panels without beams considering the following data (Fig. 17.33): Span, center to center of columns = 33 ft Width of rib = 6 in,, spaced at 36 in. on centers Depth of rib = 14 in, and slab thickness = 3 in, Column size = 20 20 in.“CLLt edu qu pue ued ‘speey pijos jo suoisuewip pue Bulseds (p) pue ‘suorsuewip jond@s Ssouo (q) ‘GEIS aYJeEM UR JO URId (©) ELE eaNBIg (e) SU x ST \ (qs) __ (eau 9) f eau pulos [dans wanes dow oireny i i WW i POU 7 i (dus eunjod) ,¢-91 7 (Guns a1ppuy) 6°91 ] | eos Oo aEChapter 17. Design of Two-Way Slabs Solid head Pans Ribs (b) 38 i (a) Figure 17.33 (continued) Dead load (excluding setf-weight) = 50 psf Live load = 100 psf Sksif, = 60 ksi Solution 1. Determine minimum slab thickness using Table 17.1: Minimum h = 1,/30, |, = 33 - #= 31.33 ft, A = 31.33(12)/30 = 12.5 in. for exterior panels, and A = 1,/33 = 11.4 in. for interio panels. Equations 17.1 and 17.2 may be used. Assume the total depth is 17 in. consisting of. in, slab thickness and 14-in. rib depth. 2, Calculate loads on the waffle slab:111 Waffle Slabs 645 Table 17.12 Gross Section Properties [21] For the Joists (30 x 30-in. pans) ‘Top Slab Rib Depth Volume Gross Area fin) (in) (cf/pan) (in) 3 8 3.85 1393 3 10 478 2307 3 12 5.53 3541 3 14 6.54 5135 3 16 7.44 na 3 20 9.16 12,469 4s 8 3.85 2058 45 10 4.78 3227 45 12 553 4783 45 14 6.54 6773 45 16 744 9238 45 20 9.16 15,768 For the Joists (19 x 19-1 3 6 1.09 105 2.886 598 3 8 141 117.4 3.564 1098 3 10 19 130.4 4.303 1824 3 12 214 144 5.083 2807 45 6 1.09 14 3.457 957 45 8 141 153 4.051 1618 45 10 19 166.4 4.709 2550 45 12 2.14 180 5.417 3794, a, Factored load of solid head part = 1,2(150)(17/12) = 255 psf. b. Voided volume of 14-in, rib = 6.54 ft on 3 x 3-1 1.2(150\9 x 43 = 6.54) = 1118 Ib. Weight per square foot is “* = 125 psf. area. Total weight of 9-ft® area is ¢. Factored additional dead plus live load is 1.2(50) + 1.6(100) = 220 psf. Uniform w,, (at solid head) = 255 + 220 = 500 psf. Uniform w, (at ribbed area) = 125 + 220 = 345 psf d. Loads on one panel (refer to Fig. 17.34): At the solid head, W = 0.5(12) + 0.345(21) = 13.22 K/ft. At the ribbed area, W = 0.345(33) = 11.39 K/f. 3. Calculate shear and total static moment: V, (at the face of column) = 13.225.17) + aspen = 188K M, (at midspan) = 188(15.67) ~ 13.226.17)(13.09) Hos = 1424 Ket 4, Check punching shear (refer to Fig. 17.35) a, In solid head at d/2 from column face, h = 17 in., d = 17 ~ 1.25 = 15.75 in., c (column) = 20 in, b, = 4(20 + 15.75) = 143 in., V, = 11.3921 ft) + 13.22(12 ft) - 0.5G7.75/ 12)? = 393.4 K and @V. = d4Vfib,d = 0.75(4)(V'5000) (143)(15.75) = 478 K > V,, b. In the slab at distance d/2 from the edge of the solid head, slab thickness is 3 in.; let d = 2.15 in. ThenChapter 17 Design of Two-Way Slabs Waffle slab (looking upward). 6, 4(150 + 2.5) = 610 in. 152.5 Vy, = 11.3921) + 13,2212) — os(323) =3174K $V, = 0.75(4)(V5000\(610)(2.5) = 324 K > V, 5. Design moments and reinforcement: a, Exterior panel: M, = 1424 K-ft Exterior negative moment = 0.26M, = -370 K-ft Positive moment = 0.52M, = + 740 K-ft Interior negative moment = 0.7M, = —997 K-ft b. Interior panel: M, = 1424 K-ft Negative moment = 0.65(1424) = —925.6 K-ft Positive moment = 0.35(1424) = 498.4 K-ft Design details are shown in Table 17.13 and Fig. 17.36. Note that all steel ratios are low and ¢ = 0.9. Calculate the unbalanced moments in columns and check shear for V, and M,, as in Examples 17.8 and 17.9.7.11 Waffle Slabs a Column face i fe 11.39 Kite T | Colunn centetine —ol | cs . 3 _ 1 | | i 105" sar oe >| 188K 97K (b) M, = 1424 Kft (c) Figure 17.34 Load, shear, and moment diagrams: (a) load distribution on the span, (6) shear force diagram, and (c) bending moment diagram.Chapter 17 Design of Two-Way Slab 35.75" Figure 17.35 Punching shear locations: (a) punching shear in column head and (b) punching shear in slab.17.12 Equivalent Frame Method Table 17.13 Design of an Exterior and an Interior Waffie Slab (5 Ribs in Column Strip and 6 Ribs in Middle Strips) Column Strip Middle Strip Exterior Interior Exterior Panel (-™) +M M -M *M Moment factor (%) 100 60 75 28 40 M, (Kf) 370 444 748 249 296 Stip width, b (in.) 150 198 150 36 (6 ribs) 198 d(in) 15.75 15.75 15.75 15.15 15.75 Re i (psi) 120 108 241 334 n Steel ratio, p (%) 0.226 0.465 0.657 0.135 A, = pbd (in2) 5.33 36 11.0 3.73 42 Min, A, = 0.00186h 26 1.22 46 1M 1.47 Bars selected 14 n0. 6 2 no. 8/rib 26 no. 6 10 no. 6 2. no. 7/rib Column Strip Middle Strip Exterior Interior Interior Panel (tM +M —M -M +M Moment factor (%) _ 60 15, 25 40 M, (K-ft) a 299 694.2 214 200 Stip width, b (in.) = 198 150 36 (6 ribs) 198 ain) - 15.75 15.75 15.75 15.75 M, MM — 22: 4 R= Fp os) B 4 31 9 Stel ratio, p (%) - 0.137 0.431 0.61 0.091 A, = pbd (in.”) - 4.27 10.18 3.45 2.84 Min. A, = 0.10018bh - 1.22/rib 46 Ll 147 Bars selected - 2 no. 7/rib 24 no. 6 10 no. 6 2 no. 6/rib 17.12 EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD When two-way floor systems do not satisfy the limitations of the direct design method, the design moments must be computed by the equivalent frame method. In the latter method, the building is divided into equivalent frames in two directions and then analyzed elastically for all conditions of loadin; i difference between the direct design and equivalent frame methods lies in the way by which the longitudinal moments along the spans of the equivalent rigid frame are deter- mined. The design requirements can be explained as follows. 1. Description of the equivalent frame: An equivalent frame is a two-dimensional building frame obtained by cutting the three-dimensional building along lines midway between col: umns (Fig. 17.4). The resulting equivalent frames are considered separately in the longi- tudinal and transverse directions of the building. For vertical loads, each floor is analyzed separately, with the far ends of the upper and lower columns assumed to be fixed, The slab- beam may be assumed to be fixed at any support two panels away from the support con- sidered, because the vertical loads contribute very little to the moment at that support. For