Bleichmar - Avances en Psicoterapia PDF

- Auances en
psicoterapia psicoanaltica
Hugo Bleichmar
Hacia una tcnica de intervenciones especficas
Psicologa Psiouiatra
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Psicologa Psiquiatra Psicoterapia

Llltinros ttulos publicados:
Hugo Bleichmar
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',' P Creen - Arr1,r.i r',1 1.15. L. C:rncrirrr y C. La RUsa Lt,itio Ptn,,rtt
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E. Bianchi y otros - El se nic it social como proL.eso tle ayutla C. Feiras 1 M. T. Mrro. ,4f,." rimil t.n^ tt tl\i,tenkt l:1.1. V. F CuidrDu . El st mim, n nr," ,
AVANCES EN PSICOTERAPIA
l.1o N. I.ejermcn. H. Arroyo, l\,{ Maisaro y & lJurn'll'

137. )vl. Prez Pcrcira y J.
PSICOANALITICA
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t38. J. S,'5. . Arcc ) A. Pncro Mamal le p: ,l,'air jurntnt r39. J. Mui/es/o\ i( / - Prrc,'trntl,1,'qi psi t,ilhini,. lt t40. !. Corsi Vilntnt tintlir t4t. A. M. Washton , 1 Jiq n a td ot orut A. Barlos Ltipez - A6arz4itho, t- Ntturulqo. .titryu v etulua(itt l,+1. A Bados Lpez , Agor'fobia. ll-'l rutamienbs tr,higiot \. larmd(o k; !i<t).\ | 41. M. Payne - Teorat cotremporneas (lcl trab4o !o(.d t,15. R. Coromins y M.' J. Sanz - El minuty.ilio lsrn I su enkrrno 146. D Adamo y ou-os (conipt;. Pscolopi de Ia ot irin poli t+?. R. J. Strnhrrg - /ri,rrirr:r en |\tLtl,,!kt 1413. S VinogrrJ,,! y S Yelom Garir ,i ut Je :i,t'trapit Jt atut, 149. L. S. Grcenberg y otros - I..t(ilitando l cambkt enotional t50. J. E. Azcuar 1 tnfo' Altr,,,tu \ dcl arcnJi,tjL tttt'Lr l5 t. J. Cor.i ) r.trl'\ - Vn,len,.n nttwlnu t l frtt,t 51. l. E. A?co^ga - Los tuktro dl l wa( e 'l tk) r5l. J. Currrmirr:r. y utro. P-\i\4htptu tt Xruf,^ t,u n ,t r5,1. S. M.Nmee ) K. ). Cer en - Ln rer,qid t,,w t i'n i uit hu r, \ i r55. B. lnh(ldcr \ J. Plpet Dc lo l,'f i. .1 n ia,, d ltt t, \:i n.lL t,tlt,tv-ntt t56. F. Torr\ de Bea - (;rrt',,\ l ht^ \ h A r.\
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Hacia una tcnica

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r59. K. E. A.en j P.'fofi\o - lnrcr\.nit,'tt ltmilit 160. D. Stern - L r.y'r-itrt ,tl 'nt l6 t. R. Dallo\ Irr.rr.r /. t tcolt i]r:.lnolltttre\ t2. E. Hurl,,(l - P.\t\1ln<tu l J,tt\t-nt-it l6-'r. J. W- Wordcn_- _/ ratmoto el Ju.b: sesofttmienb ps(t)kjaL\, \, tetupi 164. J. Po(h y A. A\ rlir lni.niy,h-t,4 p:,i,irn\,t 165. F.. Crr(!tmDrune ) utru\ - f \rr. /,p.lt.,./ h,ri,' \ r ..:1,, q u r t.q i t' 166. .,. Rojxs Befr,ride/ - T irn r y a ,t ,'r,,Jnn tttt. , t6t. R Si!rk y ,flfu. - Tun t ,ltit d lu tlttirnt 1613. H. Bleichntur - 4v.nk\ e l'-tittt(t,tpt.t p\i(t\tt,tlli 169. F. Lope/ y P. Poblacion - L/ .f('rl/r/, t .\:tqrut {nird\ frn,rmt it,ts dplitd ?n piLôterulia. l7l. D. Glaser y S. Frosh'A bux, seuol inlottil t12. A. Cesell y otros - 1l io de a 5 to t13. A. Gesell y otros El io de 5 a l0 ao!; t]1. A. Gesell y otros - El dlolesnte tle l0 u l as r75. M. A. Caudill - Crnrrle el dolor antct tle que el dolor le tontrole d usted 116. l:. Casas - ln.fo,rc'io: ltrtrycivar; piL\)so(:iale.\ t1'7. 1.. For^n - Dilemr^ tiyi cn DLlidrkt l7l{. l). Greenberger y Ch. A - Pade;ky - El control d \u esta.lo e dnmo
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PAIDOS
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l3.l .19.-{).r94 X l)t pisito [rArl: It .1.941/1998
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M (iilic, S. L., lt'plul dc Mogoda
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IttlPttso crr lrslrarir l,rintctl in Spain
SUMARIO
\Br'.r(le( inricnt.,s lnlrl \lu( ( r, )n El rcr.lrrccirnismr en psicoanhlisis: c rrxr(lel() chrctlil-especulatir o l'om]irs clel re([lcci( )nisr)ro en psic(rp.lr()logx f Jn alternxti\,1: cl rn<xielc m()cltlhr-tnrnsfolr]racional
.
11
1.1 1-3
17
20
1. EL MODELO MODUIAR.TRANSFORMACIONAL Y
SIJBTIPIOS DE
DEPRESIN
LOS
]5
I)itfentcs canrinos rle enlrxcla a la clepresi<in 'l lansfirnrcioncs cn(re l()s (lislint()s cilcuitos (lue crn<lucen
fll scntiricnl() cle inr<ltenciu/clesesperlnzl para la rexliz.lci(-)n clel
clcsct
la rle
15 13
62
presi(in
titilitlucl th'l nr()t{cl() nn)([l.lr cle.fiiculej(ir] (le
(i)nsectclci:rs pall la terirpia <lel m<xlelr nx xltlr-h ansfirnraci< nal clc ( llr clcpresiirn ....... CLralr() (as()s clinicos: espccificiclcl rle ls intervenciones tcruprticas. 69
c())p(ertes
6l
2. EL MASOQUISMO.
Sul)tip()s (lc
S1
I.ls(xrisr]r() en la intersrl)ictiviclcl Articulaci(in cle rrxrtivaci<nes en l()s cas()s (le
rltas()(Flislll()
. rnaso(}rislll() . . .
h
.
l-l 90
94
.\les<xuisnro: finra rlc cor-ttr'ol y transfi rrur;tcirn cletensiva cle ('i,,t'l tr.rrllr.rti(.1
situe-
9i
99
l)\i(1f(,r.ll\r., tlt I ll.rsr,lrts1,, llcpetici(in tlc vincul<>s n)s()(ist:rs en Iir sit!lci(in terapuIi(il M:is allir clcl (l(se() y el principi() clel placcrr el sr.rjer clel clisplacer.
caso clnicr cle fil.lir rL la hrxrxscxualiclacl . . . . IJI srrjcr clel tlisplecer y el scntid() cle relitl:rcl I.l clni<u <le mls ll (lel dcsc() y (lcl principi() clcl plrcer
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105 107
111
1li
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,{VAN(-tJS
LN PSICO'I'I]RAPIA PSI(]OANAI-I'I(]A
SUMARIO
.J. T,O REPRIMIDO, LO NO CONSTITIIIDO Y
IA
DESACTTVACIN
117
5. IA AGRESIVIDAD: VARIANTES Y ESPECITICIDAI)

DE I.S TNTER!'ENCIONES TERAPUTTCES
lgresi\ i(l(l y l: representuci(in clel Angustis (tc rLrk )c( )nst:n'?cirin . Sentinlient()s (le cLlp.l)ili(la(l Agresivirlatl ! nurcisisln()
SIi(ITORIAL DEL INCONSCIENTE INTER!'ENCIONES 'TERAPI ITICAS DIFERENCIADA
..
221
sujeto
22)
223 226 227
lil \rrAirricnk) y sostn tle la fincii>n clescante. ,l\lt'Llio l'rrcilitack o nretlio rroveetlori' (.irir(t(rsticrs clel terlpeutu y h c()nstitttci(ln cle I tirn<it-rn (leseantc llrrr clt,rrlrr (lel psic()l rl.i lisis: cl (lesnrroll() cle unt clni(1t <le lt Ill/kt s/.q4(,i/ f cU(liana (illrpotencilr/desvlllinliento) ( itlncsis clcl sentilrient() cle p()tencil: clticit y conflict llill):r) lcrxprtico c()n ls creencies r))iltri(cs psi(n]rles.
\||rl 'r)l,r (, lrislr triir l.i( nrlirl\.1 l'.rtologirr rol iclcntific:tci<-rnr su ttt<clific:L<i<in l.( \':lnlllienk) cle la represi<in y c()nstitLrci)n clc l< nct c<rstituiclt en el i (i rl)\cl(.nt(. tx sl(1i\,1r( i(-)n sect(n-ial (lcl inconscientc y IJ I ilttctg.utg freucliant
li.sl,rl,,s , rr rlclir il
t20
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tJ0 t32
136
La "egrcsivicluci-instnr'Dcnt( (-(rD() icci(in s()l)rc el
Agresir iclacl e intent()s <lc Agresiviclacl y sa(lisn()
sepiLnLcion-inclivicltrcion
(fro y el pr1)pi() sLiet() 232

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Iigfcsiv,(hdylaterrlpt.rlsitlnltl (iim() est insclila I inten(ionliclucl agrcsivir cn cl inc()nscicntel . Llplicrcionss pera la tetrpia (lc lit desc()nstruc( irin de la grrsi\ i(Lrcl en rrxllitlrlcs v c()n(li(i()ncs ([rc la rclivrn.
238
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213
243
248,
116
ti2
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t62. 163
l.i7
6.
PSICOTERAPIA DE LOS TRASTORNOS
NARCISISTAS rxtcrn()
(,()n\((u('n(ius pltla
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ll
tc-rapia cle lx rllttltiplici(l.t(l cle estl(l()s clel incons-
l'.ll(,1()giu xrr cfficit. p()r trlrLln1. pot instripcirin pittol(igicil ( I] (,1 inc()nscientc. y l)()r c()nflict() l)r)s ('.ls()s clnicos: tincllrment()s y tcnicr cle Ia tenpiu.
lrrlr( lirrilrricn) entre clficit y conflict(). l)()s l(r)ris solrre la rclcirn cntre llngusli y cleseo. Ir)l( r\(,n(i()ncs repllr(l{)rls: xlgtrnr)s stthtil)()s
169
ti2
1l
tl in.,rns.rcrrtc C(npens:lci()nes nirrcisists inc()nscientes. l'sicoterapi (lc l()s trast(nn()s r-rr('isistls

La < ont acliccir'rn 1 la kigica cn
Sulrtiros tle tlask)rn()s n:rrcisist,rs El balancc lLrcisist.r: prlgonr <le ficzas. Iirlxn(e nur(isjsta intraps(lri(() .v str relrrciirn (()n el ()l)ict() I-.1 n:rrrisisr<: crlcligr I <'st(cttir
250
25'i
23i
25;
2i9
261
Exlnrcn crti('() (le la ()rientx( i(-)n ta'cnicu k()hrtinl: indclrci()ncs. Iimit,rci()ncs \' c()ntralin(lic:tcir rcs .
4.
F]I,
TRATAMIENTOI AMPLIACIN T'E I.A CONCIENCIA, NTODIFICACIN DEL INCONSCIENTE
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7. I.A MODIFICACIN TERAPUTICA DEL

Supery n()rnrativ() y supcry(i La relacirin del sujct() c()nsig()
SUPERY
27i
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nl;rrl rrlcrlir', (lc le interpletaci)n: l)ahnce enne cl lla<el cle la repe tir r' t r ll l)l.r(r'r ([ I ..l'i. l.r s t'li r t()s t n t l ini onsc irnte (le las intcn enciones anliticrts 'li;rlr:rirr r'l l.r tr';llrsli r'nr'jlr: Ill transleren(iit c()u() resislenci f.,r rt pt :ion (l('l ( ( rr( ( l)t(, (lc c()ntrxin(licxc(in en psic()xnlilisis. l.il l):rrti( rt)ir('i()l] .tr'trr:t <k'l px(iente )' la cresti<in cle lit regtesiiln y la .r., ,r l.rr i, r lrl'rr. l'rr':r rn;r IirrrrrrrIrr'ir'rrr rlt l.r lcglrr litnclurncntal
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ti5
190
192
t94
195
ruglcsivirlatl . Mlrndrtt()s s\rpe[_v()ic()s rttorelcs y n.lr('L\,\t.t:' La proltillici<-rn superyoic:r <rrur:r crccnril nrxtriz Resislcncils r la rn(xliflclrci(io clel \Lrnerli;
l)os rnocl:tlir.laclcs (lc csfru(llrlu(i(in clcl su.)ervri v
incliferenciackr nlism()
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277 279 282
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291
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8. PSICOTERAPIADELDUELOPATOLGICO
Prclicla tle (r)ieto,
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F'uncioncs que cl (r)jeto pcrclickr cr-r[rpla p.rr el sujet().
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109
AGRADECIMIENTOS
3ll
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l.lrlx[rrcirill clel (klclo: el trxtxnient()
J15 319
9. AIGUNAS DIMENSIONES PAf,A I]N MODELO MODUIARlll sislt

l
'TRANSFORMACIONAT EN PSICOPATOI-OGA Y PSICOTERAPIA

rr;r pulsional-clescunte: ln()clalicla(les clel desear
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cuencir\ I)r'ir lx tcnica (lcl tt1rtl))ient(). sc hn icl< tirljancltr rl lo Iatgo clc cs' t()s llill)()s tliez aos cn lis (liscLlsi()ncs (lt( ('ll sct))inri()s \'aL-s()s lltn)()s r(jnillx <k liscttclt (k' Lhta'llttst'tdttz.t tlal l'sittttitcnirlr en /t7l.l.s -a( (lcsei-ll)irm()s rcn(lir tril)tlt() 1l() (lll( signili({-) pxlit [,1 (uyo (r)n n(nr)l)re /'.s. . cdlrcucirin y el pensuttrienr clti(() y n() clogulitico cn Esl).Ia y Am ca l,rtlin.r el !D()vinrienf() ilnptlsr(l() por l'.\ l':sctt.4t da I'ibra )tsctitttzt l-lrs iclelts (lLle cll)(er11()s s()n, cn pre. tln (()nlintlici(in ,v Pl ( )[tn(lizilcia)n (lc lrltl)il (lL'I(nll'l en ctlenl;l l:l i()s nfcri()f(s en qtle lrill)iinr()s s()stcni(l() l ncr"esicllL<l (lel <le tultilllts es in(trnscicnte c()n1l)leii(l(l (l(j l esltllctLll.l -hal'Lill:ttrt(ls )gi1l en cl cttl los tlis taclos <lel inconscicnte- l)itl-x tn lll()(lcl() en llsic()p.tt( )l( (,,ru', ('.llugt,l'llls r\ sint crtlxl el L\t.ln( tink)s tl-itst()rn()s filcln cntcn(li(l()\ nr, (lc (lc nr()ti\'l sistelrl\ llfticLtlcia)n rcsLlltx(l() linul tle Lrn Pr(\'es() c()l1lplcj() (i(nt1tlcs. l'cr() c()nstittryclt. s(r)re l()(k). tltr nLcv() dcsrr()ll() en le lnea clc
nLlesllils l)rr()(tlPllci()ncs il(1(liles: c(illl{) iil'l(llllcnlar tc(-)rictllcntc Lln l I)r'lL tic lcrl)a'tt(i(x qttc:Lll)crc Ls inlcicncitlncs 1()i'l()(1)[(lcs iPIi(ll(l!s lt n(' il))_ p(r'tx (lu tiro cle curlclr<r I):,ic( )Plllol( )!li( ( ) () cslltlcttlrrl clt llcrsonalichcl <tcl pll(ientc. F'r! n(l.Lluent?ci( )t] tc(iri( (ltle (lcl)e ser segr.ticlll. lrrtio ricsgo cle que dmos cn el rlltno cte las afirrnci(ncs gcnerxlcs. ror un tletalle tlc las m<xlalirhrlcs rr. nicus tlc iutcrv(nt iin qLtc l-cstlllcn set llls nl1-ls cs>tt ficlts posillles. t!nk) l)itril cltrla configrtr;tcirilt psict lpatoIl-rgic lt c()ll1() pr:l sLls vlLriitntt's o srll'r
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INTRODUCCIN
EL REDUCCIONIS MO EN PSICOANIISIS: EL MODELO DOCTRINAI-ESPECT]LATIVO
I ttit'rsidul l\Dificilt C:o till. (lr.risiera cxP,es1r nti graritu(l p()r c .r1r,4rr rrilricIr. (i)c(.iinrcnt( p()r lx (r)trljilrrz:l (lcl)()sitldu eri lp.sr.J xl (le sirln.r Lr t'otrro t.nfirlcl ,..olaltoratL rra enc:lrl{.rdrr clc irnpartir.el ct,.",, p,r. el que st- rlrrrrlt itl liul() l)r()l)j() cle l:r llnivesiriecl rlc "Esper.ialistlr L_rniversitarir c-n
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(llll)i(.r ] l)\t( r )l(,riil)jx l)si(r ):nl liicu,. C(-l &).k). nt rec()n().inti(,nk lit ltni rt lsirl.rrl r':l lrr:is trlh tle esta citcLtnstllncii clerivl clel clinll hrl))n() c lnrtl(\ lLrirl (l(.(.slrnul(),y rc l)el() quc presi(l(,el tral)ii() c()ti(lirn() rluc cn ella lelr lrzttr . lr nros \ pr()fi,s().cs.
En Jrsi<rnniilisis c()cxisten (l()s grxndes tcnciencirts ltcttc.l dc c(jnl() ltl)()r (lar cl ('ump() espccfic() (lc invcsligxci(-)n (lLrc al)ri() el csttl(i() sollre el in(()nsciclltc. llnlt. u lrt ruc rcsull:lrr \.ili(l() (len(nuilrtr "(lo( t illit l-cspcct ltiva,,
nllr Llnxs p()(lts cxteg()ris nlLl\'l)lf(ltti\lls y. it palltil- (ie un c()Drenzalr ellas. l)r()ccs() lle tip() (lc(lt(ti\'(). qLe (\)ncltt)c cn lln sisiem crffacl() cD (lLre l(xk) se explicr eu l)ast a llts pletttisrts iniciltl,.-s llltjo la moclali(llr(l (le i(rslificlrci(in (lLre !n epistc n r( )l( )gr se col()(( (1)t1I() "(()hcrentisol() cpistmic(),,. I-ls (l(( ir, justifi(llcion clc ttn c()n(cpl() (n funci(in cx(lusi\' (le h c()hercnai (lLre tengx c()n las pr()l)()sici(),lcs 1l ntcri( )rllentc cntnciaclils. nls alLi de crulcluicr ()l: (u(-sti()n uic'ti lll si5cnlx (l('r('cDCi:ls a(ePt:(l(). I)(x()
sc cafar(tcrizll p()r
ilrp()rt pra el (irs() (luc el pr(xc(li)rient() esPcculllti\'() sil.l cicltlt l(-)gic () (lLre ()cLrnln en(nnles sltlt()s cn lat inli'fct1( i. recliltl:tt'el rtst> r-lc tln tl)tfllli)
iz:( i(in (lcsl)( (ll(llr que rrnc lr tlisnril. L() ccDtral vit-nc cLttlrr por rtterer cles clihir la complejiclacl lt prtltir <le cxtcg(ns (le tlll gr(l() cle lstrecci<-n qte ll
que sLrceclc en
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pr )x prctcnsi(-)n (Ir(' llls cutcg(niits inlrrtcls Pcrlltititixn cntcn(ltr l clniclt, tlesrle lts ( Lrit(l)s l)sic()p:lf()logic()s llxsta l1l t'( nic.l (le lil ctlrx.
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clc esa contplcjirillcl cs clcslltcncli(l(). I)cro, solrre
suponinckrse Lrnlr rxci()nali(la(l cluc srlo ellas pertttitirian. A cstlt fi)rl)la cle inl(-nt.rr.rc(r(lcr al (()n(xir))i('nt() se rtplica Ia ctticil (ltle lirlltla i\'kin. ...rs
sielrpre.rl)stra(1ir. Jlrlc. -ideol'rgic.t , cs sictllPrc siruplifl( :l n(e" (l\l()tin. l9lr. pag. 15. entrcc(nnillackr en el originll). Aunrrre el l)cnslr-Ilie,rl() sil]ll)lilicantc D() sc ig()t c()n lils vcrsi{)rrcs cn <r,rc los rrincipios )lg! 11iz.l(k )res s()n ltl)s([lc)s. I)()lllin. tlrnll)ia'n. (Lllu(k) Ls valiables explicatir'.rs re\-istcn hs ltnnas ltlis cercltrlls a lo cttrprito y ollset vable. crranckr se crcc (lLrc c()n LrDa p()cils clirttcnsi()nes trxlo cs clecltcil>le. seln srs I llircsivi(lir(1, le sc,xra Iid.t.I, cl n:l[( isist))() ) sts !icisittctcs, r la intersul)ieti!'i(l1l(l 'el tlis(u|so clel ()tr(). () Ll estrLl(ttra clel yo 'cl strPery. P(n' tant<, l;r cuestit'rn no sc rL'sLclve lx)r ()ptr p()r el qlr)pirislli(),/P()sitivislllo en
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pttt'at \) 1)rfur'i sLlstcl)talLl:l (]t'l (ltttg()r;ls tras(Lnclentales la rxz()n tc(-)ric.t serlt lx (lLle dcterurinrl:t el tlollrinio cle lt cxpericncia r la cuitl p()sil)ilitit, y quc la histri cle la cicncia n()s aPorta p-uel)irs s(r)rx(lirs clel rcclucci( )r'l isrr en (lue (lesentlx)ca cl trllPirisrro.
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AVAN(.I:S ]N PSI(,('I'I]RAPIA PSI(]oANAI-'I'I(]A
INTRODUCCION
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ll( nl! r (sl()s lil)()s (l(j pensantiento sinlpliflcxnte, sell el (le lrs (.atc!l()rs .rl, rr,r( tir\ () (.1 (l(.1 cttll)ilistrx). se h.lll.L Io <rrc se lte cluclo en [[erner el "pensa ||ll( Dtr) (r) tl)l(-), (Nl()rin. 1977), que lrusca entenclcr ks sistcntrs cn ltase lr I tlt crrnlponcttcs. l'ticltlacia)n qLle n() resp()n(le i propiedacles ahist.r rrs tlt,lrirls a lcvcs cle cstr.uctLra , <.(nr)() I< sosttrrrr el estnrcturalisnro logi( i t.l . sirr{) (luc se pr<rlucc Dreclientc proc-t-r-os que se \'an encllclenanclo en rc
.utir rrlrrr'ir'r
pr-()ces()s en l() (lLle rr]e(iiante trilnsfi)n)uk.,ncs 5v r,r',1ll l)rl,f)rt(l:r(lts crtlergentcs. en clrre lray letr():rcci()nes solr'c hs pafles. en ,lrr' rlrr.rr l()\ it'cn()s tlcnrltinck>s "recrrsir.os,.' stos r'rrclr'en a tege rrlrrr. sin rLrc lt:rya jatnlis vrrelta cxacta a l() lnisnx, la orglrnize<.iitn clel siste nr.r. ( r (r( tl lrzul interuiene hacienrlo quc algunes c(url)inxci()ncs tcngitn hrt.u r rlt.itrr<Lr cn el cilntino las cr.re sienclo una posiltiliclecl nr lun clcvenicir en .rr trrrlizir rrr clc esa poten< irlichcl. Pensrllicnt() <r)lDplejo ([re:ldquict.e (( rt , l,rrrr.r rlt l)i11i(ullrrizxci(ln en el cstuclio clel psi<uisru<r lo <rre se conoce <,rv tttlttlttritlftl. cr)ncel)ci()n (llie cstl)lc(c qrrr el firr:ci.,n;uDicnl() (lci Dtisnr(, n() (k l)L.n(lc rlc trrros >rincipios rnifrllrs (lue tils(-cD(leriitn lt t()(lars ls l),rrt(s sirr) rlt llr rli<lrlrcir)n compleja cle sistcntas cle cot))p(rtcnlcs ccla trno (, )r sr lrlr)l)ilr cstrLr(tur. crnteniclrs y lcycs cie fincionatick r. l,lrrlrlcura cle Lr r r r t r r r r I c[,] rsicr-risuo (llle enfcntu a clos posiciones: h (lc l)escirtes, ,rrl l,r rr.go. r'llr tlc l-'r'anz _[oseph Gall c|.re sLrp() intuirla, ]un (uan(l() sr cl(sl ll, ll, (l(.1 (,)r](({)l() en I()s (1)o)ienz()s clel sigkr xrx lc privt lrilirl) (l(fitrl() (le una lase cit,nttic. |leLrcl ()pki <lecicliclalte:te lr l,r r.nr'lxio rlc le rrrc[lariclad. ttrr ej.: el sistellu in(()nscicntc cs clife r( nl( ( ill(l(.1)(.o(li(\ntc rlcl sisteltr cle la crnciencir. ca(la Un() regiclo por srrs l)r, l)i.s l(.\1s (lc ()rgxnizckin y fin(.i()nlr)icnt(), llL't.() ?l.ticL.r(k)s. 'fatnltin cn Lr,lrrr'.r , n tlanlilisis <ue hece clel .Hcubrt (le las r.ltIs", chrncle urrcstr l:L , , rrrvlrgr.r rt i.r \' :rfticlrl(i(in prrr:r ll prrxluccicin rlel sni<ne cle un ntllter<: nrrr1, l.rrrrh,rlt.rlirrcrrsi<nes: rlcseos clc clivers()s tip()s. .ngLtsti!s, rlelensas rnlti:rlcs, r'fisnr() ir)irl. rcgcsiirn. jrrego clel significilntc. paxl clcl significaclo incons, it'nlc tlt, ( i(rlrs fxntusas, experiencixs vivitlrs, etc. Dintensi<tes que tiencn. r.rrl:r rrrrr <lt, cllas. su propio origen y lnea dc clcs:unllo. lis l.i( lI( l]l)crl ( 19119. 1992) cl <ue n}l'ts hr insisrick en psi(()an.tlisis s(r)re l.r irrrxr|t:rrt'i:r rlr cntcncler cl fll ncion nticn ) psc1Lrico coru(, integraci(in (le
r
r
rI s sr'irlr,s t. cn patirlelo,
llx )ti\ ci( )na lcs divers()s ([Ue \.1 Stern ( 19U ) halte firm-rlado clrlrotente en sus tsluclios <lcl cleslrrollo infnnril clcscle una pcrspe(tiva psicoanlliticnr....Mien l[ls qLrc ]() existen du(las alcclci de que tccesitatrx)s r-rnlr concepcirn solrre Lr nxfi\'cin, sta tenclrl qLre scr leconcel)tualizncln en trltin()s cle l)tLtch()s sistcrras lrotivacionales cliscretos per() interrelaci( )nadcs... Nt srre el pensar tluc toclos csk)s sistem]s I<ltivrcirnales se (leriven (le un unitlrio y nir-tt sis t('ma m()tivxci()nal. En leliihcl, lo que alxrl,a resulta mirs nc.esari() es c(n]rl)ren(ter ca)nl() est()s sisteotlrs ol()tivaci()nales cfltergen y se intelfclil(ir)n.Ln. y r'rrltlcs tie:rcn rrna posicit jerrqrLica supci()r o inferiol, clruante qu contli( i()nes y il t1u echcles, (prig. 2-3tt) P()1 ()tre pafte. fireru clcl cerlrp<> clel psicoanhlisis, Chornsky, (lue convie,te Lr rrcltlaritlcl en elerucnr clave pra enten(ler n() s(ikt ei lcnguajc sino el psiruism<> en gr:nerrl,r clestaca tlue el c()ncept() ()pLtes), al qut: lllunx "principk) (le lu rtnogcncitlecl,,. continx d()nlimnclo proclucci<xres te(-)ricils tan cliverss c<tncr lrrs tlc J)ieget o la clel crtr.[rctisrro cle Skinner tChrtrsky, 19S{, piigs. l-1(r). Delense clet'iclirllr cle la m(xllrlri(lad que se xp())'ir s(ilidnrnente en lu eviclencia que sc va lrricncl< camin() cn la lrcttaliclacl soltre el crnrci'niento cie cm< funcic> n:r el apl[rt() psqLric(), y que peflIite xilntur a l)anrasi(): "...N1estft) rol)usk) srntickr clc integr.rci(-)n t)lentul se cre x pllnir <le llt lcci<in c()n.ertacll (le sistenrxs a gr:ln cscxla n)e(lintc c(nljllnl()s sinc )nizxclos..., (I)utu:Lsio. 1994, plig. ')-). Es (lrcir. r'r() Lrn() () unos p()c()s princ)i()s r>rganizlch>res clciiDiclos crnr>
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\rsl('nr:rs ll(fivir(ionulcs riilcrenciecl(lls, se>l:lrl.tles, 1tfiicL lil(( )s, existien(l() rrna rrls:iz:rcii)r'r jclitruicu par;t l:t.fitttcttttitt J,.fiutciolamiuit) de cada uto ,, r\ s/./r,/r/(/s. 'lilnll)in c()nsidcr.itnr<s la rt,lci<in crr? l).r .?-sftrlld.\., su ten:ir rlrrr;irrricrr v lil \:lriaci(in en llr cl<rninancia jer:'Lrqrica entrc ell()s, (1992. |,rJi l), (ursi\.r t'rr <,1 origitel). C()n(epci(in srltrc l articrrlu,:.i<in (lc sistem.ls
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l.,r,,(Lr ,r1,(1.,,1,\l.r ,.rfl(i(l.Lcrnlsi:r(|rr(l(1!t){krrir:(xsi ll]]snn) t)rl) D() l)() rDx |,,,1,r,,L,Lr,'i,., )rrIklrt( !nr)I)(r'ur) crr(xden.llrrr(nIl) (l! pr()((\()s cr (t!c rtr(l pxs{) g(n(. ,,trr,,r,,,1, t,,,.r ,tr(. l,)\\i1tlll(Jr(\ r)rrxn. cl r'itrinn) (l(. los cuatcs ts cluz degenerrhr (.(nr, ,1,, r,rr rrrr r.rl , lr,r,r.l,r Is,, (l (,r)(.cJ]lr) dc r((rllsr\,i(1,(l en lx grillrllililjlr gdnerati\,r. ],,1()rin l() ur'l\,..,
r'1,,,.1r
l)Urrt() (lc I):rrti(la slno ittlclltucin, ncci (tccrtadaL sitlctltiztcu de s\bsistrlnns. (lrc. ltl n< cle var unrr cle ks (fr()s y tenicnd() origr-t prr)pi(), se vJn t l-rc<ntranrhr en el pr<>ceso clc afiiculaci(-)n. Es aclu clonclc el c()ncept() feu(li.t n() (le sc es (rnnplenrcntarius. qLre se ticn(lc u rcchlcir cn su aplicacii,n .r rqr.relkr <1ue se dillix nicantente cn el proccs() ev()lutiv() (le ca(i suiL-) y n() c(nl() lcnr-xrteno (lLre (xtrl)in ()cLrtle en ltr sint roni. cs tlecit cn lx llrticulxcin en el )resentc (lc vlrius clirncnsir>nes psqtricas, ltclquiere tockl su yak>r. N()s cne( )ntlilr]()s, p()1 1 n ), irote el pelNltieltta co14 ajo y l ntcclt aritlttd, >nista, siltlt)il)cante, p()r cl otro, (ltLe detcnlrinan estrategias heursticus y cle justificecitin (lilcrenles. llespcct() al l)ensanlicnr re([lcci()nista en psic()anlisis, ste se acompua. tlccLente[)en lc. clc (fr() pl()cr(limient(,r cl al\rso e i(lc()l()gizuci(in clel tit<r rlc cleiinici<nes (lLc sc (()lt()Ccn c(rI() estiprltivirs. Dcfiicirncs tlel tip().el iD(()nscientc ss...". llen'tncksc cl eslncio <1ue clcjltnos vlco crt )e propie<lacl que cacla aukrr en .uentra c(n)x) sLflcicnte. en vcz clc jntentarsc clescril)ir Ltn existente lne(linte l()l))Llaci()nes clcl tipo ,,la firlma en cltrc.filllcittcnt l<s prt)ces()fi inc()nscir-ntss cn l<rs crrc L't,)tlro t,rt(,/tsse clrlcte[iza por'.-.. lo qrre alrrire le posibilicla<l tle tlesclilir r':trirts rlocilicl:Lclcs cle firncionarrrie) c()n [.ls respectit,xs arftlclorl( qre cntre cllas se prrclucen. UD \rz (lue sc dcl iclc qrrc el incons 2.
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(r)sir. c()ntinuaci(in sc usa esta clcfinicia)n PI:l arril)ar ir c()ncll (r) rcli(llld s()n nLlevas clefinici()ncs. lh()r'x de las con()cicllts coll)() l)( rsitsivls, cs (lccir. clestind.ls l Pr()dtlcir efect()s dc e(lhesi)n cn el interlc ( Ul{)r: (l:l(k) (lu(- cl incrnsciente es tl cts-. il;l estiptllativa-, y ,///4 -clcfinic clatsrtrlt o cle exclusi<in- I el llaurtl cl:irrsula tlc tu(t5 tlt!(, l lcr,,srr... -la jnc()s(ieDtc. entr)nces ( Litl(lt is,- (f c.rr.rLl(riz.llsi.r):rr:ilrsis sc rlcline por cl rrrr <lt'l irrrrrlts<iente n() es psicounjiisis y los <ue n() lLceptltn la tlt'firrici(rn l)r()l)u(sl:r rro son psico:tnllistlls". lk)r tllnto, Ltsc tlt <le[inici<nes pt]rsLl.tsl\.ls Pr'orio rlcl l('n()lis1)l() i(lc()la)gi(\) t'no cle ls necesiclrtcles cle la ciencir. Lu cle linit irin <lcl inc()nscicnte p()(lrl c()nsistir en considemr lt ste c(nn() el gllca(lenlr))i(nl() si.nill(?nte, o el luglr cle la fintasa, () ios resk)s inasilltilllles cle lrirl-lr)l('rtl()s cle cxrericncilts o tlc tensajcs recillitlos. o lo c1r.tc prol't>cll rc-r'lr;rzr r'r'r lll a(tcieD(iil 1 pr el)o es ext lttitlrl tlnll vtz (ltle esttl\1) ljn sl.l. r) , l lrrgrrl rlcl crcligr y del ttlt, o las signiticlcioncs ctte r.tn lnxetlittlicllt(t helrr(lliuli(\) tlclr<'ria clescifllr. () cl reslltl(lo icliosincrl-tsicr]) (le Llna rllc('itlti!-l ( r(':rlivir (luc sigrrc las rcglas clc l:r rtetrfirra < la tllernitnia, o cl ent ttentrr en tr(. Lr lriokrgi<o v [() rcpresentci(l ps<trico. l-r ctesti(in n<> rltclica cn crrc tal,s r rr't'rcior':ts no rcflejen espectos clcl tilnci()nil!)tienlo inc()nsciente sino ,rr, rrt tltsr[tiCulltt un l()(lo inteBIit(l() por sulrsistel'ls (lttc tienen (listinl()s (()n r.ni(ll)s \ l(ves (lc frnci()nxl'r)icnt(). l P()stularst c1int t-lst'iente cl1 sitl(ttl/tr ,\' rrr l, rrrultilrliri<ltl. se incut'te cn l<s <tefect<s <rte le lutn si<lti cttesti<na<krs lti (lesllficnden las ecciones y lel,( lls.Uri( nl() r('(lLrccionista: esne( fic rttente. sc Ir(,,r(r'i()r)( s ( olrr l()s sLrl)sistemes iocrnscientcs.l l\'r() (rxr r()(la la valiclcz qtrc pudiera tencl lo cltte elirunlos, cle p<ro vale
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('l ([e Lr psi(( )plLl( )logia, y', srlrlc rk:. c<-nxr st xrrh.a tirrnrular rrn pr()\.cct() [)()sili\'() qtc n() se resttingictlr l ()l)ictxl.le sino <trt [c c( )nt[rpr( )pLlsieflt (ttr() n1()_ rlckr cluc Iticicra .t\,l-tzr en h clireccion (le inlentir supcfilr sLts lilltitr! rL,n(s.
ycck) de lcvirii(-)n (le la psicoplrlog;r tsicoanaltic.it y cle la tcor.1 y te(.icr (lc l:t cttra. Y. si nos fireru lxrsil>lc intenrrl,. prrr l, rrrtnr,.-, llcral nuestras l)r-()pLlest.rs hasta el nivel clel cletalle, aquel al c1Lrc sc llega ltor un esfle,z() dc <lescemlcr clel lenguaje trascen(l(nte cle l:rs granclcs afinlci<>ncs jcncriexs. llxy, 1l resl)ect.). Lln utetfi)rit a I quc n()s llentos ficionch: el psico:rnlr]is lr () I)Lrc(lc scr lguien e(luivllcDtrj a un birlogo (lc lx t.u cle lrr cvrlrcirlr: rue rliscutc los grancles ptincif)i()s generalcs cLurn(k) est.i con sus colcgas 1. Itrego. c<xr cl prcicntc. psx r a()nvcfiirse en un jatrlJnerc cltre clescor.t(x.e la rurica clel illx)n() (lrc entpleu y slo se preocut:r tle crr:'rntas veces l)()r sc rrranu lr aplica. con clu cllu:rci<in ccla vcz. y (lur.)tc qu lupso. sln pcgLlnlrst c(i l() lrcIxn lxs pr()picclu(lss fsic<t<1utnica cle l sust:rncia cue clltplea sol>re les prrricriacles espet.tic.as r.le cacla phntrr eD l)rticulltr 1.clel sLrelir en ruc slrr se eDCUCntr. Ilsr;rrerle rle llr cspccificirlucl rrrc nos c(rt)pl(r)tet(t.ii .r r clestle l:r tcor'lL .lc la t,ctllcll hxstu l pf()pucstil <lc tirrruas (le intcl.\cnci(in ruc. cr.ranckr se llLs filnrrla cn el nir,el p?fiiculllizil(l( ) <lLrc rtesclruxrs. n< (.okren sicrnl)l-c en 1:xrsicirin vuln<lallc iientt- a lll (.riticll (le (fr()s prir(tr..untcs. llzi)n p()r L ctul hl>itrlltnentc se preficrc utantencrse cn el plano <lc la tetr |ilr de l cur' v n() clc las lirnrras crncrettrs (lc intcncnci(-)n. l)cr() l)rsr-,n()s, par ser c(rterctes c()n k) (luc veniD)os cntrnciancir. ll txanlen clc (r-)lI)() rr:lpilrc(c el pcnsiu)licnt() recllrcr'irnist clr ur (.:ullp() l)rrti(.rllu'.
l.r r'pistt rrrolrgu crn(l() n() es etlpleecla en el clnlo espc'tfic{) (le investil{rirr rlrrt contill nucstr() intcrs. Si l ePistelr()log;l sirve, as c(nr() lll inter rlisr irlin:r. r)() es p.r invoc;trle y trtttlcrnos en el plltlto gcnenl clc ll crutcli rurr \ l:r lrlirr r:rci<'rn sLgeret'lte, <1r.te lr.leglr nt, <llt lttgltr ! (()nsccLlell(l.l\, sLn'l
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l):lril irr(lUirl:ls en el 1)rtxeso clc prodr.tccin cle c()11()( il'llicnto Palti.Lll:tr Es l() rrrc llt'r'u ;r Sllltriell ( 199-l) a alcrtar cuc an quecl:t tttuclto c:ttnintl por rec<lr r'(r', l)(s( l su cntusiasor() por las posiltlcs aPlicacirnes al psicoan:ilisis cle la lcrolrrciol't cl)jsternolgica actltal. espccialmcnte las clelir'clas tle las lccras solrlt la trruplcjichd. P()r ntleslrit pe. Pllrtirlros tle l iclea cle <1rrc l:t atiura ( (;!l srtg(r(ntc rlljga intcler'tLIrrlcnte e ltqttel tttc lrt fi tlttla stt clesltltolll \ I);rrlr( lllriTir(i(in iista cs it titc ttrriL rue clcse:nr<ls ilrtpritllir I nlles) Pr()psr(()xnilisi5 cs l .()str" Irtreslr'lr r u.rr(1,,,r iIrr,r'rlimrx in.()ns(iune ,'-.trr'\r.r.r\rrr.r lr li'flrr: 'li(nc usl((l rirz(')11. ((-)rn() poLlrix (lisc(rtirle. rslii cn str tlcretho clt lr,,'r r.rl .,1r.r, r r'r,,.r Lonclirir-rn rlt cue trctlc ch|o qLrc cllo signill(ir: prrra nri. (lcntro (lel ..,.r,'lr.r ,t,! , r^,r(.rr1,,.(l('lirr().csrrptI,.(lutcl n1(\nrs(ienrt ()cl Psirorrlrilisis s()r Iitl .osx' l,,,,rr.r l,{,r,r'. r.r, rr,.r i, (trrr' nr^ itr\l.r lliruur tl rxP) dc l.ls sirl)in1r (lel incons.irDlc v tl . , , | ,r!,1,^.rr.r\tr.r .r \Lr ticn(l.t Pr;r pasrrr ll nrrLic. .R\'nd()se (lr.ptra's s('r cl IA , , ' ' ' l,.l,r,rru,,t,u rr,.r.,l,k ln,,l(t(rk,s (i( r(t(rcli()s qLrc inlr:n(.lrrxn vi(rird()5 'l nrrkr r<lir,r ,,rvlrr. , rrr l.r. s.rl,rrr.r. hr,.,1,,1, I r.r1't,,. rrreLl.ttrrr r.:ttilcs.
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-lristeriu. nrs re(ientes conro la clc xn()rexiii, catcg()rits (.()nsllUi(llts exclLsilantente en l()nl() r l.r c['sctipcitin cle sntrltlrs. y se las sruetc a un cltltle pr()r.(s() r,ulrlilicrrntc: cl de rrttificcrcititr c ult,qr .ktl ./iu.zadtt y cl dt past )t tilc.tc iot t En cLrrnl() l,t uufcrtct;t q!()riul.ftzku. lus ctcgcras s(r) (.()Dver t<ls cn cnicl:<lcs h(nogclnc:rs: cicnkrs (le tnbrj<rs ir:rlrLirr clc /i his<,rilr. /
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rl<ttinlrt cn psi(1)p.lt()l()gi sc t()nuln las catcgoti.rs clisicas <le la lcnotrrent iogia psictril-rtrica olscsjoncs. firltias. .lsicosis. ct(..-. () xlgLlnxs
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IS
AVANCES
IiN PSICO'I'IiRAPIA PSICOANAI-1'ICA
19
l( r( r( iil cntr-r la clepresi(tn qle sigtle al fiacastl en un proyecto en el <ttc una rt.r'sor rrrli<lart nxrcisista puso la posil>iliclacl cle iclentificarse con el yo icleal y lrr rtrc r-tsrtlh clel oclio y stts efc'ctcls clestrltctivts s(r)re la rePrescntl( ia)n cle l()s r)lr()ri si{nific.rtir<ts y clel sttjet(), () clel scntilllient() dc inlP()tenci qtle pr( rhrtln krs paralizantes rittules ol'sesivc>s o una filia mltililnte. t cle la lepetllte' ' '. I)r( senlll( i(-)n clesvakrizacle clel sttjeto tlr.te ttn otro inoctll<-r clescle '; i;r t:stttc_ profr-tncLr cliferent lrlr r.'l ceso rle /a antt'exit, xcaso n() existe Llna Irr-:rl. rr:is ell clel clentttinaclor c()nliln int(nllaltic(). cuantk restllt ser l cxr't.sion rlc lrn trst()rn() narcisista de insxtist-acci(in glolrel clesphzltlo a llt irrrrrgcn cotroral a la qtte ilusoriatnente se intentil rcprltt lne(lintc stl xdaPlr( i( )D l rn icleal cle clelgaclez. () cle sentjl)lienk)s cle ctrlpalliliclacl y lenclcncias rr:rs( xluisllts que itponen el atttrsecrifici<, () de c()nflict()s intcrPcrsr)n:rles 1ll rrtlt'tk'<lc l rir'liclacl eclpicrr y la lucha nar(isistx por el pocler. t clel inten t( ) (l(' r({cncr la machc fbrzancl< a sta lt <ttc se pte()ctlpe ptlr la elimentlr ir'rr. o or;rndo constitrye Lln clefnsa fiente e las angttstias pl la scxtralicla<l \' ln)r l)()s('('r'Lln ctterPo con pcchos y rerklnclez en las firrtllrts (llle (lesPierten qtle trata de se r evitlcl<l lrle(lilnte cl apllnamientr> tue t.l tlt st tlel (f r() -l() l,r .rrrrr'xirr l)r()p()rci()na . () ctrancl() es un intento <le inclivitlLtacirn y clc ser.rr;rr'i()n lrcnte .t figur.s extemils avasallantes <ltlc lthtlgan el espacit' r'i.1tri r . 1 lr crrrt rgenciu clel deseo clel sujer. figuras a las ctales se recltltzlt a trarr's rk l lrlirrrt-trto (ltle lals rePresental silrl)a)licallllcnte o qtte h:t set1irlo ctll< rrr,uLrlirLl rlivilegiacla cle intcrcatll>io lttctivt ctn ls Ittistns/ llrr r'r:rrlo;tl tcnrirneno de pt'lso tt ficuciritt. las categor;ts psict)pxk)lgicas ,ll,. r',| t'l ttttjt'cle los clls()s, s()n enticlxcles scparallles y ()p()nil)l\ ( ntrc si ,l, nt|r, rL'lrn sistcma cl.lsillctori(). tien(len rl ser c(xrel.lc()n(llls, tllllt ll ttnll, t clcl ( r,n l)( r-s()r)irs c()lrcrctas, pltsl'tnclt>se hllltr ciel llistrico o clel <lst'sil'r ,lr'rrtsirr < clc l rtnorxica c clel bordcrlile, txllll)in en singltlar. tlste trrrteI.rr'ir'r cnltt'catcgttra nosoltigicx y pclsonl hlce olvitlal rlrc n<l llal ningr.rnrt r,zon ni tcorica ni enlprica pxrrl qtle una nlisllla Pcrs()nll no puecla l)recntal'
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LIna vez qLre el ckrble p(rceso lccluccionista cle ttttificack)tt t.t httlt(U(nizdctt .fi'zadq y (le pers()ltific.tct'rl tiene |-rgal srkr hey <ue dar un pascr rtr'ts para lrtrsclr una eti(f()g:r nica: toclos Ios ctlclros agrupacl<ts con< <l sesiones () tirbias o cleptesiones ten(lr:ln una calsl nica para cacl rnr cle ellrs, liuitacla a Llna o, en el n'rejor cle los clrs<ts, a unos p()c()s f.rck)res c?rsxles segr'ln ca(la escuela- As. sc cree prxler explicar a /a llistric.l p()r un ltecanisnrr [epresia)n-. () p()r r]n c()nteni(l() tenrtic() conllicto sextrll -la -el v srr rechaz() ric la sexiLaliclrl-. () p()l-Lnr cle las finlas cle rehcitin con el rtrr tleseo (le fiustrxrlc . etc.; () se cree pocler clrllrcterizar al clepresivo -el ()rrl y/() pol la aglesiviclacl intr()yectacla. () p(-1()s sentil]ticntos la fijaci<in lxrr cle culpa, () p()l un trask)rn() en la rcpresentacirn clel .sr,/l o a/psic,ri(1'. p,)r la frlla en la represirn. < en lu funci<in paterna )'la firrclusitln, () p()r l()s nlccanism()s pucsk)s cn juego pulir clsscsti[rar h realiclcl. () p(n la e\ai\i,n, r, por el tipo cle iclentiflcaciin proyectiva y su lnasivichcl. Pxra p()l)r lu vtliclez cle las teoras supuest:ls conn) explicirti\'.rs se apela a prcscntr clts()s en quc krs fact<res invoclcks cstlll-i.rn presentes, sin rrrarar cn el Irecto <le rrre ctra rls sirnilrres n() muestran ll flctrr'c<nsiderrclo calrsal. o qtre cste flctor se encLentra trrnl)in cn otros cua(lr()s absr>lutalnente (lifrentcs cn sLl sink)Dtatokrga. -lliple error, en)nces: personificcion clc la categora psicopetoltigic.a, tnificci<in firzlch sin rec<n<cilliert< dc la nttrltipliciclacl clc sulrtir,., 1 eti, rlogia irnica que no contcrl)plx l<s clifcrcntes cr11inos (lc psicognesis pol krs cll:lics sc llcga a los srl)tip()s. lllr()[es :r Its cr.rles se le agrega Ltn cr.rrk): la pr()pucsta cle un tipo clc tclapia nirrr tur- cecla escuela lrplica tnonocorclenente a t()cl()s krs casos. Recluccionismo cn psicopxt()logix y psi(oterxpia xl <rre, clesglaciaclamente. resultt tln diflcil cscapxr. y quc n()s acecha k)d()s los psicoanelistas, yl qre recaentos rn y (frx Iez en ellos inrpulsaclos por rrolcles clentro de l<s crrales n()s l)ctu()s habittaclo pensr. Con relaci()n ul reclucci<nisnr< en psicopat()l()g.r, el pnrltlc[Lr no sc s()Itrcirla ccurrienckr al cr:ncepr clc nrLrltif)ctrriuliclucl. es <lccit, llLln)cnt:rn(lo cl nnlcro cle fuctores que intcn,eu(lri.rn en la proclucci(ln rtel cr.clr< c-n lase :l sele(ci()n.Lr lo n'rejor cle cecla unl cle'las explic.lci()nes cti()pxk)gnicas ,,-{.111 sas ir-tlrapscuicas, intery)c-rs()n:es, flrntilir'cs, scriales r. inclLrso, ltiokigicas-. Sin luglt a cluclas c's nrej<lr consi(lenr nLrch()s factores <uc un()s p()c()s, prr() tel aproxirnaci(rn (lei sin rcs()lver la cuestin clc fitnclt: curiles son lrs c<lr I)()nentes, las climcnsi<nes cle an:ilisis <1trc clct)nen y c()nfi)rrrun c(la estt.ttcturil psic()p!rtol(igica, cnrcl est:in lclaci()nil(k)s es()s c()llponentcs () (lirlen:ri()ncs rtrtre s, y c(-)nx) se h.ln icl() arti(ulitn(l() plLra (lltr la crrnfigrrracirin pxfii(Llhr (lue constituye l rrtnliclacl l la clrc alu<lcn Ixs (lifrcntcs den( )nl inl( l()ncs L] t('gorixlcs. Aclers, cues (le esos c(rllp()ncnlcs s()n exclrrsivos cle cclu estru<trrLr. cLrilcs no. y resultan capaces, en ctr. lir. al xfti(Lll$c c()n (fr()s ( ()[rp()nentes. cle gencrar ()tt..ls cctnfigulacioncs psicrrparlrigicas. Crrncl() lla\':u11()s resp()ndi(l() a esk)s intcn-(){xnles p(xlrcn)os cntcn(ler canl() lls ttrcto-
^VAN(.IJS
I]N PSI(]('IJRAPIA PSI(oANAI-ITICA
\.rl.r, ,rl \rsl(.r:l (l( lir lengul -v. lles(le ellx. lr]'.rr(n ll ()l)jct() -selc(ci()nln(l(l sLjel(). ,i rI st., ('r) ,li\(l('s l>rofitnckrs qLle rsrrpl'ln l c()n()cr]ienk)
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)I\( i( nl( , ('llnlctcfizll(l() p()f tener c(ntr() c()ntenid() il rcstos tialgmcntllrios ) lrr irrir li)il rk trnlinlciin de slrs elenlenk)s en (lue la c()ntraclicci(in n() r'rrslr'ni olrr,cltr't,:r ttn crcligo qLe paeexistal i l()s (r)lltponentes y les ()t()rgue rrrirrilit.rtkr. (.\is(cn ()tr()s contenitlos y fimllx (lc funcionamiento dcl inc()ns , r( nt( (lll( nl((slfi1 c[ c<lrtccionisnxr ([c (lLr(]rcr circLrnscril)ir a lt<ttel sttl'tsisN(ls rt,lt,rirrs:t rrrto sulsisteltt incr:sr'iente en tttc ll Vigen(i (lc lit , rnlr.rr litlir n ('s csencil p:lra p(xlcr (lllr ( uenlit (lcl conflicto c(lpico, clel Etli lrt t1'l)tttli(h)!fi liinl() elcmenk) cluve en ll teora freucliana clel inc()nscientelrn (,1(\'t{). si l)(r-(ie(()s cleseos inconscientL's el sujet() sicnte culp.r ln(()ns([e ]() ctlal. insistirlx)s, lleglt a str , r{ nt( \' ir,)r('nzas cle ser castig;tclo -nx(l:r r Drrr i|Dt irr, ( n lll (luc una anflLrstix incleflnirt Puecle ser lo r,inico qr.te clonlirr' . /n() nos lr:rlrlu trclo elk <le qr.re en el in(r)nsciente ha,v rccles c<rnctPtu.rl( \ ( r (lu(' lit .ttlut(licckin entre l() que se clele cleseal y arttell<r <tte cl .,lll( tr, (l(\(ir ig( a()rtt() prirrcipio organize([()r'1 L]n inc()nsciente erl (ltrc Ltlllt ar./r/_ rrrrrt r rlL'tr'r'rrrrn:rrl:r no cs simplemetrlc tra tr)Ljcr sino qtri ntlclre" -!ln , r /r/o crrtcrrrlilrlt. sol> en el interi()r clel sistcl ('()nceptu.rl (lel pirrentesc(r-. l1,r L rt . i|l(r(li(tit, rn contraclicci)n c(t lo tlue me estii periti(l(). rxz(-)n r,r l.r , rlrl si lir L[sc() ven(l[,r rn ()t]-() firi()s();r cltstigltnlre. Acits() es p()sil)le ,l l.rl)r ///(i)/?sa/irl/, clel in(est() el cle la prohibicitn conscicntc- sin -no (lue e-stal)lezc.r lls relaci()nes (le llr.r ()rJlrlizil(i(in onceptual inc()nsciente ( (), penr)iti(l()s y pr()hil)i(los, tlt( s( l( )s intc[cl)rl)ios 1, las c()nsccLrencixs dc lr,rr l.r rrlr:rr'r i()rtl l'()r tlrt) ye n() s()n simplcs ftill]lrrcnt()s significantes sin() re(les r rrrr'rlrLrlt.s in((rrs(ientes (lue orgrniz.rn las [elrtciones (le Par(ntes(() ]'qtllj r'r'rrritr.r tlili,r'r,n< ixa .r lt vccir'rl <le tri tlu<lc. ).\ r,tt t,l itt)uscicnle n() L'xisttct .'otllr(t.licci(itt, c\no sc pt)dri! (.fPlicor Itt tuti'tltttl rl( r(t.\ttucirt ltcutscen( rlt? ntl ca la ()P()sickiu f {.il(().'ir$ta h t,s tl* it'tlttt, s sc Picrdc el.fitlo se l).ts(t tt l.t catcllu'.t .la coslrutk) (ltte es t'ttlttlt ttttt t h',q ttdttcicitt? l)es(le cst,r pclspcctivll, n() deja (le ser n()tl)lt: rrrr'st IrtrLr s()sl(.ncr (lLe cn cl inc()nscicnki no hey conlracliccirn y, al nlisn r ) tr( n rln ). ('( )n\ (.rtil- l lngustia (le (lstrilci)n in(()nsciente en rlr()t()r (lel psi,rrrsrrr,, Arlt nr:r:. ,<s ttte. inclttso. cal)ril hxl)ltr (le dcse()s inccstlrosos in (r,lls, i( rt(.\7 St lli ((rrlr:l(li((i(in ni c()ncel]t()s e\istie[rn en el inc()n\(rent<, si r.l r orrr r.rt ,I,. rIrrt' rrr:rrrr:-r es excl!sivllrnente cle pal'.'t no estuvierJ in:('r'ikt. , ,, |r'llllrt(lr.r , tl,',1Lrr'r'l stlj() \e l)u(lier'.1 ilc()stitf el] stt fantlslt intrnseicn t( (()n Lr r\rr.r nrri(r rLrc clcscorxrcerlt (ltrccs slr t-t'tadre por :o existi el (r'rr((I)I.,I nr.,lr, rrrrr rlrricrr turnbii'n lo lrace l<uel (f[() (lue, p()rn(tP(),1, r1,r,rrr' ,()|||,, I,.r,Irr'. tr consitlerara p()see(k)r (le ningn priyilegi() c()n
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Afinla qtre cn cl inc<nscicnte no ha! c(),ttrl(li.(.iol. rrrc t.rr cl no existen concept()s, que cilrece <le rccles articnlclus cie significlckrs t(.()rr-(.(,ntr.t ZtCiones reChLCCionistas (le este tip, r c. 11s vst.lttt)s J r'gu tnent.rnrlo-, Crt (irce a tantas clificultaclcs en la te<fia _v en la clnica qrre uno cle ks re(.ursc)s e los <ltre se apela p:rra tratar de reintegn eslrs climensi<nes (l)ntcni -slts tlos y firrnrits (le titn.i( )m[rient()- c()nsiste en rrclenrar: .Eso n<> es el in, c()nsciente. es cl pl!c()nsciente,. Cotttr lleltxts s<steniclo en otro lrtgllr, se slrncionra as Lrn in(\ntscicnte .\,erdu(ler(), y ()tro de nrcnor linlrje l ([Lle se elenllina prc('( )nscierr Ie. Pc,() estc ti)() (lc (lefinii'i(in estipLllfi\il. ilrl)itr.ril IX)r tnft), cle (lU( cs< no cs cl inc()nscicltfe sinr> c) prcconscicnte plesenli \,tios problemas )rp( )rllrnlcs:
1ll c.ln)l)i:lrse la connotecit-tn cuc cl cn senti(l() sistclDtitic(), es <lccir lo repritnid(), incapaz cle c()ncienci:r-usa(k) salvc levantanriento cle l:r represin tiene cn l te()l freLrlilrn. No hay un solo trabajo cle Frerrrl. Ln s()l() hist()rial, cn cue uL ha lrlar <lel inc<ns<iente cn ttot() siitellir n() lllucstre cnt() en l se c()nt[xp(xlen (lese()s entre s, c(-)nr() cirrk)s dcsc()s cnt[rn en c( )utrx(licci(in con lit proltilri, cir->n, tatnltii'] icrscicnte. y c()nx) (lL- esas (r )nttat (licci()ncs entr( (lesc()s y prohibiciones sruge. >r>r ejeltpkr. culpe inutscientc, t:ln in(onscicntc (lLlc cl sLljek) sc lL)c.tstiglr l hlrce fr':rcsar srrs posil>ilirllrlcs. Itclo clk sin (lur trnI.t (l ltren,,t' .rtisl:,, r n.r i('nlt, rle,1rrL l., t-st., \'lrri(.n(l(, 2. Se vxca ul inc(rnscicnte clc trclt k lelilci()nilcl() c()n el (.()nflict(). se exduye el confli<{o ccntl cn psicoanlilisis clcl inconsciente, ya cuc el c<rn flickr inconscientc s<ilo prrcclc existir si hay ( ( )nt[t(lic(.i(-)n entre elellrn(()s. Entre Lrn signilicante, enftc rn.l tlitz visuill. t.i( til () Lnll pxlitl)ra cle\[)t\)\Lst.l (lr: signiflclci(in (or))() c()sir-. y (fro significxnte no -ruecle hrrlrcr -palulrrl () l'jiuil uD (\, IrD nIr\rD pir nrlj(lir(l rl(l.r ) ( i (lr ((nenid()s y tiIlr.\ rle lr) .i,rlrr)icnk, (l(l rD((rrs(irr)rr. \.r\ Illei(.hnr.rr. H. (l()()) Ilr) rnc lil)r(): cn rl (irpilUl() \1. Ll
1. Pr()duce c()nflrsi(in tennin(r(igjca
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c()lll() enc.rrr sigrr ifir:rcion. I)()r es() cuirn(l() I:r(,rn enten((i() el inconsciente ()rden (le ,il,r,,L,.lni,, signilicante clej(> cle laclo l' tetrr tlel c()nf-lict()' f'n este ,,,.',.- r.(-,,r,r ..' -r,,alr, cntentler cl sLlPery') inconscicnte --encarril'llllienk)
re rllirto. tinicxl))L'llle c()lrl)inaci()l ' El conccpto (lt c()nflict() inc()l-ls( iente p()r lcsl()s Ii))))x(l() estli (ltle el in('(rllsciente cie incortt r:rrillle c()n h tciis
chtl tlcl pacienrc."
<le nirclie sinc pot nccesiclacl l(-)gi(. cs clecir. pol llt clis cor<lunci crlre (l()s coniLrnt()s: el clc rn tc(r'a rc(lu( i(Ll cl de la corttplcji-
putrl)lc ir la mala fe
Si en vcz cle reclucir :rl in($nsciente
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n"erts' r,',rlrr.rtiriz.nlrrl(l tlcst.-1,'rrs'r"lriiri'i"nr\ti rn <l in'r'ns''ilnt' (l)iet() grt:et" c]el ! ,,, r, i,, a, ,,r t,, .airin? l,a 1,lreferctrtr'r Llc l'l rLlctlti(li(l '-[c () (lte prc-
csas /es rk.l ttcsco scxLllll cs stilo ttn 1l[olrletlut cie I:t c<rtrciencia? (lesea ser' n() s( qlte n() aqr'tello l( r( n('i!rs. rlttc ittrrlicen contr'tp()sici()nes con in<rrnscienrel ( iliitr rnclx(llls en llr proilnclo clcl c()lr() rust( )i\ \ig.i ii .. cleline clc l1)anerl re(ltlcci()nista al inc()nscicnte c(idig()' y si,,1i.,,,,t., a.l.r,,.j,r, t()(la siRnitlcxcia)n, cerl(i()s ctlxl(ltliul ^ rticrlll crl l noci<in tle <tte c-l psicoltnitlisis se octtplt sc l (1. Irxcee ',,,,lt,in.,,nr.nt. ,l,il i,,,., ,,,.ai.n,.. rnk)nLcs l.Ls c(,nsecae rlcilrs n() l)Leden dcil(r ctte potl<lttcllo \(, tir: (,n Il sifL!cia)n anelticl no n()s p()dl'etll()s rlcrtper clc l)'lsicas llts creencilts Ni psicoen:ilisis' , I lrrrir i< t rl() scl-i:l cl rtllier plrl-rio clei la reni iJcrrti''l'ttl \cnltnrrcnt( r ''lc ,1, I strj.r,, (ltrt ()rnizx; su llis pr"ftrnil' lll ltlr Ii( nt'n i'Iglnj/'r(lir\ .lt'l ,,t1,,. nt l.s l,nf'st ls rlllrtt'llt ,,,,.., ',.,.,,r, ni l'J intcrIl()slilcs tl nreisistas I ,, , ,.,,,,,, (lL'\lttlirlirl'i,) Lle cl.'c"s scxLt:lles. qtle cl ')tr'r \r(nt( LlLl( cl \icntc y (lLc Ic 'rrl, tiritLr<l ('t] (lLle el str,et() sient< ('icl-tcl(). ni 1.inc1. rtre dcsc,,n,tc (lL( ei\t.r !\t.rl)k
(le hxcer l() mislll() c()n psiquism(), sc c()osiclerlr a ste c(nlx) un.l estrLctu{.l rDrclulrrr en qLe sc rrti( rln m[rltiples (lir))(nsiones y sist(Dl.ls m()tiva( i(tnlrs. elkr pclrtrite psns;rr cn un.l psi( ()pirl )l( )grr :-tr hasrtcl:t tn Ii sint(m1l(r( )gi. (le l:r psitrriltr' (lesc[il]tivx sin() en ll llIio()s (lc lxs varil(llts c( )nflgulucr, rnc r ([Le
r
ri ,i, ,, ,,,1,,1r,,,,: Lr.nrr..le trruttla i., ,,,,,,',,,fri r'"i,,c1 cn clttc xnxli\tJ ) 'rnrrliz'ttl'r \( \'rn-int'ltllcn(l() dc es() nlrclll inttaPsi(ltlic(). el crnflicto ni sentlfcs. r(.|ltr,(,t \\ l)r(),vect()s 1, v r'lc'ltctlello (ltL'llily qtlc i'llr ,,,.,f, ...,,,, .: rl centrliclc lrt ollserl'aci<in tl)u'ltn (1)n\(icntlxt tlL'stt4ttr"loLlt> cst() strii sinll)lcll)('nte cltnlinio clcl Pt( y n() l)xl'l r, v,l. l 1,,, l)( tltnk) (r)je) l)itrx l'l psic(fcl'll)ia -cn tlespecliv<rsil-l silLtaciones pr()(lLlccn ,l i.',rlrnliiisi.. Al cxcltrir-se tocl<l ttn territrll'io se clcl
las llr ta'cnicrl anrlticrt crtetl'tntl( ' !('r1l LrniL't:' p'rtihiliclLcles ',',ti,t,, 1r"r,, (]ese() el tlLrt r'[s t't sesirrn '"(lelilr rrtlltlisl. c el crre llrlllttlrit' 'il,nr'iotlcl h'l_ lrltlsc() r:l s'llt() iDstlficjente , ilt rtlt',r o. (tlilD(l() t(xl() csl() st: revcllt c(llr() (lLle (lc l()s en la coltrtacl:t (lc bajo acttl:cin , i.r r'l t orr:t'io ) li)rl))lls 8r()seris libertlcies' l:ts xttat'rclas sc si [)()(lt'tll r)rl( iL'llt1,' gr':r\c y sn la lsitrrtct'ltpi''t t
csrrlten cle la crrlinac i<-rn rle esus clilDensiones. As rrrrro signific un :l\ ltn (c pera la |reclicinlt cleiltr cle )Irr snl()mlls coDro Ia palitlez () Lr k)s () la astenilr () I()s vnlrik)s c(r))() elcmen)s ch\flct()rj()s p:rri nisr r centlase en las crinclicioncs fisiok-rgit:rs v biotlLrrIri( ir s-nrct.rl)a)licls (ltc l()s ()casi()nirn, (()n k cultl se pu(l() c()rtsl;li crtr la ltperenle trnitlcl lenttui'ric cn( trl)rir tr-tit lrrrrltiplici<LL<l cle cor-tcli<irrnes cLrsl('s, (l( igrral nrenett lesr.tlla inclistct'tslLble ir nlis:tll:i (le l()s grLlf)anrient()s psi(luiiitric()s sint(lrrrl()l()gic()s tlue son fen(-)uren()s clc superficie. resLlltl(l() ilnul cle plocesls qLle le sLl)y1lcen.') lil este sc-nticlo, ls clesiflcaci()ncs psi(lri:itricas c(r)x) el I)sM IV (Anreri(1ln l']sychiiltric Ass()(ixli()n. 199.1) r lrr ()l.-10 (ONIS, l9()2). l)esrr clc st incltcll.)le rtilirLcl 1-r:rIlt I:t <riclt Dtiolr )!l:l y l):rir (icrk)s tiP()s (le invcslig.l( i( (s, I)()setn t)il liritcin cle firnclo ctte n() cs slrpcll)l( por'krs rcfinanrien15 ';(jsiri ts rtrt' pu(lierirn s()lxevcnir (\\'icliger ,v Sxn(lels()n. 1995). Aclerttlis. sL (lescn( Lrenhl) con la psictferapia cs:rl)s()[lt(): al no esreciticrr ni los crnponenles cle las cst[Llctlrlrs psicopatoltigicas que clcscriltell ni ls concli(irncs l)r(xivx(i(-tillcs ctrc rigiDlrron y ll]at)iicncn es()s c(n))p()n(ntcs. Ltnll lez (ltrc s(] hl (ltrlLt(t,r (k) i un pai( icrtc (on cl rlilrgnristtco rlt rlc-rr'esit-rn nr;t'r . firlri:. in( )r(\1., tt.\ krn<r clt, :rnsieclacl gcr-rclalizlcla. o ctt:t[uicr ()tl(). n() se pttccle clerir:tt rL purtir (lc rsxri cutcg()ras ilir'rgn plln clc ltc<irn l)si(()ttrxl)Lrtic(). P()r (ft() lr(l(). krs cuc practican lil psi((fcrpi:l ctxn(k) cn)plexn.l(luellas (ateg()r'ills l() [ra(cn c(lt() ueras fiirmulas intrtx[ckrri:rs en ial c(nntrnicil( i(-)n (r)n sLrs c()lsgts. ralir lrrcgo (lcsenten(lc[se l(]talnrcntc clc ellas cn el lr:tlxlj() Psi((ler.rn(julr(i
l(trllilrl('xr( 1.1.,',,,,,,,','',,. ,,,.' 1.,,'u'i,',,.r.I'''t.ttIIr (l( l'l 'l( \cr lllrrrllll<rlt( y t,s tn slntrll,). l\,r tr.lt'Initn,cl \ ll(.ilt,l('ll ..rlttsecttcncis Plil.tiC.ls Ir.lrll se reclLl((: el inc()ns_ t,,,,,,, .,,t, sl tlclre lecr cn tr'tlo l< ctte tlrttcstl lt'. t ttat-t(l() ',, en I ,,,, srr lor tlt sl fitnr. il rnllr. icnltI' tlcbitlo a tlr'te ll clte sLtce(lr , (lcsl)('l(llt sicl))ptc ( '.,,,, lfaii(.r (1,tr(lrilt.t (rx) Ir)\ l):ci!,ntcs -gfilvcs Y tl() fl'ilvcsgcnclxles ,.s,, rrrrxl, t,, r,.lrrcitlo. n() r( P(lc(le ir nrs ltllli tle lirnrttl:tcioncs (lue ptll)li(iltl sc clnic():' ,rr( r(.r (l( l.r t,,,tr.r rlt lrt trttrt, llor lo tr'tc l<rs cas()s qttc llts pt cn r''ct'so' clel (ltlc f.lltit l'l dccriPci)n .,i ,r r ! n. r" ln ( lr rt r.rs \ trr( lils ( r'1 r' ion t't' r_le la (tlllll(l() son excluicls n() -rrest:nt't ,L l,rrr,llistlt , ,, , , , , , , , , ,.rrlt.rrr .r,l.rrrr, rrl .rlltlltl.l\ l.l rlisotiltt'ioll el)tre k) qtlc se s()sticn( tci'riLll_ inl ll() l)()l ,,,,1,r,, , t,,,rr, 'r lr,r,,,,,,'l P,t, i(,llt L{)ntr(l()csD)'\i'))ll 'llg()
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ti. \lirs rirn. si cl ((nrllict() sr pr)dLrur s()lxrrrnlc
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trt.otk, ' \t't it u)t L,n tt't,' .t)t h,,qalitkttl t t,,uk nitk'\ ltl)b! tt)t) L) r.\'clttkk) lrttlt L' tkt Lt ' ,t,tnk tlLl \.tlx,t'tlc kt ttr)Lh,ttLkt () l{(rrs:ilk,n ll.l )rlrr(l( t:llrfn(ll cs(,: ((rr{'el]t() (l( |r(x!s(.,,ru, (i( (l! su (c('./x(i(n. i,, (tur l( lr:r(c (lcilnir el .:rp.r:r) pii(lu(r).(rn,) Irfl irDrlrl() dr lrrl)xf, (: (l((ir trrr rtt)irrrl(, (lc (1.r !li(ir.i(.(1ttrir(:rnricnl().dc(irr(g(n'izuri(jn.(l('((nrl)nru(i(-)n.(lcnrerr(urir(i(h.es(lerrunc(rrlrrrrrir dc prrxrs<rs dc lt'tDsl 1.tci.)tt. dt rLrtos. rlt inlinurir(rn. dc emr'gi]s \'tnklxs I:ll]lo clc .rlu(rr (rrD() cle a(lent). dc l() x.luxl ((,n() dtl p.rsr(k) (ltolrssill(. 119. prig. lJlt3: la errrsnu ,* (l( ln,Lrssilk)n. quicn seirl.r (tur rl tcrnrino /,7r)/\/irlxl. /r;,/ d(]l)r' s(J t',rttntli(kr .scg l c(r1 t ('tr,) ,xl.r1 fr)pLresl() pi)r \ lli,rr.).
l(
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t t!,t)1t(ttt.'5 csPcL Jicos. d los utlulos <lre (()nti)r[-L[r ( sl[u(11l1ls psic()pat()l)gicxs y cle persona liclacl. r"
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l r! ntc lx cstcrili(Lr(l pr[ I nsi(()tcrl)ie cle las catc.qoras clisicas de 11 It rrrrrr-nologil psiqui.'itricx sc cae iecuenterente en el nihilisl'D() (le s()stener
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\' (le pe$()nllida( n.) licne ningln.l utilir.ii se prescinde (lel lrlisn() l<l ni<rr ctte queclx es l (lle.se rl>sen' y solc cl (lur se inlt'rven(lrar. se' secl()r tlt'l
psic()p?t()k-)gic()
inrrrrlsacla p()r aut(xnlltism()s acerca cls los qne no se |eflexiona. El pe() l clrcstin cs qtr tipo (le clirg n( )sti( ( )i Nucstra ()pci(l)n cs cl.rra al respect(): tcltrel <r.te rcsrrlte tle disp()ner clr r r( )(,r-t()r'i() dnllo Llc dir))ensiones clel tipo tle las Drencionarlas sLrDlnrrrcnlc rr:is lLr-ib. las qtte ilentrs rtrplixnd() cri krs citptttLrs siguientcs y a lxs rrrt rros refi'r'irenx)s c()n m,ts rlctlllc en el cle(lica(l() l()s sistcluls l)r()tivaci() ll,lts. I )irr'rsir nes () c()lDp()ncntes agrtrpackrs cr] sul)sistcmals <trc -L trlrr ri rrn rltx-r'so clc lr,-ti(uhcii)n gcnerxn sul)tip()s cle petsonrliclacl v (lc.u.tclr()s
ritrrr'rstico sc c<nvicrtc.rsi en ,npe[.tiv(),
triirn
l)\r(\ )l)ill( )l(')r.li( ( )s. l)lr';r rrclrr-lrr (lu querelr()s (lecir c()n pr()ccs() cl( rticulacin clc c(nrlp()r( nl(\ o()s \,.r1(lrcr11()s, c(tnl() I)l-illler- ilttstftLti<ln. clc Ir Irkxlrt'tica \, espcr r.rlrrrr'r(t'. dc la granl-rti<a flenelxti\'a. p1tru lt-r()str:tr cr-rmo el nrtclelo trre esta rrllrrr.r rros olrccc l)Llede scr (lc u(ili(lxcl prra l)crisr. ks culclrs psi(()l)irt()l(i1,.irr)s I)ijllrr()s (luc si ilpelalDos l1r l)i()qurni(,r ) .r l;r gr'lnl-lti(x n() es p()r(l(k ln s( llr(ts (irc scitn capaccs rlc (li[ [csplr(st:t l las Pfe( )( Lr Plci(rtcs Pr'()hity !iesg() en llt l,r.rs r! Lr rsirr rr; rtologa ni cle llt psicoterapil (llt)p()s-. sin() p()r(lle n()s .rrr.rI r.qrr v r',1 Jx i,)rpr)ftci)n (l(' l]r()(lcl()s (lc ()tr'()s-sienlpre ,rr,rI stnir'(lr (nientaci(-)n la firnlt cn qLre esas cliscirlinas. solrre todo Ia 1:r.rrrrrrIi( rr l{cn('rilila, ;rlxclltn <ienos plolrlcnrus (le gnesis y (le (lc\('ip(ir)'l
(l(
r'sl rtt( ltlt'.Is.
(ulqrlicr text() llctul (le l)i()(lu]ri<rr. sr prrccle r>bsenar algcr illll)li(uncias: tlt' las strstancils rlue sc firrnrun cn un (ng.Ini5ru() i!()n Ilt (()nsi(l(ll(|r\ rl px)ducto. el rc-sullrck final (lel en(uentr() e inte[rc('ia)n (le (friis susltr(irts (lLrt c()nstituvrn sLrs pre(Lrrs()l's. (ar([:l un() cle llts cr[tles rier)( su {)rill(!r en su propia crtrlena t1e l)r(c!lr-s()rus. l)ate represental el pr<re :o rlt' lonrrr< ion tlc tulr strstncil cltclt. si se c()l()c:r l st.l en rl (enrt() (ic un r1r'rrlirrr st arnul)l't)cl)at (lue es c(rl() un nu(l() tcrr()\'iiuio - Irtger <le llegacla 1' ( r k. r.r |lrr llr- t.rr t l trc conr.'rtgc rtn r'rcl clc cir( lli)s i'ltcl ( x-Ic( tat(l()s ,l(re , ,'1irr.rn :r llrs \(!slln-)(-i:rs precuts()ras. las c1tre, c<tro (lijirr()s, l-crrtiten t l()s cir
Si tr)rlrltros
tlifi'r'cncian sitttpletncnte por Lln (a(ictcr .s, () lx .2,,-. p.rra (.()nstrLlir alll-l.r lrs frirscs se rcrrricre (lte e\ista c el psicluistrr<t Lrn:t rg,rnlzacin tie nitirlrr los, jt:rrrriclrttcnte a.ticulad()s (lue. <leacuexl< a c<im<,,L a,rrirln"n. pu"Orn fcnrinirr (lincl() cios prrxluctos a lsr lutlurentc (lifcrsntes en rn nivcl _el clel sclli(l(r-. igrtalcs en otro sintcticr>- 1, (.x5i igLlles cr) Ln ter.(.er() __ el k)
nok-rgico.
Ii-l
-orglnizacirjn llrils- y ill colnp()ncnte selnalntic() --aliccionxrio clci ta,ntrinr>s y t.cglas clc (rginiZt(i()n rlCl seni<lo. CL(rntlo nUestr Ol(ntc (r)nstrLl),e r.rrttt lilsc kr <r,re h<e es lr icular una scrie cle m<itlLrks rrtilizanclo reglas <le.,rr.rin".i,rn y ,,r_ r'lt,os cle l()s (1)up()ngntes p<tr poncr tin ejerlplo. ls tjltses .sul (le clsll" y ,sl cle caza,. (lue rcnliten it (los lnun(l()s cle signif)caci<in tan clifetentcs, sin etrllrltt.lo pa icipan rlt'Itr ;)isua orgnizacirin sjrt:icticu
1., tin<r1,.,liri:trcnc,
rulis relevlLncia pLlil cl cilutp() cle la psicopatologir'v la'psicrxerepiu. l,ara que <rtalcrricr fiasc prrecla llegar exi.rrr:cs irlprertinrlilrl,: ,',,. ,. .,ri,,1,,r." 1,, ,,r_ Ik ulci(in (le un corp()nente () rilul,, sint.rttic,, ,Lr. i,. 1,, ,lrg.rnizuci<in cle la frrtsc y c(-)m() se uncn l<s elelr,ntos p()l.ei.. en r.astr,llanr, (\)nc(r.cl1ln(.i clcl generrl y nttrcro <lcl articrrlo ton cl del sustnti\,(), p,aaaal"nl.i, clel rticu lo crrn rcspeck) lll sustalttiv(). c()n(()rclitt)ci:l clcl l.erlxr a,rn 1,, p.ra,rn" a.t l;u_ iekF , iLlnt() xl (()lnp()ncntr o rnr-rcllrlo tirnokigico clc los fine_
((rl)in.l c,,n utrJ\ sLlstJn!iJs. orglnizlinclose en \, (irAlrD( )s_ ,r, linr..ic.nalrs -tejiclts \i rn.Ltllrit,) rtrLr n.r:-rn,..r ,lili:rcnte r[,] .rntt.ri.r. \r,r(, (.\ (.1 ,lc l,\ c5 , tt(lr '\ (lc l.t gr.tr)t.iti(.1 l.jenrr.ttj\.t. stos nlttestln lrlgo <rre pas:t tcner ntrchlr
ciI. Lln r'ez finua<lr, se trniclucles Dtorfirlt-rgicrrs
cris cle sts prccLtrs(nas. A srr vez. xlgLn()s (le estos prccLrs()r_es ptreclen entrat no s<'lr en ]os circtit<ts quc conclucen lt la formnci<-rn (le esa sLstancia, .sin() en rlltch)s ()t()s cil.(.lir()s, (lgpcndicn&) cle con clLr prccurs()r tnrer.rcci()ncn paru que se originen pr(x[lct()s muy clivers.s. E.s l. patictrlar c.,bincirin rle c(rltponentes Ia r1t:e clerl lrrgar I unlr r <tl sr,st:rncia. l. stsren_
s,j
-gl
nr
<
lr) lr,,.,,rr,'.rl rtr'll(l(tl)SM-l\.;ur(lucnnpli(nd()Lroentll(i()nirdecu(lxd(tenerclr l, ,. r Jr l.,l .r,1, 'li , r' (l(. 1.r rri\,)r: lirnirr(r-)n qri,r cl .J( l: (lcjr (lt lx(k) cl (nr(li()(lrlir ,r,'l|\.r,,rr \,1,.r,.r.. r r'\lr||t(.r (r(11()s(r-irsl(nn()s(lel.rpds(rulidu(l\hen!1rur(1(\trl(li(){c lr rr..,r,.rlrl.r,! r,,r.rl \ rr,(\rrl)l(r1 h llirlx(n-)D cn'c sus cteg(ns ni ls li)rnrs (le paritic ,,rrr',11,...',,rr,,r.,i,rt,i.,l.rl.,rn,rL,) lirs(:r(g(rirs(l(i cte i. ( l'.rrir un c\:rnr.n (lttrllx(io, r.rrrt,,,l,.,l, Lr t,rtr,,,l, \,.J.,,1(\rrt)ri\(,(,,n()Ll(. lirs rlii(uhxd(,s orelo(l()l(')girirs (lel (jell.vex'
,
Dr., l r
qtte rcprcscntasc l hist()rix generttiva <lc unu trtse coloc_ el centr() (le un recl cle firrnt:r arborifiLnc. ct\,s [lllits seritn el rrtnr cic cncuentr() (le ()tflts cdc\ lr.lrrrrikrtr,s (lLtL- l)-rl)firlri { r.lginil(() k)s ( (11p()ncntes. ln este scnti(l(). la gralulica gcner:rtivx ofrccc Ut.: lD<rlelo c.on_ ,.cltrlrl. crl srili<l:r firncianteo:rr.ion, tar.a L-i cxlllnctl (l!,pr()ces()s (.lxuplci() \'(lc slrs prlxhrct()s. Iil grrn li,rir clcCh<nsky. srr rcvolu<.i<in c,; Lnginsnc. t , nsisti<-; cll esrtclir t,l itpitr() lcnrratir,o, es ricc ir-. krs rrocesr (lc lllticulx_ t irin y I raltfi-tit c icit t c l. mente clel ltirl)1.nte_( )yentc i,,r".", d" pr()dL(.i1., t rrn rn ciertr> nnrcn> rlc re.qlas, un nnrc.r iotini <lc lirscs. Itna cle sus vcn l:rjs..n() la nica, con rcspect() tl estftrc.trrralisnxr litgiistico raclicr- en el he_ L,lro (l(] (lLrc sc p:tsr 1!s Jlr clcscripci<in (lt c uctrl..ls Iingtiisti.lrs conro enticlu_ tlcs \a constituirlrs l exrnrcn rle los pr.ocesos ,,.,. g"aa."a esi; ;structrlrs r.\knrijiun \ Hen\'. 1975: Ilrcsnan. l9it2r ClrrD.kv. ilOs, 193. 198_2r Hallc 1. ,nrrs. 197ti). Clrtusk1 y sr.rs clisr.pukrs c()nsidcrar()n quc l lingilrsrica erx l)ill-lL (le l rsicokrga cn unlt p() en (lue el estnrcttr:rlisnto,,ai, ,.,rn al",
dilgrallx _ll []n astr en
lri ,k'r
'i,,r
AVAN(:ES I:N PSI(-O'TIiRAPIA PSI(:OANAI.Il'ICA
'f-r{()DuccrN
,
29
la ditlen:r lrt 1.rsi.r rlingiist icr ) r k>s procestx tlc gnesis' P\'ilegixn(l() clc llr cliacrc:nilrr sintionic cn clesmcclr()
l'urtitltltoraalapsicoparloga,afincleln()stratc)m()entenclerelrrc> r, s,r rlc :ttlicr.lltcitin tle ccrrpotlentes, v en Lln eienlplo que s(ik) pretcn(le tl.rr rrnl 1'rLitrtcrl idc.t iltlstr.ti\'. l)ensetll()s cn algrticn !'n qticn el cr>rllpoi(lL' t.qtt.sit'itltttl cltscrllpca Lrn pepel it'ttportanreLr Bl ittlr'rlso 'tg|esiv{, (fr() c(n)lponcnte Presente en esrl Pcrs()nlt' pongarrrr.rlt' cncontrllrse c()n pe ,ru,. r,,r.r.,, lil repfesentllcia)n rle- s tnisnl colttr r'tlnerlllc Llillil' en qttc tn ttrt ntttntkr cie lrgr',,. rrte si sc rtiittla. r( stt \''cz, c()n la t'elrese ntecion p()r 1,,. r",.4.,,n vengati\1)s detcrlllinilr.l el tctLtlt lx rcsptlcstx tetalitivx pt' aglesivr' illlpttlso caso el En cuyo l)irrt(.(lL'l ()lr() hecie el qttc sc <lirigir'a. cle la rl en tlltrnclrl lccaliztlt <ucclrt:tclo ,lr', rrlril,irsc cD sLl exlei()rizit(iritl. a lleg:trl'tn ntl <rte itfllcsiv()s nlit 1t()s irtteginltr y poclrit ll J:rcrstlnl l.rrlirs1t l1 lctllte()r cl c()n rticLll2l(l() lgresivo, itlpltlso , rt.ili, izlttscl. Esc Illisrllo (fr() re'tl t1,,,,,,,r p.*, recesitlt(l(), sitllttltlin'.-anlente. cle etctivizalse c()nll:l el strnlctersc' rltccle clltr lr't lr,, ,,,r',,.,r.ia,a,r,, (llc c()nvi(rtc cn hrtllilllnte tl <tcl <lltr<l lrusi1,,, ,r lirt-ttre. et-tcttllielts cle aglesi<in: salxrteo clt las clcllltncllts cle la depenclielan ir.,, r,,,r tl. stts r.lesers. p()sterga( i( )nes itlstifi('dlts cttnlo si tlenorllinar sttele se r,.rlitLrtl cxlctnr 1 no tiel propilr striekr' l'is clecit' lo tuc (lLlc se xglcde, cnlre ()tr:l ti,,ttllils l))e(lillll,r'r:otttliclrtr.l ,t,rit',, "g."aiur, c ()tr() en sus tleseo:,. I)cro si cl iurptllso egrct,, ,.1 litstrar encrLltier.turuente iil sit ntc (nrlnipotcnte y autl>legitirl tacla ' sc r,r , , :i,,rg. . n tt na personllithcl rue ntl)[ln scrts lt los cltte n() y c()lll() cliliies , ,,,, .,: ,, l,rs tlcllis crllrrl 'lsistrc-xllillirl el sLrjeto tuc Ilulnili(stll :tgresi(-)n c()lll() ,1, r,.,Irr, p,,tlrli cxl:tnclitsc ,, rrr rr'grtllr v sin cttlpa. trl iilptrlso egrcsivtl, articttl.tclo lt clestlrs sextl'lles lttccle <lriginar ciertas llt l,,rrrr. tlt sr.lislto o ntltscxtlistt'ttr' (ltlltnclo se :llictl c()n llt lenrlencil gcnctar pLlc:cle rtn)\'(((ia)n. llt attt<clticlt )'ltl sentillricnt() cle cttllllthilitllrcl .,,rlin,.lt lrtirtlucci(in l)xi() lx preskin clel sLlpctyo- replesentac'ionts cl:l .r,'tr, <r,nr,,'tnlllo. inclignrl. clllnino, crrn )rt clcplesil'rn c()nsigLlicnt(: l cr': fir rrr,r. r.rs<xlr,ti:,is (lc ().rstil.l(r'Ienclcncia a ):t ttrlpltbiliclacl' P(n-otli Pllrte' ,trt no tlctil'lt cxclllsivxnrentc <le la egrcsilitlatl sitl()' c(''l)() tll()str'Ir(]lll()s cn
,li.,t rrsrr clc Lrn (fro qrc ir':r>culti en cl suictr) l.r iclenticlrl glollel rle ,nalo 1 r r llr.rlrlt, l.,r lgtesiviclacl. efiicul:rcll con lt clefns. pr()yccti\'x presentc por -n() rltuirl ( n t()(k) el munckr ni sulfli(la rt ta\'s (le unr [lnica c()n(licia)n c]e gne'.r. l)'rrluci:i un:r rept-ese ntacia)n tlel Drtncl cn ruc ste. l iDrlr.llcn v sr rrrr'jrrrtz.r clcl sujer. es vist() c()ol() iltxclntei es (lccir, Lrn crrtclro patanoicle con rr k .rs tlc pcrsccr-rci(-)n: o. en ()tr-()s crls()s. cl ilttpLlls() itgresiv(). integr.lcl() en Llnr
(,ll((( (\)tn()
tirflrrci<-rn [e:icti!1. (jn <tre ckrnrinli l:r rDrabiliclerl ] sLpLest() , rirlrr<kr clel otlt. r a Litu:rlcs tbsesivrs y rreclids pre(11Lrk)rixs. I\)r ()tra fxrt, . lrr rgresivirl<l clcpentlcli en los cfect()s que tienc solrrc el psiruisrrro clel lir'r1.)i() sujeto rlc'rtes tlirensiones. c()ln() l;r reyor o r)ren(n tcn(l('nciil 1l l rr'.Lr(\in ),/() al rlrrginrirr-tto cle cstir(l()s (le ti:tgrrrentcion ricl sr,{ y cic clesor' 1i.U)izirci(in ps<luica. o la tenclenciu:r llr p('r'clirh cle la scpancin entre pr() , L so >rinralio y secLn(larir). ), x h iDvxsia)n cls stc por c-i primero. l)r<resos ,lr( r)() s()n ((lsec(renciit clc la rtrc-siviclltcl err(n'(le (-ccr (ltr(- a lnrChx -cl () rir,'siIirllrrl. nr:rrrtt tenrlcn< ilr rt la trltguentrrci()n ia per<li<la cle llt sen.rrr'r,rrr , rlr(' pr()ces() pl-irnari() )'sccLln(hrj() sin() (lLlc cstlts pr()pie(lxclL-s. sLrrgi(lx:, lr)r (r)n(licioncs estrLlcturirntes tlifi-rentes rle l egresivitlecl, l)1tj() !-l irnpcl()
"
r'', rnuliclecl c(r
fileltcs nreclnisln()s clr ltk)c()ntr(r, clurir ltgr'1r l() quc sc
,i.
clel tit tullc rtl-rs eclclante. (lc c(nl(li('i()ncs cle gncsis Iutty clivetslts' cntre otr:ls
I I,,',p,. î,l,,l'.f l.'nsLrlrit n,rtLrrnl. (']1rl Prl\ ilesn'j q(rc llj (f('81r 1r lx sirlrll\is ! el riP() dc rcllrcin se rr'ri'trlrr) !listirr irrIrl'r.r. l. trrr'.rtrl,.rr \i\i(-)n r\):r\ lcnrrrl -Px1's()s rnllrPlcstn.(lLr (lcl (lctr
r,r.r!llrl,^,rrrr.r r,.l .rrt,rrrto|r.--.rcrclk)(ltLctlriis1()5inrer(\ir flr l,n,t'rr'rrn " {'r" ,,r"' '^rlr' rrrr I l "l'rLrr
:LL!(nr(!l)(](ln
qtrc n() (()nslilu l' \r l,',,,,r'nr.r,rrrtsl:r rrgrr\i(l]d (1nll() Lu1 (()lnP(nltnte ts evi(lent(r (ktrtt (lc rr nlntrr lir PL\rlx eltr, ,r,,., , ',r"l."f lr,{,,tlr, t rrr rrrrrr llrnlr rLnitll(i rrntrlisi\ gl.ne hi'lrmrr licc PrPirr 'u rr.ur.ri ,,r,,r,rrrr,,",,'rr,l,.rrrll)'rrrt.r{slrrcrrLi((liLrrn)s
r
t,,uri(lrl:r (trrf
ll,\(lC.ll.lrtltrr.l.rl(,]!)]'k!n()li('nc(llllr(Dlf(ltl\t]trllrl.rtlllr,slr:lllllilr:lliilJll n'rrrxle lrrcres prrir (lxr (Lrtnl r (l( ltl prrr(ltr((i(')n I )t)!rs(). (,rr
rtrr.r,Irr, ,LI lrrrl.tr 'r (lrl,'r, rrl{'\ nrl'lrlxr5
lln c()nse(ucn(iil. el (r)orp()ncntc r climensirin "irlllrrlso agresir,<, r'csult:r (.rl)irz. (le ircLrcr(l() L ctlcs sean krs otros cttxrnentes o cliutensic-tcs cle lrr l r'sonliclud con krs <Ltc se c(mll)ine. clc panicipel cn llt crnstititr'irin de ct,lrrrs olrsesir'<rs. liilritrrs, rlerrcsirrrs, I)tun()i(lcs. (ls an()re\i!, ct(- l-()s (luc. p(n' ,,lrir l)rtc. n() tienen p()r'(lu tener ( )l)ligrt()l iu ltreote a acul corto su f:rcr' I,\i(()gentic() ni t:rnp()c(). cn cals() (lc cNe s intenenge. c()rll() el qrc (lcsrnr , rr, el pltpcl princilal. Vr>h,cmos irsistir en (lLrc k)s ( (np()ncnles .ljrcsi\ r,l.rtl. terrror a ll venganze (lcl ()tr'(). (ulpll. rrrrvcccior't. lue('lrn isr tI( )s (le ilLl),,,r)tr()1, tenclenci:l a h frlgnrenlec'rn lujo lu 1>resirin dc h xnglrsti, paru r r( n( i()nirr algu-r()s. 1l(r ) / crld t t() dc clk stt ptrtitt bistot'.t g?trt'ul t .t. r) ., .r. lrislrli:r cle llrs c<>ocliciones cue le rlieron <>r'igcn 1 ttrc llrs roncn cn firn' r( )r\rtlnicnt() cn lx ctLxli(l!(d. Aclclltl'rs cle [c(lLlcl-ir. plr.t ctlen(lcl' sLl l)xpel. cl , r l)cnsa!l()s cr-i su xllicLllx(i(-)n (\ (li[rensi(rn{is tsencirtlcs corrro l relacion ,l, l sLr jcto c()n el otr() cuDrPO cle l inteNul)ictivi(l(l (l)unn. t()95I qrr, -cl ,,rrlrcirrl r['srle llr ctltrcltltr'irn clc, llr scxrltlitlcl v ()Inls viriill]trs (lcl (lcse() lr.rslir lls vicisitu(les clcl Fi<lixr y l:ts clifrcnrr's strltstlrtctrrras clcl Prrluisrrr,r P()r (fra prrt(, cn l1 ill'ticulacill entle (litlcntes sistcl)ls rotivacionales l,rrltlcr Ileler c<>incidenr'is (). p(r'cl cont!xli(). inc( n))pirt il)ilid(lcs ('n sLrs l-cs ,( lr\ ()s iincs. l)r rr Inrrter trn cjcrplo. tlc l:r cr lbinc i<in crte Ls :r-tg(stils (l{ lr rrl((\)nsenrci(in y cl apt,go itl ()tl-() c()llt() un rlc ls lirnas plirilcgierlas plta ,, 'rlIrr-rcstarlis, rol ttn lackr. ) el lurcisism(). por el <fro. pucrlen surgil clist rr rl:rs c onfigLrrar-ir >nes. Bn rlgunos casc>s. tl sr.tjelo irrrIrlsir(k) p()r srs angustixs ,1,'.r(l(rxtnsrt'lrci(-)n encuentra cn cl trtro (lLlr (r)nstituv( r:1 objeto ltrotector
r'si. se rctuirlizxn cn ur'r. (Jc srrs rosibilitlrrrles.
ll)
(l( l 1l)(() turtl)in
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31
ll pcrs()na
(lu( lc espcculilriztl o con qttitn sc fttsi<>na.
quc clesenrpea las tirnciones de objer 'tel

apr.lntltlantlr> cle c'sta lanerlr
:'tr stlltilnicnt() de vala y legitirlliclacl en sus dese()' Acr't hay coinciclencie enLt()c( )nse cia)n v narcisisl)l()-. v en el (]nctlentl-() c()n tr(, lr))l)()s siscllls - y stisf:lccn l:rs necesjclacles cl(. Lno y otl-()Lr t'l olrjcto se con(lensan l)cro tu srrcecle si Ia llsqtretla (lel (r)j(t() qte c()ntmrresta ngllsliils (le cjemplo. Persecut()ris- resttlta incotnpatilrle para r rlr conser,'acin -por trr <lc'I:ts Irlchlithtcs pr>si)tles cle lrrglnizcin clel l:arcisistlo en (ltle ''ste y st tt-lsolicla en lx llle(licla en quc el 'Ljet() se rePrescnte c(nno altk)n()ll]() h lr(lel ()t&)l'L()s lr:r.irr sttjeto le i:ltpttlser:in Ilre(l()s ciel ,.rrr:rz <lc prescindir sirn trln el objeto pero. n() l)ien sta se proclttzca. stfiir:i en stl n-tr(isi)l)l(). (()n l() (lLre ten<leri a rotrrper el r'trcrtlo, parlt rec!cr ls en lits ltngttstias pa lrnoicles <le las cLrales el (r)iet() le protega. Rttptttra c()n el ol)itt() <r.tc en el (irs() c|t (lrie ls tcndcncias i(glesiva seltn Ln c(llP()ncnte si{nilicliv() k)r:lr:i l:r fiDIt clc ataque al ol)jetlr, cle prtlvtx aciones. Per() si el sujcf() telllc 'tl rrlrjc'to en(\xltrltl.en lrt ftrgrt fiibic I:r tlolrtlicl:ttl de:tlejerse cle l pant
rr
(le los sLlcesi\()s Pxs()s clel lluir clel finI ntusli1naci( ) ttl cn qLle ei esttl(ti() (i()naIiento psqr-tico y cle ls cstlttcturas quc vln surgientlc) clel misur(r serl cl eje qLre oriente el (liagnstic(). listo pen,ttitir' solr>crr a l.r PsicoPxkr()9.a (lcntr() del epistema que ha hecll pr()gresrr a la cicnciL contenlP"r.in(.t. Nccesilrnos crlnfccci,trtL lll)(c.s c(n1r() disciplina esti lltr.ts:!(l.l ltJ rc-specto. y en paralelo ---crn stts clirec procestls seriales res clin;'tmicos q!e llltlestren ( i()ircs y senti(k)ri de circtllaci)n- cle :nictl:rcilin (le c(nllP()neDtes. lrlapas rlelineacl<>s sol)re transprlencias <tte, cleslizitnclose Is ttnas s(r)re Ias otras, (lt)c cie:rs c(nlll)inilci()nr-s c illterucl)(rnritxn en el espaci<l creackr por ell:ts r'iOnes emerian como pr()cluct()s c(rPle)s. Map.ls qLle pclrlititiltn. tatlrllin,
(-llltxl lxs t:tnslirlll;tei<tncs clc ttnas cstrtcttlas en {)tRrs

Si trernrrs clestacacjr las expresiones pn)ceso. drticltlLlctl de cutlpotlelty, cspceixilrentc, tat$ftrnuK: iot\, cs P(rqLc n() se tat sil))l)le,l)enfL' (le rrnlL psicopatologa nlultif'ctrlrial. c(xll() sealanl()s tltlis arrill, centra(h en lx t Ilule(tci<in cle firct()l'cs qtle :L(tL-l!ln en il situtltanciclld dcl Prcsente y,'() qte s,., fircr<n acumulancl() en sLts efictos a lo )argo tle llt historilt Sin lttg.lr a (lu(lus es) cLlenta. pel'(), :l nLlestr() jtticio, l<l dctisivo cs p<rclcr estllrlecer ks rr,rrpr>nentes <) cli[lensi()ncs que carcteliziln l.ls estrtcttlrxs psiropatoltgi(as r analizltr los t1-]tiltiplcs crlllrin()s P()r krs cttlties cs()s c(n))P(nentes sr !(rn\litrven, ilfiiculltn -v sc tlitnsfi)mlan cn el Pro(es() cle a: ticltlltci(tn. Dcscle nttes lr() pttnt() cle yistll. existe pof l() l]rcl)()s ttru cl<llc tllcl a rcalizar, clc Il cLtll , ste lrlrrrr r'\ trn It)l('nlr, tn t:. rlir'Ltirln:
/,.\
cle (n)lniP()tcncix attltistx. Si l() (lLlc inrl)ela :,()n l<s clcsetls nalcisists (lc rePttscltalrsc c()!l)() itl()\li(i('nte. cl sttjel poclr (lcsc()D()cer sus nccesiclecles xtctivlls prilllli1ls (lc .rtg<r o scxttalts. con les consigttictltes ilt-lgLlsti qttc se molilizan culrntlt> ''n ( slrrs r)() s()n satisfcchs, ngLlsii <ltte cle acr.terclcl .ll grl(lo de tlrgr n Lz'rt'i' rI l rsirr.risrtr, l l tenclencit I ie regresi<irt () ill Lls() (le exPcrien(ils (lc s:tti\l.rrlir'rrr con)rensutorilts. p<xhn clcselltl<car en crisis (le piinic() () impttlslr ltl iI-Igestx c(nrlptl sLrtt() lr:rci{ cxJlctiencils cle satisf-!lc( i(in stlstitLttivit -dr()8.1, \i\"r. ('l(.- rut:t t<;clilicar cl cstcl() ilfecti\r) (ltle reslllt.t intolerl)lc lijctrrlllos estltetrrttic() Per() qtle n()s van inclicltncl<r I itrrP()rtlLn( i:l dt (()rlslluil un. psicoPill()logii en <tte Itl clcscLitt c<nr> cnti(lldes etlnclls sclt tisl( ) .ooI() cl tesrltacl<r clc h .rticLlxcia)n (le p/1rce-(r.J, tlcl cttctlettuttliel() 'lc \rr iir,,(-ilts. (lc eDcutnl[() (le c(nllp()ncntes, c(!(1 1t1](t c(l stl hsttt tct 8'r,t' ()s insistcntes tn csie pLlDto- y. sollre ttxk). cle Is rt'lnslorttra //yr -stlc r'rrncs rlc cst()s c(rp()ncntcs en el procesl> cle ilrtictlici(in de retr()accin de un()s solrrt otnrs, y cle Ia cre.lci()t-l cle prol-lieclaclcs elllelgentes cn qLle la .trtir Lrr'jrn tiginlt rllg() qtic n() cstttlx plevirtltrentc cn njngtlno clt- los ll-ticltlos
rxllri ir)t('rlill lrc()nstrtir tln espacio
(()rrl)(nlrntts.rr l)e all nucstra
Pr()pLest1(
clc r'rna
p.slcr rprllo
hpa nurlttlar-
r l.ts . al?Horas psi coPal ol g..ts |1t )sl rd t t d( ) st bt iptts .1'. t t lrct<xk. locatitps de ps co91rcss .l' lds lli lcitsott('5 sttb.''ttct'ttlcs tTttcse arlkttlott pdnt ttfgttt'ar cx .//2t,pl). l)esc()nstrtlccin. P()r (fra pafic, (lLle tl:[ lrrglr l nrlevlts configut-aci()nes diftlcntes cle l:ts categ<lras clc Ie fn< nrcnokrgia psi(luiitric.. y rlrits ltcoltes c()n las (lin)eni()ncs ctte el psicr'.tnri lisis ha lcvclaclo cott'to inclispensltblcs Pllrl cntenclct el psi<ttisttto. 2. l)ist ica' inlenvlrckrcs cra)cttticts bctsctcltts ttt ct)tttt Ltttcttlatttcs el diJtt'tc; ../r,.1.-. qtrc sc lli i.ttt .t clel psirlrisnrc i!ttcitDtLulticltto f -vts tkntlt:s de lds dilt'cntcs ctntJiltrt'ttcilttcs tttt.ttlilictr t spec/i< anttatta bs tt)t1lpo (ricntrtdrs x dil)\icq)dtul(Eicts .y ela personulclud. Es cleci. intenenci()nes rrensrnes l'sectores tle'tclrin;ttlrs tlc eslts cttfigtlrlci()nes. y no lr elllts en
1. Dcs
s n
Irlor1t-tc.
(,rr I ,
,,{rx,.ri.)lr,|,,,i,rr, i l(11,,. rl sLPcr\,-) \'l rc:rliLtrr(1. Prrrii pr(firndizrlir (1n1 l,r o(xn-)n(lt(('rfllolrlr.r:r.,t(.Irir,) ( rfr( ril(,]l!\ d(ls(lperyo ene rlesrr' rlel cl(<. rnlr( id(rrt ilrc:rf ir rci d(l f(). lr \,.r! ,',, tl,r(l')-_. I).igs lrfLl0S) cl c()ceP) (lt rnrcrgcrr.is glr)l)xl(\ t{lr(xk)es () rIrl ,,rr,.,rrr, l,r.,,trl!,rrrl(:,rr'nlercltrsrlerrrne,r :rr.lrrci.r )tr\trrPLlcsl.t ) \ rtri'nr(1 r(r
)r!r,. ,, \ r,r n
.
strs tliclsrr\ lrirns:r(.i(mc crfre sisl(jnllrs nnfivxci()lrllc: ts Jcl c()rr(cP) d( .or)lli(tr) 0'(I1) (lLrt l:'lrLrd 'lrni:rtrt l)x' Ir \r'ic '('r1 ll!(,,,',,ri, ( l,1,*(\) y l:r In(rril)irrn. ent|ctl (lcse() inc(,rs.icnlc ('i(lexl(s (le l'L conrrtnrir' l)'rr'r
lJ
rrl lr I r
l-r' (,rrlt:r(l\.1(nrcs<r
rrr:rs
,',.,lrlr'1,- 1!IILIIIIII'\.I l;rs rlte: cn <t seno clc un sistenl dr(lo qtrc rsiiin L,1,,, r, t,.,,(,- ' lt.rll.rrr ('r) Lsri(k' (lc .rshri( r{ ) )
xLrscn(c
pl1rlrlema ccntr.tl ck: la psic()tcrtPia n() es Ia detenllinlt< irin ctcl rurc< lirr111 -1,t," el rrl'ter< de sesi()ncs sell I)revc, cle citr:ttirln lirllitacl r inclelini(l.r-. Sin lLgar' (lLt(lxs est() crnclicionl t<xlo el pr<rcso pttes incicle s<>llrc l.r protirncliclacl a la <ue se irLtecla llcgirr-!', espctiallenrt, ri(r)lc lr)s lenrinlerros crre pocirn lrunifstarse. s()t)lcterse ll escrutini() y I tnoclificeci<in Pelo, rurl lr krs rspeck)s ti)rntitles^, ((y() tcc()n()c)ricnt( ) ) cslu(li1) Ita signifitackl rn pr()greso! kl rtte tcruinar:i cleciclicnclc> el resultatlr scrt cl mc>cleltl psictr
til
J]
l)irl( )l(il{ic()
AVN(:tiS
ljN
PSC()r ItRAPIA Pr(-OANAt,TtCA
IN'I'RoI)UCCION
3.1
([rc prcsi(h el tratmicnk). lo obarc(|o qlrc st
(l( l)cn(lerar crLal(luier interyencin terapLtic. qlre tcngr lrtgat'. sca cn el luillcrr rl rrnrt psicoteral)ia cle cliez, clr cien t cle l)til sesi()nes. Eslll ctcsti(in (lel rrrrrlckr rsicopatc>lgico cs lo crrc creeros s()sli). una crecisnte tenclenci] lr r'rrrlistl que hlrce nr:is irinc:rpi en el lrrlrrc() del tr.Ltxrtrient() ([Le en lo qilc su(((l( (lenlro cle 1. En c()ntrap()\l\ r')n -t <st.t rr,sicir)n nLrr\tr,, cnfllsis scr'.i srllrrc llr c<nprcnsin psicopat()l(igica y s()l)re I<s funclaDrent<ls cle unu tct-,t'i
r.k' llt
crr Llt.
st.'. -v
del ctlll
(lel lratclixl l)r(lil('i()n sc cncLtcrltl-it ;iclttpre cutre dos calllP(ls ([e ficrzil: el lesllltante tln , ,riuiral I cl crirligo clcl interpretanlc. sien(l() la Pr()(luct() qlle se se ensil)le () ( sef]n el interpretllnte .r( r'( lii l]'r'ls al pi[]c,"(), sin alcanzirl(). ('n (icfi()s factorcs: ll():l lrn(,rcucnllt
l. I-l l)un(lxn(ilr del lrtclial r rl
clctltllc clel corprts solltc cl cttc
cjeli.
si Iublarnos (le c()lnprensi(in psic()pa tr )l(jgica. ssl{) nr)s intl-()dtL(e er t.l rloblema cle Ia interpreracirin (e ()ri dt()s <rre la tLni<u n()s vl ()flccieD(l( ). intcrpretllcin que n() es sirlo el clesctbdtrticnto cle un significlckr que e: lrrre incltriclo e-n el clato oliginal. \'ertt vlle l)Jl. (r'ientlrn()s lo cue h his el scntitlo It'r:r clr la hemenf-rticu nos ha ense<k: la il:tcrpreleciirn -en llt ctrel llt cnr[ crrrnrrensi<in (le u]r tex)- no pueclc knlr llt filla lr:rio It nrlir'r l 5( hleirn))ilcllc t> I)i)t)re] . cs cleci. L [cc(r]stt Lt( ( i() clc tn sentirl<r oliginul tlrrc va est:rri en el luk)r-(Naith, 191)a). l)a[a Scltleic|nrcher intc'r l)r(llrr crx le lecrxrst|r.rcci(n (lcl pcnsxmicnt() clel atttor. l)iltl)cy. p()r stl prrtc, lrscl>rr l:r intcrpretci(-)n ()l)ieliva en base l crr<rinricnt() cle l psi(()logll v l.r lrirrg[rlia c]cl lrrtt>r'. Estc aut()r tir)}aba partc rlel panolrtD)ir intclectual (lc lr[ rrrl, rtrirr tur]rl)i''r l)cnsal)lr cn nrin()s (lc Lrn iDtetprtl:(i(il obietivl-t tttc (strri:l :lscl.luracl por cl seguif tll in Lr( i()stl)lente los tletalles tlcl <liscttts<l y el ((rl()((r l.r ,u)'()r cunti(lxd cle cllttrs cle llt bioglafia cle'l stict(). l)er(), c(nll() rl(slx(il Niith. la intr.'rpretaci<'rn va lnals all-r (le Lrnl| nreftl rcprr>clucci<in cle rtn s.nlirL cxislente: lrr participaci<in (lel interpretlrnte y su hisf(ni(iducl. ), la P() list rl)il rlel text(). (lefcm)jnan (ltte lir sittxcin ltcltteni'ttlicrt lx)scil Ltn r.lrr(: l('r l)r()(lu(tiv(). clt el scnti(l() (lLtc sc gene-l:llgo 1 estrl cn el texk) ()riginul <rr|r<> lrxlmcn(c existente sin() c(r() p()tcncialidlt(1. lSignificlL est() (ltte lil inl(,rlfctxci)n sc;r pura arbitlarieclad, qtre la c()herenci clc lu vcchcl nl mrti\ir (1)nslrui(h >< cl interprerante es l() ni(() (ltc P()cler))()s llegar a llirlirli' f,slir rosiciirn es l (lr.r( crilic.r (jectt(liu))ente Stlenger ( I!)91 ) coto clc)()llln(l()r ctrltin rle los tut clenortritta "lttt-ttlcnettticistlts, (ltrc (lcsxtien(tcn rtrc t'l inconsciente col-lstituyc r.ttr:L leliclcl. (!)n (()nteni(l()s t'leycs 1rr',rr,r. (!)n estlr(l()s uritltiplesl en (fl()s tmrin()s. (lLle o() cs sillrPlelllcnte el scnticl() ()(Lrll() (lc Lln c()nlenicl() nl:rnifiest(). l)()l ell() Plrr sLr pttcsta l (lesctll)icl'to l!' ts llis lc|:cLracla l; stnrit-rticlt tlrtc llt ltet ltre'ntrt icl. ttna st'ritltit (ltre ll;lgir lrirrrrrrii rro s()l() en [()s icotlos <r ert Ios sitrtlrolos sin(). c:'l)cciallnlentc, en l()s llr(li(r's cl sentirlo (le Picrre-. lu jo los c uulcs el incotlsciente se hll( c -(nn() t's ir[rl a l]acerse signilicxr por cl c()ntcni(l() ul.lnifiest(). I)css(lllir. (lu( (l( llr(.str'ir tx rsl)('(li\'1r. n(, dcl)cr))()s ()ptLl'p()r lrr posici<-rn Prestrntlllcnte (r) i(lr\!\t.r rrrr:r ingonrrirl:rcl L-sli liurar (lel c( nr()( irnient( )-. Pcr{) trllul)()c() lr.rl rrl.u lr.rr i,r l:r tcsis rlc I ullitr':rlictlitcl llrsolLt <lc l ittterpr(t.t( i,in, (1)llt,, si cl llr,rt('r.rl srrl,r( r'l <lUc il(tarx inc()nscicnte clescllllrit- n(, rct.in -el \ rh'rrthr ptlede trovet. Fln rclLlich(I. lx inttrtL krs trutles se l()\ llrrl( ti(r,r
l'cr
,u lirl)( interpretxti\' Aqtt es cl()n(lc el nf:lsis cle l"reucl cn segllir lllinLl(iJ:.urrr.'nft lo quL'lp()l-t el pxciente. (()n()cer cletilllaclillllcnte l vicla clel tllist'n<l siltlllci(in anal \ r( l)irri en cl c()ntt\tr) en qtlc es( (lisctrrs() tienc lugar
rrr.r,s
n()s sir'c rlc grri ciccisi\,rt. -.1. lil ( ( n]()ciitt icnt( clc las rtr<rtitut iones. (les)s y xngLlstixs
-le
(lcl interpreLl
l.rrtr'. (lue serin hs tltte cliligirlin str lalrttr interprctatir' lt en tln sentid()
()trol
rLtir'. su inc()nscirinte. J l:l r]<rlelo crnccpturl. llt te(n'ilt (ltc c()nttlLil cl n1lrcr) (lc posilliliclacl (l( r)lr() (lel ctlxl cl Pr()ccs() tle lrt inletl>: ctlLciirn s( I))()\'el,l Ctllllt() lllris L()n\( n(i(l() cst cl intrlnret.lnte clc lrt r er<lecl (lc Ltll s()lil te()ri1l. l]l.is Prisi,rntr(r ,l( sir si\tcl)n simplitlc:lnte y. P( lnk), lll,ls clesvilt(l() hecia cl polo clt ia ltl
,rtt'ltIit cliLcl.
,
L
r. l, c()ncienci:r (lLc tcngr cl inlerpretltntc cle la xlliiirnll clcl inconsrr(. (lifcrsntc tlc l xrlisettti:t clc (rn le\t(). en l llle(li(la (ltlc n() c5 Ln Llnr (l f('\t(, (()Il \'1ll'i()s scrlti(l()s sino ttttiltillcs sistcnllls cntrc i:tzll(i( )s (le rcPre_
r1
.r'rrllrt ioncs
y clc
:Lfc<rs.
cepituro r
EL MODELO MODUI-q.R-1TAISFORMACIONAL Y Los slfRTIPos DE DF.PRESIN
l.()s 1rst()rn()s tleplesirrrs n<s
!lu( sc (leivrn clc aplicrrr rn
servirin para nr()strr l:rs ctnscr'Lteneis
nt<xlel< nrr >c[]u r-tra nsfi nrrcir ':lrl
su eltci-
,l.rrir'rn 1,; (lt('este rr)(lel(). rll l)cn))ilir cxlrrirrr ((il))r) sc vltn:ir'rllrntkr tli l,'r( nlcs sisl(nls m(fiviL(i()nlcs. posibilitlt. u su lez. clcclilrir L:t <-xistenciu cle
.ul)lil)()s llc cletrcsi<in y l()s clmin()s por l<rs cuales se arrilr:r :t los ruisnros. I-:r rrltrrr-hrkrgiu (lLe seguirelos c()nsistiral cn: l) (lelilnitar < u;-rlcs prcclcn ser , ,,nsitlcrtrls llrs prrpie<llcles bl'rsic:rs <le l()s trlrst(r-n()s clcrlcsivos. cl ncle<r ',,rrun (luc rlcle cie cstltr l)rcscnle t:n trcls elkrs ms ltllli LIe kr espcr'fico , rrr' t['bltDros lruscar cn r'rrtllt trn clc sus vrfilU]tcsl ) estll.)lcr'c lrs r-rntlr)r,s 1,,,r'Irs culrlcs se lleg,r,r lx (()nstitLrci(),i (le ese ncle()i c) in(li(ur lu Iirrn:r cle rli( ulllci()n tle clifercntrs (r)lU)()nentcs (luc gencr.ln los sttllilrs clc cltplc .r(nl \'. esl)e( i.llr1Icntt. lxs trxnsti n nr.rci( )nes (lLle sutien tlurntc cl rccrrricl<l
I.r'
i,r,nrlrtrt.. ,.,r..rrlrp,r.
I r sr NTINlrr.N-r'() 1)H lNtl,()t l:N(.rA/r)EsEspl-RANZ^ l vr - nttnr.rzr:rriN Dtit- ol:sll)
A ttn ctaclrr clnic() se kr pueclc carectrrizar t.lnt() p()r su sint(n))at()logu Por los mecltnisltt()s (lLre Lr proclrrcen Y s()stitnen. Lx l)ist()liit (lc lx ( ieo, r.r lrrLrcstr-rl (lLrc sienlprc l.t prir:rclit 1l)r( )x irri ci(-)n pilr (i('lit)litr !na cnti(lir(l , ' r()r Ia arrtricrrci tlcl ti'nrlncro (n nLr(s() ceso :or i:r sinknklrge-, llfir(ltle \tit tcntrinlt lrvt lln<l<se (()ln() ir-Isrrfi( icnte paril (irritctcrizllf k) cscn, r,rl tlcl fenrneno tln cLlt:sti(it. Fls la reztin l la crral en cl ces< cle l<s trs(Frc puc(lx dllr L 'nr()s depresiv()s del)cr11()s luscL unrr c()n(li( i(in srrbylrcente lrrrl;tr. ltl ltrticulltrsc c()tt ()trr)s ('()lllp()ncntcs. ir las cliferentcs rllfixntes () sulfirrs rlc rlcrrcsi<-rn. Fll int( ri's l)()[ l() estrLr(]Lrlll sLrl)]llccnf('no signitica trrc Ilr 'rrrt,rrerokrgi:r sr':r rlcstle.rlrlt Jti (lLr (lIlc(lenr()s r\enI()s (l('t(,ncr (lre expli
, , ,rr r
li.
l']1r1(
(lr
Lrs i(l(irs expLr.ts cr1
(,\lr (;rptulo trrcron pulri.x(ls (,r
.Snnc sLrl)tvpes
I/, //rirr r lllci.hnrxf. 199(r).
AvAN(rras riN Psr(i() l-F.l1At{
pstr:<lrt-itl<:
]_ NI()t)tit.() M()DUJ_AR-
RANS'()Rl\lAcl()NAL
J7
(irI Ilrs rilz()ll(s l)(lt llls (ltlc en (at(h \''lliltnte (l' k)s trlLs(()fn()s (lcPr'\i\ !rs \( tltre ies lor rlir Iir l)rsc,)(iil .1. l,r, tirrt,rn. (ltle llls (!rlcicrizJn l'tr' clti>
rll,..lc
(leptesi\'()s (()slililycn llls pltse,lt,rci,->n clc catllt unoclt'Lrs l'ltsl()rn()s tr()nc() c()nlil]l tlcjetcntos rn (1q licnen lttc gnests r',ulrLs '[tint,ts tlc clin()s
{ ]lr()(i()nalles. ltsl:t [rls rlese<ls ntis ptcrl<igicos clc tirsi<-rn lrl)s()lLlt (\ln ci ()l) Irl() (pa[t L]i r'e\ isi(-)n s()l)re rl tcrni rlt "lrreo,. \'itse Prkes r rtrs. 199J).
,
,
pliiclllxfes pat! (()n(cntl.ar l)ilril rllis lrtlelltnte el exlttltn tlc cst()s sc(t()l'cs cllos' ir,,..r,,uu.11,, c1r.te s prlcletntls c(nsi(lcrar ((nlx) c(lllP'Ll'ti(lo Ilrlr ttxlos nLresrrlr (lLre ( c()nstirLr), l,reLrci, el inicir c Dtrclt.t,ntalcttltt lglT) i() clc l't cnulerrt ll il l:is clc ttr- (le tlertcsirrrs l()s tlast(r-n()s .()r tt lrtcttsitin (lislirt)s tip()s clc r'iort rk: sn(ottt:ts l)lt l)Ls(ilr ltnlt <rrn<liciirtt lll'tsica en l()s o irtragire:tl pr'rli<lll l lt ri. r(siirn, .,,.r,.t.],ir,,,,.1,, a strt c<nr ['t rertccitill n,Uilt rlt rln,>lriet,> tlnll pcls(,-li:tl'rlll 'r1:ilcttllclar!"tlDlllll)stl-"lttlrrll'lLlu Si l clc ir,, t,rrr",t,, srt lttrtr'. trtl .i,rll,l el '''r' ''le trn" l'i lrltlt rtl tr itlt -' (lel lI c\ t|LtLctt Llt, f)ri)pi() tltrlltr"s P(rtLltr( lrl,rrtttr-r cl cstrttkr cleprcsirrr en iil,r,r,u"n,, n,> t.sitlel en la prclicle ell si nisnla sino en crinlo t'sa >'rclitllL c()rr\ticnl(\ <rcclu sigrriiiclrcle. ctt tint:tslts inc<xlsl'ientes Y ptllsltnlitn)s vercllttletrl l-'L cs senti(lit' lr'clitla clc la tltte cn ,lrra,,,tir,r,; l ,rt,t,.r,t {tclicla (ilrc ilrrlt() x l per, ,i i.:,,, ...'qui.r., .le..l..l p,.,nt,, i. r'ist cle la strbjetiviclecl' (lct,.t.,,.i,, ,l.l (l!sc() P()l-ci olrjcr sc l(r l't l)rescnte nlr() inl(xrlrlll)lc es Fretttl Lr clrtc (()tll() Jtuliclo l'st'rcs ( rf. s( cr///J////lzl llsi<ltlicalncntc.ll ()l)ic) ins:risirlt ilrle ( \\.1r,rlr) r,n ltthb(k)tt. stttlt)ttt(! .\' r,/,qll/ill lgfl)) ' <lcstiL(itr llt I ficntt >rtlitl:r clc oll,.rrg,r ,1,',ttthcl,r'trllo lo csllc'.litr clc Ilt le;tccion () inlcgr:(l() I)(lt' r'tn fi'cti\ estlLtk t's i,ll,,-- t,.t,, ir.,,ri.t,,tillle clllga tlc nhelL'' hltcia cl tlcsco cl lcl)lcstntil ,,,, .l,,lrl.. a,rr,rr.cntc, ttnr, i(lcllti\'(). sc ''lirlllirll clcsetr (le rcPfcsctllittst'cl (\)ltl() ill c()nse('Llell( ,,1,rto c,,rtxr rr, re[izltll]cl y, (ltr(' (lcl)r\l\ l/co cl cloltr<so "' ,,,rrr ilrr':tlizltblc. sLll-!le Ln sentinlientl (llten(liftrcntc tle le angttstia entc tl pcligro l|sr'( Lrn:l cLrrrliclecl eslltclitx. 1992) rrr'r. l')lifr I l()ltrlrrrn. att la attr llsl( s(nlirrliCrrt()L" cle ctte rtn clt-'s<< tlttL'tctl!t tttt lttttt <atttntl (ltr'- c'l l() tttttit liltidttutl trrr lrisllt <r.tltl'llritr 'lt"'' ''t lrtll;l'/t't' lirrrlrtci<'n tln't Ln (r)rllnlt)()s (I1 l()(llls lll\ (lel)rcsi()!r(s i lllultlrlrl'r', I9-()l))' (lesct ttrnl() 'll-)ttlliln(l() lt tn cs :rlrlrrclttir lt, .ltfic ) Sntller c:tl't1cLzltrtn eslt \"J()[ie' lrrtlo itlcul tlt' l,icncstrtr v Icli<icLltl rlofle r Srrdlcr' 1965r S)(llcr(1)nslittl l()(lllc cn (()ntcni(lo tcnl'lti(\) I(X)). l'lslc clcseo Poclrli vlLtirtr en sLt \'(' su rteili. t'nsistir. clt1c (fr()s cn l()s sigLlientcs tiP()s:
lisi<lt t'trlertrtl iFl'ctl(l l9l5( ) 2 I)csc()s cle ':t.rcgo" (lk^rllr1, l9()9 t()-j l9ll0) <trr" rrLtirtn rl'sclc los lis rlr)lltlL:s clt'csllll en clrtltltcto lisito rt-t cl olrjettr' r'lc cttrll'rr'tir cst:trlos
srnlrr iL'nl() r'rr rr lrLrtler (\L{ r(r\r f rr'r t rrnirl'rr ir r'iird() cle lrirl)l('dtrcn' ,Irillr,(tll( iritn,il,r\(l',rrirr'r .rl,r 1"'l"'' 'n lr rnrrrrr lrnt'L rrrutLr'rnt['lr(rrtl ,,,,,,,,,',,,t, ,,,L,., l.rr I r( l( rrrs( .r rrr ({irrirrrrl() i(!'liv() xti'r1n'() l(. l lrli/,!,)i',\,l l(
rr)rrrr)
3. l)cse()s ,rr(isislsr (lc rcc()n()ajD)jcnl() ): \,al()rcin, (lr (lue el ()t11) rnvrlicle el ex Iril)ici()nisr))() l{rnclioso rlcl stjet(), (ie fisirin crn el ()l)jc) idc el objet,r. ctc. l)ese()s nalcisists (lue yrn
.rlizrLck, clc triLnfi) edpic() solrre
rk srlc cl orgullo cle scntir cr.re se ckrminen krs plr4rios irrrl>rrlsos, ie: cnrtr'ir. rrcs. cl firnc'ionaurien) rent1. cl nlcclit <ir<un<lantc, () (lc scr-lr(Lr o rtpre , i,rrk. ctc.. hrrstrr rt lttttellos quc clrr(terizirl l.ts firtras patol<igi<irs clel nluci
''rsllr()r seI un .// i(tcil cle pelfi'<<i,rn fisi(:1. nrentill o rrror'1, r'ccil>ir .r,lrrlirci<in inc<;nclici<ln:tl. tenc c<rtlrrrl ()lllnip()l('ntc s()l)te trn() rtiisrrlo o Irs ,l,i(1os { Kernl)crlt. 1975: KohLt. l9-1. I()--). l- n() rclizx.i(lD cie este tiJxr rlc ,ltsr'os nrcisistls rlrr )rrglrr a clepre-*ioncs cn ttre treclorlin e] sufrirjcnk r.r(rsista (llil)ring. l95Jr Jl<bson. l97l: K()lrlr. l97t: l,rx. l98t)). r. I)csc()s relJCi()nx(l()s (on el l)iencsti[ clcl olrjeto. Si cl sujcto sc xlril)u\( ir si nrisnr() scr cl cLlsante rlcl do o suh-inrient() cltl olrlcto. plre(lc s() l,rlrcnir Lrna (lcp[.si(')n rn (lLre pl-e(l(mrin(l los sentil])icnl()s clc cLrlr:t (Alrra
L
l,rrlr. 1911. 1911: Frcr(1. 1917: .llc(r)s()n, L9-1: Klein. 19J5. l9-iO).
lislx clrtcg()r-izlt( i(nr <le <lili'cntcs til)()s d( (l(sc(ls n() cs (\lr:rusti\'1t ni l()s \(l ))lutuitllcrtlL'cxr'ltvtntr,s. iln r'icrlo grir(l() (lc sul)(r)()si(r(r) L'\i\tL' , lllf( l:rs (!l(g(r'ilrs \' \'1r'i()s tipos clt' rlt'sr.'or l)uc(lcn ('()cxislir ( n ur). rrrs,rl.l l rs()nir. Asi. I)( rj(nllll(), l:t no rclrliz,. irl-r (lc (lcsc()s clc l)cg() o rI clescrs ,l, sirlisfila(i(in >rrlsirltl prtcrlc ser vili(lir r)lrcissticl)cntc, es (lc(rr', (1)lll(, , rrrsrrcle porlu inhrtlilidltcl tlcl 'lr'opio sujekr cn r)l)tcncr kr tuc rlcsca. conto Iu l.r' 1. 5 (lese()s (lr (()ntf() (nrlnip()lcrrte $)l)r'c cl olrjelo o solrrc sr'rttrsrtto lil c(n rel1() (lcl scnlinrient() (le (lcscsl)( rilnz.r en ( urn) l l rclrlizulriliclucl ,1,'l tLsco cs l.r rcllresent!ci(-)n (luc l1l p(rs()n:t sc hrrct tlc si rltisllt:l (tnlr() Ill ,l, ,rlgtrien sin rrr<lt'r. inll)(fcn1c :lrlu nrotlific:tr tl cstlttkr (lc (()s:s: ttoltctle ,r ,h'ktr tl<'<l<,s<<tr ni k)gt'Ltt'tltc \tt (l!st\' t! r&tlicL'. I-]r cl (stJ(k) ([])rL'\r\(, nr, ,,1,r txisk- t-lit r el)r(.scn llci(')n (l(l (r)ict() () r))ctrL (lcl (lesc(). siu(). \ s()l)ac r,(1r,. (icrtit r'(l)r'cscnl;(i(-)n (lel stljc) ct Ll,;rnl{) .t s\t lx)dcrl)afit tt,ttlia(tt'slt
,1,
\(()s
l.
(lislllillLlci(in (lel l)ese<rs tlc slttislltccit-rt-l rttlsion;Ll \'(1e
nl\cl (l('lensi(in
,1"\t$.Ptl'ttinlfx)ot!1tatlt'st)ttk)s(tC()ttt(titit,tttos.lllat1l()st)<'.\-lt,ir)sl'or cstrctlllr inlere]acia) rxistcnte entrc lll rcl)tesenl( i(in l poclt'r <1trt' s(' iltrilrLrye p:tm rltcner l<, tlese.tclo. v el rrrr ll tlcl Iint'i<nllienk) lortl y crporrl. en Ia tneclicllt en (lLrc cl .ui({, , $ r, l,r( sclrln c()ni() iltll)()tcntc sc (lcsxclivlln l()s llt()\'illlicrlf()s lluc liclt(l(r) lIllci. ,l ,,1)l(,1() (lel <lest,o f)c ulr l:L inhibi<iirn v ulruli:t <ue c(mstituycn (()nr[)()''. ,,1, . . ( n(r.rle. rlt l r':t.r,1,, ilL [)h'\r\,, llil)nDg (19.J). cn ttn tLulrajo rLre signiticr-r un l)()fie signilir'rrtirrr. lirc I'r',n('r() rn (,rl!rtjzitr cl prpcl csencirtl (le sentir)li(nk) cle intlxrlcrtr'irr, inciel, rsr()rl (\nt1() rtircler) clg la clepresiorr. ltsr ((r)r() err rn()stfill (lLlc nrr r's la pr, lr,l.r rk l olrjekr lo clefinitorio sinr l1l rcpresenta( in (rtc lrt Jtlsona se hace tlc r rrr, nlir ($nr() intpltz <lc all('nz:lr sLs nretlls. cntre elles le presen< ia y c'l
,,rr.L l)ir-tc. <lcbickr lr le ,1, I \uick). en rcle< itin
1i
AVAN(-tlS EN P5l(()'l LltAPlA PSla()ANALll l(.4
l:L 1.)Dljl o lot)u].Alt jIR^N-,:()RlA( ()N.tt.
39
rrl()r (lel ()l)jct(). Crnsiclerir qtLe la prcclisposicii>n l la clepresitin cstar (lx(la lrr le fijacirn l expericncias clc imp<xencie/inclefensir'rn, cue clcjan su trtrclle t n el rsictrisrtto. cle mcrlo clue c:rtla vez <uc Il Pers( sc siente illlp()Iclrtc en It,lrrciolr 3 sus rspilaci()nes se rL'ucti\'rraln toclas lque]llts cxperiencias. relles (,inrirBinilriJs. en qrre clonrinr-r (se seniirltieni(). l;ts irp(fencis x(ttrlL-s ti(n(n lxso p()r(lue l)()nel) eo ltcti! i(l:t(l la rcllresenraci<'rn (lel sLljcl !()[1() llll l)( )tcnte. Sintctizrn(l(), Ios elerucnt()s <1ue confitruarltn <l t1i1o tlcPlesivt r cn tanl() (\)n(lici()nes neccsafits cttc <lefinen sLl cstrllctLrrit s()n:
Bxisler(ia (le un (lcsc() (lre ()crLpa un lugrtt central en la c<onrtra lil tn rlcsco tttonr tr-rlit r r rttc no J:rttcclr ser rrrllrirlin:rl rlel suict()
l.
1rr'nsetkr
-fijaci(-)n ()tr()s c{eseos. o tcenlP[lLZl(l() l)(rr' 2. S(ntinlicnft) cie irup<xcnrir 1-rlta realizar t'sc tlcsco. J. llup()tencil pare llr realizuci<-rn clel clcsct trtc no tuccla testringi(h 1l ln.(s(ntc sin() ctrc abarca tatlti(:n el littttrol es clecir. sentitnicntlr clc clesesl tilllll.
c- iDhilriciu Psi(',r))r)trizr l.us tr ]st'crre ncils nr()tivr( i()nllles -elulirt itrr pr rlcnr. ilt. tlcstsPel n z:. r.rlr'r1irls- tristcza-(lel senliDric)r() clc
rLr,,I rc(()rre 1()(lt l:r clnt<a clc l<s tr'slt nos cleprcsiv()s -Ltn sr-rlt xrrl rleuostret tLtc' Iu gcneralizat'itin ts alrusi t()(l()s crlttt>robarturs la prtsct-tcirt clel scntiDlienk) (lc illl\,t . \'('lt l()s r'rtsos yrlta l;t tle ttn rlcscr 1ll (ltrc sc estli inten n(iil ril'scspcranza rcalizeci<-rn lf( ) strrrrt'l( Iii;rrkr. Ir()r ()tril prrtc, tleltnr<s tlill'rerrc ilrr entlc: ll) f:t(t()!(s (ltc rrrnrlut. n ), r)st,en!'n l csllclr) rlcl)fesivoi krs c:tnrinos P()[ l()s (tlcs s(' lle
Sr'
( ( )n(r
ir( l( rrlrl( ) serr sLrficicntc
!l .rl (s(ir(k)
<
clclrcsivrr lt) c1 c:ltttkt <lctrcsivo; ) tl itt.1() (lc)ci\'(): /./cl ttttrln L li t ico <k:l )resivo. inl(gr'(l() l)()r intent()s restittti\.()s (lclrlsl\'():r. !()rlr Plitationcs clc ia cleprcsiir )' lcncllci( secLrn(lri() ( IJil)nf, 19iJ; .lc()l)s()n. l97l:-J()ll )'Sndler. 1965). []s decir, un c(nIplcj() I)r()('eso (lt arlictrl.r( i(in en(r( cl cst(l() (lcpresiv() y c()llil)()nentcs rlel ltsicttisttto talcs c()nr() l()s tip()s lrrliculercs r.L' clefenss ctte tlrrlrt stjet() puc(llr l)()ncr cn ir.rego, rl cl papcl (lrc rl ()tr() rr.te<la clesctttpertI ct ]s fin1111ls cle r,Jgslltl)lcccl tln tsl(l() clc <rlrrilrlrrirr , csti(l()\ Lle ?vtLt u. t)It (lt'l rlt'setr C()!rIrrI(er1r(,s p()f cl estil(l() <tcrtcsivo. Sc (rlt-lr(tcrizat P(r'Lnit triPi< c()n(li_ (i()n (lue t()rlr. a Llna Lniclltd: 1l) scntiDricnft) clc itrrJroter-tcirt Pxr Ia rc.Lli/.tci(-)n clcl clcsco; D) tna crLllichcl espc( flcr (le (iisplltcer ttre el lcngLtaje (ralll (lc cllPtuI l).lj() ta'n]rin()s c(nll() trislczlt. pen!. etc.i c) la inltjlticir-to rsicotrlotriz, rcsttl trLtlo rlel ltcr l (llc al senlisc cl (lese() c(lx) irrclizlrle el psiqtlisrnt) n() cs irrrrrrlslrtir Ir,rri:r Iri:rctivi<l;tcl. sc i'st h cliligitllt rrl ctl.ucntr() crrn cl ()biettl, sr';r t l rlt rt ir io rk' rrt litnciirn (iel suict() l)r{)clt.1( tle rllrcer nr'cr\t\I.r. lrr( dt( .tl (,st.l(i() r.ltlrr,.sirrr (l()l()11)s() sc P()nen en iLcci(-)n cli\'ars()s pr()ce sos r['lr'rrsrr,,r (lr( (nr frr r.:lc(i()r-l 1nte el r-Ilisol(), inlent()s cle salit clcl sufri-
-lo , cun(k) srlrja cl eslrrsloiu grner:rtiv.L dc la fijaci<in a l s:rtislrccin (r.l t r, I r tlt rrcsivo, la lLrlirriit p()(lr,i c()nve ilse en el sntrml rlue clcsencaclcnlr r.r ll l,o si lr lrtlillti cntrilsc cn c()ntrll(licci(')n con rleseos nar(.isistas. seitn (le r rl r ) r.slrrti( ( ) o tle <rntrtl tlel crrclpo, () c( llngrstiils lrente al clescont.r>l v la ! rrr,r sigrriiiclrrl<> lt \,c(es (luc, t,s t,l qtrr.: sc ()t(gil ill lttrc(ir) l:lrrlilr'icr . , rl,) (('s. lrtt:r int(ntlll- c()oIl)ensrl. el strjcl l:r xltcrnar1-l (rrt lir un,r<xr.t. l',,r ()lll liilrtc. si l ten(lcncilt tlel srrjeto firera a h tirga. a la creaci()n (le estll, rl(nl.lc\ en rue el pensll-y sentir clisl-rlltcl son evitaclos, l a(liccia)n a lr . rlroglts llan(luilzantes poclrt qrreclar c<tnt defens:t privilcgi(la. l,ctr) si , , srrjelo trrc sr.rlie cl cstx(l() (lcpresivo ha usado l hiPer ex<.il ac.i<-rn crnO cx I.( r).i: (le slisf:lcci(-)n, rl (lrrni't() 1>ol cl cual se encurrila el psicuisrnr: lh< r r lr.rio cl strhinricnt() (leplesi\'() potlri trrnsislir en u-l ilpclxci(in lr lls rlrr>gus ' .lflrrul:lrttcs () x cxpcriencills (lLlc revistatn ese c:rri-l(ter -hilterscrr(rli<tacl, ,,,rtrlttr'tlts [)sL(1)paiticas. ltrclrrPlrttr. ctr'. .'[ixkr lo cr.rll rtresttt. Lln,r \'(z ot:ls, , I , r rnrplejo pr()ces() de arrticlllJcia)n clc cotttponcntcs (lre ,1In c()nti)ntland() , l , urclr c!nico crLe ca(la px(ienle llluestr,l. l ly o)(ncnk)s cn cuc cl ili cto ([cprcsiv() plrs. lt Lln segunclo plano v cs r,', rrl)l:zl(l() ror la ansiedecl rssLltntc clel scntiriento r-lc helllrrse cn religrrr 1,, .rellrr rrrr'roclrl sobrelenir irl sujet() (1() L.(tsc(.ucncix clc llr rlcli,l r ([ ur] ()l)jc) scnti(l() lrxst:t csc ol()lllcn) (rn]t() pr()tec((n-: o ro| le prtlirll ,l, lrr nfi.rnzu en l cxpuci(l(l <tcl sujetct pl cnircntr (listintos tifos cls pelr:rrls. Fln estc senti(l(), si algr.rnos cLaclr()s (lsprci!()s c[nicos tienel] [lL itnsie,l.r(l a(nn() (no (lc sLls c()l)tp()nentes cc'ntrules, () rnLeslran trna tirlri-r grnrr.-r lrz,rrl en cLre to(l() c:[tsa tclt1()-. () prcs('ntn p e()('! pci()nes hipocontlrecas, .rrt()lis (llc no cxistn ntcs rlc Il (lepresi(in. es p()rque aclrrello rc c<llr. zo sitnrkr rl] senti|)ieni() rlc introtencia p:rl'u reulizer el clcsco trLtn llllI)rr'llrlrn(k) )(lll iir repfcscrltJci<-rn ciei sLrjer. iriclui(k) sLr sentinrienk) (ic
lr
1982: Grinhrg. l96J; Halnal. 1977r I loffnran. l')').1. I.(()l)s()n. 1971r Klein. 1935. 19,i0; Kohrrt. 1971: Sk)nc, 1986). lh(k) { l') lli l()51) ILrl.) sclck l rlia coercitiva cont() intent()s cle recrrperar cl , ,1't, t, ) lr\i\lcr. txr)rl)in, esfreros restituti\()s al intentar rehacerse L srcccli ,1,, rrrrrli.rDl!, l [ntasa. hacientkr (lrre stx l]t()(lill(lLc los acontecil)icntos tal , , ,ll( , 1('f( )t \ i\ ick)s. illl)riuli,r(krlcs rl crso clifi,rentc. :tlt{)l:t \,:t l)l)j{) cl gol ,r, rr rI l clcsco rlel sLljek) ( ltenik. 1990)i (). en ()r()s (aLs()s, apelueirtrr al llan t,,, orro ll.rurcla rlc alxilir:r lls pers<>nas clel el)t()rn(). () .i los aut<trrcpcoches ,1,'l1 nsr\1)s (lLe c()nstitLyen vcr'claclcrts ltrt()cltstig( )s pra liviar sentinrient()s ,1, , rll)ir v reclrperur el anrrr clel super_rlc rlt, las ,,,r,lrr r,lcs <ltri pr<>cltrjc'rrr el cstaclo tleJrresitr) pct() c()r-l cl (Uitl sc itli(ltliU) l',,r ltt rttltkr. si plnL tLn suic) (letcl'tuina(l() lx s.rtis[x(( i(in tal clcvino cn rn:r l, ,rrrr,r yrlir ilcgiltclu (lc cnclritr l lngltsti en ger-reral cLre rlcpcn<lcti tk,
rr,'rl,) rl(r'rloclucc (Brcnncr.
l,f(rr(ir
l)llru cnfientar
re:rlicl:rcl
y krs peligr'<rs quc ir))aginiritmente
pLte
l1)
AvANCLS
l," lrl(-(rl'lrllAPIA
PSI( ()ANAI-l-l l(.A
l]1,
Mol)lrt-o MoL)LI AR- I RANSI()lt14( l('NAl
.tl
(l:n
lril. rlr':r ls rrrnclicirnrs pllt'a que t(xl() resltlte lnlenllz.ultc (l]leithltrar, 19ti(). llll (st()s (ls()s. la inhilticic-n (lcl cstr(l() (lepresi\1) cs t.eenrplltz(llt por la agitir(i()n \ l l)il)ctaigilan(jir riginltchs L'n li expe(titti!a fi(tte al pcligr(). l-ll est.rrkr cfr.Prcsirrr cJrvicnc cn lirlri:r, l)er() l)1ltr cllo cs neces:rrio <lLr cn csr 5lrj!.t() ejelnpl(). la l.eprescnta l)1lrli( ulr ltat t un pr(disp()sici(in ir la ntislll.l -p()r r ior rlcl ltrrnclr c()l() pcligr()s() l)lcrlisxrsir.ir>n l lu firbie qlrr trlll)in p()stt stt rnri:t ltiskrr'i:t gcneralir lr en lil (lu( n() exisle Llll (.1lrnitl() tit.l!r) rtt un l(r'llnisDl() univcrsal. l'r.rr si el sufl_ittlicr')t() se ploktngl. t los tccnisnrs fesitutj\1)s n() 1tl (.r)z:ln r( rc(Llpcratr'cl objer (r l.{cnc11r llt ilLrsiirn (lc (lLrc sr lc.tlizlu.:l cl <lescr. lrr ltinr:t 1nca clclensivl clcl psicuisrtxr c()nsjste en clefensas tlirigicles c,n (()nl|lr (l(,1 flrn L i()nx|)jcnt( ) lentel ntisrno. ten(lcntes a rInlir el pensar v cl
trnlr-.r
vlnir (lcl (rclpo. l- feprcsentl(i(in tlcl srrjcto cotlo
inc1p1lz. infri()r. (l-
l)('mos (lilcrcncirl() (lc lo (lLle sc Illt ll:tnltl< 'xtll(lLle xl PCnsllliL'rll(' cn , tr' 5t prc:'Llpl)ne ttnl intetcionaliclltcl ltgrcsivli in(\nlscientt' ll
1)(
l',,t rrr t'l ttfirsi; L'tt
lt
lintc'ttsitjtt re'tliztlilidal tlcl
l<'set?
\('rrlr. I (vl(1rzl/'cl lls(lLislt)(). I-,s tle<.r, clclctsrs qLtc t() est:in clirigrclls t,rr rlc un c()nteni(l() nlent:ll cn paLrti(ullr 5in() cn (.(ntt[1] <lcl firncionlrrriorto rsicuicrr mits gloltal.
Fis
\l)ill f l9.l()) s()lnc le l)sc hntrl (lel ll.)spilu Iisrr )1), () cn I|()\\'ll)\'l l9S0) lt Iil Iitsc ri tIstrrnexirrn en el pr(rccs() cle rittlo. f]s. il Dlrit-r. lo <1trc r-rrls Dttrestre. .rr(lr(.en utrch() luen(r' gleckr. la c]iriclt cle cs()s llicicntes (lLlc l)tirecen rrr( rlr)\ \'i\'()s, siD l st(zil ni lrnsieclcl, rrrc crIrr.ttIr estlin (n lt.lrtlrniL.l)t,, .t.
n(.r,llr Ut]ir a( )n trxtr nstercn(.iaL cn (lUe el nalist sicntc rtre I)r)(l -ln I).1\.ir .r.s sin rrrc nir(l.r sLr(1rdiesc. sin fiue sc srlicitesc n1lcllr r-le i,l. Pllci(nts (lLl! r'rr:rlrtunlls r))(llenl()s rlt,l tl:rtntiento. rlcslrLri-s tle silL'nLi()s l)Iiis () tIrt)()s rroLrl!rrrkrs. l.r resltrrtstlL a ll ltr.egunt:r <lescsltciacla cle .ien tluc l)icns'1. cs: .r'rr rrrrl:r". N() rs e\iict() (lLlc n() l)icnsen en nadrr peLo lo tLre clit.en s rellcjlt l)iul( (l( l() rlLrt- les sLrr'erlc: (lc(lttcctizn ((lcspr'()\'rcn clr inr cstir icntt I lilrirli rLtl) L, rlrrc r':t trnsctrr'rit,ncl< Il()l sL lltcr'ltc. t[,rll<xlo (lLte l()s l]cnsJlllrr.n(()r <rrt rrrn cir-t ulrrnclo picltlen significecil-n ull,ctir':. ALln(lre es fl.ecLcntc que l l[rllrrl rk'rsi{)s pa(icnres cligrrl)tt,s clrre \()n (lePrcsi()ncs crrinic;rs. sin enrbr.q() ri( ttiltilri.r r.lc trna crnclicion (spe(ixl, Lln cstaclo r rs<lcplcs i\.( ) cn que el l)fii( lr irinl( ). l-lui:l(k) p()r el prirr(.ipk) tlel ltlacer. parx al)()lir cl sLfl.il)ticnt(). t(lrttinrt :t>lrgancir cl cltscr v l irl((tivi(l.l(1. Le clcli.-ls n() s(,(ljrigc !,t c(rntftt (le trt,-ltsco etl l)alllicltlxr \in() cn c(nttlil ck,h firncion Llcsclrr.Ite en st ntl\nrJ I (lc l.l rlrlcctiz(i(in cle <ltcla pcnsenticnk). Plrll criix ltoclalicllrcl <ltlensir l ltrrr l)()n('r)r()s l rlt nruiilrr'ir-rn cE tlcctlt,ctizttcitit libiiuul tlel pettstttlitttto.l-
lo
<1r.rc
crrLrcst<tnclerl rr les clcst r il.lci<tnes <le
Si la tirt:rlLtla (lltc estl)lLce ctte l:t clcprcsi<in es lx reacci')n a la pr(li(l u ()l)ia,:tlriti lrnlt \'il (l((isivil l)ii I:t (r)lli)r(si(in rlc l:t rlcprtslr'tl' n"' ,1,'l mos Plcgtlntrlt <1tr progleso significrl la intttltt<cin P()l [)iLc (le Ir, rrrl. clcl (()nccPt() Llc "itls.ltsf dclie cdrgl lc atthelu () sc' t()lllrr c()llx) , t, rk'cur'ctctiz:tcirin tlel ti'n<ltrcnr la tirult b.rjriles ctr:lc se si('nrt'lit rci Lrz.rlriliclacl (lel (lcsc(). El lnlite (le llt tirttlltl:t< it'rn 'rc'a(cln:t l:r 1>r'tliclrt cle <ll s()lllentc n()s , t,r r'csiclc rn (lLlc tr() nos tlicc en rr.t ctlsiste cslt -clicci(il-l' tlrlr rcllctttt'tlcsenclitlcnlt <,l,lctr>l, ,l,Lr <lc l;r <ntlicirln >i'ltlitl:r tlcl -):r (telinil (.()sit ull tn(irllcn() es (lLlc lin.t , r,lt P()l ll(ltlell() L,s dcjaclu sin cl.u.llr. (\)nst]r'tcn( i'l\' () sLts () (lttts'l incltls() inrlc(li1lt't P()l '1, , st'tilL sLt xllleacllelltc e<1r'te(lel similltr lt ttn sitttcion l-is I)lisrl)() pltlrit'tltrlt's ,,tr.r pr las ll:r.srl() r ll.r (n (luc (lij('r.tllx)s <r.tc <'l cntoje< ttltiellt() (lc lll Pi( l ts la rc'lcci(in (l( (rsl 1l (ltle esPcr .r,r'it'r't stlat. I'ctrl ctt ctt c(nlsislc esc cnr()iccitllicnl( )/ [ia vcz , )l.r)l()s (ltlu tls t\l)rcsi{in clt llt rltstrlillttt ir-)n r('sLI]lx ilitillle ctlltilttr Ilt r rrcstiglr'ion v cstu(lilr krs pasos tisi(\ >(ltl lll icos P()r k)s (lllllcs Ilr r':rcliclil ,l.rr llr ltrocItt<e c. itlcltls(). exllllllrl.tl',,lr.l\ (ltLlsll\ rlLl! r(.t\ir'n'n cl lllisl)l()
,1,
, l, rr) illrn(lLrc no sgllt-l tlttlilttir-rn srrl.tt
\'rrr l.(l(.n.rl(,,11(r.rc.rrr,.[rv,rrrrn.rJL.no(\prri(n(rr.0(l(L((rr,,\. lrlrr.rJ(q,r(c] l).rr r( r)11. r'tn ir'.' . ( 1ti )' ( r cn(t(,s srn(, dc ([rr xrru]l (.1 p( n\:[ \' cl s.nrir. c( l(, qr(, n() r,ntrn ( r \i tr,rtr r..'r' r'I( \.r: r(t)rl srnt](r(n1r' rlc l.r rcrrlidrrcl ni \c pcfr ire !t dcsln()|() (t( trnrirsixs.
,
lr lirLr(s(tur1()lrcniir.()g(lcn(l9j-)(le5(ril)(unIli)|irdcdelcs:r lLli!(l.r (.t|rn(lo rl p:r r(!rl(. .rl,rr,(1,) Inr (.\p.ri(nfis (tr)(. l( rrsUh:rn in(()lcr:rl)tcs, rrr]ljn,r p()r lln)tir (,t I)cn.,rf o
r1,,,i.,r
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!
l,,,tj ([\.ri]J(.()e(lcnr(u,rirtinrrllr\lrcrnir(l(lrt.)ttLti:.1(l;)tihi
1lttt11
ltt\rIr
\1,,
tl(. (.r,rtr (,\ (Jr .icrl(, (tu)\ (t(prrsi$F (, se tr.rr.r (l(
tcD()nr(n()s
til csltciitlclrl t,.te ltl rtrrritl clclcstclo (lcPresi\1) ($t-re\ln)n(1s x \ln serl Lrrr( l]l() (lc il1llottncie 1' tlcscspetanzll Prx rcxliz'l cl (ltsc() pt'll)ife (life ,, n. iirr cst c()lr(li(i(;n (lcl s('ntilliL nl() (ls illl)()leDC (iL( sc l)!le(lc cxPel'i_ ,,,, nllr'atrlt( el pcligr'o,v cttv lrocltttt'l1() (lt'Prcsi()11 sino Illitlico [:n I:ls r'risis l, l,:rnico llt pcl's()na lnrl)i'n sc sitntc ill)P()lcntc c ill(lcli'llsil. p{jr() })'lrx c()n r,,,l.rI tllt l>clillro tlLl(] txPcrilllcllt! (\r1() Pr()\'enienlc llr st-rllr tlcl c\ltri()r sin() vlrlvct' k'.r1. i llnlltlstiil crur'l:i sin Ii ,1, \r l)r()l)ir) l)si(lLlisln() \' ctlcfP() -sc o,rr( \. n(irli- etc.-. l)e l)l()(l() (lilc cl sentiltlicnt() (lt inrP()t(llcill l)"l' si ttlisr,,,, rro scr:t sttticicltc ParJ (:truclcrizr le <le1.ttesi<in si n() sc ltcir'tsc dc (lu'' rrl., (l( illll)(fc11(i:l sc lrrll: I)l-ai rc(iz:tr el (lesc{) (lc illll()l l(sl)((1() (l(' tD ()l)_ l)(n Lln l! r,, scl i'stc Llllit pcrstxra, tl 1lf(lpitl yo tlcl sttjcto. tn i(l(1. rt( ()tr()' cl o txlcm(). interll<; | ,1,). r) l)lrir enflcnlllr tln t)L'ligf() P()ltirrt rcsretr lll entinli('nt() (kr illP()t(nci:l llrrlr la tcltlizltt it-rn tlt:l clcscrr , l,rrt tlc estlthlcter 1lgLlnx precisi(in clicionl: llt irlrpolcn<i:t PLtc(lc sel nl(' Ll,,,lrzrrrIt. capta(l. pl.c\'lllentct( t]tc p()r cl p5i(luis11() cltsclt' tn ((lig() nlll(lcl r'.r"t.r ( ()lll() tcsfinl()ni(r tle irllci<i<Litl. () cl il(cl)t{) c(llcr ll (l l)icn(stilf (lt('il prulotttinat ., ,ti l( ). ( rl la prcocttpaciln P()r el (lxo prti'riikr :l st(" es ,,. ', rrtirricntos r.lt' ctpel>iiitlacl si l)icn ll() es inli'e('Llente (l[lc cn I]ltlchos , , r.r, h',,. tlt Presir'<;s cst[-n sinlr]tillclll)ent Prescnlcs llts ltngllstills nrcisistls ()' in(ltls() [:t t'rclttsivi1., , rrlrrrlrilitllrcl. existen (fr()s tll (lLle el l)red()lllilli()
'
AVAN(JLS
IIN PSICo'I-IJRAPIA
PSI(]OAN
I-TI(.A
IJI, MODIiI-O MODUI-AR JI'R,\NSIiORMACIONAI-
13
(lir(l
(l(
\(
un() (lc ell()s es tot.ll. AIlLnas personitljd(lcs narcisistits. .lqLclls que

l
,rrtr
r:rtisl:r(er los icleulcs cle ltctn<lirci. 'llcs scntinticnk)ri ric- intlccrci<rn st: cs rrrrlt t n vcz (le l)Lren()- in(licxn (lue la autrel.eluaciirn txml)ia,n estri en iue,
Ho, (()rr k) culrl la -rrcocupaci<in por la vxl()ra( i(in (lcl srict{, -nan.isisnr .rrrrrrprui a las pretrul-raciones por el ()l)iet() cuanct() sc rxpcrintentl culpa. llr'lrrlt(), krs senirtienrs tlt cLrlpll>i)itlrrl se (.1ictc-zln por un <Lrble conrlx )n( trl(': prc()cLrpuci<in ))r, ri..l suelo-
rtc.- se clcpritDcn cLtanck) n() pueclen slrist:rcer.srLs fitnta:i.rs ;rtntlioss, tulnckr <]c'ben soportar kr ts y1r'.a rrrnlr ltrtr. illlcitil-t cle no prxlel ,l.u' r'ictrilr sLlcltx su gresi(-)ni () sci, (.u1rn(k) no ulcnzan lx i(lcntiilcxcin ri. scrrrlrr ctr un vr iclerrl (nr)uip()tentco)cnte (lrstru(.ti\'(). I)()r cl c()nh.ario, en (tr()s tr'st()rn()s cleltrcsivos los inptrls<ls lgresivos en (()nlr ([cl ()l)iel() s()n ( r(.slir)nircl()s clesclc el strperyr-r. gcneranrlo inlens()s sentimicnlos <lc cullr t.:rr rclx(i(in lr la ciifelcnciu entrc lngustill\ ntrcisists ).sentirllicnt()s (le L'rrlrrlriliclacl. en st.l l() ccntral cs ll prcocLrpuci<in p()l el csta(lo clel (r)jct(), l,r s sLrfiinrien). Pct() al ruisrtto tietnlto. (-Llrtrd() sc siente (.ulpx. Itir). tlnx r(.1)r( scntx( i(in clel strjcl c<nc lltlkr. llgl'csi\'(), cliin(), incligno. inr.aplz clc
lru(1i!'ir.
lriusln u la clcscripcirin que Kc(nlterg (1915. 19u(r) hilce clc estc tl.ast()rno llrnl;rs:rs grantiiosas, (llnipoten(.iaj (lenifllcin (lel (r)jeto, egresirn rles-
- que ,rr('nl()s (le irl-rcltencilr y clesesperanzu p.Lrx Ix lealizLcin cle un deseo:rl , ( st:r intensalrente fiia(l(>-, lnte toda personrr <leprcsivu re'sulta neeesrirr Il,rr(c!r'n()s i()s silluientes interr()gantcs, cla<lo <uc ello impliclni disrintas la rr, rrs rle alrorclajt' terapulico:
l. El deseo es irealizable por les culliclacles clel cleseo. por c()nstituir, dilllirtt()s. Lrn desco cull oltict<t-meta (js cxceriivitntentc elcvaclr, aleil<lo en clenrirsl (le las posihiliclacles cle esc suiek)'1 Es clccirl pelsonalirhcles narcisistrs (fuc p()scen nx)(lel()s gin(li()s()s c()n I() qlr. lrspir.rD l i(lcntificase; o i(leles (l( l)ienestirr clel objer, de p(fecci(in y cuichd()s ilimitacl<s que lc (lel)erxn \( r' plcsti(l()s. sirtien() la peson: cuc serr'a su oblig:rt ir-rn hucerlo. 2. El cleser, pese 1 no salir cle krs ruc se srclen consiclelar norntales, es rculizable p( ciclt:ts c:rrilclcrstj(s (lcl st)ict() rlevalrarlir -reprcsentlrci)n (lcl sujek). severiclxd (lc la c()ncicncia criticr, (lifercntes tip()s (le pxk)logias y lr':lst()rn()s rlel clrcter c<IDr> sttteclr. poI cjeDtpl(). cn Ir)s trasl()rn()s ()bscsivos
(\xlll)ulsiv()s seve[()s.
;Es senti(l() cr:ro irrelizalle pr'fijaci<in lr situ(i()nes (lcl pusrdo <uc tl presentc scu crptacl() l)xi() lls [eplerientrciones prov<lcaclas por rrqrrellas experiencias r k es prlr un: rclrlitlcl l(1ual (ltre rcsrlta lrpalrtllante de unt figLrru ltrt()l()gica a l1r (luc sc estil s(nDeticl(); situlciones clc -Plesenci:r gr.ren:r. dc persecuci(in fientc a Ilrs cuales p()c() sc pLle(le, etc.? i. Pol cttel n() se pue(le reernplazar cse clcseo prx <Nrr:?.Culil cs la laz(rn enxr(ional de lil flilci(in ese (lcse() pirfficulur (luc c(rr! ierte sLl n() re.llizci(in
t r clrlposa- o cleseo tlc iclcntifi( .cin con eJ yo icleal -clcpresirin -cle,rlsion nlrcisista. (lepresivos l)cfinirla cle est r)laner la esencia cle l()s trastorn()s senti
pot el (r)jrk) y prc()cupxci(in por la vllia
-nrt.isis
j.
\entilnient()s (le Vcrgli('nza. (Ilc cs itngrsfix dc tip() nxrci\ist. Nli(ntras no existe < ulpa sin tlgLn niYel cle trstom() cn cl :irel clel nitr(.isislu(). puc(le ciarss sufrilrient() nllrcisista. con l.t (lcpresin c()nsi!{Uientc, sin :t( ntir irnl( )s clc t rrlralriIidacl (lJil)rillg. l95Ji (irilclher.g ],Sielunsk). 198-{i.J .olrsrrD. l()71; KrlrLrl. 1971, 1971, 1<)79: Lax. 1989r St<ikrrw y Lachnrann, l()JOi'li)ll,ill. l9H..i) f)( f)resi()n c()r.l sentiluicnk)s cic crr\-raltilicl:rtl r]) <lepresi<in l)Lrirt)(,ll('rlrtr'isisl:r. (,l (ul(luicra cle las clos hav un tleseo que sc sicnte trrrr: ir.r'crrliz.rlr[.: lrir rrt.:trtl rlt.l ()l)ict() nltis Ltn sentinlier]k) clc Yrlr urtl del
xrr el (r)irt() ), pre()clpilci(in nr(.isistil- explic pot -Prcocuplciitrr trr('los scntiruient<rs rle c u lpa ltili<l:rcl puctlcn econrpanrsc fircLrcnteluenfc (le
5i (,1)rrsent.tlnos gllic?Itrcnte cst! ckllc rlillrensirjn clc la <Lrlpabiliclacl srr lrrr'tlD lintrt, (,n Llt() cle cr.tvos rok>s esfuvierir lll prcor.rrplrcirin .x:t.el ol.rjclo y i-n ( l (fr() lrrs cocupacictnes nllrcisistxs clcl strjer por sn vale. ol.rscants rrtr'r'rr .rlgtrrtos cltsr>s lr> rtre c.(l()ljna c\ el scntin)j(,nt() (lc pfe( )(.Llrit],()D I)(. ( l r )l)i( lr). y (,nt()nces la culpaltiliclacl poitrlrir en ntrcha rn m()\,illlicllk) (n.icnLrrkr lr lrlrtc llgo cn f:r.r clel ohjeto cle rcplftrr.irin (Klein, lgJ7i lrn r'Illlrir. cLtxn(l() l() centtll s()n 1()s-intentos seqtiIicnt()s cle inadcctrrrci<in n.lrclslstil. i l nu)villicol() pscr-ricr> ct lpt,nslrl( jo sc desL-ntcnrlc clel ol>jer v. par ret rrx rrrl el alxrr clel srr:rcry<i. 1-xrcLiin generar, por ejernplo. ?ct()s (lc lult()puni t irrn. Si algo nos nlu(]st]it la tlcccsirjlrcl iDc()ns(.iente clc castig<t c-s cuc cn ) la rtr:r'rrrac ion va tlrrs cliligith a c()nscgLlir el per.ckin v an)r del super) (), .l rE( lrl)tr'.tr Lmil ilugen cle lxnclrrrl. cle <.onfirlrr lrs irlurles cle pcrfi,cciln. 1r, Itutcl t crcla<lcnnrente algo tor cl ()l)jet(). Est.l ck>llc clinrcusjr'rt cie la crrlytalti.
hacen <ue
en culsa (le clcpresion/
I)IT'HRFNTT,S
LAMINO\ DI, I,\ IRAI)A A I-A IIEPRI \IdN
Si Ios sentir)ient()s clc irrealizabilirlacl clcl clesco t'rnstituyen el n(rcleo cot<clo cstaclo deprcsivo, se rurclc ilcgar a este nclsr por nrltiples clrn]in(), ringu!-x) cle lcs cuies es concliciirn olrtiglcla. El (liilgrr a 1 intenta
litlrrl
rn rle
pt1)c(\os lit,ct soti, .l' .la su.r,sit,ts tans/)nltciones. qtre se llega ll estt(k).lepresiv(). En l he|ros incltticlo varios ficck)rcs nxrcisistll. .rHrcsivi-tr.lst()rno cLtcl, angusti;ts pgrsêc(k)aias, (l[icit ],()i!(). realirla.1 tltr:'iicl, il'rll('(luisnr,, culpr, ctc.-. seck)rcs qle, a su vez, poclrian representrse cacla um cle ellos <x'trpanckr el (ert'() clc un <li:rgrarrra sectori.ll en (lrc.se nl()slrtse c(in]() sc fae-
tlar una primera pr()ximllcin pxrx lx c(nnprensirin dr las (listints r rr: qu( c()n(lucen a lx (lepresia)n, l)r()strlrncl() interrelaciones entfe clistintas condiciones clrusltles. EI rliagftrlru riel>e scl entcnclitk) (()rr() fixr))] cle tr.r]smiir lll iclea cle qrre es por ld drticliacitt .la cofilpotrcDte\ p'el ancacla tnieutt cle
AVANCIjS t:N
PSICO',
ljt{APtA PSI(_OAN^l,t r'lCA N()s()tr'os
rir. NloDllI-() MOI)Llt,AR',f R^NSt',()Rl\IA(:l()N^l-
1t5
n( r:ll]. Nrrcstr'() intels ra(lica en seallr el ntotitneltlo (le al]unes p'()ces()s ([ ltirl]sl()rlttaci(-)n, lrs tlLte m son tlrii(lirrcci()rtxles. c()ln() h:lcent()s n()taf nre tli:trtc le l.)iclirecci<raliclltcl clc les relaci<rcs consignacles entre 1()s sectores.
l.
tn
.4!:ta'tr'i.ul.y .l.,ptvs u
()l)iet() es s()l)re quisimlros plecis r ()tnl clilllcnsi')ni si sc piel(lc el y llt clescorxlsivlt crlica l r, xkr. xrxre al (les.{:lsiilrl() irltcrniltllentc lllc(liilnte ()bicto t'ttk) tl\t1f<t en pielclc se por Ia rtgresiviclatl, ,rl,rlilr.i,n (lesvrl(xizllcin -itrpiisaclas s, (lc clel sujet., lil rtt()estilrm ,,1-urlr, i , el rrl.,j.,t. cs s.p.rte tlllJ Pxr,r'ru-r'li solre el prt>pio sLtcto. Veanl()s tln l)reve ejel)lpl(): se tratx-(lc sll llraa atlcltlllt n'Itcisisln() en Ln ltnclda >atolrico , ,,',,r.'quc p,rr riilliil,lcl
,,,1,,.
l.a l.cilici<-rn entre ag|csiricl:rrl 1'<lePtesirin Ir:t sickr llrgunrentc cstrcliacla rsitr lanlisis, nr existienclr. sin cl))billg(). acuercl() lrcerclr rle qu ltaptl rlts('riln(J la pritnela en Ix (xrsllci(ir clc Li segtrncl:r ni clc Ia clircccirnalicll<l r[ l rtrxeso cLsrl entre arlas. I-es posiciones xl r(speck) hs por.lcnros enr!!:rt1iu (9ntr-() r.le l;ts sigrrientcs )ncsi r) Ia agres_iliclarl (r)lt() tnr cortliciio univer-slrlnente prescnte en t()(la clepresi(in. y cuLlsll l)isi(a cle la Il'lisllta. M. l( k ir t s l rePr csentnle rrr:'is luclic:tl rlc esi lnea ( Klein. 1935. I f .i0.. u unrlr c l( )s l) ire [( )s p()rtes fielon (lc Al)[han] t 191 1 . 192,i )t l:) la egtesir, id:rcl cotno (,rrs.r (lr(, no se ruer.le ciejal lLrera clc'le comrrcnsirl (l('L (lcl)tc.\i',1. Irt:ro
(llt( (s l)tc clc
Ltn ptoceso: fl-ustm(i(-)n,
ral)ir. intent()s lx)stiles pxrll (r)tener
l. t.lilicltci<'rn <lc.selrtle: lrrego, cuantir cl 1o cs inr'lrr:rz tz()nes cxtcr: -l)()t- en c()ntr1l (lc rr.rs () irrt r-r]1rs- clc alclrnzlr lls lnctlts, lx gresivi(lacl es clidgich l.r rr'rlt sr.,rrletir-rn (lcl srio, con I:r consiguirnlc pr(li(li (le iut()estitu, (.Jlt rrlr:,t)n. l{)71. pirg. 1tt3): c) la agresiviclacl pLrcclc cst.u t()talntcnte uscnte. ri, rLr lrr r(nl:rl el (lcscc,ts() <lc l:r ttotstiLr (llil)ring. 195-l): rD llr .t.rrcrrr i rl.r,lrrrrro sc(-undaria. pLles clrn(l() cxiste cs ((11() le rcstuestl a la tllla <lel
,jr,rvcclrar,.lo clLlqtlicr ()P(fiLlnirlx(l lura clenigrrtt'le' c()nvi incl()le en ll mis ,,,,,, i,r,',,g"n intern:t ttitltllllente ciesval<iztcla I'er() c(nlx) el urriclt era' rrl (llleicl1rI1n' tcprescn lllt1)' ,,,,, ricnipr, <ttc riv'rl, trnt p()scsi(-)n nxl'(isistx ,.;,''.'a,r,lr,r.r,ar.l,, a,rn ltlgtticn tlcsvarrizcl. sentlt (lLlc elh lrl)iil tiltcasacl. , rr lrr licla, n() pu(lin(l()se lcspelllrse por la :'upr'tce lrurllt elccci<in r:tctltlcl Fln (fr()s \ ln,r estt;l xtr;tl)rt(lx cn un lclrtcirin (llc vi\a cl1r() insatisirck)riir ( ll'tlcisis_ (lc illrl)Lllsllciil irllr)r olrieto I)()r ,, ,,,rin,rs, ,lgre.iui.lacl en ctntla clel vl()riol)iet() txn-t() olljcr en r'lel (()odttca perr(li(lll (ltls ll lit ,,,,,. ,,gr..ir:i,l",l senti(k)' cst(r t'n c()nsigtliente' y clel)rcsi(i11 .,,1,,. c,rn la atttoclesvalot'lcia)n n() P()ftlLte I1l r,.r,l.r rlis Pr'()Piil(l() cttc l;t expresitin tlestrttccitin clel ollicro' I)' llts ril firrttrs del sl(lislll() ,,,t,,n4 i,Lntascc con.stt cl(strtlc(ia)n fsi(x(lescalificacin.destruyc el (>l)ict() ., sin() P()r(lt llt l,o(1le () n() lrilcc () (lel stlnxrci:iisrrr(, cs in.lisltnsrrlrlc pru- s()sterlct cl ' ',i,,,i, ,,itr,,,1r,,,t".1o <1uc (ltlc ltt1lc'ln pcl-s()n'ls sit)lilitr l (lLlc ticne lttgltr en a<luclllts
l,
r,
0lrl|t() (rlcrn() qlc pr()\'(x tirkrv rrhiu nilrcisislx (K()lr1. 1971. l9:r). l)(n-nurstl- p.-tc. entendiendo h aglesiviclacl c(I)t() un() cle los e-rtltinos irllx)rlir)lcs rr los rtte sc prtecle clesenrlocar cn Iu cleprcsi(ln. iun(luc pxr- rrl:t t l Lini<o, Jo <ue nos intecsa. solrre t()(l(). cs tlrl).rirrr ((irno y pol cu las
rlistirtrrs lirl;rs cle igresi\ i(ll(l son cepaccs clc pr()v()(ar cl sentituient() (le (lc s('sl)urnzil e in)p()tcncil para la rellizaci<in clcl cleseo. Nos sen'iri cle guia r.tr-rr llt cx'r<lsrcirn el cliltgrenr:t 2. l)ifeten(ial'elt()s. lts lircs exporitivr,'. \',1 (lu( lle(Lrcntcnentc estiln as([iack)s. Ios efrctos que pulx el sLtiet() ticne lx rttcsil'itl:t<l (uiln(l() reclc solrre Ilt leprcsent;tcin clcl ol>jeto o sobrc l.r re l)r'cscntxcii)n (lel sujek). Jlor r-rn laclo. (le [()s elcct()s (]Lrc f()see <unrkr cl <[es('() xgrcsiv() es dclttddo sobre cl ()tr'() exlcrn() rcal () cuau(l() sL- cling(j L,t,ntru ('l lirnci( )namienk) del suict(). () sel, n() sirnplertcntc c()ntra l reprcscnt.tci()n tlcl sr.rjetr> sino hati sus fincirnes llenfitles () cor-xales.
l.
/)(,sH/.,.
dctct oro dd obiclo axtartk) cn
,to t'4ki24(k)
Alr'hnr (192i) plantec-r tue Ia aresivicla<l clestruyc rl ol)jcto, drs([il)ientlt las Urntlts:ts (le tx(lus olal r anltl (lLle cleter'Iinan qLe el suieto si(nrJ rlLt(r (le\lr()z(;, itt.rritn'). ll[lt() y ni(lul(i rtl ()l)jcto. por lo cr.ral cxpcrxDentxrx cLrip.
,,,,,,,,r,llrrr.n,. xrt rivaliclatl o enviciia lL kck lo trtc les rctlcltr natla lcs restl proyc<to <ttctlit r r r.rlirsr. ni p;s()ns, ni illstittlci()ncs' ni actividildcs; ningitn (lcsll'tc(iil tlcl ol>ictlr y Atlt(l(c lt<'iotl ' 1,1,,, ,ltl .lttesti<,naricntt . clc la clenigt (ltlc nlun(l() (lc estimulrlntes' v'lli()s()s v ol)iet()s , 1,,, , , ,ralL,ce a tn llltln(k) !c() , ,,,lllPra(l() P()r cl stlicl(, c()ll tlll lllLln(l() ilrl:liinlt ri( ) polllatkr clc olrictr>s xlgun()s ,,1, rlizrrrlos qttc'ric sienten, cn c( )nsectlen( iiI. ctllt inlcanzalllcs' lln ,,.,^. lrr ,destlttr ci<-rn, tle l<s (r)iclos llcgil lt scr tiln gcner:tlizacllt ttte nlttle cs (lc cnrt,l( ( il)le. cttetlanclo c(nlx) ni(() clesco, clol<ltosanlcntc senti(l() el , ,,rlr.t ills() (l(le sllqtle clel ltrrirticntl y Ill ilpiltill' rltri' r*,,'"r'i.tr,,t cn ('()ntrll clel <tl.lier (llte p()denl{)s Pxltictllrizllr 'rttn 'i () \i l'<t''lc (l(9 tt'tt".'isislri es Lnlt Posesiitt , r., ,irrigi<irr cn c()lltlil rle tn ()l),ct() ),t, t'l rhjatrt da lu (tctit'i(td tt.ttcsis/a Hs lx ditcrcncia (lue intr()(luiirn()s en (tlc (:ll-xctri/'lltl,s ,,, ,lr() lrui)a) s()l)rc el n:lr(isisnlt ( lllcicll lrlt , I!)lll) cn () c()s:Is- c()n l() lttttcllo k)(l() , l.r . /nN{/(),('s /allt lls/ls c(xr() -pelsonlls. ()l)itt() ctl c!cs (lcl () frll()s (ltl('(l l()s l)))i) t:l ,,,, ., ,,,",rric,rc tn:t rcL<iin (lllc rePre1l,,r rt ( irr'r s()l)le la tcprcsenlitr'irn clcl suieti)' Es, lxrr cjcntplo -ltl , rrt rlr.r (l tiritri(l() i)llal Ii l)a(iclte !gnci( )tlilclll t))tls itrril)tl: es )t> ctte ptterle r" r1'rlr(,lr (lll Irir lllra stts fa.l,cs tln cl lll()olcnt() ett ctte tecillc tln Pt'<l)li() c()n c()n(ltlctll p()r ci(rtx l, ,r ,.1 ( ntrlrri(), ait,,,,ral,, ,lr"reac Llnl e<ntlcna s()ci1tl (lcl Pr(),,l, r.r,l.r lclrolallle: la villl dcl ()l)ict() sc sttllra ltlgclrraicamentc lt la () o lil>xs Pintrlrirs scll()s' I'r,, .rI, Io.'I-: crslt. cl ;lt)t(rlnitil' la c<leccitin tle el mig() p()stsi(in nxrcisista lis unx , ,, ,,',,,ttit,,y.n una plrscsiirn narcisistll () senlimient() el exit()s()1 lic() st:r flltlloso , ,,, '., , ',lrilx' lnte trls clt'llls prrr
r lis Ltn Pr(xcs()
.t()
AvANcDs liN pst(io,t.rRAptA pstcoN^LTIcA
I.:I. MODIJI-o MOI)UI AR-'TRANSFORMACIONAI-
1/'
('s (lc in(rentenk) (le l: airoestilna, clc fisirin c<n la vllor.aci<in rlrte uterec.e el
1.1 (l)ieto.fu ld.tctt..14d tlutTsstt, cr.r clrurltio, cs a<1uei qr.re peDlte ,rz_ /l:?/runi xctivi(la(l <1uc otora val()m(.i(in nalcisista aJ sLict.'Es el ,rl.ret,r-lnr_ lnll)lcnk) parl Lrna llctiviclu(l rlel strjeto ctre lta sickl narcisstican]eote catecti_ zlt(lir, ()l)ick) stn el cu:rl l :rctir..irlacl () tLrncia)n no rtrrclc existir. I)(, ejerpl(), cl rrr<,r1ro (lel ()tr() (lle, l<iclrris cle poteer clc plecer cr<igent,, posiltilit;r el s(x( ltillcisistl (lc sentir ([tc cl sr,et() p()see llr prtencia tle pxtcltrcir.el placer rk..t.se otrr el ()tro (lrc es<.r.rcha y rcsp<>ncle. sin el ctral el placcr. narcisista tle Iltlrlrtr t'cic c(xnLlni(.ar es it]cxistente_ l)c igtrrti nraner.a. cl peciente y su cucr_ l, r prr:r el c inritrno. o cl pilrno , la llisicl pa! e) pi;rnistrr:'cl alLnlnr, I.t n_ ) s( nilr)zir l)rt-l el prr>fcsor pues le p()sil)ilitn ir stc (lre sc clesplicgLte trna ha
l()r. negllti\1) () p()sitiv(). qrre se l.taga solle gr,,p,r.aa,rar.,,ltr. la per.,tna. (;() l p()srsi{in nr(.isistll cxiste rna iclenticliciitn "l parcill, exclusivarrrenre en rrnlt tle sus clintensiones. l cle su v:rlut por elkr n<ies necesri(, (lue seil LDa rt,r'sonrr. prrclienckr ser ctrllquier (()sa u ()l),et() nratct.ial.
()lr(). IgL.lllDcnte constituye una p()sesi(in narcisista el grLrpr> aJ ,r,. ,r('(c pxrtid(). lglesia. ut()virDienk) i<leolrgico. ctc._, y.t qtre el
..
paara_
luicio tle vr-
rlvestidas como rbictcs icleltliz:<los inltlcanzal)les, rlnrlr ltg:t:t l insatisir( il)le crg (lc xnhel() r)rencionli(k por l'reucl ei lllhbicill. sntt .\'atr .rl/r.s/lr. Bs la clep|esi(ln crnicir que prodrrce la pemranenci.r en cllalquier trx lr.ri() xl que se clescrtlificltrc y que pas.L x realizxlse l)rt()c '(ticrrlrcntc. T()cl() rr.r(JLre o (lescalillcaci(in l()s ol>iers cle la uctiyidcl narcisist dejlr un v.lci() ( r) cl sLrjet() para la ptresta en ctivi(lcl rlc las funciones qrre clepenclicncl,r cle , sc (r)iet() c()ntril)uven a s()stener no sirlo llL auk)eritina siro, tltnlrin, los cli r('rcntcs nivelcs (le ()rguniza(i(in clel psi<uisrrro.r*
llt
AXt"srildd.tclttdclt contttt el obictu e-\lct' o

Si lx pers()nlr n() sa)l():rtacr
ttol
represenicia)n de los obietos clentrr cle ella,
irrrlrtrrrt.i,r (lLrc tcncll.a. o 1r,r. l"r.,rnciici,rncs tn (lLe ;e (lesar)lla, o l)r ,r l. r ( s( t:,i t l ( ( r , ll l)(,nsll ntlttcrial cltre ()t()rga-. lr cirs esos xtllques temri_ rr;rrr xrr lr,rr t r \r,lllrf;tl sri({() itnp()tente pul.l la rcalizac.i<in cl,l ,,,1 (la.re,, n:ll ( isisl.t (lr' r'.rliz.rr i.rr lrllsol-till (lu(, clepcncle cle esos oltjetos. La tropia profe_ so o.rrtir trl,trl ,tl).1( ( (.( ( )nl() nr '".:rli<sa en Contfaste a,ra,rtr", qUC qUeCl;Ln
,
lrr lr< tivicllrd nirr(.isistll rxplica el clesectrililtrio rrofLnclo clue sc prr>c[ce en al l.llrl.ls l)(r's(,n.ls druante los fil-tcs de semn o las vacaciones. Si sc llrr'r .t (5k)s ()l)ick).\ clc la a<.jt,irlerl n:rcisi.sta _p(r. cjertrtlo, itcrsrn)ir\ (lu( (l( )iqrlrn sLr trtlxrjrt r> prrfesitin a la cLrc pelterrelen en rlllntr> a llr
l)r)n(' rl) :t((i(in sr (ilpr(.i(lad rlu pen,.rr y su s.rl.t. prir.r,.rn,ll,rie<ll ei jLeg<t v ( l (1)rlrin(1lnte para un clcportistn; el ltutorl<ivil part lrn corretkrr clc cnrle_ r.rs. r'i ltr r l'lrm el pacite o lu rn:Lcl.e. cuanckr llt pateinicletl y lu nr:rterniclacl s<n . lrr jrl:rrlt s nir(-i.sistits (lue testiu(til.ln tle I r,:il rleJ ,u;cto c:lprtcrrlrl rrr-rr ik.scnrperi:rrl:s. S()n objelos cle la activiclarl narcisista l){..\L cLralctriei <fl rr {) rrrrlrsion () a(.tivtcla(l y las personas i, ()l)iek]s qUe (.()nstitltyen parte i (, stittivit (c stxs- <rie pcrnitrn <1uc unlr lirr.rt.itin <l<tth <le !.tk)r naR.i_ sist:r. rrrrl<r'ttl o intelcctulrl. se rcalice lll ()l)jct() (lc l aclivi(li(l nltr(.isistu (ics( nrl)cr)lL. r.r't cu.rot() a llrs hrnci<nes del sujet(). (.apta(lxs (les(le cl c(i(lig() nllr ( i:,rs(:1. (ln P:rltcl eclrriv:rlentc al tlrre tiene cl oltjei cle la ptrlsirin: pcrlrrirc (lLlc :r lr':r rt t, sr nrct: <l tl7eto tlc )a pulsirin cs e<lucllo xrr k r ctr:rl irretle a lc:rn zirI sU lctil" (l'rcu(l. 1915c, pr'ig. 11t, cursiva cn el original). Si c.l nirrcisis t<) ('s l)ia el se ltrnt.tno unlr litcrza t]t( )tiva( i()nll tiln in-lp()rtnte <rrmc kr es la s(rr(riicltt<l cle ls Ztlas erogcnas, tartrbin toscc <r,|lt,, st srrs objers es_ xr'litrr.s. il l()s (e ca(ll pcrs()ni (lue(lit fljircl:1. l_x usen(.ia cle los objelr>s cle
-crnrcirtrient(). ,,t,,r-.r r,.rlr.r. pjit .t .ln,ilrst:. t lsteri,r,lrt, rtn p.((i(nar l(.rcl.rt.t pue: n(.r l(
lrilrrltrcl
capxcictxd peclagogica, cliscrrr.siva.
ctc._
tr.re le
lt_
|r() (l!c act(iil la rgresiviclacl en el munclo extelno, (lcstlU)'enckr relaciones l.riliiLles y (le rlnistad, lelxci()nes lalrrtles, ( )p( )rt Llni(la(lcs cn Il yi(la [cll. r,,lr elkr rlescDrl'<)cx en sitLrilci()nes clc (leterior(), cle irlpotenci para Ia rcalr;.rr ir'rn cls rleseos cle alror. de rec()n()ci[ricnro. <le krgrrs en el lnrLncl() exr, rr(). Lr (leprcsi(in cs. en est()s cas()s, el rcsLllta(k) (le Lln tixcxs() cn l clelt, ,,,n <lc c<nclicir'res (lLc pcrrian la caliz:c'iir (le dese(rs que s()n crnfrles t , r ir lx pers()nir. lis kr rLrc se ol)setv con rrruellas pers()nas quc pasan grln
,
l
l( (lc su vich tacan(l() l<l tttc en stt ncglci<in ()rlrnipotentc consicleran cttc ,,rlloLL(orente prrcL'rin Iecrtrcrur, pera clcs-rus. a cierta e(litcl. r'uan<k ll ellr,l.rrl irnricle cl !)antcni,))iert() (le lis ilusi()ncs clefensivs. sentir t(xl() (()luo ,, , rr rcdilblelrentc per(lido
l,u
I'
.1, I ,
lprajit'tltrcl rlirigidu coutra
el
p,'oPio sttick)
clcsr'f(rllath cles<le la pcr\nccr\'.1 -uno, r)f'lict(), Ilr egresivirllcl 1, llrs crrnrctelsticlts especiles clel strperyti (Kernl" ri l9lttl)r el rtro, enlrtizanclo la inlportxnci ck' las f;tllas (lel ()l)l(t,) (xtcrr,,, ( Al:rrks()n, 1993)-. cl plrl clel nrasr>cuisuro cn la gncsjs (le la cicprcsi<in , , r r( l.r(k )sanre nre ex:rniinack (\'rsc ur)rl)ir GIick y ,\lt1,cr. l9ltlt). tssras ',,trlrtrr'i<ncs. irs c(nlr() el c()n(x itient() qle tenet()s (erca (lc ls rel-cio',, ,rrc el sujeto establrce c(msig() misrr() (llollas. l9li7; l.'aithairn, l!52; l r, r,l. I92J), nori penuiten aLicntr.rrn()s en pol rr,r Iu ag[csiviclatl er c()ntra , 1. I l,r,,l)() sriet() clesempe:t ull p1pel tln irtD()rfxnlc en la (lgtcrnlinci(in (lc
,
lrr (k)s tralxj()s lr. uy cliletcnles
lrlllr
rI
l,
,1, rltsir-tn.
)r.
L
l l
,rriLr() dc [
ir(j|i(l(l
nir(isislir
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(lilr(nriur drl ol)ick)-(l!'l-s./ d( liol]\r qr)r
",,rl.rrrz.r
l
pxrcoll i(le.|' -rug) (]cl srrir) t:l &,s c1r\,)s i, (lu( sL nr)(lfi(.r c5e .i:rlrir(lrtc (s L .prcscnrr.itln I r,,,1( l.r :r(i\i(lird nirrcisist k) quc rrnxlili('x c\ el ./it cn"dnti!tk) (lcl sur1() v. (()ncooli
ll
sicr() () que l(j
prflrlil(
tirsi()r11rrse c(nr slr ltr.rndi()sr(h(l
1sr()s
'u
r(.Prcienllci(')n.
ti
AVANCI]S IJN PSI(,O'fI]RAPIA PSI(,OANAI-!I(]A , ( .,rl.r( l( ).
ll_ M())lir.() Nt()l)Lrt_At{-'t'{ANst:ol{MActoNAI_
19
sictlprc en tel:rcirirn consifl() [lislra, actttand() y ()l)ser \rin(l()sc..lcttlanal() )' reaci()nxn(l() llnte su actLtalci(-)n' As cotllc c()n Lna figr: cxlrrnil sc Plc(le tenel unll ilctittl(l l)sic (le 'tnx)r. de lcsptJei(;n (n (u\1) (s() t()(l() lo qtle aqu'lla hace es consiclcrll(l() c()n llllcn()s ()i()s' (), p()l'
l,.r -rttsonlt estli
(
l (()ntrlri(). cle lx)stili(l(1. cle if.aLlal lnxnera en lx rclaci(in (lLle l Pers()nl tie rr( (\Dsig() ruistllt i.l ctittl(l cle l).lse ptLecle ser cle all-Ior () clc ()cli()' En estc ltirrr tltso. ltnte la lllcn()r lir.tstraciitn el st-tjetlr se castigll. sien(l() la llrlstiliclacl ( ()rsili() ltrism() la cue va cretnclo. en cxclal situaci(in. el .trgtllllenk) qtlc se tsa )'l t1'll\li l):llir ir:ll1ciind()se. Nr se tllt (lue sLl suPcrya) lenfl tn est''indxr (lcl sLict() ]' (lrlc ttricl,r con lcsPect() al ctllll sc c(xllP1tra lx representa( i(in insxtisl'tc se sientc ctl1rnckr constut ttn (listanci entre sta y cl icleal clel !'() t.iol llsti en tcci(in, cn cllltl)i(). lO que lrrcucl ciescril)isra conu saclislx clel (ltle se srl)( r'y(-): Llnx lctitu(l l)i'tsica clc hrstiliclltcl (ltlc elcva el esttln(hr con el (lLe (lel ncceslri() ell l() sLtjcto t()(l() () I)ara cnrrriclc, relrlja h replesentaci<in (lLlc gtilll:i. tenlx (le lx)stili(la(l ()p()ftLnid(1 serir estil cfiticarse. (.()ltlrilf la cltYarn Se l sttiet()' que iriln se exigencilts tlt nciosrttentc. hs Plante1rnclo \Ll r(Pl t\unti r( ir )n-, (le ln()(l() Irs irleltlcs o se tlcnigrer al prtpi,r srrich' -.t rrr,. lu lrteta cnlrc llll)()s se lllllnteng siellrplc ltl)ie ' l.:r rtgtesiviclacl llltjo la firnllit de c()ntinLla ltlttocrticll n< s<-lt cleteriora l r, ,r.sl.nt,tcirn clel se'l sinrl ctlc tetltllin ejel(e tln itnPltct() negxliv() en el
l]]icl'ttrlls (lLrc el sujet() se repesentll c(rlt() estancl() en unll n(,si!j(,n (lLe el ol)iet(). g()z.lnd() o disp()nienck) cle a([lell() cFtc ste c.lrer.r l:n s(,llun(lo lrrgar. cl sujer se rep-esenta c(xno infictor de ciert()s lltn', cllrar:is, nr lrarlts sufrir. protegeris. vucluris. stlvarhs. 'lrr, r, sul)r,f\,()i(()s -nrsi el ()tr() n() lr> hlcc, crc. . Iln(lat()s que le Inccn senl, r rs lt.liz. t'to gozar;'rs , , ,rl ,.rlr[', tant() si pr()v()ca) el sllfiinrient() (lel ol)iet() c()lllo si n(), l() .tyuchn ir ,lr ,k l nrisru< xunqre i no hlr,va siclo el (atls?nte. En tercer tnin(). ).est() , ,'.., rrt'ir1, cl sujct() tiene que iclentilicalsc <rn el sufr-irnicnt (lel ()tr.(), scntir ' ,,rrr,, rr'<rio lo quc lc pxse. pr()yectiil' s(r)tc el (fr<) experiencias sitnl)(ilic ,,r, lll( (\luivrilentes. Sin iclentificci()n v anl()r p(r'el objeto n<t ltay cr.rlpl aun .. r rrnrplan las ckrs conclici<nes nrenci()n:r(llLs'1tntes. , r, Ln ( ururk) lti origen cle l()s sentilnient()s rlc crrlpel>iliclecl. si scgtrinros .r lr, rrl. r,sfc Iirc tlinclo e lo largo cle su rltr su c()nccp(.i(in acerca cle ctri l, ',,n l:rs ('()ncli(i()nes <lte los gencntn. (ilro strr'eclc (\)n ()tl()s tenras. ial ,rrrrI iiclucl (le] pens:unient() licuclien< ha claclo iLrgar lr ct-ric-ntes clentr() (lel
'
L,
,,ll , l.r\()rirl)lc
, ,rrr(s lcc()n()cer. por lo nrenos. cLt:tr() c()ncepci()nes sollc el ()rigcn (lc la .,r,'.1
l,,,,.rrr;ilisis(ltlesexp()y.lnenLln()t(fft)(lcsustlcsnoll<s.Flnl-leu(l,p()
tn Lln'r li!t( k)tlttl1cttb tlel scfi El sLljet(). ()(liatn(l()sc. c()nsLlllle stls cnergrls ()t1lln(k) ( yricos-, y() clllcit r1rr. r'r',r inttlna, .ttlcl e inhil)e su -Pr()dllce (ic sLs (lese()s ll lrrnsettlcn''i't cs (lr:rl(lui(r ln()\'illlient() hlcill h lelllizxcin (lr] slri('l() cDrp()l)re( i(l(). incapaz cle l)rin(tr stlstent() a stl Ll)estiln:l' Fln l()s ('irs( )s ('n (lLre el stljet() sc finaltrlente caraz tlc caPtllr c"r() se hall atectlo'
Lll] s( r)lir)ict-rk) dc gtnLin ple()cLlPaci(in ,v ctrlpa poclri't sollrcvenit' Grinlrcrg Ilr irsistitlo cn lx ilnpoliancia clc tenel en cLlent no sciltl el llrlces() cle clttc lo < rrrrs:rrk r lor la pi'itlicla clel ollieto sin() tltl]ll)in el clltelo ptlr llls paltcs clel \() (luc s('t cxPeril)tent.t(l.ls cour<l prcliths 1l cttlsa de h prcvia atlr' r'tgrcrir I-
,tt t ullxt (lcbiLlt
a kt cttctlitluel le
ks leset)s
t)lsci?
t?s
tl
I
rLrrl ((iinlrelg, 1963). No clcscrtntos extendern()s en tn exlnlcll Illals (lctll(l() clc ctittlo la agrc sir itllrl ruccle conclLlcir a la tlepre'sirin, Per() creclll()s tlr.le kr expttt'ito pct'ttti-
t,. r'.'r ,tt. la < ltlllll es srilo
Ias vicisitttclcs (ltlc sigtsn lt la llgresivichd (lc rl,. ringtttra ntincra el cxlllin() ol)ligl(l() cttc ttrcclia cntle rtgresivi(lx(l y
unl tle
u.,Istrrs in(estlr)sos y'Itostilcs cuc el 1.o (l;reu(I. 192.]). I-e culpaltilirlarl, tu, Ir.u'r'ciera n() tcncl lirn(l.uucnto parr la c()ncicr]ci.l. s lralh srr jrrstificlrcir-rn , r , l rrc()nscientci cs >or lu fanlasa lxstil clel sLljct() en (()ntr:r <lel ol)jcr clc ,,r,,r l. rrlpl scria. cle este oxrckr, le crnsectencia ntulll. kigic.lr. de h crral,,ir,l rlt.l dcser: clarlo cue kr que se clesel cs tlilnsgres()r. rcsullr:L natrtrI. n()
l)( s(lt sus prinrr()s tr'1rl).r)s Freucl (Caa 71, ttJ97r 1909) consi<ler cr.rc cl , nrrri(rt() clc ctrlpelriliclacl es p()r lx cxisten(i1l (le (iefi()s (lesc()s scxL.rlcs y 1,,, lrl( s (lLlc entraln en (r)ntra(licci(in con las r cpresentaci<>trcs pret,ltlcntcs en el 'rt, l,, lisflt c()ncep( i(-)n dr: clue l:r crrlpe sc otigintL p(n lll cxistencilr cn la realilr,l rsrtrri<a de Ln (lcsc() repuclialtlc halllr srr txrrcsirin en h firnr:LtrLt, rrnl ,, ' ,l, srrrxrlla<lo el nrrlckr esttllcturI, <ur cl sr.rpery<i salr rnris rlcl ello ---<le
()tr() ln()(k). <ue le rcrsonu se sir-rtietr crrlpeblc. "lrr.r scr'(le
rrr'siotr.
J (.1tll\t | (hl)t1'sijtl
l)igiul()s, l)rrir (\)ll)cnzlr tl anlisis (le l()s sentil))ient()s (le ctllPal)ili(hd' (lu( a\l()s (sliir s()sl(rli(l()s P()_ tlnll ctlLlcttlrlt dc llt fnnfeslt en qlle P()del]]()s riirc.r'ail r',r'i,,s (()t)ll)()rtertlcs. tln Prilller lttger, ttnlt dol)lc i(lenlid'ld qle el stlinfl'liz' ict()rlril)tty( xl ( fr() \' i! si tllisll)(). lll ()tro es vist() c()!n() tln scr stlfriente,
t" , llrt lx'lct crdilictckitl trrc se baca clL'k i
tpttlsos .t, desros
It r'() jLrnto csta c()n(epci(in ntLrulistx cle la cLrlp:r. c1r.re lrcucl lt il nt:lnr, r,'r rr lo lergo clc locla su ()l)n, pl.rnteil (fr-l (.rlrs.l rlc la culplbiliclacl, <tre no , l, r 'r rt lc ya <le llr cte liclcl clel clcse < I ( ) irtrpltis() sin( ) clc la coclificacirin que el Il.lrr lr:r]a (lc 'st()s. Fln Iutrodtcci(i1t dal trurc'isisnt<t cli<e: ,l;rs DustD.r illrtr "r,rn(s \'\'ive0ciais, Lrs ntisrtt<s inrprrlsos v ltx)ci()ncs cle cleseo ctre ttn
5o
AVANCtiS
liN PSICO',litiAPA PSICO^N^l,illCA
EL MODtrl,O MO,JULAR-
I RANSIiORMACIONAI,
51
ilI lllen()s pl()cesa c()nscientel)lentc. ()t1 (iesapl'()l)'td() P()f (fr'() c()n in(lignll(ia)n t()tal () ahogad<ls ya ntes que clevcngan c()nscientes' Alr()rlr l)ien. es flitil expresar la clifl'rencia entre esos cl<s bonlbres, qlle conti('nL llr c()nciicj(-)n tle la reptesi<in. en tlllin()s qllc lil tc()ria cle la lillirlo ptteclt cltrruinr. Ptrlettt<s clecir cuc ttn<l lut crigicltl en el inteli(n cle s tn ulectl
lronrlrr'e lolcrlt ()
,I rllr<cirln r pxltir (lc un prejuicio se terttlinarri conclu-vc'nclo. en c.l(laL ()p()rrLrniclacl. <tre sc es lrltlo, sicnclo l< cue hace () sicnte en es? ()casi(in la excu...r tLre p.;mrite firmxf ]() que se crc.t previattrentc.r" ste es el crtso cle krs ,rre se iclentiti<lrr con patltes <u)pt>sos: cl tlese< lil>iclinlll (lrigj(kt lllrci.l cl ol)t(1(). guiand() lx iclentificuci(-)n, cletenrrina qtrc (!ln(lo el olljeto es l)lLkra)gic(,
r( l)c.\cn.lcia)n incr>nsciente
tlel sttjeto e()lr)() (l.tin() <lesclc Ia clrte lor pura
firrtnltt i<-rn cle x cl <nal micle su ycl llctl-IllI, lnientras que en el otr() falta csa (le explicci(in ( eie la original) Lll itlt,Il, lrrcucl. 19l,ia, p:ig.90. ctltsivx cn el qtle el iclcl y la en sin() <> clel clcset> t rrsir.le- yl en la cttirliclecl tlc-l inlpLrlso pocos (litt'entes y <)ttos. Cttantl<l tln()s erl instllncir cticrl evaltacltrl s()n (ltte cl(:lcuerirnplicarl tIlic:l, es) llt seguncla firl'mule lrnos clespus l'rcltcl rl<r:t rr-rro se cleslrolle el sttpery, tttt gual ett lo(k)s bs .tt.ctos, se (leterllli rirril (l(c se.itntr () n() iul>4. AqLr h:t1 ttn cetbit> raclic:tl tttc ticnc illlPlir'ltt'tr'tls parlt el trat1llient(): ya n() 5\- tl'lt.t, ! 'olr "'rur'rLrt't rPlicanclo la tlte cttanclo el :ln:llista >r'irrrcta conccpcir-rn sollre l:t cetlsa clc la ctrlpallilicllci, tlt'st ul>re (lue stl P.ciente ticne ctllpl inconscicntc clclc lluscar exclttsivanl( ll(c ()s <lcse<rs teprilliclos sin() qte, lltlll)i'n. ) ccntlalll)entc. se P!cgtlntalri lrt'rrcu de las ttzones rot las cttales el srrpeq'<i coclific ctltl< 'rgrtsivo t' rl:rniro alg< (lLtc ()trll pers()nrl n() Ilar. lll analista rtte tenga en ( ttenll cl ca ri(l('r L'()clifica(k)l rtte el srtpcryli ll;tct clc- llrs (lesc()s n() lc transulitit:i al p"tci( nt( I1r c()nccl)( i(in "p()r tcner cs()s (lcscos sicntcs culpe" sint> qtle lt' Ilt'r'arit ir irrl('tr)l{1ltsc P()r qtl stls cleseos son clptlcks clcscle tln:t PcrsPectivrl (l(le le Irrr't scntir tlitnsgtesor. cttliles fiteron hs conclicitnes ctte ctlntrillLtyel<ln a (()nslrLri un sttpcrl'r con ciclt()s i(lcillcri tilnic()s. unll c(nlcienci:l crli'l sevt l'lt. trn sltclisttxl clcl stiperyr en c()ntrit clcl ,l cltte llttsc:t cualcllricr <olrtalla
'.( in(orpore, incliscriminaclDente. xlos los lttrillutos cltll <llljeto. entre ellos , l \crtirnien ) clr ctrlpal.liliclacl. l':nll>in It itle-tificcit'rn se pttecle proclr.tcir r,,, trrn lo quc ei (fl1) es sin() c()o h irrtagcn qttc el tIr'o signillc:lti\'() in()(tll.l , 1l (l suiet(). hcinckle .rcel qtlc es lll:ll() () lgresiv().
,lt .ttlpq por tttt'o.l'cccii

l'.11
.l(4 oltqtt<'41 oblelo
Dt tclo .)' ntlcu tctl rt. el atttorreproclle. lll atttoinctllpacitin, cs el rcsulrlr la intr()\'(cci(in tle lu lgresitir-: tliligitll tiginalmcnte cn <rnt:l clel tili, t,, (,r h crncienciu se aLr)rrepl()(ll, en e[ inc()ns(ientc se rc-lt<xha al tllr I r, l)()(ir pcnsl$e qtie cst.t crtnclicirin cs igttltl a l cles< rit inlllcdi:rt.llllcnte
r.r,I
r. .rrriha. chclo qtte en cste tnl)ai() Freud plllntca la itlentificacitin secunclltrr r r r cl r>lictr >erclirlr, es clecir el rcctrtplazo cle la ctexis cle olljeto xrr la
,r
r,
l);lrr
ll(rtc1tr.l')
()
!tll,.t pu'
illc
fic.tcLitt
t"rcr.rcl. en el cap. V clc El .l\) .1'el allo i923)' afirla refirinclose it la cttlp''t (-tran(k) ir'rc( )ns( isnte: "tlnlr pa ictrlar posilliliclcl cle intltil sollrc l se tiene ('s( scntir)ricn) [<;c ctc tttlpa cs p|cst(k, valc clecir. el reslltucl< clc l iclentilitlttirtt ctn (nlJ pers()nlt (ltle xnta() fire olljcr cle ltnll invcstidllr-1r er)ticI" (l)lig. 51. (ursi\'lt en el <>riginal). tln estc cus() n() cli (ltlc la persona pol sls cle-
l, rlilicxci()n. l)trt la tLti'lencil rl(licx en qtle ctt I )uek .1' tttt4clttcr1-t l iclenrrlr,,r.ia)o que sLrfie el ytt ('s c()n el ()l)iet() cxterno clestinlllillio cle la .rgrtsi'-,n. , ,Ir'ir-con ct objeto al ctte se le reprrha. En cttlllio. cn lt 'cltlra prestt ,l r l.r irlentificlre i<-n cs tl] ttn ()l)icl() (lLlc sieute. l lllislllo. ctrlp:tbiliclacl. tis rlr,, r.xistente en cl ()l)ict() cxtern() rel {l s(Jntinlien) clc cttlll:t- clttc, ll t,r' r lll( il(e h iclentificackln clel sttjeto c<>n csc ol>je> cxtern(), el sllie) t(nlla , ,1'r, si llgo trre firnna prtrte clc esu iclcnticlarl cle culpabili -{l senlirlient() 'J,,1 N()se lil.r clc llt lg:'r:sirn introeclltcla sino clc It>s cfectrs tle l itlenlllr, r( l()r estluctur-lnte qttc (()nstiluyc irl sttieto Pxrcillllrcnte il iltlltgcn Y st de le autplie gatne ,',, trrrzrr clcl ()tro. (:()n stts cttlpas o stts utieclos -ejctnrlosclc la iclentjtlccin ,1, t,.rlr)l()ga clr.re se ruetle cleslnollltr p<>l el tecanisttltr \llr ('rnl)itrg(), csits aLat() c()nccl)ci()ncs rle llt ttrlla, qLe cn FrcLl(l n(, st ,,,rrr.rlxnren sino qlre se sLlmun. eo (listintas cscucllrs ps ic<lanaltit as pasln a
.,,r' ,, r,r'
L rrlificltcirin tttc el sttpery'l va hltciencl<l clc sts c<nclttctls lle grrr- lr llr r'otrt lttsion inc()r'lscicnte cut es mal<1. sin() quc sc trta ([t' tlnlt idcnlitLrrl lrrsi< rt glrlral, la cle ser malo, agresivo. La l)latriz inconsciente cle cue es r;rl,r ur'tr'r'ltr'll r( l)rcscntci()nes en st c()ncienciil cle cltte ltiztl tltl < cttal cosa
irr:rr[,rr.rrl,t tl, rtilIi el ()l)iet(). lt ltg:ltviri. elc- l)( t]t(). gent:Lrr''i

1,,
r'tn't
I l \r() lirr rl irtrcs l(ti(ion.rl dc t)r'r r, ((nn() rlirrrl:irtrnrls un l inr()(itrt( n-)n llr r\i, " l, ,rrr inrinr\rcnt(' L'n rL( hrrl trt.Ptrs lx i(l(r)ri(tii(l dc nrrrl() lrr rnlis iilll (llr c(ul(lLricr un iur( iGsc,rtiri!ni( ), Lr .r xfinllir(i(in (ltr( tn str (xr:i(l(r xbslr:r(). (rnrx) (rccn , ,,,rz,rrrrrnnal.lacnc rti inlinilits Icr:i(rres. 1)r(rclr:r. tlrnrl)i'n. (ltre el irr(1rr)(i(ne no s(-)1,, , ",, t,, ( (truillrlidud t1nl)or'( )'csp( ixl t) por scrncixnzr sin() qtrc rLlrrcc l)estrl(ltrcnn)s irde ,, ,,r, r'r 1:r .irr (le treu(I. slc trsu lx nr)Iirrin k'( [r vuehc ir rtrlrrrrr Plirrllr)s dtsPlrs-,
r.,,,,1,,i rr,,il.
\,'r*
r(
l.r
ttr'rrrl\lrl
(l('
f,'r\,r r,,,
rr 'l( r,tr,
(lrrc Pre\cnl.tnr)\ cn s(,)re cl Prrrlr "t ,,! il, l t).t( i,rrl( ) riL'lfr lillx lr.r lrrrrr.r (I :rl)li(rlr e\l( c()nceplr) 3 l' terlrrx (l(l 'ruicril1 ,, r,-rrlr, ,,nr r,rrtt t,r l:r nrivnr.
(l(.rpittrk)
strPeI]
trn
l() (les(riptr!.rortnt(j inc(nrs(rurltt c(nn(, l( Pcl1tn((1cnlt rll Prc(()rr* l"nr. F(i_ , ,,,1, ,tu( r(luars del in.()nscicntc (lc l()s rcs&)s ccrrx(l()s s()l)e si rllisnr()s. Ptrrl)s ignilicnrl_ r1IrrrIi(:r(ll). c\islc (rr() sul)sislenlir inc(nls.icnl( (cl l.c fictr(lixn()) qtrc lirncion dt' ,,. I ( ()Ir,) r(.1rlnr()s Llr c\l()ner
(,lr:r ii(Ir( cl 5tnld() (lc rc):rr(.rr (ltrc
\!
L!.r (lcl inLi)lr\'ilrnl('\i\ltrrl.li(r) (lcl
r_
,, j,l,
rl
(
AVAN(]IJS
IiN PSCO''IiRPIA PSIC(]NA] I I'ICA
IJI- MODIiI-O ]!TODU LA R-'TR AN SF'O
]\1,\( -ION AI-
))
r )rrslilultsc rn las explicacrnes quc se itrvoc att clc nlanela cxsi e\ciilsivx. En (rr)ll1r,))()s ir i un esPectr() tltte la cles<ls cl prlk; ctte ocltparia lr escLrr-l kleirrirrnlr. r.'n la rlue cttancl<> cl tn'.rlista (letect culPl itlc()l'lscicnte lttst:r tlinl()lr'() polo. acttellos rtnelistlts rrrlsrr.rgtcsir.o rerrittriclct {) escin.lid() \'. en cl (l(('(r('(n tlLre h cttlpabiliclatl es sictttpre el lcsultacl<l clc llL incttlp.rtr"n p"t' r.rrtc t[ le figr.trt externl. ctrsiclerltnckl <rtc tl conflicr intr:tpsirtric" ittt'glt Lrrr rrPt'l sccuncleri() P()r eietnPlo. -K()l)Llt. Nlurks()n ( l99J). en tut intercsrrllte xrticlLl() s(r)r(j el trlasrlclttisttl<l 1' Ie clclr'( si()D, (lsslirca t'l efccr cLrlplllilizllnle (ltle llgtll()s patlres proclttcen en sLts lrii()s il t[l\'s cle mostr1trles stt troPic> sLllt-ilrlient() ]'.lrril)Llir i'stc ll llir. o al lrir(('l(5 scnlir en f;la si cl hirI clrr evi(lel)cirs tle gozertrscrIeliz (ilrlr tlir'r. \lrtrkson: .Est() lel scntinriento cle cLtlpltllilicietl ) n() ts sirllPlctrltnt(' llt r't, rtt'i()tt clc ltnlt llntasa in((]scientci clc tttlttlet lil)iertla () cllclll)ic'tl, (]I sL lrirli( nl() (lc los -,;tclres cs lltlil)\tid() tln nio clttc I elkrs no les lrtrlr.tcc plltrtr, ( r:ig. 9J2, :lgregxcl() tuio lo ttte cstli cl1(re l)rlrttsis) Ai lcsPt( t" 'rri-
riir
Lr
cl ctls() cle tlnlt clolcscentt (l!Lc L1)nlit)z-l slr lrillllnrienk) 1c()nsrctlenci tle rtna clellresion scverat. it-l(lLls() con irlca: tle srrit lcli't Al <lx <le tt ierlp() cl1lPic7' rl scntil-sc lci<'r' ;t sltlir ((rn 'llill(t\' ,r xrrit'r rcltnuciar sus estLlclio n()nllall)lcnte. tcner xlgtln()s trltIcntls fi'li_ r ls I n rlirt lccilro llt llurlttcil tclefinita tlc su tttaclrc qrtien rllc nl.trlitl(\:l lj\ t()\ rll\'l)rt:()clrl)itcllt por X". Y< ttle alrllr Y le pregrtntlr <ltti'cs lo cltre stti |LlL. l\lt' tcspontler .X cs rlltl' egotst. sa)l() le intetesa salil (()n I()s -trllig"\ ) rlrr crlilsr'...". listlr n)Lltt cixlillib lrt trlrtvor rtlegrlt cle srt llija. sts till)i(l()\ in l( trl{)s (l( inclepcnclencia conll inclitlrckr'es <le cgr''isltlo. (lc []xl(hd l)1rIx ('sl (sll lnelt ttltlltia_ l).lr i('r)lr' l() (le(isi!() et cl canlinr llltjrt su crltcit>n -)'tn r\x)s titc |<rler it tleslltcnclii'nckrse (lel xl)rilz() ctllPill)ilizxnte ltl clrte la so\ir'.r
ll)(rtirr tlos cjelt>los.
LJn() es
(-n ()r'il sL(ursitl, (le.\tir() qlie ller':tblt !tlri()s t()s clescanckr. No llien srt r\l.r(l() esti-i asegure<lo. aun antes cle qire rxurra, cmpiezx a sentirse lllal Por ,1, .rI u los c(nIper()s cle tr'-tl)llj<t. con kts qite licne (rnlt relecitin rtrtrl c.rri,,,,',r. r a lrs qLe siente tlue abantlona en slt itlcha en c()ntrt clc las concli ese iugar. fln el clso de este P1(ciente. 8ozxl' ',,rr's duras <uc prevalccln cn puclres a sI infi)fiLtni()- C()stal ,llLlclx) trilu suflienlts ',,1'lirrrl>l rtb:tnckrnlu a ,.rlllitic() qtre clc sr.ts paclt'cs eta algo <lue cler'cr cl srtiirtrien pttclicra clue r :t rrrcn lc (,( ia p.ol()gr rle e]L.ls v (ltc cst.tl)il lltris rtll:i clc stls cxc[sir ',L.il:r , ,..ilrilirlclt:s el rerlcclial k. P( r() si lry un .:lnll)() en .k)Icle el sLict() inf]ntil f)Lc(lc c,\i)cl il))cltl) clll xr algo crte cn rcalirhcl cs cl resulteclo n() (lc l(i qLle l llltce sino clc la ,r,lrrrJr clt Lrn ()tr() cs e el clc le sextt:tliclcl. Cttanclo rtn:Lclrtitlr act(tlt tle lnrL, , r strlLrctrr, c()n\( icnlr () inc()nscicDt(]lllcnte. ctllr stcctle. por ejelllplo. ,rr lrr n'ritrdlr cargerh clc cleser sextul ctre clirige a unx nilt. especialtlrentc , ('l rn)rllcrlt() cn (ltc 'strl r:nrpiL-z:l : rlesrollr firrnrlts <ltc clcspiert:tn el ,1, .,rr r-lc ecluI. l.L nix pirs:t rl sentir q(re str cuerP() es el <ltte provoca. Le t'ttir ,l.r tltl()tr'o. sr.l intencit oa Iiclci, fcfirlrrr-r f),,r tllJIi-tr'trn (ucrP (l(e Pr\' 't , | , )l)s(!\'(l() por lrt prr>pilr i c()lr() si Ilterl el (lte inicillse h seclttccirin I ,r, , lJlt iclulr'. [991]).
, tllnt t14tit't
I ,,1r,
nt(.ltil sLt nl.t(ftc. l'll (fr() (lls() es el (le tln llciente c()n ttnlt cle>resi<-rn c rrctcr( )k )gic'l inl lx)rllrntc. l)csptls clc varits alios cle anlisis. pol firl enrpiez:t ll llcral r.tnrt ricla rrrr'l1. rr -rotlct gozltt clc tclrcioncs scxtrltles. lln (li, \'iene c()otcn) 1 lll sesi()ll (l1 Llnll llttella cle'iD() v ille (lice (ltte ticnt Llnll citlt (()n ttn ntucllltcll rltr,. lt gust:t.'Iircl l:t scsirr IIlls(Llre hrrio cl t)irltll (lc exl)ectilliva ()l)rc t'sle ( )( r('r)tr(). CLran(l() rctu)rn lt l sesi<-n sigtliente, llega cleplitDiclo. sintin(lose ttt,tl \'o picnso (lLle itlg() atn(ltlv() tttel (n el en(!cntl() tlrn c:rltltckI crl )lt rttutlt;ttlt. se l() PrL'gtnt() 1' tDeclice (ltle n() l-e Pregtnto si pllsti algtl espe cirtl clcsPttis ) luc lcht, sin rincrrlar ltl tlLtc trte clice c<xt su cstx(l() cfcPrusi Io, rttt :tl rr>lr'cr lt tlts cnc{)nlr l stts tlttlrcs tll h ltrz lt>agltcla en cl slllt-rrl rI llr < lrs. Lr rttclte ezltnclt cl rosario 1' e'l priclre trliranclo )()l l1l vel)tnil. Ftu .rlrr r'urrrtk,.r'lt'rrlrrrgrllrtlegrirr.ttrtntlosesiutit)lltl por tlt'jrttlos rot'tlstt lrrrrit lllo rk It rrtrhr'(ltrc teni'. cLre licliar cotl ttn paclre (nfnl-I(). F]st.l sittlar r,,rr ,lc r1, 1rllst,rn stctrrr<Lrlirt a l:ts r icisitLltlcs clel olrjer -<lcstlt' cl sitiirr'rt, rlt l ,rlr ro. r l rLrt'rl:t signilicatlri crl)o ttlltkr-- se vtclvt x ltPr()!ltlcil' (rul.r r,lnrrllrl(l.rtlt t rlrrr';t t'l lt tln. cn la elltllrese cn (lLle tcl)xi:l, Ln cles-
.,,, ,,,l, irs ( )nte(irtrie nt()s. en unlL r'sfu-attcgiit Incnt.(l in(()ns(icnt!- pillll cn , rr 'rtrrrL ionr's qLle lpre((n c(lr() tt:ttrttrlitic:rs Pxi el l)siquisl]l() (Clr()lstein li,r .1, \, l()9 l). Killinrl() scale tuc elistc Lrn tiP() (lc (!lPx tn qtre cl ni() t,,, lr, r' l)( )slrr (ite l es mltl> prlrqttc la rttclrt lc altanclonti cttc p.'ns.rr sinr l,l, .r, nlr'(lu( lc brrnclon v (lLe n() et:t a su al('.tncc llaccr ncl pxr.t (\)ntrx ,, .r.rrl,,rl\illirrtrn{). l9ll9). I){n ()tr'() litcL>. h ctt)p:t ((nr)rectl ()(lefitl.ir'p.tr.r
(
,1, un prtrcso conrplcjo rlrte I-'.rirl)rlim (lcn()rrline .<leletrs'.t nt<>ral'{pitg.66). I rrrrr,. sintien<[ cltre e'l es el makr y no cltte stts ltaclrcs son s:itiicrr:' () (lue n() , I r, r( r\. l)Lrc(lc t)ltntelref ll iltsirln tle cicrctf ttn ciefl() (()nlr()l ()lrnil)t,ten , ,,l,rr' lrr rcltliclcl: "Si trc Portr bien... si no so)' nrlo... crtt()nccs, llle Ll(r<rr.it'1. , , fr, ,..tigurin,. I)e c.\rr n):lneir el seDtirse <ul.):tblc sc llrt clnverfitlt cn tnlt l, l, r.,.r. ( rr rrn Dtcclio ilttsorio cle recapttlrltr Ln scntitllient() (le c(ntr()l s(r)le tl
Lrrrl)irn i)()1t() lrna ofistitltle txt)licit.i(-)n srlc sl sentilicnlo <lc r'rtl:lltI r,l (luc ticnc en cucrtlll los lrrtrestls intcm()s trr's tle l<s cLllcs se ()d_ rrrr ,.1 nir\o. nccesitanck clescsperrcla[renlt senti$c Pt(l(gi(k) y ttte clo p<lt' ,, ,.r,lrts. plcliele pensul rtre l es t)rill()....toll.tn(l() solre s el pcscl cle llt ,rrl,l.rrl rue purccc lcsi(tif ett stts obiekrs. [)e cstl rttncr llttsca cxcttlpar a ll,, k'sr rrul<lacl: ,,. c) Il ,)rc(lirlit en (lltr ticnc i'xito cn ello. es r(((rPen,, l, , r rr r'l sentri('nt() (le scguliclerl que tLn llll)icnte cie luet]os ()l)ict()s pr(), tf( !Il.rtlct:l ttn.la(tersti(11, (iltirl:tirn. l9'i-3, llig.65). tlst() ss lcillizl x il-
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AVAN( l:S IiN PSI(:Ol llRAPI^ PSt(iOAN^-11'lCA
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.rrLrter rrl ()l)jct(), pxra c()ngraciarse. t travcrs cle l Lrtoacusacin. con:rrtr<'l lr( ll1( il (luc se estr'l iter,'()riz.t(io es algo <tte no slo finciona nivel inclivi rh:rl rirr Il>i(,n <r>lecirr. Cierl:ls expeien(ils histlicis los fllgel:rntes tk' Lr I ,1.rl \4stli:r. p.r cl(rrpl(,- l,) r('\tinx)ni.rn. Alr<lr bien. llr ctrlpa prcxltrce (lepresi(-)n no s)l() porque llafl sentir inrlil.l)() irl srict(). r> rorcltte nr> satisf:tga una inlren itlel tle lonclcl con llt cual ( l suiet() (lescx i(lentitlllrsc, () p()rque genere (l()l(x p()r cl sutiinrient() (lel ()l)i( l(). sin(). lxllrl)in. p()r(lLie puecle lctivar concluctas Dras(xlristlrs cle srrrletiori(ntr) r ()l)iel()s pat()l(igic()s, cle irt()plivirci()ncs. clc autocastigos. qrc ter-
l)(-l)lccr senfit ilp()tenle al sujcto palt l: rctizltciir (lr su clesc(). trr\s (lcl ci|cuito clel llLrs(xlrisRl(). p()r l1(s c()nsecLcncias cuc stc tIrgrnl, rrrr.' l:r culpa prticip.r c(r() flrctrir relevlnte en la l)r()([rcci(in (le la clepresirln. l)t'r cl !))s(xluisn() c()nstilu\,c tn r'onclici<in ((nplcja er que l crlpa ts sr'rlo rn< clc ks fu<tores qle l() deternlin.l. Fln otrls palll)rxs. e iltLstrnckr cl prr x cso cle urticnlacirn clc comp<>nentes (lrc c()nstituye nuestr() hil() rcctor ( n ('sr(. l-irl)1i(r. cl sentiDrient() cle culpabilitlacl. c()n ()rgenes ,rrLly clivc's()s, rorlr'.i o rxr i iculasc c()n gl n):)so(lris))()- l,() (lLrtl te'srlt:t nrccs:rrio cs ntr>s lrilr l.r gnesis <le la culpabiliclacl y clel mas<rtrisnur. los fuctorcs y los <arlin,,s P()r krs quc slrrgen una y ()tl'(). y las firnrras dc rticullci(in cntrc rml)os. rr,r h rlur'icnckr cl un() ir lar ()trl r) \'icevers.ll
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(i\ s( nlinricnt()s tlc ttpl tle las 'cleplesiones qtle tieoen llls h clali,1, L,l r.rlri i p(fentc, rle ilupotencia-clesesperanza en conexja)n con Irt rttpr,,, , '1,' rr.r rL()iigcn itlclizach..., (pfl. 2()). I-ax (l9ll9) afir:lle qrte cn las l, l,r, r,,rrr.s 11.tr(isistns. I()s sentillrient() ctc vergiienzl y htttDillltcirn s<xr los L,', l,r, rIrnrjln, rrl,ts que l()s (le ctlPa, (plig. tttt). 1,, .rrt( r'i( nos olt)iit il hacel. P()r l() n)cn()s. .llglnl pretisi>n sollrc la cli t, ,, I, r.r ( nrrc l()s scntilllienk) tit ctripa r'de vctgucrrze. tln tclltti<in c()r l<s , ir ll n r, ,l]l ( )s (le vergtienzll. Rizztlt() ( 1991 ). cn una luf)lil revisi(in del tcllrlt cn ',, ,lr\( le c1lo la vergiienzl fite ct>nsicleracla en l litclattl!x Psic()analtic. ..,, lrrrI rlrr....1r Yergtienza eslii rclaci()na(l tDlll 4ttlod olttatci(;tt \\'<t y
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rrr(
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A xsrrt clc que la eglcsiviclarl y la culplr han <rupado Lrn lLglrr nr(enl l litclirtrr psic()analtica s<l')le l;r clcprcsirn, vri()s auk)rcs hxn ( ues-
tL'tlt'prr:si('r (llil)ri9, l95Jr HuVual, 1!71;.fac<lrson, t97l: Kolrtrt 1971, l9;-. I9:9. l()l'i l ) K()lrl lre insisticlo en la existencia cle clepresiones cn ls cuales |l culPrr rtrr lirtnra t).rrte del lrst()l-n(). siendo. lll,ls l)icn, l()s sentinrient()s (lc fiustrirr')n ('lr tl Lrgr> rle irspirlci()nes nrcisisas l() quc c(rrstiluirx el ncls() (le Lr tlt prcsi<'r. K()hut ( 19t't0) resumi<i, ncrrtiricanrente, la clifi'rencia cntre cl srrlrirrit Dlr 1u culpl y el nxrcisist.r bajo srr firn]rulacin cle <ue existen. por ur l.rrhr, r'l .lrrDrlrte crrlpirhlc" y, l)( el ()tro. ql .h(n)rhre tralgi(rr,. c()n sus scnlrttrr( l()s rlt vrr<iO. cle t:LIt cle un .sc# cohcsir,o, ctc in<lra<irlltcl dc rl:tntener r lr(,\1\'t() \ Lrn i(lenti(l(l quc lc clote tle vitaliclacl. li)lpin (191't3). en un rlt t.rll.rtI r r rrso r'lini(\). plesent a rn px(iente cuy()s r]slir(l()s (lcprcsi\1)s n() se ,l l,,rr,r\r1tiicr)r)s(lcculpani :r 1ircsi\ idid sin() ir rllirit csftrrctrrral por l.rll,r ,l, l,,s ()lrt( l()s l).rrcntales en l 1<rultcirin cle rrn .sef coltesivo cl-xLz cle llr,ltli n( r llr .lltl(x slirIt:t. hlrrrlrrl ( lr)15) (iil(,rcn(iir cutre lts (leprcsioncs en las cueles llu\ mls ll \i)l\(,r(,!!,s \()l,r{
(
lr()r)rr(l() (luc scil,r c(nlrp(rsntes inclispensltbles pirrll I()cl()s los tipos
,r,r1,r)rlenoserlttetcccck>rcle(uliresPllctrfc(liva(lesc(l:t.'(P:ig.304, ,L .rr r,rg|cgacla). Con "rcspttcsta xfecti\':l cleserlda' se reficre it ctll() se nI , I trrc cl ()l{) re'sp()n(trt xnte P()sil)les l)lil()s dcl stliek). Llst: c()nccpci(;n (le ' [, ur,, (l(' ligxr l vergiienz] al nlttlisisrll() y. ols csPe(licllllenle' I llt ilnP() ,lr,l.rrl rlt lograt las tuetas filaclls pol el i(leal (lel !'o. cst clcntr() tle la lnea l, rr,lLrdti p()l'()tt()s Llt(r'es (lloLtcek. 19911 l-crvis. l917; Mollis()n. 1989; ,r)'Jl, r \ r)l!()s. l9f)J; Wtrchtel, lqfJl; lLlll))scr. 1917). Hly ltnlt tliluen'ir 'l 'lle ' , . rrt irrl en cl scntilllicnto de vctgiienzrl: kt pt1:5('ttc(t t'eal t).fittttdstall. de ,t,t ,,tt' sguific.tit'ct t1rrt'scrct tasl!p.la l.ts.f llos dcl stt(-'k). Es (lifi'rcnrc en, , rrlt rior sullcryri-ctiticrt- qtll \entir (ltlc ()Il-o ()l)setrrt tlttltlli('n esa -tl ,,t, r,,ltltl. Qr.rc en cl (r(s() (lc ix vcrfjcnrlt n() sc trlli (lc (rl sinrple P() , , , r{, (le l l)r()Pia criti(1t clel sttle,<i solrle cl ()t1() l(, prtlcl).t Ia flrltrl ctt' re', , ll/.r (lLrc 1()(l() stljet() I)()sec fiente a stts filncitnes cxcl-elllcnticials trtlnrlo se l,,JJ r , r) sr)lc(l(t 1' en catllbio cl ct))lxrilT{) tttr: le etlrllarglt (l.lll'l(l() ('s ()l)sdr,1,, o rr lrginlr <rtc lttcclc setlo. l)lr txnk). [1] vergiienzll cs ittlgtlstrrt n.tr(lsis t , l(t rlatytb('tit'i(1.rc1, \ n() rllcft) sentinriento clt infi'd(-idil(l p()r tensi(in
'
' ,,r, r,1 itlclrl (lcl y() y Llnll cierta rtPresenlltci(in (lel sLjet(). Iis tlccit , clttc llt cttl1,, i l.r rclgilenzt sc clifercncilltr n() s(ii() l)()r el tcllrll -Ple()(1l)x( i(in P(n l:t rlrr r['l sLricr en la v( rgiienza I cr-.l/ l]lc()cltpaci(ln pol el cstaclo (lel ()t1() e ,,l, rrrrlrr'rrciirn (()n el stlliilttient() (lc stc en l-.r ctllplt- sino tanll)i'n p()r lll esr,,r, ru.r
(n jucgo: en llt ctllra sc trlltJ (lc Ln l)Ll-o ((l,llllict() intrtlsqtticol cn la , riiu( nzit intclliene o la presttt<ill fe.ll (lel ()t1() () lx ilnti(ipx(i()n fltlt:tseacla 1, lr r|r'sqtcilt (lllc seril tcstig() (lc llt plrclt vall (lel stljt). \l s(nti!rricnt() <lc ctrlpe potlrit agtcglirselc cl (lc vergtlL-nztL ttrlnrkr se t Lri1.r\\'.r (lLlc ()tr'() c()rlst1rl tanrl)in llt lccil'rn pLrnilllc 1 tltir:t:tl sttjcr corr cles_ ,r,.r,r lirr las i trltr.rras cn qtte la tgresivi(litcl cs flttrlenlentc c()n(lt',nl(111, Lln l, r'rnrir l)()clrii sentirsc (tlpl)le si at.lca) rl xlgtlicn ). aclellrlis. scntir \'rlircn, l ,'\l;lr cn ittcl.Jr) st) \alil, lrllser'tl:t l)()r l()s (fr()s rttt lo trrnsiclerltn nllkr' , r1,.( r\'(rl()s. taoll)in. (lLc cu.tll(l() el sLtjc) sielrt( <ttc tlln(r al <xrtl xrclrli
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rlr ( rlpr si su pre()(
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trpllci(in es l'Itsicatuentc P(n el l)iellestar clel tlr. ctl qtle ltr r\L'(-Lrt(i si tel)l!- ser citstilil(l() P( csx .tcci(ln, y vergilcnza si I()
r.rIx
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(lc(l(r&) xl nrx:(xluisnr).
, ,,, rr.r rL'cualquier ()tla consi(tcraci(ill. lcprescnliin(k)se c(xl1() indiglr().
,,.', l, rirtrt cs el crcligo narcisistx en 'n
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AV^NCliS rN PS(.(, l.llAPIA PSI(-(){NA11(.4
l:l ()):1.() l\l()DLrl-,{l{jl RANSt:()RM^( l()NAlI Lrr r,,r.r: irgr('si!'x:r rtte. lot los senclcros incliclclos ttr:is arilla -ctl'lndo ,,, ,, r r,,s tl tctta cle l:t irgrcsivicld- c()n(lrl(cn x [,t (lcpl'esi(in.
11
I'ln(nrnck horr en ks trlsrrnos l1arcisists. en la liteuttrlir psicoanlticlt st strclen englol>el bejo csa <lcnonrincirin (l()s tip()s cle r'ooclicioncs: por rrn l;t<Lr. rr<luellrs cas()s car l .rcteriz:l (l( )s p()r pcnnncnte l)jl Llt()estilna () p()r l:r tlilicLrltacl par.l rilntenel s()stenidullcntc rn irnxgen rlrlorizch (lel sujet(), Irgliindokr p()l- ln(rcntos per) requilienclo cle continLr(]s srlrinistr()s cxter rrs o cle rfrencias clc letliz:tciin personal ante el super\1i. c()n en()ne ()s r rl:r'irir sn el baiance cle su ;rrt()estinll (Occli. 1979. 19u1r (leck> v (;ehrie,
tr't-
l))j: K()hut. t971. 1977i Sacks. l99l: Sttkrrn v I-rrtl)rnn. lt)io). l,or el lis I)(s()nirli(lrtles tlrte clesrliegun Lr (nrnip()ten.ix. gr':rlrcliositllrrl. rlenigt':t,. ion clel olljcto. y qrrc krgr-.tn urrntener esa gl xo(li( )si([rcl r.n llrse u firertes
( ()n r(sPecft) r segr.tnclc> grttlo clt'tlast()rn()s nr( isists -grandiosidacl' cleniglaciitn dcl ()l)iek). (jtc. .la (lcnlesin n() es cr)ni( r sin(' .lLr' 11rtllpr cttandr) c{)iapsa unll grlnclitlsiclacl qtls l)xhx scrvicl(] Pxra ncgxr , r, .rlirIr<l -v l:s limitltcirnes pers(nlles. l-e cleprcsir-rtt es conscctlencia cle k)s ' 1,, t.s clrl nrcisisnr() tlestrtctivr sol)re las rel:ttioncs intct personlles. la in , r r,n tln [t reliclrl. t cl ctriciltclo cle la prc-ri;t lersonlt
,rrrlf(ncil.
lr).
0l( ( il|lisor()s cle escisirn t Ketnl rr-rg. 1975i R()scnll(1. I 961 ). I-ll clu in() trre clescle Lln() Lr ()tr() tip() (le t,llst()rn() nila(isistx c()n([tcr x Ia clepn'si<-;n t.llll)in es cliferente. C()n respecl() el prinrcr grllli(). ( ilt ctcrizl(lo xrl rrne polrre representxci(jn (lcl srjet.), se puecle llegal rL la tleptesitin rlc ckts l(nrlils: a) clircctanrcnte. potcur- h polrrc rcprcsenttrcin clcl srrjcr lr'e senlir (luc se es imp()tcnte. inc'apaz rle lcnzer el objcto <lcl clrseo. l 111,5c clx r,rt >trclickr; llt clepresiirn es cracil. finra pac cle ln pelsonrrliclecl; /r) incli rr't tirr))rrnle. p()[ lais c()nsccurnciits (lLrc sr' <lerivan <le ]lts rlrfi,tss ptcstlrs cn
t 1].!
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[ecLlrs()s r oi<cs. Crnclir'irin lal (lLrc sc k. <iclrc :rgrcg:rr llt r<lirlrr opofir.rniclacles tlr en l:t viclu rcul p:u11 1)r'()\'cclsc t[ l:rs glatificut iones 1x tl:lr(lsistits ct-te la tlLrttbaltlntc atLrt()estinl rr<lrie-e pereje. trulrej(). ctc.-. l,:r s( ( u( r't(-i 1r'llsk)rn() nrtlcisist, xngLstis pcrse( rl() as / \'ergilenz / c! itll( in
r''r
rrtllo I)r)r eientpl(). p;r[l n() cxp(r-tcrsc ll sitLllci()nes <Lte >rorlLrr'eD tr,ntoL <r \( r'q[i('tzl. Ilt tcmrn:r sc inltilt. cnuD!r-, .r (r,nl.rL1,,\ infrr'rr.,.,,,'],rl(s \ it e\ rr'trcn<irr: <lc aprcncliz:ric. <on cl c<nsigrrienle enrJrtII-t.inrienl<I cn rl <lcs
lL
r
l,ls irrgtstias pclsc(Ll)rias seltn el tenl()r.tl (rstig() dcl reti-() (lc:llll()r () s()n cerltces <lt: llever , I r . ( lislintils fi)ntlrls (lc :lgfesin l'crllal. crrrplrtal. ctc qtle ticnen s()l)le (urrlino nscc las cl Ltencilts <le p()r inclilecr , Lr ,lL rltsi<in e1 cognitii()ne. tlcsanollo slll)lilll:l( cl llls pemr.trllan ttrcntel: I lLrrr( i()nrI]licnl() , , l.r' r. rrpacich<lcs cxl)resir'.ls emrcirnrtlts y reiltt itlltlcs. ls hltllili<l;trles ins (r'ase 1'| rrrr( rlllcs en lrt cl:t itl r'rn ilt rclliclcl el proPir) scnti(lo tlc reltliclacl .l' r:ir,rrrlr .3). Ls rlrft'nslts (lLre sc cti\'ll llttlt tlisnlillttir llts ltngttstias persctrtltgrcsir icllrcl. c\il.lci(lD liil)ic1l, rilLillcs {)l)scsi\()s. Dl.ls( )qtlisnl( ). }'()tt-()s , r .r, ,r'n()s (:rrit(tcr(rl<lgi<rrs- [itnitltn s< l'i:tttlentc l:ts clt-rllt iclallcs (lcl slict().
r.rlrzrinrlt1c, lrrt<intlole sentir ilnl)(fcnt. xr:t tkrulinltt n< s<il< la tc'tltclrtcl I r r||r<i<in cr)n l()s ()lr()\ significxli\'()s sin(). t:tllrl)in. stl Pr()Pix tlltnte -t(l,r.rr ior'rcs ()l)scsivlls. :tngLrslills hipoconclriacas. ett.-. P'tr'l pr()veer tlnl ilt5 r r, r)n: cl (ircLrik).lrlgtrslills Ptrsectlk )rias ./ e\"itltci(-)n fiil)ic,'inhilli< irin/tia ' r , , t n k rgr os nitr(isistlls / (lctcri( lro cle la re llre senl.lcia)n (lcl scl I cleple sirn. ,,,. ,Ir tlL unlt inclicrr'i<->rt tlel plrlel cttc las angttstirls persccLlt(nis tiuncn cn Ll,'rL rllr.r\r,,n,h , rlgr r n.r. tlerr't .i, 'n,'' l\'r() lt(l(lu1is (lc (st( ('tcct() (lq llls angLlslils pcrsgattk)rias. a lne(li1ln() () I'r1rr rLizo sttclen prrxltrr.it cttltclLrls clcpresivlrs tle llt' ntttclx llis inltrrli.Ll,r \ cr)n clttictcr crisixiir.o. Nrs tcli'litrlos it l: ()l)(,'\'.(i(;n n() infrectl('n_ r, ,l( (\)ll1{) !rr1:r l)els()nrt lls(lstlt(liL frcnte il Llrl lllfcal rclllizilt, v tellli( n(k) n()
rlc frrncirtes
pa'r(li(hs en lx reali(lx(I. con<lLrvc cn sentimient()s (lc irrrrfcncia v clescspernnzu pxr lll rcxlizci(in cle-l rlcscot p()r titn). cn (lcprc.r,l 1.. <lclesin es, enk)n(es. srcrndria unx li)l)ill rrIililttc (lcl suick). ll)lri:r ltc n() (lcri\'11 prin)iltiircDti (le un trast(r_n() en Ilr Icprescntecirin rlcl olrtr' sirrrr (lr)e tiene su LiIrsl c] (lr(, cl sujet() es rerresenlrrtkr ('(rD!) ltti rl(s( ul() t(,nte :l(lLr1. C()nr() nlc cxprcs(i rrn 1r:ttientc- (tnr infiniit si(l)i(lLax _frttzlin r' ilrni:t: "Si nc lc tjr:nc nrieclo l()s le()na-s rs ll()r1lu( s( cr(t, larztn,i L s rI t ir', lrr eprrscntlrci(-)n r':rkrriz:r<lu drl srjct() (letelinil el tocler' <rrc sc lc .rllll,u]1. [rs olrjckrs. (]ultnrlo sc Lrtiliz rl (r)itk) exiern() (()n1() Ln:l fi)rntll (ltl .rl\rrt.rl;rr llr trrrklestinra () lus ()lr'(n(lxs lll sr.rpcry'<i t'n iirmta rlc lrgros persone
li
r
rlricl tlficit \'()ic(
)s :
rlr[rricr Iirll() en estls clos rnrclliclaclcs clc rrrrttpcr-tsltcion clcscltlt<rl rlr lrl.sion (Airti v llcrnp()ritrl. 19lllr Illatt 1 \'larouclas. 1992: Illtt ) (fr)s. l,)sl. lll,tlt r ZrIoll, 1992).rr I-u polrre r-cpresr:ntlrc irin <lcl sricl() puecle (.()ndr ,ll .r l.r (l( lr( \it,n ir lrx\',s .lcl circUito rle lu egrcsil'icllrcl. l)tcrlitizlcl. lr,,r c.r.r r,rr.r r[.lr rliI r'sr. (k l srfrin)i(-nf() n:r(lsjslil sc p()ncn cn l))itrcha (1)i(lucls v
s. , Lr ,L
ntc ls cltelcs clclrc teclit (Ll(nls. expcrirucnt't Lln (lc , llrrticnl() inl'trxcntitt. tle aplastetrlicnlo. tlc <lcsr itltlizltci<ill: cs clecir' ttnl ,, r,rion cleprcsiln. C,r.trtcLo (ltle c(r)lPltll(lc scrlt illlient( )s disfricos cle ins rr.l.rrcior-l stlrrc la tetc. PrcgLlntas nci()nxliza(l()riLs acelca (lc si ese til)() clc r, r1\i(l.rd rs st .ver(lJdc[ \'()cllcin', con ttna pri fitnclizlrcit-n crecientc clel (le dLF ' rr.rrlr'o r.leprcsirrr (ltr('se cxplicx pol<ttc cl tenlor (lit ltlglLl lt tod() lip() tle l:t clcterioro el c()llsigtlicnte con l .tcci(-)n. , l rr cn e inllil)i( i(in >rreliiantcs rrrt()(stilll. l-: tclltcii-l elttrc llrie(l(),''lllp<fc'tlt ilt tlultr:si<-rll se c()Illpl.tlel):l l,,rllrc tlilliu:t(ll l;r situcirir xtcll]()l-iziotc, v n() s(ll() P()r(ltle sr' l:l rcltlice
rrrsl.r('cl'1r lus li{r':ts
,rr, r
t ,( o,!.1 l,* r.rl'.!t(i\ (l( It|rlr (n ( ,,, ..;. ',
(rrr|lulo s(r)re o.i((f(r.[)r1r (l(.
1( l|lsr()r'rx)s
nlr-
ult lLtso .tb:tncktrin,.l()l:.t. )a tlcplcsiirn (lesil):rr:(c ilnlecliatlelltc.
AV,{N( t'S liN pSlL()lltRAPIA PSt(jO^NAt-iftCA
:L MODIIT,o
MODUI,AR-'I'RANSFOR]\IA('IONAL
59
l::l
l,olrl
rl? kl idar t lificac it r etr ld deprcsn
rllR l'r rr: rlitl rtl t'l l'rnr'lslJ< 'le Irt p''rtlte:', '' l'J\ rt'rli'l'r'l' lrr tle or(.icntJL'ii,n i''t'""nu Jlrrrlrrl'((t'rJ .' p"r el ir.ch,, <ttle l.l vc.ln Ll'll)' i"t"".it'tl 't"t,"t..l
l;r iclcntificeci<in, aclenhs cle intervenir c<IO fict<r inclirecro cn la gnesis tlt llr tltpresi<-rn al cntrut crmo element() est[Lcturnte para cacla r.rno de Lrs l'u<1rres pol los que se prrecle llcglr lr la clepresirin, inler\ icrr tambin cle rni nllncrr (lirectx: Il i<lentilic r'ir->n con paclres clepresivos cs conclicin irnln)rt:r)lc cn la organizac ir-rn tlcl cli-rcter clepresivo. I-r rtpresentircirin clel sltt() (r)rr) illtp()IenIe plrra rc'lrlizar k; rleseaclr> >trcrlc tcncr srr otigen cn le rrlt rrtrtl<uci<n c()rl un ()tr() significativo (luicn, il sL r'ez, sc si'tti<i irrl)()(cntc. llr)' I)crs(nr.rs criaclus clcscte sLr trl.is tcnrprana infntil b:rjo orensllics, tnnsnriti(l()s x lril\'''s clr mil lilrrnus, in(()nscientes y c()ns( ienes, (lcl tilx).n()s()tr()s ro xrrlcnros, o "jlr'nlts kr ( ()nsegL irem()s,, ctrc el sltjeto irl(()rp(n c()llt() Lnlr l.r rnr'cpc irin cle firnclo qLre inrpregne k)d()s sus cleseos. hat irt<irsclos vt ir nI i( il)lr(liu))ente conur irDposilrlcs. Renuncia ntcs (lc intentxr lxrxue cla por rI scontuck cl resttltcl< ncgiti\'(). lil repel clc Ia iclentifit:tcirn en la psicogne'sis cle lrs r'rlttlros nsrcup.f,, Iruirrrs nr ()(up1i en psicoanlrlisis el ltrglr rluc nrestfi) irtici< Icece. l'osil)l(,Dr('nte h), c()ntril)uick) a el]r> cuc totlos krs histr iales fi(uriianos y la clcs r rr>r ir'rn clc lts fnctores qtte interrentlfiltn en h psi(()gncsis (lc Ios (listint()s Iril.\l(Jt()s cs e,l lDorlck psj(\rpilt()l(-).(lic() rrrc rlrlinit l>lrr.-na partr'r.lc l:t -qIrc urin en l rctLraliclacl- c<ltrcsp<tnclen a r,rna p<rclt <lc lil( r:ilurir l)sic()ilnlllirir':1, l,r ,,1r' tlc l,'rclrcl currn<kr cl c()n(cpk) cle iclentificlci<in lttin no cstaba plenar.rlt rlcsiurrlllck. Fln llt <lcucliL cie los vc-inte. crtanckr ,<kr cl eclifickr tetilirrr clinitrr solre la firrrutcin cle sntrnas se hlltl ,'r rrnstruick, Freucl s( ()(Ll)x clc uranera sisterrltic clel fcn<ineno cle ll irlcntificaci, ,n p,:r r.jr.l]rlrl<r. en I'scololaa de ls ntasus -\' allisis dal .t\) ( t921) y en l,ll .to .t'cl
dh t l())11.
:';l;,,,il::',;';";; ;r"re'l'.r"rr*r'
"'1.:::]j^:]]l:l;' ;:J]l',Jl;.i:.. r^ n:l:';": J'j'ii"' '""ri"'r"' "" (lrrc i::.":'.']l:.i[::l,iix,,,-ilJ.*l]ixlllx:,1.:: p,,r (lilerL'ntes Ll,^.rnulis.r'
'rlr,*,._i'i,,,,,., llrt.rrpy clinir Ilngl.rr(rr.r). ;,:':'::;,,,,;;:.,;.,n i'i* ''r'
't""' ::
""'r' îll:,:';::l::ll ll;,;il;: i;;'.il ll, r c\rrL ( rtrr'r .'rcr intr,." n' 'rtrn'r' ' '''n '| l'1., *::'li'li,,: ill'i,,tlil, ;l iil,; ;,'.,r.' iq;t'l ttr" r l cositlera'ntlt'''c tntLi"'""' " cntocirul clcl nio lerlue< jl.ti', ;; ;;"i; :l#;."'i" :::lt.llJ;:;:J.:',.'ii::::I:'i:'l::,,[']J:
s,nri,, i,!rp,,{(.,,r1'i'.".
lr|.l::'il.ll]:;'ili',],; :,;r'.;l\.,,..n(,rs l.r lrisr,,ri., rt(,t(). r'' Asi 'lr r..' r'!''|\ ..: '",llilil'1,,],.:.,i'l"ll: [;:::il : il].:';:. i,1"" ,,. i '[rnJ '( '( ('xisIiI "ii" lln '\cnlilli(.nt,l '.],,!:,,: nr orcst:trllt- (l'fcIl(1. l()].i1. ',,,,,,,n.,,u..t.,
l,..lI;.i::'..n.,,,nr.,"*'''..l''-r"riLltntit'r'rL'it'n'r'nI^t:ttllt'qrr(1r\r{e
sienten.
.--.-,.,, ,."i.,p :tr''"*' Ll( lcn('r. i hl *. ntinri. nt,, tlL irtrp''t(nt i r Pt!( J-'"' sc ic['ntilit''t crrn r-l li'rente (le la antcrit: lt'pt"t'n'
rrn I rtol'usLllt-l(lr)n
. tll ,rrr; c.oncliciirn cliI'l',-)l \in'r (r)n lx ilrx ott"

(
I
iJ"'I,,.l,r,',,,,,,,..;,1,:l't"".'l'i'il:l;::l,:'l;,ll:.:l.l;.:;:l;i::illl::,l: tlrl :tltlt' tt

:li''*':,';l;.;.;ii,
;,
r
rne' Ire ' lr't't't '|. i)('ns'rl rrplit ir nu 't t'n "'rt i no'rr'r' <trl<r '' .''u ",.l.. i"i' lluccles" pal:t ir-vi.ntltl e,r pa.ltes (ltc tr'lnrrnllt'(11 .-i''*..rt"' ,i, ;:.;.;,, cn er suc, ."*lll'i:i:,,i,.f *::::1:i;.!,"'lllllil:,:::lllj[:
':
,l
rirrrtr ct ,,1,ier,,.*'.:."1:-:',1 l.l.i;,';:,:::,,;;;'; i,, iir.nt,.r,, (l(lL tlr (le l)r ,tcn( i-l LILIL siclllPlc
stliet().
<lel
rr,.
n<, a l,r clcl
irlcntifir:r<ion cn la firrrncirin clt'l <rrcter (vasc llauclly. l9ti3). in(lica que hit)' rn.r \'(ti l('(iri( u n() sLr ll( icnl enr(nte explorlcla ni arlir':rcla il l (lnica. Resrrrt,r.rl rr xlcr- clepresr-11crro rrrc Ireclen clescr D >r'ri rt r l)ir(llcs Ll( l)r(si\'(,s n() urc firrrilrr rr lu lricn tkrcttttcr(lr,l:t <rlrrclcin entre tlertcsi<irt l).rrcrilirl ) (le rrr':rrrrr lilirrl (M()rris()n. I9tiJ), () x lus ctnsccttencils cle ll fultrt (l('rcsl)rcstil .rrIr'rlrrirr rtrc krs paclres cle]rcsiv()s tienen pltra las nectsiclu<les t'ttttrionles r[,srrs lrii()s (Ar]tlr()ny. I98-J). ni 1r ll atlrrsfera cle tristezl v <r,rlr:r <rrc gcne.rr tNl.Lsorr. l99f).,U,ls l)icn. rrri inters aqlt es sultruyal l itltntilicat irln ,l, l rrrr,,, , r,ro nt5,q() cffd( l!t"d,qr'co, crn lu clcpresi(ln par(nt1. Ilcliri('n(l()se
l.ir irll)()rt.rncia que. a
.r r.\t.r r ll(
p.l ir cle c'se nromento.
F'reLl(l le ()t()lga a ln
(t. Dfic:it
-trtctts:
c(t llit l )' ilt't tt ilicLtckitt''si'xDio^

(
r'r''n U:]-.:'.:,1 pttctlc ser la LrD lr.r\li )fll( ' tle l clrcscn (lc c<nset.rtencil rlt trn cii,ilcit aar,l -,r,, l)Lrr.lr))cnl(j t'i"t'J't..t.... tt'g"iriv t\' expresivxs ,i.. tci<'rn clel sttieto- clc t"ttur"t 't' f.. ' 'tl
Fll sentirlicnt()
(ls irrrP(f(-n( i'r
1>'rrrt
l't
re-tliz
str.n. Ar]rir I"reu(l (19(r5) lrll
D<ir
.l-o que sr,rcctlc es rtrc lalt's nirios
.rl,.rrz.ur sr sr'rtinri( nl() rlc' lrniclltcl c<n sr lllaclte clepresivlr rt() rtt((l1lntc I() )lrr. i \ r rlutr\ i,r sirr nrrrlirrntr: el reProdtrcir clt <r//<.r.s el estark tlc rlnirrt clc llt
rrr,rrlrr' (r,r1i
L.rDrrr('ri')n(lcl'|'\(\r'r\lt)'..'*^'l';:i.'''l,,'';:;i'''1'l.l''''lt,'"'''in\lrtrrrrcntrl'' j.ii,.,,,p,,,:li;li::l*l;i:ll;ll,]:'JI:l'ii;1.*.1 :i.ll;;,,;,,,,,,:,; ('r r.n. i,,ii,,"ii. i,.'*,i'r''' r']r""'|n(r"!'|(n'|'' llx'i::;:,x,'i:,ll:: lil,lx;illll" tle' lrt papel J lti ..*t"ti" 'r'lrrc r:l y()ic()' 'lxml)in :';it"
ci()narlicnt()
l: irlt ntiilceirin no se limita a intenenir t'n lu crns llrrr ,,rr rk l.r rr'l)r \r'rt.r, rorr rk'l srrjclo: tarml)in l() hacc qn eurtr lu t'c
llroll r,rxlrI
li-. (trr\i\.r Iltii).
xl)iert() pllra clcl 1.:'skrisrn<'' clei el canrir.t<r iclentiticxci)n en h cslrtrcttrrci;n ha-v tlficit clrttsA: iit'rt"" fti iclcntiticacirn c()r)r() estttcliar krs clficit y()ic()s tt'r: int'.lrp"tlr pttecle \ t f" p"*t-ntlln PLI( nit(lie ()r i(l( nli[t(:l( i('n crrn plrtlrt tiut,
li,l',J";J':;;,,,..'i1n,ii,.,,,'"'''q""ll'rtlrtt.str''n()p)\('('r'r'
AV^N.IS ItN
PSICO',TIiRAPIA PSI(lOANA l--l
l(:,\
ut-
rlf
oDriI_o i,toDUl_AR-'t RANSr:()RMA.toNAl,
61
l.,s tlcticit y()ic()s Psicologic()s () dc ('lLts orgillica -<llll)() ccrel)lal' P() pucclelt. li su vez. ssl caPtcl<s clestle Lln penpectiva nxr(isist e inllrt srrr cn un calllin() qtte conclttce a la cleprcsiirn ptlr el l:rcl<> <[cl nrcisislr()i r \c(cs ltrtr el circtiir tle llt :rgl csir iclatl (ltc p(rnen en nl1lr(l), En este strrlirlr. lr uglesiviclacl tltte no es es infiecLtente ()l)serv.tr en los clts<s tlc cl:t< t r',.llul rlt tltle pensxtse qtle tenga c()n)() (ttsil cxlltsivrl ix Perttlrl)rrr i(in llri<;Lrgi<r <lrc il('l( :lrene se in\()( sin(). tl)l)in. cl sc[ tl clttensa lient(,:rl sufrinlient() nrcisist (ltle la (:rPtlici(-)n cle Ia rr<lia liniitacin ilnn()nc. t.n ( icl-ts pers(1ls (le ccllt<i crr cletet'ilrr cclcllll ()lgiitlL() sc crrlllrlclx la cllicit yoitrrs'trstu)rl')() I-trttcisista ,' agresivitlacl clclcnsi'r'r'uencil siguiente: r,lr r.lrteriorc cle rcllcioncs intcrperson'.ilcs. xisl:tlllicnt()'(l(jl)rcsi(ini ()' 1l !t Lt's. r'( tli'il<it yoico e: talttltckr rcilli.sticillltenc r.lenclr Iugar': tn lirl'ia <lrt D() s( ()rigina en Ln trust()tn() iltlsolio clc los t-ccttrsts v()ic()s sin() en Llnll (\nrsllrtu(i(in clc tclles insulicitnci.ts tlel vo.r' Atlcrrlis <lc ll)s (()ttlicr)s ttre ptotltt<en <llicit roict;s. lr l itlentiliiciiin lon ligulrrs yrlrcntelcs con clflcit. cieras sitlrllitsis ctr ttn olljcto sirificlrti \() (luc Ltsttrl) litnciones \()i(s llclerllillll (lte sllis no sc <ltsltrtrllcl. Lll lrr. (l( sr.l('ijrlrr(rli en l)lsc 1l Ptsil)ilicirtclcs llttlurltlivas Pcl-o tilllII)i(ln il llls rrlt'ntificlciones v 1l.ls jnterlt((i()nes c()n tln ()lr() (lue Pemlite cL c'jercicio cI: lirrt ioncs. prrccie cqtte<lltt' rutrlilal(l() si Itlly lfi liisk)a-x) cll (tlll(ltli!,.-l (k c.st:l
,
jlrr.llo-
,l(c n(lx prre<le Itlcer ficnte a la relitlcl. r,ivitlll es cro trltttttclrra (lli lrring, 1953). En c()nsecLlencia. crlirlclr.riel es(lLleDrr ]enerati\'o que tlxtasc cle , Irr euentl clc Ie <leplrsir-rn <lr.rcclara cateltte clc algr cs!'nciaLl si no se inclttrcl;r cl pipel que <lesempel l.l hist()ri1l rcul (lel stricto. entenclinckrse por lrist()riir re2rl t.lnk) k)s su(cs()s qur le ha t()cilcl() vivir c<no los ap()rtcs ex r(,r-r1()s a iu c()nstrLlc(i(in <lc Iu frintsi inconsciente, c(rrx) p() ejcrnplo I1 lrist(r'ia (le Ilrs irlentificaci<nes con ls fintllsrs inc()nscientes (le los pi,h
es.r'
Es (lign() (e hrr<er nr>tlrr rr.re lr> cluc el rsitr>anlilisis cl-rirr sugicre srrlrrc
lr(
(lilrtcnsi()nes.
l.(t
n\
No
tl.td !.\terttI
trrttt 1(iti.d.)'
Irt (ll'pt('skitt
tllt clucl:t cuc'cl ltctltccittliL'nt() \'ivi(l() il(l(ltliclc sitlllPl( \tl signilittior nlercccl ia frtnts clcsrle cl ctal sc cal)(x \'. 1l sll vcz. la littslr
inflrrenci clc las cxpcriencilrs trlrrll-ltic!ri cn le genesis cle Ia rleprc:i,'rtt. <n cspecial las qrrclitlas tcnrlrln.rs. tienclr Lrl respalcliiruport:tntc en l(rs ll.rllxzrlos clc llrr>rvn y Hirrris. Est()s irrl(nes. uiilizilnrl() s{fisti(.r(lxs hcrrarientrts cle .rnlisis c1>icleniola)gic( ). cxaD)itrxr()n l in]p(ntilnciil clc le ptclicla (ie ()l)iet() (n lx g(ncsis cie ilr clepresirin, t.lk) cn lll tenlprnx intinci <r;n< ulterir' n)rntc (llr()\\'n. 1991). l)cflncn p('rclirlrt en un senti(l() rLntplio: pi'rclicl:r clt'unu 1x'r'sone, clc la salud, <lc un iclcal <ucliclo. o la rentrrlraci<in clc la exrcctetiva ,uc sc tcnlr solrrc cl gnrclo clc rr rrttrn rrttiso clc uD !!r_Lr'() cr)n rcspect() ll slri(1(). () in( i(lentcs (lLle cursti(arn sl sentilricnt() dc iclenti<llcl (lel suiet() { l)arf. (rl). Usk)s cstLr(li()s lllLrcstr.ln rtrc la Pi'r'clicla clc llr nrcllc. rrro srfrt'e trr{o ll l.rlt;t <lc ligtrrr sr)ti1ut:l 1r(lccul(llr son VIIjIbll. s it])l)(n-lnfcs cD cr.Lnt() lir PIetlisPosi< irin u llt clel>resiirn F:n cu.lrlt() lrl tixr clc t,xLlnlit,v lip() clc clcrre rrn rcstr[tlrnlc, I]r-()\\'n ]' [1rais :rtittl1rr't: "f]n (stc a()r]te\t() cs intcreslutlt] qLc lr:rl cierr tridrncirr <r.rc los lipos clc cxJtricrt< ia lerlprril tlc p['r'rlicllr rucilcn ttnrr inlllrc-ncie tn lt .fi'utct <lc le clcplcsir-rn... l,n clos cstuclios sePltlrrcirs Llt rlt<itn{cs tlcrrcsit<rs. llts {crttp[tnlls c\i)c,ici( i:s clr Illtrtle (rle IrgLrr.r .i nifirtivl) s('rnc(lr (lLlc cstrll)rn es<lcil<llts ctn ttr ctterLo clc <leprcsir'rn
l,r
n():Llrgc rx((si\:trIlcnte I)()r Ptlr.r il<ncr'-r(,n itltr'.trsrtrtic-r sin" tlrtc lraten . L()nlIil)u(i(-)n ell l()s disltlls() parentales c(rlscientcs e inc()nscicntcsl rltris esrccticeIItente, llLs trtntsis inc()nscientes cle los llaclres (Heilrun, l9:6). l)rl)cc:() (lc c().ltin(l i<la 1 r'Lreltlr, (l!' ilsilil:l( il) (le l() c\tern() P()1 l() inl('rt() \. clc cruttiltci<in cic l() intern() a l() cxtcln(). l)elo lunqtte la rt:ali <llttl t'xtcior es tleclilttiz:tcl lot la inttrt-trt' c\istcll siILlci(lngs el't tlttc 'tttrc' ll: rcsrltrr rr.>alrrrllantc, jrrgentl, tt:t pitttl central l)rlrll l1l ( reaci(in (lcl sentitlit'nlr cle cl:sesretanza e inrP')lcncix. Llts sitttci()ncs (le (nretilllicnt() <lc I ri<l: Pr', ,l, rr tg.r rlo. stlltc tockr en lits tt!P.l:\ tclul)ritnrs -3unqle Par r:rrl,l r( \lrirgi(lits rt stas-, i Pers(rls pat()lr->giclts. slitlicas y lirni(lts (Pers()r l)()rl.,r ( nl(rlls(ldes setiltsc inr'licllntcs. lt contlicitnts cl(.lh.tlld() rl.,r rL s.rrr.rirtr. rt lrts rtril firrntrs rlcl <lokrr lisico o lsi<rtito. se inc(r'P()llIl ltt ll rsirrrrsttr, (()lrr() s('!1liuienk) ile finclo tltte hace scntir a ll person:t
rDtesis cs aercgch ). I)lrfrL tclnlinitr csfe arpartit(l() solrrc llr r'elrlitl:rci y srr inflttcrtcia cn l:( (l(preia)n, hl\,rLrc- Ilrcet n()trr'(lue cl hcrJro cle rrrc en cl (liaRr1)li I Ireyu sitlr> siDtplclrlentc c()l()(lr(Lt (()ln() LID sc(1()t Iis olrccler'e cxclusivalll(]ntc x Iiu)it1l,ioncs glliliclts. I'irrrr hx(rrlc (lcl)i(lx i(sti(ilr lrl patl <lc h rcili(lx(1. i'sl:r ('r) t h ilt tttc haltl sick ) ul)ic: r(l.r ( ( nlr( ) un sqgun(l( ) (lirtgrr n) clcbu jo clcl tlirrgntrlt 1 .
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A[r)(re se ptLecle Jlcgar u la deplesin ir tr\s de cLullquierr clc l()s circuit()s nrcnci()n(ks, rle li>rra inclepenclientc, siguicncl() l()s enc.tclenarrricntos (tc pl()ces()s propios (ie crciu un() se nlucstrl en el cliag|urra 2 para -c()01() la lclack-rn agresiviclar-l, derrcsir-rn-, es posible (lLe est()s circLrit()s se xfticulen. c<lrr l() ihrstra el cli:rglana 1. l)ebemos <liferen< ilr cl()s r11()(llrli(lades <lifrentes de articulaci(-)n: l) c(Io una ser'fu contple,rcnlarlI, cuyos c(nl)ponenlcri s()l)redetefluinxn lx clepresiiln; es clecir, la rleplesi(rn ctro el rcsultcl< cle Il p.llticipaci(in simult,lnex dc varj()s fact()[esl 1r) c()r1r() rn.l sErie sL,ct?tl(ktl en I:r crral tn cir(Uit() procltce r()nsc( Lrencits y l ()virttirDk)s (lcfi'Dsi\,r>s. qrte, en uD l)lls() ultci()r, ictivlrn ()Ir() cir(ti() () gr_tp() (l(, r'r(Urt()s. Ir trtc, a srr vez, ltcri\':L at ()tr-()s, que pttcclen tgtr(xlrtL:lr s()l)le l()s plcccclentcs. I nlL sucesi(-)n (lc pils()s y circlit()s (lrc finrlulente c()n(hrccn l l.L depresia)n. Ilustreln()s esta sLrccsi(in (le eslul)()nes y t(arnsfi)r'rtruck)nL's rrcnci<n:rndo rrlgtntits poces posil)ilich(les. lln tr:lst()[n() nrcisislir, y clentr() (le (lste el pertencciente al sul)tip() en rrrt cl t-lenrento centrll rs Ia polrre lcprcscnl.rci)n clel ..,1/:rr (lue cle pot s l):rsl:rriir l)r' pr<><ltrcir cleplesion suiel() sc sirnte no vuliosr>, infi,:'ir'-, -el tle rtrrs cir<rrilrs. l)<I cjertrplo, raIa ts rlrrlrlc <1r.rc c()n([Ltzc:t x stit lL tlvs
lll (fr()s t''min()s. algo clue c(mrenz) pol el la(l() (le Llna p(r)rc lcPle, rr,l( i()n (lel sLrjr). al lLrticrlarse (()n l1l .lgl-csivicl:tcl lxrcc ctte el ctttino ltrt, r.r llr tkrtesior: \'r n() selt el rrrc clelillrrlt cle llt prirttera sino clc Is sLr(csr\.rs ()l)lig,rr, ulrr(i()nr\ rrrc le lrg:csivilucl rtrrlicllt ir cstl)lt(icD(lo -tilguuli I ri ,l1l)( )ncntcs II (\rl ()tf()s (( )lnl)()nent( s. l()s \luc I.lrlln''!,) (\r\ln \i'rrr, , ,liglrrkrs, uni\'crsles. cn )al():.Lrjc). I)( ()tr1l pxltc. un trllst()llt() lrrul\i\t-l , rr t l sulrtipo p(r)rc represcnt.icion cl<'1 .szl pLrcclc inciclir en llt rloclttcci<-rn <lc ' , li( il )1)ic()ri. los rtrc como scill;lnx)s lntes inicilln una \'r p[()l)ix liircill el , ntirienl() (l(j i:Drotencilt 1, tlest's rr: te n za (ltlc se rlnilicst c()m() clel)rcsia)n. 'Iinetrrs <>lrr clc ks serfotcs clgl cliagrrrult l. el r'ortcsltxttlicnle lt lrt ,,l, nlili(J(i()r)r crllt(l() 'stil li(trL ltgirlrrtt patlrcs un (lLicrcs (l()luioll cl srrrrrrr('nt() (lc irttr<*cnria. clkr ltttttlc Ill((t sentil :ll srli({() (lLlc l()(i()s:'(,rt rll.i5 l,nltlosos rrrc 1, llcrrinclolc :l tcnr(r 1r llts figtrllrs e\l('nlrts. al r-cnLrrt!l.ll it , ,,nrl)ctt. n() lnr ns(xlLisnl() 1]l()[ll sir]() p()r llngLlslirr: l)cr-sccLr)fias. sc c L\,1 crlton(es rl .ircLlil() rle ('stas. <rrc I)Lreclc c()n(lLl(ir x l:l (lcprcsi(-)n (cli 'ir.rrtte.3). lrllt,^t,)tt
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int(nf:lr (()ntrrrrcstrrr el sufliruient() nxr(isis(r (l(t() p(r'la polrrc rcplesen trrcion <lc s, v sin cluc t()(l:l\ a hiy.r cleprcsion, se p()nen erl lnr( ll.r (lcseos igr-csi\'os clestinaclrs u cLcsti()n[ lL k) ()tr()s trentc r los cLlalcs cl sljct() se sicot(' infeti()r () quc tiencn ctnx finLlirlacl intentxr (l()t.lr al sujelt> rlc un s(nlil))i(Dk) cle p()lenciu y rle r':rla l tra\s (lc verse colrl() terDirk> r<>r los cle'rr;is .r))ejor lral() y (lrst:.t-ctivo, es clecir >ocleroso, ctre tli'bil c infer()r,-. ('() l< crll el nr(^ in'icnk) psttrico raslr lrh(na a r:rnsclrni, p( lirs \,ius ctrc lu aglesivicl.rtl inrPr.rlsa, con tocllts hs c()nsecuencilts qLrc ':rt,r rl)li(1l. ('ntrc ellas la cler'csion. co[r() vi1l()s cn cl apartacl() a!]1cs ivida(l/ (lel)r-(,si()n. I)cr() si. u plrtil (lcl circuito cle Ia agLesiviclad, sea por l)t,yc(!i,lt'l () lx)r'rcsl)Lresta rctrliati\,1r en la reelicltl p()t pafte clel ol>jeto exlern() agr-e rlirLr, st llcgase a .lctiv:r (l cilcuit() de les lrngrrstius persecutorias. la llega<l.r rr Lr tlt'rrcsirin poclru solrrcvenir por lrrs -rsccrrencias rlue ese tipo rle ,rrrr1rsli:r i(.rrc. O si la lrgresir irl:rcl <l:t Irrgat () l sentif tl r)lLlncl() c(r)l() pe lr1r,rso sirto i (ltc sclL cl sujet() (ltien s. r( prc'\ente r sr rltisrttr) (onr() peli!irt,\() \'(Lrriin() p.uu c()n sLs ol)ie)s. al x.ti!'1lrsr cl circuit() cle la cr.rlp:r, con srrs r.nsr,r'ut rrc ils cle rentrncia o clc ltrttrtcastigo uras()qLista, ent()n(cs s!l'rn l' \.r\L/1,
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1\',AN(.:S t:N lJ!t(.(tl llRApt^ pst(.t),rNAL.t.t(.A
()r),))iu(). )ltiil slt srr-pfcsa. plt(s nLln(.ir hltia tcnitlo le ntenor esperanzl. en ($tt() (luc n() er:l t.rn (l(,l)il c iotp()tcltc sus p:rlal)rxs. .rrna pecue:r lral_ -(,n srt t'rr tncclio rlt, l:rs ol:rs, l:sl()s (as()s (lini(()s nlLl(,\t(rn. ll ntcstr() tntenrlel.. (t-)tn() tcstlta in(lis l>r'rs.rlrlc <lisp<nc- (lc ull rr()(lql() rsict)at.l<'xai(r) (l.e c\pli(lu( l()s ruriltil)l( s
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CAPTULO
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EL MASOQUISMO
r''Pc, llcrs c firnr'irin l,\r\ , ,t( t.lPt.l r.lr, r,,ntr. r
sis. srlo elt le tctlicla cn (lLlc rrtiliccnl()s ntrxlells <lc intcrr.(,n(-i()n qLc seirn rlc lrr <rrnligut.ith l)s i(! )pllt( )l(-)gicu scr:i titctilrlc rrn:r
(.Dlirr)s p(r'l()s r'Ullcs se puc(l( llcgtrr.u los tlifi,r.cntcs sLl)til)os cic clcprcsiOn. l)r.'to. lr<lcnris. \,.,:,tc es el esrecto soltr.e el (luc p()ntnx)s ftxlo nirestrr etnftt
n,! r.lrf,'n(,t\k.t
o psit'olrigi (l()loros() ;C(inr() cs posilrh: trte rtcrtcllo trtc resLlltll -lisic:l l)Ltsccl( se;r slttisfltcc'to:l prilll <lc cllllI:'nlc-. cLtt plo<ltlt:e lruritillltci<irr. ctte lt ple(islllllentc slr liitticl'ttt cl en lctivrl rll( lltc Ixn-Ltnll l)crs(xl ) cn( tlcrlll-e tlt Frtltcl inlercs s!ll)\rlccllt('l (: gr-'l11 lil t'ttlslt tltl pllrct r'l t:'ttlr l)l(g(lnt1l (190, l9l. l9l9lr. lgllrr) Pt el lttlt;t (lt:l llls(xltisl)l()' v la rLtc st lontlttlrtn sLl senIrxkrs ]rs LtI<-cs (lLlt] st l)an octtt.ttir tlcl ')lisllr()' I:l nlas()(lLlisll)()' en (-11( terizlt(k) scr aproxitnacit-tn c()ll1() PLle(lt ti(l() lrris cstrict(). \' l)rinlcl. < ntcnc<tttv l'.t btistltterll (()lls(ictltc \' () in'()nscicotc tle srttiinliellttl fisict (-()n(ii(-i()tl{s esr: ():lLlrPri\'(i')n
l)(lr(ltlc tll, <1,.'rttrl,lcrjtriiio..tr.rtrxllstigrr (ltlc. ljn srrjrro lcs ()l()r!ll tltl sigllifitltcllr- dc llliluctl llll son r.,xlilir.trcls -r,l instrtll)(]nt() tl Pllril 1 jr,'cl. gcncllln rl,ttcr. lil clislllrcer cs llt ulrlicil-lt ll olrtcnciirir cle placct ,,.,..,. ,,,,,r,1r.,. P() Lln (ircLit() c( )lllplicil (l() cs llr rtte I) nlrllt)rtlt(j sc l()grx. F-:'t() ll()s \'3 in(li(1ln(l() r'e <tte cl llllls(xlLtis11() n() cs(aP'l k)lirlnrcrll( (lc k) (luc (tl I)si(r)llniilisis (\)ll()('cttl()s t'<tt\\<) ptittcPi) tlcl ltlttcc'r' ttrltl se lrrtll i llt tttt tsl)(r'lr) l))('t)()s tlt rrl .le .r.rs locl: tlitllt tlcs llltit lll los tlc gtria cl tllclt(l(tlillllicnto lrtxt'sos rsitrritos es Lt i"lrl.c.,u. lo <1r.tc ('i(-)n
lrscLrttllr
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lus olrscsknts,:L 1a lrcrse'c rtcit-rn. llor
lL l)1)r l() (ltlc s(l c\'llllen n()s scl-\'ir' c(nrl() illlt(xltl( (lispllceDlet(): ls firrs l krs la tlc <lcslxrltl:i, citrc lo Ttoccsos ctrcsliirtt (luc si cstlin nuis all<i lL'l pt irtt:iPtu) ('l lld(:o cs (l!'(ir' l Pr'()l)lc-
tlcl tLer:.
c'llLtslt (lLlc sll)) il(L- lt la:tt'tgitstia tle llclrtnctilir'r r I:Ls l'csa<lills srttiluicnro .tl lti,lortlclr.
titlrt:tlgunos ejetttllkrs' e lttl':nll-lttt'llrs en .entr',ll cs Ltn,t lltrlt "l llsito:lnlilisis t ttt'" tllrs olrligll (r)n (t:ll tr)(l'r l'l iolP(1xn cl tc'r'itLrio ck'lrr t1r.tt cstii ntlis rtlLli ttel cl!sto ('l (l (l(\Lt) ilriLll l)llrl('(l(l inc(ls(i(-l)lr ll()s l(]s!l .,,, ,,," l. ,.a,rr,r.-.'rr,,, -sill tL'se()' sin cl tiir'rr ir)c\1)licl)lc-. sirl cnll)arg() r.lci:l r-tn tllltrgcn n.fi!atd
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l)txs{ xluistats.
Alxr<:ilclonos \'11 l Lt ttlcll clc tlcst.rnsllrrir. lx cllteg()1.x <le ntasurtrrslltr ,, (l)lstarrnI()s rtre lrej. esre tnuin() cn l:L litcriltLl-x s,lxe cl reru \t rrLr .,r rlrs ctrrliciones nttr rlili-rtntes: /) (.t).tn(k) k tlUe.e l)Lrscl it Ilitva,s del srliinticnt<> cs c] plccr (lirc(.t(). c()llt() sc vc t,n el lltsoctrisnto se)irrltl, () cn (,1 c:rso tlcl ntasrxLris,n() nur(.isistl cn <uc cl sLttiiltlirnk; ()t()rg.r rrntr iclentirltrtl l)11.rnterlt. .Si sLrfi. y Ir t.ler. .i rt,ht.. cl pltr<.,r.. si r.lrstig,, .ti cilmc, sl ,]e (\l)()ng():ll retucli<r <lt lrs cicllti. \, nt(. (lesJ)r(,(1(.Ltl)( tlrl lliisl]lo. ctli()D(.1,s. sov clili,cnte ) rnc (lrL,kxLrs jos rlcIls,,. e, rk,c.ir, tllrrur. n:trclsistili ,)
ctrrrrrlo I;r nrtte no es
rilliln. (lenll.() (l(, flcr(l (iennrin-f.r nt.l\!^lui\rn() l()r.ll l)()r s(,ntinli(nt() rli.t'ttlr:rlrilirl.rtl: ilnt(,() ilts()p()rtiLl)lc tle lrr <.rrlP s(.i!)1(ulil tttitig.rIl:r t,.,clilrD tt'l:r lrirsrrrr-cle (lc (.isli1l() 1..ll rc,trn.ilr lrl rllrr.t,r. l.ista ,a.gl.,n,1,, .l ,s. I.rlritr-'rl (lel tr,lino lr.rs(xlris11t{).lrliga rr una arrrl.riieci,rn ".."ra.,,,..n rle, la r.rac tr. r'izrrcion (irre llicilllos ntis rrilte. vtr crrr ltr nt( f i\.it(.i(-)ll irrt irutLrlsa llr ltirs rrrrtLr rrr tir. tlel clistle<cr prxlri s<,r rilnk) cl I()gr() clcl tl:tccr.rlir-c_t.t. r..r.<r lrr rltsrirrrr<iort dr Ln trf)() especlicrr <lt.tlislrllrtcr (lrc rl srlict() l.:l)c ltLrn l)irs. l)()r lu( \lr;r l)ltflL-. si I)rr.l a()nscr\i,1)r)s cste :rnr>iiftrrl (lel I(t.))irrr) i.lsrnlLli r))(), l() l) r(enl()( excltrsivltnrcnlc lil cL: no ilplrr-liifn()s clel lcnguajr rrrrrrlr.tr litir.. ltsiir'rnlilisis. .rlt(lL(,s:rlricnck clt I:r nc<csiclti ck: clil,.it.tnc.r cl.rrrr.nlr. l:rs <llrs rtclicionts rent.ion:rrl,rs Ilr (r)ttl)r(.nsi(ln <lcl tttlrs<xrisnto Irlt evo[t.irlrrir n()litir(,rtcnt(. (l(,s(le (,] ltl( )nlr'! ) L.n (lLtc sc enl(,n(l11 cxclLsj\ llr)lcntc (.()lll() rlt,rir.eci. t,D ltriDtcr Irrgltr, rlt lrrs ltrrlsiont,s scxrlrk,s. htrst:r l :rttrrali<llrci. cn c1r.re Jrel. un intc,'s crcr.rentr^ s,lrr'tl Pllrt'l (lLe cicr'tas sittirci()nes inter-r,:rs,r,.rri.'s traL,liticas licncn s(r)r( r'l suto. <tricn. l)allll ll(litl)t:tfsc 1l cllll5. () l)ln-:l ((nttr.lareslarllts. necastla tl.lln\ lrrr'rrrI l(l tkrloso (n l)li!.(.ntcr() () l)i)sL.itr lt(ti\.lntrnlc rl (lisl)liL.cl.p()[ lenl(r. .r (la( (.\t(,.t.U,,lr tlt,llit.cril s()il)r(si\it. [,.s l.tr.c.s trrc t,tirtizrtr.t el cal(1ct st rr:rl rlt,l tlls(xlLisr]x) I(),lltn util <lc ilts lnclts lcUriitut,rs pllli la ((nltln_cn srr!r tlL lrrI rlUi sc lusca I() (lisl)l1t(.( 1]i(,r.() (l(, 11iqtrl tt tut titio lFt,,,Lt<l. l()l')l)) . (n (Jll(,cl nlts(xlLlisnt() cs I)(n-lit -lll grlill(11(.itin scxtlrl ([ue pl-()(lu(.c. lstrr'rrrk.srltrllrrriciiostlrrlra)oslulrLl,-.lltlrl,.,s: .ltristt tirlcl prititiltiodclpltt , r'l ( l9-l{r) \. lul)l)iL.i(itt. sit()i1d.l,L t,NIst11( I92()) lllt l:r triDtcr.:r r,,rtr,,l. JIria ttlht th,l l)nlkl)() (l pl (u.. l-rcrcl Dttrstre cn cl jLrcgo crrr: un nio ltlrliz;t ( rrt r'r'1Lrrrr(',lr( (()rl Lll] ( ill-r-('tc <r.re l]ircc crcslrrrrIc1. rLreg() rcclrpe l1x -rrl t,rrl,r . ,rrr. lrrr.rliJttr,t.st tr-()r.crlirrrit,nr r.,:.rr,<I,.r.t,, :rltor. ltrj(J sU (.()ntr)1. lil \!tll, r r ,.)l ,1rrr'l,r r:rrlrr,sr- ltlcjtr)rtr sin ttrt,l Plrlitl lrr.cl t_tttcllr p.u..t irnrr_ ilir1. lqrr.rl t rrlrL.rr ir. -rrr('.k) (rc cr.rxtirin (rL, ,l-ru siLrcion t.L,.l tic"(rr,r'11;r lrlr ltrl .r l.r |r,rr'Irr ir'rrI Dc-tt:rl (lc (.irl.lils sitLaci()ncs fu.1lLln)i-lliclls (lLtc l)
L t Lal sc ltelllr lo <uc
,.ient(), cl escaper.cle Un srtiiltient. nrx\,(.. Cill(,'oriit est
Jlr lrirsctrecie clc <lisrl;rccr sir.ro logr:1r..
nrcriiantc cl strlri
Ic(eliit rll.is olrio qrrc el sujct() lt.ltlrse clc olr.iclltr l)ero (lue sin erttl)irrgo rc.rrtrtlrr Lrna v (fl- \'cz El sujer lepltr lo cuc srrliir-r pitsi\'lu't)rrnrc pala eckrririr rrn rl<rinio srlre l() lftlLrliitic() () pillri anticipst lt su rrtuencia. lls:t linc-e cle corllpfrnclcr por <u se lrusce kr clistlaterrlcr() tiuDe !(,nlinui(llr(l cn la ohlrr iicucli:ur \'r'Lclve a str ltrlieuclu en ljlliiblciu, stttt)llu .j' lttllt!5lltt. tr':tllaj() cn el cttc sr <ltitt'rn.r.r crlrt'(' .llrrr\tr.l .lLll,,t,r.ltr!'.1 lil (lLl( srr r'c(l r'rin(l() cl stjel( ) as s(l)l-ct](lirir rrir' trntr sittrlcir-rn <rrr' clcslr()rda sLs I)r)sililirllilcs lriolrigitrrs y,o Jrsicolr-rgicas (lc rec(in, 1'kr crrc Frerrcl r-lcnrrinl iingusti.r sci cl sLicl() sc llnlicil)lr Drcnl.llnrcntc ir l() (luc trrcliell scr la rc r'rticla cr llt sitL:l(irir1 trxul)liiti(ll. lt (()n\'()c lcr'<l clc Lrnlt tttlrn(l1t graclLIr<ltr. (J \e:l (lu(. l)()r el ((,lu()r iL (ltrr lllg() \'Llcl!i\ lr :()rltrrntltr ill \ui(,t(). stt. tnrls(icttc)rntc. lrit:D(l() (lr 1t(lclirnlfsr. lcjos rlt cr'rtar l<xlo trrtlrclo <tr kr rlis l)llr(cnlcr(). salc lr llr l>tisrrrtrllr cle ('stc reIlr iIll('lllilr (l()lllinl(). A ntcstl() nr()(l() (lr vcr'. scguir rcl)iticl)(l() c(rnr() Lini(.1 cxrli<trcir-rn rlcl rnes(xlLrisnl() Lril (lill(nsr(-)n tlcl llisrno scxrrrl v lilniltrtsc '-t l,a,.qdl at tt)1 -ltt ( fi'cu(l l()J[r) irrrlirtr lrc[11> tlitj() .\ ',\ l,l l)trll(Dtrt t't'ottintict' rlt4 ttlrsorl//ir/,/{J tltt rn.r linelt lrruilrl. Lr rtt(rncnl() (lc l r,lirlx lrr'ir'rn firrrlilur:r. l)il- (()ngt]lr v rc(lrair cn csc llr(rn(r'11() llr rrohlcllitir'lr lttrclrr rrr:is irttotttrtttc (lLc ((tstitLl.l cl <cn1ro clt'le olrnr .t prtr'tir c[, I <ltlrclrr clrl, los vcinte: rrirrro cl nsr(lLrtrn,'
irli)rtl] Lrr:r iutgLrsti (lLrc to cs s<ilo.ruscnr'itt <lt gr:rlifir'lrci<in rlc ltt trrlsir'rn sr' \trill sin() rltte tlt'lr(rtt['rlt ftirtzlis rl('\lruali\is (lt)( illllctltrilt] \r inl(,gri(lit(1. l\ ()lri l)xrtc. t,l rrllrsrxtrisnt,r no rLrtclt rlt'srirr'rrllust,(l(,1 slt(lisnl() ( lllltrtr. l99lr (;r'ossnrn, l9()li I;rg1r(lrc. l9(f): Lcrin. 1990r Siks. l99lr Stoltrrr, l9-5) no stilo 'rorrlr<'t'l l)Llc(,r's(, l)Lr('(l:l (r)tctrr (lu11)l( l :rctucion u.t:rr tuistrr rrI l irlcntitl<:rtir-rrr (()n (,1 Irl:l((,r (lLtc rrlrtit,nc l:r ta|t,jtr srirlicrr -ricrrLrs nlils(xlri\f.\ milin li sr)ris. Lr t,ttlirli t,l rlrrrcr clel s:i<lirrr '. rsirrnurlos
con el olrjeto. se irlt,rtilictut ctr i,slr,ttl1is (lU( (\nt I() (lLlc lcs l)irsil lt cllos Dtis rr]()s , () lrrcrrt Ilr osr'ilr'ir-r (,n Llrt nrisnl() sLticl() entl-c le trrkrr<ion tle lrne lt sLt l)atr!l.l .r ,lrt! Ix)sici(-)rt nrlls(xluistlt t rrnlr slltlir' sclr ti-t<-tr.ttc -lirz:uttL () l)()r(lu(. (,1 lllil\, l(t\t]l, |cviertl t:trlrl)il sLr t( )l ( ttrc lrnrllts xrsit ion<.s ' rttc,.l.r sttvir l)1uir rrLIrl)rir lrrnt.sls slirliclrs (lt(, n() l)\re(lcr) s(,r'lr)l()-.1(lis. silt()
rortrru cl sLi({() c\l)Lrirucntit. r'Llrrcl< es a,l nlislr() <uien sc inlligc cl (1tstS(). :tgrcclir gocc sliclirrr ()nlnil)()lrntc rIl srrrcrrr' jrrtlo al rlur'cr' rrlrs()(lLristl ck'srnlirs<'<ltsliglrckr r,rr rrn pctsolltjc rrxk,foso r.,nr'lLft'te<k clt csc rl)cr\,1'r. llstx rnrplcitllrcl tle:l li.n<lnrcrr r.s lo <1trc st lltlr rl,- (.rl)lur.r tr.rvrs
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st
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krs clcus cle su grancliosiclucl. constitrrr,'enclc instflrmcnk)s inrlispensables para olrtener LrD cirt1l i(lenti(h(I. lln canrbio, en el sacrifici() o cn cl esfirerzo no patc)lr-rgitos. el suflirnicntr. pr>t rs inrportltntr que sea. n() es l)Lsc (l() cn s risr))() sjn() (lLre c(mstirLrve cl pt(( j() (llre l1t pcrs()lrl se r e olrligcl lt Il.(gaif. niirV ir lr(s:t[ \(\'(), plr[ xla:riz:r'krs olrjetiros (ite Ie s(n] illrPa)rr.lnes. L() nlrri()r llucsttlt qLre 1.)or'rrreclio rlc l:t <ontlur'l c\ternll n() sc rtrccle iLrzgr si (icrts ll((i(-res s{)r't () o() s()n exprrsi(irl (le ltlrts(xluisnl(). \I1,, ,lLrc ell< clcPcnclcr:i clel sigrrificeckr tlrrc cL slro ifi< io tengu cn l:l flntasx. lil suPr.restarnrentt rttiis l)rr1) ilrll()r parcnlxl. () llr lLlllistri l)ltrenl( lllcntr (lesintefcsxcl. ()
Lr generosiclerl. () l lrLlt()linril( i(in en cl rleccr. o cl s<riflcir> r'cl cslirerz() en la uilitllncilL rle t u.rltuicl til-ro s()ciir). r(ligi()sn. polftica, r'icntfica- pLc(lcn [e
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(ic.tlrs c()nlicci(es iclcrtlizlclas. Plrtkin (1980) lrlllii <lei scl'ltilllicnl( ) (lc

l)( ri()ri([:(l ticl,,qlte
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srlt F)l
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t slrcr'ilr]t's.
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I n cjctttrlo (le estll ('(n](li( i(ill ('r el (lLlt n()s lll()slllll)il tlll l)iD\('stigral()r tr) c') (lrrlll)() clc llts cictlr'i;ts lsices, <ltticlt I)ill: \('lll (lLl(]
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lr:rlllrzgos cicntific<)s. (lL( sc le ll()strul)xn cs(lLi\()s. st xlelll)11 1l tlnll \i(ll llli\L'rirl)lc l)ucs ,s cs c()Dt() l()(l()s l()s geni()s tlc l ciclcie lulllrn ririr.I( 5t c iist(n(i.l ill rl)iin(l()r-r() tl,rl sulrinrienl() cstiLl)aL (l(.tcrlllinat(le Jlor<r.tc sln \tu c l( (lrail que llirlrcr te:'ignrt,.lo lr !c$e sinll)let]lcnte c()lll() Lna pers()r.l lu.i\. \ill
nil]grin Lasgo clue le pcrruilie{e lcanzr cl scntinrient() clc e\ccP( i(milli(l(l rlt'st,rkr. Crlro clict Anzicit (196u). tlt cst()s cltsos ha1'gltlrificltcin. cliriltizrr.
h linert (livis()rill cntre cl o)as(rllrisrll(, I1-tr (r isl.r \ ('l sa,-rificjo, cl cslirsrzo o ll rtnrlntir rtte iurplican llr clettl'sa cic rrnr, irltlrlts () rlLrt \()n r(ltr(ri(l()s l)irril lll ()lfel(,()'l (lc cierllts l)lc{s l..l (li l( r|ll( l.r \('l)lrslt .'rr rlttr', (n (l lr)lts(xltlislll() n.lr(i\istx. el sLllfinlient() \'e1 L l,)\.r( rlr( l() son llt 1rr'ttcltlr- (rn gcst(). (iLc l:t I)('rs()nll sc()tlcce:tri lttL.tlt.l t
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tlorlttcc cL:-rkr, clcstlc el trDic-lzo tlc l. r irl: rlc llrtlrs: scrrr:tl ,1 l)lir(('r (lcl sncLtentr() sexrrrrl iire ituagin.Lclo c(nn() !-st:lo(l() liglrrlo lr r.ortr:li<.it nt,s tlt, strflintientr) () s( )D)rt illticn ). sienck la esr.cn ltnlsccla Lrrr cl (lLle ('l suitrt(). pretll(l(). g.lpcrrtl,, tirrzri,;l 111isl1)() liri,pr) (lLe cstr) sr(.r(lc. g(,rri l-:n cl psi<rrisnro sc (r,nstitti!( Ltlr( rul)r es(.n tl(.i(in cn <Lrt cl sulilliL,n_ t() ('s l)urte c()nstit.ti\' clcl tleccr sexr.rl. I)rreclt,n c()ntl.il)Ltir rt l (.1-rir(.i(in (lc (st:i a()(li(i(-)lt l:t oltsen lrt.ion cle la cs<.rta clel coikr tntre los pedres q1 113 lrglrl r Ilr a(ntfr\i(in ilanlil entlc csr.cn.r scxLllll. cn llulo crrr.tllLcto r.rr-Prlrl. \ lirs r'r'(en:rs (luc (t)ltsltlt tn cl tltrrncf< <lLrc le l.rrrl<,1 clc ftclcs rntre nil11ll_ lr's o cntrc ks lcltrltos. Iln lil Dlcntc clcl nino rucr.lan tLs<tcr.Lcltrs. pot-rrn llrclo. llt itrtitg(t rlc .cuctpos jLnl()s r!-\'()lca'rn(l()se, (.Lrcrlx)s ptlc:rnckr,,. r.cstrllrtckr tle urlil l)r'ir))crlL crtlificc.i<-rn en e] nttitcllto cn (lre lrxla\.il sr, lt,csr.rtl,l:r ]lr sig rrrIi(.r(l(,|1 scxt.Ll cle l:r cs<.trttL printar.ilr \'. [)(r.cl ()tr(] l:Ltlt. lli irttgtn rlc crre,r_ In)s iLnrl()s, ( Llc-pos goz:tnclo,, (lue s!rllc LtnlL v(r (lLlc ll signiticacir.rrr sextral <ltlt<llr irstlrlacl. l)t,l encLentro cDtr( ([,5 (s((nil\ \c crit u.r .,,1-r. Itrr. .e{t,rr. r'ion .:t.rrlctr. se stfl.c y sc g()zll". .lrrtlo lLl llLpcl <lc llr luntsilr ininril I ll es(.cnx prilr:u.iu cnc(tull()s, \. r'.rr irrPtlltr-tcia (rcairnte. el )(rcler est(rctur'ntc (le l()s nledi()s clc (()n]Lnr ( r( i()n tclcr isit-tlt-. con Iir ltresenr.ilt clc ltr.res Iil)lenl()s (luc lDucs lrirJ) J. -(it'lc, UI()n e,lr'c \j(rrtl(it \ (,1-()irrt))(). Lls clic.il sr>blcsiruI I() tlu(, plc([, r( l)r(s(.lll.ll rt-l Ltt :l<[ rlcs<.ene ilt. en cl lt()lt]tot() an (lLlc k)s st(Xlel()s l.Lnt.lsc.Ltkrs rlt rlrrcl sr (.(nstitLrvcn o (.r.istliliLn. rl tel llr ntczcl cle saclisnro l p1:r ( ( r s( \rl. r.lt (lUc lx sul)lrcsl ittcn\i(litl clcl clcsco rr-rc tcDclria l:r |,rrcj.r st l,trrr'1,.r lr,t l. t i<ri(1i.o (l(c ini(.i:t (, ltt(ltti!nc Cl en(.(ct.ti) sc,\Ltill l.ll ri(r, l( n( r.l rlu(rlir ils(rit (l)nt() scnll clcl cleseo sexull, ! sirl clltr. il.tagin.r r ie ntcn_ ri. rro lr.rl)flil lli (l(,se() lli goi.e. Si itL .Irrcje sujete ilprirtll fucricntentc. () rI trLr l'r.rx,Prrtirin dc r.Lirllrckr. () \i()lentx ]lr .,.,lucir-n. ult()ltces cll() l)ict. set.. , l rr|1,,r rtrrlrr;rrII'(l(,sU1):rsi(ln.clclrrttr:Lgniturl clel clcst.o cllre Ilr J:rcr:,Onu c1ut,
i(r'(s p(r'(lue llts rlesen inlerts:Lnrcnlr. \o drhc cretrse (lLr('sa)l() (icrtlrs ,ruicl'ts puc(Len llegrtr e scnlir.rlt'.t,.tion lxn l)c5()n:ties (l(1)s \ \ rtrcnl()s. Hrtr llllrres (lte !rlll)ii'rl liencn cr;nlo itlclll .ll11()r()s() cl clt le rttrrjer lttrItc..<,xr (tii(te]-,. (r)rI() (l((i:l Lln() dc lllrr P.titcrt rcs (luicn. halricnclo si<lo cricl< bujo ll gicle rle un l'ltclrr titrr'r() l'(lc inslittL irrnes cclrrtlrtir.s clc inrsLrrl sc\'('riLlir(1. lt:ll)ir l(fnrirlJ(l() (si-rn(l()\e c()n tllrll lr.ri(r (luc ie ltulr(r rtr:titl, r Jlrrl str "fitertc l)(rs()niili(l:l(1,. <rte crr r'<ra)icle<l crrt ln nrcz(lx (lc irul()rititrisnll). nlltlttlt() u los clculis c intlerililiclit.l. l.()c\\'enstcin ( 195:) rlsstc cl l)rLpcl (lu(' l)uc(le let'rer tn lll (()nstiltr(i()n rI tt'nrlencirs ]t.s(xlLrislirs (lLrt cl trt,i() l)rtvr l)ilr't iciPrr (l( ) t:rr itcg()s c()n trn r'jerrrrkr. :tr'tojlulo .tl .lir'c V re(().rrlrrlkr rrrtrr l)lll(('r fesi(li(l (] ;rsL5tilr -po ro cl ltlrLazo Y lil re(1)rtcililt( i(-)11 g(rl()-. cn Irtrllarsc. r':t terorinl'el jlrego lil ni() sc iclrntillca con lrr s<nris:t. con cl llaitr rlel aclttlto. pasltnclo a cicseltr lt ltrr[r'ir llr silLr.r(i(-)n r] rLrc es obieto <lc rltlir-r'in ] \ i()lcn(iir. I)cr'() tltr' lrrer't rlc gr{t lx)r pirtc (lc (ft() \'rl,:'si rttisrtr. l-lt extttsit'rn.sctllrt<i<-rn clcl .rgr-rs()r" (luc lr<Lrrrri plrra rclrirse rt cstars siltr:l(i()res i(lic (ltl('cl stlicT() fLl_ tur() Dtlls(xlrisfit. s(n cti(l() e ltlgo trrc cn Prill(ji)i() n() l)Ls(\i f irte inrttr-r,.rrn tr'r))()r. t('r'Dinlr sc(lu(iLrt(l() lll 1trres()r (1)n st Plr rticipir( ii,tr voltrnllrilt r l>lll' ((nt(r'al. l)irl-ti(11)lL(i()tt (ltru 5tisfll(c xl p(rs()nrric sal(]ic(). []stll tirrrtt:L clt r'ntttlo nrasrxtristlr llt vcrtrs r:n (lLrellts l)cls()nlts (lre g()zrllt se\Lrlnlentc 5lltIirr rlo rrrc lu purr'jlr 1u pcrsrgtrc l)()t lr lr:ll)itx(ion prux tlt(rtll: jtttgr: en crtt cl riicckr cr <orr<lir'ir'r rlc llt clcil:ttirin sexLrr).
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en (lua,s(.s()sti(,nc el plucrl.: sentirniL-nk) (le ser (luc (lirigc cl l uccjin. cl cuc se irli( il)it. \, 0() cl qrrc l:r sult.c por.sor.presl. I.ll ()tro (lcja clclser atDcnazrnte _pr_ trtlis ttrr, llLge sufr.ir porcrtc (lel)e ajLrstlrst a les regrrlrtcioncs (tc el nrits() (lristil l(, intl)()nc. l.ls un vcrclecletr ut(fin.ziLulient() clcl ltsirlrrislt,, lxn ap,xle.rr'sr-.r[,rr<rrell. (lLrc lile l[tLrriiti(r). 1*nsti r.,tiin(l( )]( ) rn srriucstlrrrcnlc <lcsea tkr l tlttccntcr.. Nltis acle]:tnte ,,.rl'cr-rnxrs srltre cstc nr"a,r,,,ia,rr,, rlcli:nsirr al ( \:Iitl cl l]1s(xlLislll() c()llt() jntcltk) (le c.itntrrl clt llt silLli;(.i(-)n iI-lLtDltictL.
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ilslrstll(lo fl'ente a esa aglcsivi(i!lcl Iruscue el sufiirrjenkr ctlx Lrnl fi)nul (lc in tluc ir culpe y 1r1r)()r pol p e (lel flgrrr:L flLlental x la cLral lclre. Flsta lncr inl( rsul)ietivl corlo explicaci<ir-r clc le gncsis clel rnasocuismo es ret(mrx(la p()l \l('nikcr'(citrcl() pol SchrLcl-Srrels. 1982) qLien (lcstc (lLrc la :tctitrLd p:uen lill Ir()stil cs intcl'nlrli21r(l r' cl sLrjeto se nrallr-itla. s(nlretin(l()sc -v rcltajlinckrsc .rntc el obicto c\tcr-n{). l-()s padrcs sl'rrlicos tlcl lutr.lr Dras(xlLlista sr.relen clelar irl)ieffa l:r tsp('tnzr clc (c cs posilrlc ol>tcncr rrtrr v rcclcncir'rn clc llr cLtl:r:t ir l[\'s (lcl utrslcrilici(). Es1>ecificlrntkr nllis k) ntcri(r'. p()clcnros er](1)ntriilIrs siguicntcs srrlrti>os clc nlirs( xlLlisnr( ) cn rcllrcir-n x 1.r intqrsul)j({i\ i(l](ll
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2. I.i)nlut d? c()ts?,!!!ir ttutr tlal obfekt.y'r' Dtotl( (r st! l)rc\LlLttt. t:r\ tst urrliti<in. 1l (lilrlct(ilr <lc Lt <['str'il r:rr cl arltr-terkr xrrlcli(n. l:L (\r]cltc l nrs(xlLrislx n() lrirtil (l( cvilar tl ltterirt sirn) (lLrr cstli (lcstirlll(lll rt olrttnct cl rtnx rlc (fr() y. csl)t( i]lnrcrlc. slr pl-('scn(i:I. I)iLl(1)ud ( 196i) rcliltll rl (1ts() (lc Lll] i)ll('icntc cr.rc lc infirr'rtrt. ((l rr. \,,rrris.r. (lu( \irrllI)r( t-tLtr,r cnlcrrtt. crr rLrr'hrs n1l('slrrs fisic os. tlc los clrrc sirt cllll)rg() rt() rtltnilicst.r rtingtut tleseo clt: lilruse. Ilefirrr (lLre sLr lltll(lrr,cr.rirl rlc lll. iD(lLls() sr I\cr.r .l rllr. s1ist1t(e 1()(l()s nlis (l)ri(lr()s,. lil prrr'icntr' ('sl:i cn(1rrl(l() a(r (lLrc l)1lrc()Lrrt cs(Lrclla sLrs slrllirttier-ttos. I)lllc()Llr'1 i() enlirrt(lr (litriLlll(ntt c(nrt() tllr (ats() (lIrc en(tlt(lr clcnltr clc lo rrrt'[-agrLc'lrc hlLlrie dcsc'r'ilo r'ortto.llt rrsicir-rrt rtlrhisrs llr nlirs(xlLlislil". En estlrs (()n(li(i()ncs. [r xut()1lgre,\i(-)rl r))its()(lLlis11l cs unlt fir ll (lc s(r)()rn() 1rl ()l)irt(). llr Linice firrnl l.lajo lu citrl i'sls n() al)xn(l(x xl suido nns(xluistx. ltlrlins (1988) li hcclro hioclrpi(' cn quc .llr rr,-.r.i,-'n 1 r)lll-ltcnioricnt( ) <lr una cleyrcDclencix (luc scx r ielrlc. rol. lltris 1)cncfiicla qur
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s(ir slr li)rnl. cs unx necesi(l.r(l vitlll l)alsicl,, p()r I() que el sujet() se aciaptarir ir lir l)irl()l()g:r (lcl {)l)jet(). xun l pre(io cle uuklutilulsc v clc inlligirse ttxkr tiI r tle srrlr-ilnienk)s con tl clc no pcrclerle. lll sufrinrrnto puerlc ser tirlnl)in Lln lirnrlt rL: r'incrtlo. (lc ((rp-utir Lrn tstrrtkr r:nrtxional c()n cl ()tr(). tln cjernpkr lo cor-tstitr.rlc la gcntc <lrtc sc lrlint' prrle suliir', p111 c(rrpfiil'penlrs. []s el l)laccr'(lcl cn(Llsrtl-o (()n Ln -urrS(, .r trrn cl tue se l.illtcntl. cn vrlll1t(ler() alxezo agriclrtlce, (lc c(-)rrr() r:s cl nrLrrr(i() r rlc Ilrs pcnrrrias personales sufri(lxs.r" 5c rc-rrorlr.rcr L,r til)() (lc rncul() lil)i(lirizlrckr crn trnlt Inlclte () Lut pirllre (luc c(rrlirti(i l nio o l clolcsccr-ttt en
(()nli(lcnlc clc sr sull-irrricnto. fil hijo e. alrrezuclo ror cl erxtt-clcl progtr-titot, ( )('('rrlr(l() en el nrrncl() cle sttiinlicntr (lc a'stc, c\l)crinrct-rt:t cl irrtinir rluct'trlt l cnt'rrentro en ll intinri(lxd. clcl sentiricntt cle scr ulguicr-t 'ir ilcgiltrkr rlltt rt,r'ilrc lus <onlklcnci:rs. l,o <rre crrecla inscfilo cn ll urcnle cs <r.rc t'l sr.rfiir jr.rr-r l()s (\)nstitlrle una firDl (lc llsegLlrrse la Ptcse-ncilt <[:l objtto. l)or cllo nr clc
conlr ciel olljcto por las rrrntlucras h<tstilcs clc ste. \glcsir icllrcl hacil cl olrjeto c1ue. cle ser cxpresatle. ilnten.rzLrit Lln? t.ellrcia)n :irrbi<tic senti(l c(n,o'it:ll. hs l.l relci<-n rlc sL,Iisi(-)n \.(lc uLlt()(lcnigt.aci(it.l (lLrc critil)lccen 1os segrrirkrres cle trr.r[rricr $r1.1 ,,llt,r\ir]tLtnt,,1t.,ltico o reli giosr trt el lcler. En csl()s (.1s()s restrlt:r notultle llt s()flstica(lx esrutiflclrci<->n rlc Lrs n<r'intienkrs clcli,nsilos: el srjck), p(n-scntirse iltfi,ri(n.. nc(.csitJ .lpltntill.lr Ilr lrLrt()estiltr lc<lilrntc lu tirsi<-rn r.olr unlt inrlgen iclclrlizaci:r. pcr(). p.11 (()rtslnir a,st.r. sr: (lrnigr.rn v s()nlclen 1t t(r(k) tip() (lc iltllilllrci(res: p.l.lt. lLrtgo. e tr:rr's cic llr lclac.i<-rn r.on Ie figrrra irleulizurllr trrc hlrn contriltuickr u
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.llt!st)(lttisDl() c( )tur t.fi ttttttt ?tcUl)(rtLt tlt,l stdisu:rl suict() se sucriflc lril((,r scr)tir rtr iult tl otlr. l)rr lcrtr cullr, .rarr lrr'erlc strfiir. Us cl l)irlr ails() (lc (ir 1ls ltnrtsilrs (luc sc l)ri\.!tl rlc ltet l)1Lril n() slisfir(.(,r cl (lese() rlc krs xtclrcs: o rle lrr 1t<,rsone (luc rcnL,1(.ilt ltl cnr.rrcntrr scxual >ltr..r r.rslrg.rr lt le lt[tjtr. () renun(iitn r slil V parti(il)l .clc Ltr-t -r:rseo <ltrc cn relrlitlttcl -kr (.()) l-r !lLt(r L.slll s (lcscrrlr lll('cf- (()ll tltl rlc lrrniner tl tlttrcr cle l:t >cr-sonlt rlisgrrstecltL. lln xlgun()s cusos sc tucrlc lltger. lrl srric.iclio corr tul cle trn.uinarlc lx vi(lx l ()ll().'l'ttiltxrs <r.si<n (l(,(\)n()(.cl.rl t.lrso c[,un l]\lisf. .rr.olirnrl:t rnenl( l)crlufl)it(lit. trrt cr(rntlo sLl ltellntrD: l( (r)lDLllli(\-) cire sc ilra lr c.sltr le clijo rue no kr ltarrr clc l)l1l,t((). tlnil sctlllutil ntcs cle le Icl sc t.ocit-r dc gasolin I st rrcnrlir-r lircgo. lLlricn(l():r los ckrs <llrs. Fls cl sLriciclit stirlir lrra ,[ .r',,r1,.rl,lt..rl i,tri' (l( I),,r \i(l.r listlL nr<rlltlirlar.l tlc rlesrxtrisnxr <rttxr IirnlL cnt.irlrittll rlc slttlisrlr. cle
scriailr cue cirttils ntulcres, lujo la infcrioriclarl tlel conr>lejo rlc castrlci(rn. sokr kr yrutrlcn conrl)cnsar u ll.lt\'a,s (le nllt1tctcr ltr itlrlizr..iot-r cle rrna figur.a rrrrs,:ulinlLr .l-lt Lrni(')n rrr cl irlcltl llilic. cs lrrrs<arlt ltro rrn rrritockr mligic<r
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strflinric ((npxrti(l(). tl>Iicncn ttn stntiuricnk) ,.le intimiclucl. clc c,s1.-ti,, (1)nrl)r'ti(l()(lLreg,-:liifi(xlcn(le-n(iasrrrut'rrirtitirasclttn(Lrct[()lisi(1.,1/a/stxl istto c()114)urlirlt) ploctt't't ltt tttkit tludtttlc al sttfiittticttlt <lLrc \r'(1 s cs Ix nicu iclicicllrl cluc les clterla il cit .Ls ruachts ilierr()rizcls l)(n-L11 rlrriri sliclir. rrtilizlul(l() a srrs hijos pltr: csc l)lrt( e' c( )rll pensxt( r-i( ). I)('r-ltr() (le est:L nr<cllirlacl cle l)Lrs.Jr tl sLrli in)ic'r1( ). rttcs clkr c()nn()tlr lil rlcscnti:r rlel olrjcto. \'xlcnstcin (1glj) relxt.l cl .xso (lc ut-lt ltr-icnlt. r'rilttllt xrI rrnrr nLrclre (r)nlr()lir(l()[1r. l)rL[r](l()11t. Pel(). rrl n1isn1() liellll)(). fLcrlc (l(' rlrrc(r. lll sLrfrinricnto ilre(l(i ins( t() cn lir rrcntc c(r() plescncia clel olrje'to. lijrrriorr lr Lrn situil(i(in (l()lorosil per() qLrc gillrultizlr cl vincul() (r'.rsc. (.tnrl)i(.r. liislrcr. l9l I ).
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lit)t'Dt(t (la Ddulect l4 rletlizdci(in alolry(,/oj ciert()s rlas()(lLI\l.r\ \.1sr ('(rt1pelencia. sc l Lk )(lcs\'xl( n izir r \' Crcn Llnll iulitgen cleltrr.'. iltcla tlt sr rrisrro l)xr- nrr-ltcncl Lrn inlgcn i<leulizcliL dc un ()l)jck) r-lcl cual po rllr rl,. rtnclcr v por e'l r.ual sentirsc pl()tclli(l()s (llelliner. 195lJl L<esensttrt. l()5-i 5(xirri(lcs. li)5llt St()lor()\\. l9;5). (i)n tlll (lc r\perinrent:tr Lrn ssnlirrit rl() tlt scgrrr'1clecl. (lc (\)nt[.rrrcstr ngustis fi-rbices v petenoiclcs. cl stt l(t(,\( r'liirilr (rclrn(l() pcrs()nics clioses ltlttc los rttt sc lrrrruilllt. trclo con cl
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r('l:r .r .r,rL1!],,,,r,\ilr.,i(ail,l(l()uIr.Lt()itUst,)rn)rn(,s(l(trnlrnrrrt('rrrrrl\(lir\k,llirr,l(('l r,,,l, l\LLlrr rirr,, L(l(rr,l\ (te Lx n:r.i\irx(i(ln (1ucsLrt)r)nce1 prrrtcr'trtIcr l:L nrul(r r(d{)lo(tuc r^r.k.u.r,1,, Lr Lr r.r (l( .llft)r. Lr rri(i(-)n. (l(. scrlicncel iUr()r'(lrl (luc cscu(hir .(nrnr() \i(li' trr (.1 \LlIrri(rr(, l:l \11., r\rxtui5lr (\lr (lir(1() I)(n (l pl:r.crLLcscruolrttnier(l()rni(!l lr,r\ \(. t,||rl.r (. \LLlrrrk,rl{r
l)lLl-li( ul:l t)cntc i))l)(n1altc (.Lt1ln(l() ru Llltii l)crs()nir sr (.(lll>inen rasgos s:-t<licos ctn lirlticos: tclnienckr ltgrcclir.<hrcctatrent( tr(nc (lLtc Irlccrlr lu-r-uirltnrlt l fi-liriclacl rlc l iitl rt,rson:r ul nt()str..rrse srrilientr.:. I n rltr'ientr s()lilt 11l(,tcrsc cn r.alDlt c-lrcl \.cz (lre !,stltl)ll r-,nojlrrla corr lil l)ltrgjx, r'rt,rnclr tn llr r'lts rrn clirr:r srlll.io ll (lre n() tucr.lr r.e,nuncier. Crenckr la IIUr:ju lt Prcgrnlalre tLr(, lc pasalre ltsrrncllr rlt la l]Lrnrre ten hrrltitr,[rl }rra tsl( til)() (lc lx'l-s()n:rs: .No nrc ltslr ncla". rlc linlr <rrc no rlltlte xrsiltilicllrci ll st p.rr(]j clc lre<tr lrlgo tor clla. I)rr:fr-,lilr sufiil si crn ell() l()flrtrxl)il il lii per sr-r: cle llr crlrl st crrcr':r rcnger.. Algrtn:rs l)llrcjls estiin carer.lerizlttles. lr.tcisurrcnle. Ixn-estl triod:Lliclrl clc r incrllr: uno tlc krs ckts sr pr.it,:r rlc cuek;rricr >osibilided tlc pl:rcer l)llrit lllr)stt.ll-(lLlt: cl (fr() a lc lu alrrrinlrdo l rirlu cle urrnera itrcp:traltle. S(rl pefs(r1.rs (lLlc l-ccllatztu crrrl<rriel intenkr clc repara, ai()n l){)t l)r'te <icl otrri. tr.rliriencllr cnc.erttrsr cn st sLliinrient() lntes qLe
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lirt()s irLrt()l-cs (lllLrrlt, 1991r llrennl.tn, 19521 llrenllc'1. 1959i l"itll):itri( k Hnl\" l)5 (llick -\, Nle\L'r. 19lt8r Naclrt. l()65: N<ritk v Novitk. l9()l l1)17)' Ils l() (lu(.s()sticnc Slltlt<l ( I()-5) cn srr {'\( ( l('11l(' 11 \ isi(')n s()l)( ('l l('lnll, (l(li(''l \(_ nrrlrt Irt trcccsiclltcl (lt ttnel'cn ctlentil llls nlLiltil)lts (l(tcl lll inltt i< tncs <lrc tlifc r( nl( s irrl()[es hn visto colllr cl)(ts (lc (lllr (nigcn ill nllLs( xlLlisn)( )' "/) \r'r-tlll rlt'r'ir tlt'lir:ltltlc los ittlrttlsos ilgrcsi\'()s \ se\till('s-l l( rr( )r))( r)( ) tlcl c'llo -es v occesi(lx(l <lc crtsligo-l -) ((nr\Ii(Lrir tlll'r /r tI lx rlt'l clcl :'.trcry-r -tr'llre r(:r(r'i()rl (lctnsilil clcl ,vtl, lirurllL tlc tclr. iot'llttst con los olljcllts v rk'ntltnlt ll, r r's, trtrlirl()s t(l]t()res ) ltllrciont's .lll( nllTilllles l)ri cl stlit'lr) lll (.rs() (le LnlL l):l(iclllc n()s iltstl lgLrns (l('llrs ttrtiltillcs filrttioncs (l( (tlrrl)l('cl llllts(xlllisll](). Sc trillltl) (l( Llna lllLl,cr tlc 'ltcclc<lor <le 20 ,,,,,,r,,,. sc llllsttlrl)rll)ll r'tn l lnlltsi clc llLle Lln l)('rs(),1ltit roclcrosll' clttc no (lL'lrrlll()rtlttlt<s Ix)5(si(,n('s I clc t'ltz.t r1(glii -t11 Ilr re:li<llrl cltl l l:l g( nl( (orr csle (()l()l cle licl-. ia truntcltilt lltil(l. itlnl() a ()tr:ls lllLrj('l'r'\ \' <rrr'. tloDrinetlo prlr ttn irltlictrlLlllc (lcse() I)i(iil elllt. llr fizal a l;l rcl;lt i<-rtl .r'rtlrl. tr'ri!ntll isll t'l r.:l:ict'r' l)rli(licltllenl( (lc tli \'i()lilci)n l_'lltltilsill (lr( r(tlr1i t()(l()s l()s rc(lllisit()s ra|a potltl'scr (lllill()g(lx dc nlxs()qLlistll: 1 sitrrritit'l rle ser vi<1ct'l1cl: t. (lc estilr t(111. clc rttc lllgo sr'tcecl en c<ntrlt clc su vr)Irr)t.(I. 1l((llPlll:lil(lll l)(n-inl(ls() plrrtt't.1c 1,)lrtllttl cl sello' l'c'rtr' cn rltttlt resicla el llltcet clc l cscctlt/ l)or rto 1tto clit Plilccl trltrtisistrt: tlfrt t'r:r lu clcgir-la entrc t()ds ls csclltlrts sitrclt tlcstatllL a[(lientclrcnlc p()r lllgui('r'r l)(xlcr()s{). n() P()r (tliLl(lLliLrit. [in st'gttnclo lrtgat. cl lctsonajc clc llt rilzlt l(llli(lil cl'l \cz (ic (l!lcrel-illll(itllJ i() (i!l( (l('sc:tl)'l c'l c'lcl t l:rr'i'rts s( \Llrrl(\ (\)rl t'll.t. t()n l< c!tlll sc c()l-ttratl-rtstl)x cl s(ntilllicill() Pcl'\e((ll(rlirr
l(t(). Lrnal (i( ls Iir'rrlts rlc r'nlir'r-rt:rt (l sLlriolicn) <rr'tsistc cn "lllccr tle nc ccsi<lcl r irttt<1,. cs (lc(il. (l()tr (l(] (i1-i(tcr rlltccntero l() (lLrr c1r rcliclrl es rrnlr rrcsrnr'ilr inclcstll)ls. lllly l)crs(1\ (lLrc rtltrcisizr'l lrt fnrstttcir',n. rr.r,- .c ,..orgrri)ucn tle str clr->lrr'iclrrcl (lc s()p() arrl. trre rlistr':rzrrt t.l hlul)r( 1r p rlet<'n llrjo llr ruliscltr (lc (ltrc cri() cs l() (lLlr clcsclrn rot<trc cot_tesxrncle rt le vi trrl rlc llr ltrglrliclltrl y le terrrirrnze. lil olgttlkr (\)n (lLrc cl rsallr hubllL <lc srr ohcrlicnci:r irl sc(). (\)n rrrc krs tit'rlrros c[. trn penitio o rrn grtrPo reli gi<rsr cnsrrlz.rn su sxcrilici() 1 lerrlte<I. :c I)Lr('(lc cnten(l.r (teotlr) (lcl l)r()(15() dc )tdrc isz.tckitt da l.t.lh!sltl!(kitl. lln Lrn l)rirncr rll()D)cnt() nr) n()s ('o(r)rltrltllr()s ntc tr,r !cr'(l1r(l('f() llllls()-
Crt<kr no se pr.rcdc lra<cr' nltle p.lrx illl)r(li[ qlrr elgo rrrrn-a, () ( Lilr](l() se tcr)le sgf s(l)renclirlo lol. lotkr lo rrrc cstli 1-ror fitere rle llr rrrltnllcl clel su-
sr lttrs( cl tlisrlurrr, sirr| (lLr!'.{rrt( \ l)f('\(rrrrilr, xrr Itl rtttsr Dllu)ticnc tn.l cU()lll clc pl:rcr| nilr(isislx. rxci()n.llizn(l() Io int!itlrtc <trr si ILrtrl (lcsel(l(). l)cr() lo <1rrc 1>rinr:rr-iltnrentc litc clcfi'nsirrr sc !(rnviL-fIc cn lrscLte.rllr ircli!ir (le (sir r',rrlitirirr rrir vr7 (lur se ctterLr lijlrclo:r csrt lirr(lLrisrll() l)Llcs nr)
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rltJ (lc l()s s:ltisf:raci()tr nar[(isistal. l)(n txrl,. Ii'na)r]rcn() crI (l()s ticlttl)()s: /) n.tr(isiz.r(i(-)r clttensivar /r) x(li((i()n l lx pli\ci(in () xl sLrfrilirDto (lLl( \r P.r:-rn l se lrrrscltcL>s lx)r(ltr( (f()lgllrt un scnlir)ient() clc (lLrc cs rrno r'l rtrc clilige cl i)r()l)i() (lcstln(). I)ar lorlcl nr:ger la lrostilirlacl l)llrcnll ) cl lrxlt]at() el nino sc ve ol.llig;rrkr lr tefizlrr rl rs-rccto Iilritlinl cle lr rclciirn. tcnien(l() (lLq cr'rl:rtizar lirs r(l)resrr)t:t( i()r'tcs (le l(): rlI()rlr(nt()s l)Lr(-cr'itcr()s c\l)( r'irrtcn ll(i( )s ('(nt (lk)s \ llts irrrigcncs tlc los reclrcs (()lll() pr()\ cc(l()l-cs ck plcr'r. Lis Io <tre cncon
sc trrrr.r'< p,|:r .rlr)t.i l:r lr'\' (1.. 1.),ri.rl l.L (ull :( cnrL(n(l(n I' rusr tlc.rlrLr :o s,..rrLul cillto r,ovrxurkrs t)()r Lr \r(1irrir.-It\i\ (tLrr.hu s(r\(l(, pxrr n(.grr (tu(. s.rl\o c\((t) (i{,rr.. Lr\ ri(rr)rtl: d( rlrf*r strLLrtl (n l inllL(],i () (l( \i)lir(ianr l!er'r \irlrt)1(!r)Lirtc t)(rs(nr.i\ .,r(r'r.Il./.r(l.rr :rn(( l.r r( n.,,.i (l(' lrgr ni(( lti, rrt:r' txxlrr,s.. Ir.Irv, 'r p(, )r\/(r/;.7/. /r/ (iL L.L (*( (nr flLrr\.iri( r l \ r(1ull;r se si(rn( .r1f1rl)l('. (si() n() nr :llLI()nr.r .r \ !. Lrn d(.c , , tuL .,, t, ^ llI l)Lrhicr ir\iciir(l() (, lrtrlx) prrti(ipir(.(nn() (()nfli(c it)rir Lrn (\rrn(n (lr l.r .!lt).r (1nrn) (l(' !( 'r li(rnr( :L \cntjrni(nn)\ (lc irrrp(rrDLi. rusr' cl rlprtLtl <1e l()s trtL\t()rnr)s Llrprcsi!()s)
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l|r ()s tn Lrn pl(iente cu\' ntclrs lc <lal>:r ltaliz:rs l>rutales. pallr lueg,r. turi innrc(lillxrlcntc. llerurle l lreo. rtxrjelle le cara. peirurrlc el tietulo tlrrc i<r lrt's.illr. lt'tntir-lr-tcl() t()cl() en Ln1l csccnil en crrc kr srstr-n solrre srr inlcll nriL'dlftls le lceliciela. HI pxcicnle tena tcnrlcnci. ye en la virla aclulte. u riurlrner rcl<irnes en (lLrr se lacia rltrrtr' paru lueg() g()zrr c()n la rc r'rrtr'ili:L<i<'n. l)e rttltcl-lr sintilar. tn l!rn()s (.tLs()s cle ltlrrsr serlral. la sitrrt r irn clc tnieckr cs cr()tizai(lt: se sol eclintcnsiontL cl plltccr l-)xm c( ttIill.r.est.rr. cl ricclo. Estl liljclincir-n v st:xrllizacii-l clctcnsit u cle lx:ugLtsli pcnui(('n. (lcnilis, neglr h ltlrtia lrrstiljcl:rtl ,v n() scntir relti:r cn ul-rtrr clcl olrjel() sii(li.o, elinlinntkr cl c()nflici() tcl)i(l() con cl ntisnto. l)cntr() (lc sst prrs l)('( li\'.1, []rrljner ( 1958) cltrllttcriz(i el nt:rsr xrrlsltx r (()l() I l.c.l(Li(nl <lt'lcnsiva. clcbicla a ls nc(csi(lil(lcs liltirLinlrlcs (lcl sric). .tlte c sit(lisDl() cl(, lrr txrr persona. terninitt(l() pot acleItusc trl suflirlrienk) <uc lc cs r.crLruritkr. AukftrzDrient() (lcl l)si(luisltr() <uc cr-e r'l (lLr l)fescntill)x Lllt l)il(.icutc. rttt.t rlt cLt!lts c()n([l(lals rciteracl:r. (1)nsistr.l (t !l(()sI.rrs L1,lt sus jel,s. pcl.sortlrjts <irc si I)ien elt tn l)rincil)i() rc( ltilzl)ll 1L \rc(.es l()s ct-lcr'llrelre rcltttlsiros-. lttego krs tcrtltinarl)t cnc( )lltl-ll n(l( ) lrtr':r(1i\'()s. Il]t sLtcli(r Ir(,Illttri! rcl t'l rrc:rnisnxr cle'sexrtrlizlrr unlL sitlrx(i(-)n panr rrrlletlc el cal'icttr.tcrsc (rlr)r'i(). S()(-) <1r.rc r.rna liclxc cl-11 pcrsegui(l.i lrot- rrr-r r.ezeclor. Ijlllr scntirr cl rr,.,.ir clc lu lrelrt cillo si frrelu 1>r'oltio. [jn Ltn nlonlenl() rlck. Lt licltrr st ,l,r l:r vu,..ltlr. ntire ltl cezcl< nlicntrlts (\ntliitar (1)frien(l() \'rlltrevc.rlc DIt rrr'r.r sirrrplilic:r \'lrilci()s1l l:ts ortjlrs". Ete kr <r.rc llr l):lcicttc lrclr liclrte:r los
jt lcs rLrc tctttie.
rlrt s rlrrlcsives () ailtsi()sits rrrc solo sonren crrrnckr salen (le csl()s cstx(l()s l n{) (\)nr() r'espucstll lu srnris clel nio . le reliclacl rrre rLornine lu virl:r r'trt<x i<rlrI (lc cs()s ni()s estti (x(l1l por la prcscncilt (r scntintienk)s (lr nl l(slrrr. I n px(iente (le N()\i(k s()slcn rLre .llt inii'liciclacl er c'l okr clel lllrg.rr',. l.rr rlc:trip<ir-rn (lllc Ililacn lts N_ovitk urerc('c scr leslltticla cn cxtens(): l()s s(,rllilllicnt()s clt epego 1'scgLrritllrcl clcl nir con las ligr1.as sign ificltt i\ xr, rrtr'tllrr'r lrsocieclos al sullituicnl(). pLtcs estlrr c()n cl (fr(). o cleseclo. clltllcr lr irt xollcrttenlc cl sLlrillicnl(). l,s (()n(lLt(flis r.rt<afirntatir.s c lnlunt(rs rI rrrirr irltlrcir-l-l (lcl ni() s()n c)il)ct-ilncnlxrl:ts lot-los lxtclres c(nlr,.tgr(sl \.rs \ ('()n) si Iir(][rn ctillrrles t(strLt(l:ls cn llnx l)ittlllt por el potler. I)ltcl<r rlut r'l r'rrtlol cle l nrtlrc solc el crrerPo \,lll r]rcntc del nio es lrl.tr'unre tlrir'. r'l 111.1, \' ll ltrnle lerntinlLlt si{ind() scnli(lals (\)l() poscsiones cktri rr:rrl.rr xrr llr rrlrrlrt. (()ll l() (lLlr cl nir en vqz rlr crritlerse sc ataLCI. (lLc cs rrr lirnr,r tlr'lrltrr'lrr tr l:L l1l(lrc. llrr-rtt-t lclo. e] r'incrrk de s()n)etirlticnt( ) ,,,rr csrrs rrr;rtlrt.s iltrlica siuultlineantcntc rl >lucer cle la ltcncion ruu u.trrs tlt.rlit;l rk lrrnt,l <usi exclrsit al lrijo, clackt quc cn est()s casos el p:r, rlr'r'strtL rlcsr.rrrPr,nlrr rtr't >lt'lcl secLrnlllrri< l)()rqLtc es cx(lLricl() () se Lrt()
\ovitli ! N()\'ick (19J7. l99l) lLiD insisti(l() cn rtre cl nio, ul lirtr.rrsrrr .rnlC lrr c'litlttl rct()t-nu ii solucionc,s (nltnip(f!-ntes. (lr(rncllr cl suick) lltllil ( r1 I)()rll()\'cr h resl)ucstlt :tli,criva rlcscecl cll sLs ()tl()s signillcitti! )s lt(
rrnlt rtlrcl:rlicllLcl nr:rs(xllrista tlc rnll'cnlt silLtxai()tcs cn llrs <trr: sc senliil in1 l)(fcntc. l(,<lijo: "Si t'stlis t,t'rojtrckr tont]tigo nO lrlgas.rlgo l]tlll() Purit li,. A l() <rrc cl nino tcsrrrtrli():,iFln{r)nccs t lt() \'rLs ! l)()nrr Il clrlrczlr cn le ltllnoll(lx!,. l, ltrrrtrillr'irln nxr(isistl (le tc'rer (lue <;lreclcr'cl rnlr orrlc Ilrllr sickr cnfrrntlrcllr prinrero rnetliltntt Llnlt Iltntilsil ntls(xl!isl v lrrcgrl ntccliante ()ll1l (lc n:Llr.r'lleza s:i<li(lt. Sk)l()r()\\' ( l9i5) ttrtlrii,lt <rnsi<lcr:r. rccogicr-rrkr rst lncx cle rlifi,rcntcs Ll)rcs. (lLrc rl (l(nrlini() (ltrc cl nllts(xltist:r cjcr-<e solrr-e cl ritr.tl .r,,,rlul.t-r cs rrnlr Ii-rne tlc olrtcncr Lut scntiltiicnt() (le (\rttr()l nligrcrt r'(lc lriLnli) (ntrnilll)lente s()l)rc rl rnLrn(l() e\lcri(. Iis l() (lLr(,s()sticnc (ixrcr' ( l9ijll) xL|lr (l(rien cl sLtjrt() irltcrttx rcstalu[rr 1t lLtrtotstinr \'rlucr:l(ltL p()r lcncr (lLlr] s() l)()11!r'rl sLrliirllicnl() l)(r_l)tLrtri clc rrn ol.)jcto crrrel V Ic(hitzltnlc ttreclitUttc el (()nvcrtir cl sufril]lieltt() el't cg() siut(inic(): cslel litrsl|ltrkr r tlItz:rck sc n\i('r'l('cn el lltoclo prcliticlo cle ltrrtrlLfiflIttti<ilt llllts( x lu istll. Fln csl()s cs()s, l rllctA n() cs le rrnirin con Ie nlrclrc ltrttoros:t sin() cl (1)ntl()l flntlselttkr s<lc Lrnlr rDlr(lrc r'r'rtel t'tl:ti-t (lLc irn:tgirtlrlilrnlcn(c es senti(l (1nl)() (lLtc'il() (,s l (l(rt itricilL cl lttlt<rrc sin() (lLre. sLrpLrcstlIllt:ntc. esterlr <tlrligacle l ltlt(cll() n)c cliente llt rrortrcrtci<-rt <uc rceliza ril nitir. I;t pLor rx'ltcion cle lrlgr.rnos rrtlolts ccr'ttcs 1r sLs l):r(lres pclritc fe\ cfiir (,1 lcntot :rl roclcr' tL, i,slos: cl lrckrlcscen1s pllsa s(nlir (r)lu() si ficr' el (lue ini(i l interltc(i(in aglcsivu. llna p.t(iente. ltcr'.()l-izecle ente ll nrlclrr <Lrc 1rr pcrstgue t;rll golpr:arltL. crrrncl<r
El scntin)ic'lt() cs (Le triLnfi) (nInip()tentc pol csta cxclusivi<1acl en rucrlt nrer<:tclo con el pluccl clc l:t ptcscncia tlcl objer v dc 11r prcfren(i.L ([e se expcritltcntl r]t lll r$'lLtsilirl<l clel r'ni Lrlo. (llenn (19lJ.i:r. l9lJ-i1. 19i19) htL rrstreclo (r-Ilrt trLllLrs (luirurgirl,\ , ,:lc otr'o tiro s<n ufrr'rtlLrlts Dlc(lin1c Ln primcr intent() (lt iclentiilc.rrrLrn r-irn cl agres()r. tlancl<l lrtglu l seclisro. (luartrlo ellr no es Jrosihle. p(r- r-:rz()ncs <I:l strpcrlr-r tle cLrlrabilicl:trl . o clc la presir-rn clel lll)icnl( el agresor -scntinricnt()s es clenlrsill(11) l)()(lef()s(). sc lc trlllc . se apcle al ($u(lLlctits l s(xlLrist:rs. Fln (]stc set)1i(l(). n() rs intl-c(ucnte rlrsr'rtr tr Ln ni() (lLc. tlll)l()so ror llr :rgrcsir-rn pelentel, ul no porler llLccr lrclu ltere rcsronrlrr lr elle con lrgr-csiort, lrslr lr golrearse s ntisnt().'ltrlillos o<ltsir-n rlt conttrl.lltr (()rlt() Lrt1l -lrcicntc cLrancLr sc cnlirrecill crn st f:rnrililr tcl_nrinlLlxl p()t g()i reelse l (l)rz c()ntr:l la pater-1. (irnclrr<llr <Lrc <rrnclcnsablt srs gtnxs clt golreltr. str rtlic(l() il lLLacrl() ror-llr tLttttl)itzlt cxtern.. \'sr l)r()llil)r(iirn sL Ircrlrit'u cuc Lr Il(il scntir cull)l)le. (srigiin(l()sc trrccliente lu :rur:rgrc sirin. Unlr conrlicirin si|iil:tr cs l:t <r.rc prcscnt<i cn Lnlr ()crsi()n rrn nino cle.i rLn()s (lIricn. obligrtrkr roI llr llr:rclrc lr irse:r ckrrntir. fll)i()s() p()l- tcncr (luc s() lltelclse llt uk;r'icllrcl cxteln. tLCrl)t(') tr tcg r-lclicnlcs la orclcn ltelo cli tirnrlo: ,Finlonr'cs n() \'()\'ll I)()nrl-l:r clrlrcza soltrc la allrlltrlt. roy lr drrril trn lu calreza licr clr l r'arn1". l.rr rnlttllc. contpre nclicntlo cl scntitk cle ll corclttctlt rlel nio. \'l)r- (\)ntrrrrcstitt lo tLte roclra cotr.,rllir'se cn
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clefise prrx nti(.iprse ill rlra cktsific.al sL l)t.(scnLl.l \ (irrir(l(,rsli(as se puetlc rer cn la fijer.i.tr lt)ils(xlLlist:r 1t silLl.ci()n(s cn (Le s( fir( ()l)icr() de llultIrt() () cl sLljct() sc sintiri :rterrt-izlrcl.. Irn cl lilrt p1t, tt) (lt llt)al.)4l1l pr()tag()nist. trisioner.lr cn Un (.nll)() (lc (.()n(.entrt(.1()n. sc \.c rtlrli!.lltrl;t lreir ei lerf(n ll t(,t-tcr.r{,lil(.i()nts scxtttlcs tr Uno cle l<s jefi,s nttzis. rrrir'n lt,ofr-rcc. corno rrrrrlxr tle srr eprct.io \.finnac.ir-n c1c str p<,<ler.. le callz;r r'oltrrrl:r v l)Lcst cn rtne bltncltjrt (lc unx c(r)rplcrl tlcl t.:utrxr t.on llr r'rr;rl lrr yr'rf:rg.nistu hlra fctrirk tr'lr clisrrrta. Sc ini<.ia usi rn rclecirn i.txr r,,slr l)lllrttrtllt tol cl rrrtcnlo (lr (.()ntrxrr(,st:rr cl ten-<.ante e] nazi. l,cro trn:l \r'z I( rIIIiIIiI(IiI l:r grretftt, cttncLr llt cx l)t.isi()ncl. cs tnll pet.s()na c<t po<lct r)( i.rl. ll ll(.gil l Ln grn ll()1(l sc cltcrentrlr <rn cl c_t jcfe clel clrto. rerlLr , irI r .rlr rlrr rl sirl)lc rapel tlc rortcrr tlc nrx.lte. Cuancjo t,a n() cs ne(.rsr_io ,'l s,'lrrr'tlrrl,.rrl,,.l l'rrr'\,,. rtn I.l l,,lrLl,, i.l Jrrr,l:lB, rni.t. 1,,r...r .rl n.rzr 1 .,, *,
Lrs r;irlrls scxrlrles,. l;r lrisclrrerla il(.ti\11 (lc I() rlesagrrrlalrlc,crtno l.lra.tit. l)t11l crntr.l el ticl,l)() (lc srr a,tri<.i<-rn.
trxtsli)rnl(l() en l)lilcenler(). s,(l(nll.s(xlLtistlLs s(]\.xles L a tlislil'ttrs cstxl)lc(ir)rien)s sa<r.rtrlrst x (re tnfrc-r.isls trn r.s Lr istas ir trir\',s l)r1)l)i(lxri()s. tnrplerrclos v clicntcs. .lrenicnrlo Lllri urrplix infirrD:r,:.ir-n el ( sr)((r(). ptntr.liza <trt las 1)r.rs( xrL istlrs \'all()r.n (lc,latncrir ,rlixi.ril (rac lir jrr s:itli< lr se c.nlllle. cs clccir. ctrc r, r't .. sc e,r'tc tlel grrir-rn fijlrck r tcrrcn .r l( ,s "l)ril(1i(ltes ll<.os" cre n() se sLljctun al jrrcgo prcr:st:rlrlc.ict,,.. ' I., t, , , i,._ Lrrlrt lr scrla I-1ll)l.ln(.lle ( 1992(. r:ig. ll) cuantlo llrltla cl: la scn.iclrrulrt,r.r Irrrl,r'i:r trt .l r,ltsacluisnxr cn (lLc.sc l)()ncn ll,itcs (\)n1t-(tLllcs l)r((.ls()s;l
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ll sujetl>e 1, Ia tilt-zeb:r n s()p(n1ar cl castigo. le <lcca: ,J)gl ,r('01.1s'. intentlrncl. cle esla m:rnera nl()stlxrsc a s rllisnlx c()rl() n() atsustr(lx. colto ltr rue <ltninltlra la situacirin. <ltcnienclo. aclcrns. el placer siiclico clc t nfirrcr'ct e l:r nt;Ltlre. Srltecl Sc.lI0rer ( t9ll2. plig. (2). en sLr intercs.rntc ex[ren clel |nsocuis_ rr.. cit:r lr ckrs p.afirnclas c.ntre(rres clc Ia txpericnc.ilt,rxs(xraistar, Grecne r'(lrcenc clcfensr-cs clrl llx)\,intisnt() cle lilrcracion sck -firer()n:rr(iientes r:Lrsrxtristlt-. crricnes afi ]]an: .l)lrr cl stllIliso. el tener qrrc vltt.er. tligantos. r'n trna bltcrit, y ser orinlclo p()r-rnll l)crs(nlr artretllt puet'ic rr,rr.,r,.", un tir)ric,r) (le Itrrnrillecir-rn \'. en c()nse(.Ltcncia. trnlr cielicitsti \ ct.grlcnzl,. "an_ I.ln (lr()s la!-.tilt()s. llt'ergric-nzlt. crrizlis ltn. clc l()s scntinticnt()s ,,is c'itlttl.s. cs l r-;r nsfillrrle en placentera t lrrsc.:trllL. El n1s{xluist:l scxtral ctrc rn :rclo Lr.csccnillcci(-)n nls(xluist.r se Irai.c hLrrrriliar. orinlrr. lroar. r<e cletc,cer, itlill. g()lpelLr. Itn esa esccnitlcar.i(')n csta'ln I()s (,lclllcnt()s (lrc s()sti(itcn sL pllt ((r: l/) s(,ntintient() ()llnip(fcnte cle sr:r el <ue (lirile lx ucci(-)n. cl ctirr. nr
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l)ur(le lllsfilltlrr (lr llt()(l() rlrrc llt clrirllr l)rslt 'rclllizlLrs(] \'( )lLlntllIllll))(ntc. l)t- cllo, crrnrlo un tir() sLpcr'11 sLr rllic(l() rr errojlrsc rrl aglrr clcstlc cl lrorrlc clc la ltiscir-lr. kr rcrlxrs lcl)etil Llrt ) (fr-lr vcz cl rtrriricnkr. ltlx)rit llllnsfin' r(l() ('n pllr('('nltr'( ). L() nlu('slrii,.'l rlrrr.cr'rirr.'s('()l)li('nc cn los jrrt'gos cle Ios rttrrtcs cle lflt(ci()nrs. tltlcs c()nt() l lD(tt1l1ill rLrs. en (luc sc gt'ita (lc:lnguslilt ) sc gozlr sirl]rrltllr'tcartt('n1c. () cl rllrccr <ttc rrorltrr't r:l .lfen fllntlsnLt, o.ces ck,l ler[(n,. () cl (luc sr ()l)scrlx cn (lurll()s (llc sc tln Lrn l)Llcnte y sc xtr()jrn ltl r'cio. lis cl rnisrno yrllrcel tut- se cxl)crirnent frcnlc al tine cle t('rr()r () l()s (tr('rlt()s (lc tcrrrr r.'rr [L intnr'ir nrt'z< llt clc trrie<lo y c\(itr(i()rr cn rlrrc lo tcnrickr sc (()nvicc ct l)Lrs((l() lrllr aclcrrilil un sentirl)icnk) (lc a('I trol solrrc cl[.
cl rcrscglrickrr. sc c\citil c()n 1. El lccrrritkr (lLlr ltcrlx)s llccllo rtos l)enllite c(xtst1tr'cn cst()s llrL(-Lrtis ln()s sul)\'a('cntes il cicltas plii(ti(xs 11ras(xlLristas elgo <[rc las lmscien(lc: l//?r .slrdlqfu gaucrdl tlcl Psi(lt!isnt(). uu Dt?r-aluisnr) tratrJituutktr dc ltt uttgttsid. P rd ax)(lu'dt'sc d? k) lftntn(itiL1).1'l?Dt).1,x) ?rk) ( s?f icb (l /\i (i?i() (lcl pl.tcu. l)ol lo tue no nos sorpLcncle (lrc cst lxlrl)in clr .l((rLln !'n lrr trrtrtilriu. cn (lLr(] lo tclrickr pase ser lilirlinizclo.'[iuunckr, n-r'.1 cjcrr rlititlrt. el nrierlo a tlrcr'-Lrr() (le Ios nlis rtofirnclos (lcl ser IlLrnlan() . sc
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Irncre unninre le rlifi<tltcl (iLre presertn l()s pcientes (()n r-irsg()s,ras()par carnl.ller'. lres l tlitcrcr-icirr cle los crre sLllicn p(n strfrir -estlin irsatisicchos si sufrcn-. l() qlrc lcs c()nviertt cn llli(los clcl tetere,ut cn cl (eotrail (le l ()l.x rroceso clt clLmbi<. tLltlckr cl rlllts(xlLrisnr() es el ltspcct(, nizeci<-rn tle la pelsonrrlirlutl clejlr clc sLrilil r\lx)ne .r ltrs rrngustirrs cue el pa(le('cr (r)rttl.atfestll No resrrll lnlrecLlcnle <rrc t,l pro<ts<, tctilpLlti(!) se (l(jsarr'rolle en tks rll()llent()s- l'L() sir'ltIllr1r s(]parr:r(l()s entr( s. (lll(l() ctrt prrcrlcn ( t:lr (n -cLlz(1.)s l.n Pliorer lugirr. se lr.lr(lt (l( lr('(r (()ns(irr'rt('s lirs liiil\ris
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r'l llr'r'r screntt' l.r fttr j,'rn clr'l nrrrsrx Lristo n( ) Ix litjrii tlcs>rt nrI r'sc ,:le l tl)icnlrlts pctsisli li t r r':rlicir'rn (lll(- \1l'\L l\.rr.r r']l(nl,r, rr,r l)rn\,r. lis.r(llri rlotrlt cl vir<trkr crrn r'l ltr'lrl.trlrr v lit (rnttcn(i(in eltrxirrl (llc 'sl(' l)r()ve('pgrnri(t harslll (r( r'l Par'icr'tte t()rle su r':Lrg() l.s lirnciorrts rr-tc (lLtc sc l)lrc(lir t()lc]ilt sin l r-ll ns il ()t i: ltlcntc cuDrplc (l l(ritl)crtll perr con [,] clcnlrsied ngustilr cl i rlcscnt r' ia nck r el signiiit'ricLr inr'onsticnte cie,l rns(xlLrisrn().
irc subvacen lr lis ( ( )n(lu( lrs r[- lrrrtorcr'jtric io t s clecir. ttrc r-l l)ir( i( ntc pLrgrLt rct-cue l)()r (lctris rlel sLrlriien1r clcl crre sc rrrcjrr hrrv lrr pl;racr (lLr(,sc rllitne. o Llnx lrngusli (l(,()lrr) Iip() crrc st, intcntit c()r'tt[tr'(,sll. l,ltr rllo rc srtltrt inclisrcnselrlc (lrc cl l)ircicnle rivrncic cl scntinri(,nt() rlc < trlplrbilirllrcl <ltl <ttc sc tlclit,nclc. () (lLr sr (()nc(le crn cl tcn-<-(lr(, [,()(ilsi()n(). v lc si gUc <x'esiontrnrkr, lo rrrc c r rt llr fi'rbi(ilillrtllc lrxl:t (l('(r)nlr()lllr ll tt\'s (le pr(F vo< lu , lrltrnt b:tjo srr clornirrio, l( ) (lLrc lcnl(, tLr,t, strr'crllt 1t l)csr (le l cl
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AIgo ttt lo (lLrc gcrclillrrent('n() sc l-cprr' rs (llc ilnilliz.lr cl signiiitrLrl<r irr(r)nscicnlc (lc tnll (()n(lLr('tlr pxk)l(igi(ar cjcttttlo. l:r strrnisirn.r rrn.r -ror' l)1lrcj1r pl()l(-rgi(- llcrll irl]rli.it.r lir ('xp(ctl1i\. p()r l)ilr((.rIl tcr'.rpcute. cle rlrtc sc el)itntlortr trrl trnclLrr't;t, l<r <rte sicrtrprc cs (all)tir(L() p()r cl ll.rrirnrr
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t l rrsrtr a su llLlt()n{)))il. l)cr() sct.ll r l.e,l.. ilrs:lntcntr., ,,,a,n,,a Jr,,.1..,n,,..,, Jrxltr rr>r'ftrcra tk, Ir, rlrlr, lttr siclo nrlr,sl.l clilrnztt l.r.ontinilrn iirt(i{) nu(.slr()s
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stnsuliclutl. S('(lcspirl-trr.rngLrstix(lir. l)ucs p()r pr'rlcrx \cz ticnc l() (lue (rce scr trnlr utliflllitcir-rn clctr.rc cl('c1i\ lLlrnlc ls trlre sl cLrtrPo clt flr rlruicf. !,rl (se llt()rt)cnk) sr rrtc 1:rirtntr:r'r lli chrclrt sol.lrc i cl tcrtrr l llt Irrl,srxrr.lirlerl no l:hlt cst:l(l() rr:)r)clr s<strnic[ ror tlcst,os (le lxl nxlurirlcz. c(n() l l)l()l)i l)arcienlc lrlinlr-r rl<,rtlt cl r.rrricllzo. r lls rslrs et.tLn nrirs r.ottrplictl:rs v no liabrilt si(l() lt)i l)r()l)i() scnulnlirnl() r'l ctrc Itabie gcnclarlo cl surno. hln ()tf()s tnllin()s, sc trirtlrl)x rlt, rrn lrorttos,.,xrllrliclrrcl cltrc rlirttc|o Ii:rlr.t rcne tr:rckr cn l:r crrlr'ir'ncil lr:rr l.r firrtrLt (,r' tcnt()r', rtn:r r'.2 rcsrrr,:br:t)rrtlrt tll)lr cllril l)rrrrr-l clcit'nsivu. ) ri s(riillill]i(Dlr)[rrlucsinrrlerncnlcllirlriulreclrrer Crntril\tir lr tsr'rinr (lc l(\inlirr l lur-r-el]r r(r: LL |ciresitin. pclntiticnckr quc kr r1r.re hastlr esc r11()nlerll() cra intclc( tulrlizalau'rn aprtteciet.t en k) otxtriflcst() clel sueno lrejo srr filrrnl ('er(r(nlr r( kr rcprnitkrT (). cr clrlllrir>, n() se trtil-
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l.ts r''.x.r'rlrr, r.rs Irioulrill.as y (lc l(,r nr(.LJnisru^ .1,. 1., p.rt.i:;;.-.u,..t,r,"1r"n ,h ,rrt, lr'-r.,tr,t.r,t .r \,r\ l,f(r .l).r, i,n)( , L I,r,.)r,n;., :;,,: ;:,,;;,,,;1.,,,, r," ,,n,,
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l:r itlca rlc ttuik) l hotxrse,rulrlicllttl <.r< cl rr,,nticto clt 1,raart.,n,,, nri s(,r\'ln pam enc.ul>rir.clcsers Ixrstilcs. Nr,.rln.nl. "n,*r, ta paci.nt" rnc clispcn sr'r rlcl cslircrzo tlc hltcerlOs c()n\LlL-lltc\. st -tngrrsti.tlr.r Ir,slik s puts terua rr.re ellos puclicran 1i,,,..r"rt.j"l'," "an,nriart,,a ,.ligra. vn)Li.;. l)c(, (lc cLrxl_ rrricr nrantrl no <lcjaben cle estlrr cn l, ,.,,,.r,ii.nii". "l Siur1rl",n.,rt'., l()s rctcnirt, .in t rfrr'<srukrs en Lr) l)rillef r1r()ttlent() par.a lrrr,go s lracr,rkr Fls clccir_. lto cs Ll l).l rt h,l)rinri(i()( (lrin(l() n()s uce<.lilteluos;rl tritucr at clel ntilisis. lu Jlrr.icntc tuccl<_r ( Dll)ilI]z:(lil. corcnznclo el k,lti(,r. t.lr)tl)lun (rl)sL.si()n.int.. .lu .Lrc pirclier.lt r.rsrtt rtlgr: clrrrnc el cntl)ilrilz() tjl P. T,, \l nti,llt,,,i.,np,,..l ritcnsiflc<-r llr 'rrrgLrslIr c[' crre ptrrlicr:t n() (]Lertr lrl nraricro. aa ,,rr,,,n,r."ra aral,rtr,, .a, ,,ia_ r. r:r rrlrlig:rrle lr Lrna separa<.ir>n jLls) cn cl ll()ltcnt<) en l1Lrc tt.llt." fr,,,,'rf rlrrnrIr. l)lrLrt enl()n(.cs l()s tern(r-(\ lr, )rr, ,c\Lrlrlus It.rlrr.ro ii"".,r.,raal,lrr<,f" ,u r r tlt'it ttc irt. n() p()t'(Lle llUlrie[rn sl,.l, r]Jl),)r.l!h)s siDr, llrsir.rrncntc por.<tre tl trrrlr.r:rz, Ia hlbe tc:rscgrr.:rd. en sr iclcnti<lacl fe,tenina. rf,t",ir". lr" nu._ \rs l)f(1)(Lrl):lci(1es obscsir':rs c()ntril)Llln a lurccr resar la hotncse,riralidatl lt r s( sun(l() pllln(). A parlir <lcl nacirtriento clel lrijri se inici<i rrn nucvo rt,r.r< rl,r .1 lirs rngrrsti.s lri.r.c.nclr.i:rt.as pusllr(m l a., .ir,rr,,i"ri"l clc Is se sirrtts Yo, il csil llltlrrl. ten.r scli.ls clrrcis c,,u..1 a,,rrin,r,:ii.ia,r.t. lrur, r.tl cltlris rlc cecl oltsesiOn ()rr.() (.()nlcni(l() tcitil,tticl clc] ,,,.,-,,,u.tt,,.,u., .r( tuils( n (r) t() tlcfcnsa _cl lllc(.llnis)l() tlcl tlcsltlltzartrient,)-- fi,a.,, ,,n" a_ar)lr(,r( i()n.:,uli(i('rtc. r)ilrir rn er yrrorrrcnlr n() cr:r trt() r, ."2,-,,.t ,it ...,, tr,,
pr(:r-nl.llr,rl .rn.li.r. ),,r In,(r,,rr,: ,,. 1,,1,,,.,..,r,,.,,. ,r(.li,f. rl,. ,ri Ilrrg:r rir.nlrcirir,r.rcrcirtllt cn ks c'linrtcs (lel :lnlistil <lctu.tirr rltrc. rlll(, cn l:ls l,r,.ne. novclas pr lir[rr.rs., s,ltt ,.lr.lntt,nl.rn,, (lUe t()(l() lo crrc st ie pr.esentl .,.. coartecl:r, nr Itr)trrJ \( (tt\ef\ti,ntst.. ntu trrotlujo il l)rnsltrcn le tl.enslcr.ctcilt negllti\.11 l)lj() (lut
rror oclinclole en()rnle !.el giienza. Sitltci(-)n n() cxentil (lc ir.onar lo rtre cn ()It.()s plt(.ientes lcrrticrc clel rrra r r- tlt krs eslircl.zrs .lar.a lraccr trnerger io clcsagraclalrlc r l co'nc.ienci. cst
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rris l;ic'1. (lLre ttti inter\ cnci(-)n labi. sici. llr cusante (le lil cristaliz.rci(in 'i:. tlt, Lnlr crectcia en lil p:tcieotc. rlinckle sLr tin: escnicr En csre segunci<r ( irs(). |l flr't:ls.1 it<,uscxt:rl n() I.r cstitru 1)1.()tcgienclo, r r,, r..lr. .l. .l"ra,,, Itr{ c'( rscl Lr:tlc-s inceslt()s()s. clc rrn t.:rnsfercn(.ia er.tic./ Ilstu\c enI()nccs irl(,nt() lt t()(l() kr que cn cl rlisr.rrrso (le Ia pacicrte pLl(liel. in(licur till cos. l'tl-o n< ltc- ne(esxti() tltltr clcsr'cl r,.lt rlrre r,ipiclamcnra a,n,-;l 1-,,en"rntia^t,, (r)ns(icnrc p1llecier()n taies f:tltlrss. (lLe se c(rvir-tier()n cn rlrsesirnentcs.
respresta clxrlr cLlr'll p()(l ser
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n qu xcl(lLixn rin cxra'lctc[ (r)sesi()n1nte Y, cn csPeci:rl. (lc este sentinlient() cle (llc kr tctui<lo solrevenclre
inex<ttllcrttcnic. !ln est plciente exist1n (lctcmrinx(lxs crecn(ias trlt-tgiclts ltcelca clc que si pensitba algo. cso ilra a crurrir. I- l:ln c()n()ci(lx ()rtuiPoten(ia clel pcnsa ntient() en ella ltslrnra l foua conr'reta.Si v() sicnt() lllg(). es c()tll(, !lnr ln
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cret(). (lue ltlrlrilt cLtltivack crrn plecet rlescle pt<tretie p:rr ((nIst:-\'ar tln sentinricnt() clc prxlcl rlre l rcriliclcl. per() (ittc tnlt vez c()nst[i(lll c(nll() (fccncix rcl(lLriri(-). (\tl() cn el c:tso clcl lrirrencliz tlc lltttjo. tln ilLlk)tll-llislll() rr.rc lu Iraclr iirn(.irnur en c()ntIu sLr\'. l,1r crccn(Lr (nrlniP()ltnlc. hij tlel r|ini ipio <lel rlrtccr
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act() (lcsclrnle tr.rc ic rlio ()rigerr. \'c(nlvcrti(llt t'n nticlco nrislo clc stt tirtlta rlc ptnsrLr. trrrrr'nzti pr()(lLcil'strs ctc(tis r.tt<ttlilic<sr si tcnsltlta (ltc se il)x :l ll)()rir'. un(lLr('cs< nr firgre clcsr:rLr. cl lter'ho tlt ltelrtllo pensl<lo cra inclir'cl< cle rtrr iba lt sLr(('dqr. Fls() es lo <lrrc riclte(i(-).()n llt lrr trosexrt iitla<i, r> r'on le rosilrilitllrrl clc <rtc stt tnttrinr()ni() se rottrpit ra. o con t iertls icies hi )oconclrlc:rs (lLrc pr-csent(i cn
(fr)s rtt()lttettt()s (lcl trtrlnticrtk) l)c,-() (lue cl('yclrl (ltc st' il)ll t)1(ni[. () lt (()nlt:flitse cn trn:l lr(nll()scxL11. () (ltc sc tcrnrinril srnritn(l() (lc stl inxti(l(). () (ltlt tllLlficl1] t'n cl patto. nil llc gl :tc]iuarrn()s (]l cx[ial(r'olrscsirrr rlc ess tr-ccntilts. Hltl rltclla gentc (ltlc sc scl)l(r () cs lr(),D()scxLrl v kr vivt clc nrtr\'(listintll nrllncfll. Iin cl (its() (lt nLrcstrx l)lt(icnlt, c:t(l:t Ln() (1(] I()s lcrll(r'cs tfll, 1l st \'cz. tlspil-il(l() (lenlf() (lc
(fr-il serie (lc I)cltsllr)licrtk)s (lr.t Ic lclnrinrl)n (ln(l() stl callai(1cr LIc ins()p()tI lrlcr .;l-is tcfrilrle tr.rc rrlgo:ts lc Prtecla Pasat'x url!,..cs ttl]rt |trg[icnz:t lollll... clcspuis rlc cso no lxrclri'mirr il rti(li( rt l (arr.ll". sov trnrt tlegcnctrt(lal,. "iltri vi(Ll (stli l'r'Lrina(lrt!,. \erclclero sistcnr ctxlificclor ('n (ltrc es1s crtenti.lr.tt' tttl)an (\nrl() l)Llllsl?tttatccts. (k)llln(l() (lc stl (1tlll:t (lc ltorrttr-a atr.telios pcn sitnticltl( )s (lLc s\ccsi!xrncnlc iltan octtrantlo cl ( et'ltr() (le stls P1c()cLl).1( t, )llcs. sistcr)il c(xlificll(l()r surgi(l() l pllrlir (lc lx i(lenlifi(rci(irl .()n tn:l rtlll(hc ([tc c()n\'rriil l() c()ti(lin() ('n nr)ti\'o tlc l D[is inlcnsx ngLlsti.t \' (ltlt lc l)al)ia tlanstirn(li(l() unlt rcprrscntll( i(-)11 (lcl ftrttt() c(ll() rllcnaznte. I'ln el cas< (ls cst:r pxcicnte sc nrc fLre lrcicntlo e\i(ltntc (lLlc ls str<.esivrrs olrscsir'tts restrltlrlran clc l rticLtlci<-rn (lc (lnx selic (lc clenlcnt()s. ttrngrrno clc los culcs er tlc Jxrr-s r.itrfl(icntc 'rltr':t txltli<et tl cLl(lr(): s(il() sL c(nrrl)ina( i(-)n les prorlucirt. Hn efl'cr
I I
l. l-lt cckrsitin sint()t1ut()l(;gi( ar 1L\'() hgr rr't Lrlt tt()rrrcnl() (lc str vi(llt cn rrre r.rna serualiducl hltst tsc inslantt s<firclrt hltb:t logftrclo l)fir\( n-r\,' parlll (\nlvcfiirsc en centrl) rlc stt nrLtnclt ernirit'tltl. llrrllsll?n(l() (()!l sLl (]o'l prrjc a clLrc sc pregrrnlase s()l)rc sLr (lcsc() 1. solrre tockr. si sr scxrutlicl:ttl era la cle tne pcrson:t .clccente,. A csts rqspcct() n() lcstltil)a ttn cltt clcsdcltle (lLre sr xl)uel1l ptclnil. uluier nrul pctlurlracla. hubicl trltnjfi'stltcl() slt tem()r
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L crcenciit uratriz flisi()n:ll. .si esto sLtccdi(i, a1ua puecle pas.lr cualqLlicr Cttsa,. exrlica el cliD) de I)(rrr<>r-cuc surge ! pafiir (lc ciefi()s a(()ntcLrnlicnk.,s
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nr( )l)(.nt( )
sigrrienre.
|slJs I)lrllrlr[rs sino rlc ia tnirucle y.el cstrcnrccitn ient( ) clel ltcltrlkr rue l:rs sig nr llr',1 r'r lr I lcr-riltlcs. J (i)ltslrili(lo clc este nxclo el h<.rr. ie hiu<sexrralirla(I. en lx )tentc rlt.nUr.sllr l)li(.ientc pltsll genet:t-Lln pr()(.es() cltrc no p<xlni sinr l.ek.zallr lrrrscrrlri 1>rrrcllrs cle <uc lc glstan hs nrLrjcres, les ohscn.alli en l,r,,,. t,.n.n ,1,-l, lltr-rrrr,'.(\\u(lrin.lt.,i r s lrr,Pi.rr rr..r, r.i,rr,s. \ (.nt(,n,(.\_ ,rl igrr.rl ,,r..,.1 ltrxU,r)(lr'r-(i,.tluz.l(1, rn :rr srntioJoga_ n() tr(lx[1i cn clesct ltt it. c.r I r si Iut rr r.lr..lusilt <lc ella. y p()[ en(lc gmvc. kr tr-rc en relrlichrl lc paslr e tocla ttrrrjr.r'rr lroltlrrc: (lllc sicntc lrtcci(-)n p(n. los cle su pr.opio gncrrt, rlue erl Ilrr.r ll() ll i)lr() rasg(). ini.lLtickrs los corltoralcs. I I t)it \'(z <r-rc lo Icniiclo iit(lc(.t:nci.r sc>irral. lt:rjo ti.nt clc lrto_ v ru,rlrrLrtl-- rrrttlc rrurLir-. ylr-lil no ltay n.is garuntias..l.oiias las segrrriclacles s,, r,rrlr.r[ :rr (irntr cleca lit pxcicnle: .Si lLtst:r IxDoscxLlli pLle(l() scr, _cn l.lrz,rrrrl,, t.l ltislil,-, enkntccs cs (.ucsti(.)n tle cstltr alen a l" espel.,r clcl 1tr.<ixi_ tlr,, sr((.s() lt()rri)l(, (lLlc en sLr trnr i<.t.irjn tlclte ol:lligatoriertrentc slltlet enir. l..r lrlri.r ,r l:r lrrrros(\LlJli(1.(l rreplreti cl clrntit-l< l rrls filtias. (lLre n() sc_ t,ttr rrr rr'rrr'rrliz.rr rr'rn rlt, la prirtte ciel (.()gnitivislll( ) 1s()ciacl()tistil_ i l t( rirs su\tilu( iortr. s rlt ti,nsit:rs -crr()r clel al.rrs< rlt Ia tcorlr rlcl ciespleza -crror(le ttna tcestlLctrrac.it,n ri(,1)l() (k li.nst\1) sit() (\ )nse(.1)enciL clr I<t cLre cl
rr
(sl( (its() cl clcscrrltril,iett. (le rn pres.nt l.,.scxrrlitl:tcll cstit asen l,r(lir ( n un creenci tlxtliz pasionlrl clel tip().alg() lrrrriltle t.lr l srceclrr r ves ,r (l(.s(ul)r'i,. (lrecn(.i ntatriz (lLr se c()nstrLye l tlir!.s (lc nril ruensajes clcl tr r. rlt : "llcgri lt sll cllsar )'se cn(.()ntr() c()n sL Lttaclrc rrttcl.ttt,. .estal) ll,y l)icr | [ rl(..sr'Ulrit,rrm Ln clincer",.se ac()sfu.) clescanser un rltk) !,{uv() Ln inl[ r(, (lr(ll().()n exple<i(-)n <le lx-ri,l-r rsrrrrlt-,.1, l1,)r cl \Ltj(,) (lcl)cn(lienlr lr.r r igl (.sl(l() lltecliv(). El nio pLrcrlc n,, salrr 1,, <rre cs iu tLr.,nc. el cin_ , L r . r'I.rrrflr'r., p.r l. rue rl pes() rnl(x.i()n1ll 1. clerivu clc l scrrliltic cle
l(.n(i:. Adclniis. cn est:t llil(.iente. (r)llt() cu ()tr()s clls()s cltrc ltcros tct.ticlo olx )rtuni(l(l cle unalizer. la iclclt rlc (luc tlg() tcn.il)le ()t.rrn.cclc inrpn,r,iso _,n
ArLrello qtre n() (lcl)r ser Il h<r<sexraliclcl_. <uc no clelcr ocrr rrir. l)(,)r su tislta cruliclacl cle prohilticlo y iror-rorrrsrl _rone_ cn rnarcha el pro r cso tlc r igilancia en ltrs<.tr cle inclicucl<.es tue testitnoniaran s()l)[e sL exis
en la vich. )'a qLLc xl)rcn unil selie intinita cLrc lnantcnrlri cn c()ntinLa z()z()llt.a al sujet<1. l)c igtrel nunera. la ranlirbia (lLc lparcce .l plLrtir (lc lx ntLlerte irlrplcvist:l cle un scr trrcliclo puetle tener sL l)xsc en el sentitrlient() (lc qLte .si <crrni<- eso, crralctticr'c()slt pLc(lc sL('eder". N() cs la ntueltr cn sl riu\ltt-r, ni le pr'clicla clcl objcto pr'(le(t(n. sino la rrrpttrra <lc' lrn sentituiento clc segurir-larl t'llL ilpc]-tlrrar.r la scrie cle lo inesltrmtlo ],sllricstr().
n() (\)nsigno, trrrs kr <rrr clesco rcalztir a<rr es s(il() Un cicr) sccl(r'cle kat lo'rtl l a-l t tl lsfi11ldc it)t ttl clc srrs rbscsirlcs-. (r)Dt() p()l_ ( )ntc('ilr llc( lienl )s vi\'i(l()s p()r sus xrrlrcs entcs clc <1ue ella nacictr liga do a l scxrralitla<l-. y <le sus clcscos ctliric os en unu siiLracia't -llgo col>lit'acla por la serata< ir-rn <L: srts xtr-lrcs.t'
lllc ()cltn-c kr <tre no clclicL ser... es -.lo terrible,. ,si lgo tlrn tcrlil)lc ()cLnre, cnt()n(es crlLlclrricr c()sa plre(le src(! clcr,- poncn rn rlllrrclll Ln proccs() <lc l'igilancilr (lLtc cotviertc crrakrrier coslt cn lt<rrcllo trnil)le (re se he tlcjtrzgaclo (lle va s()l)rcvcnir. Sistentil organizeclor clel senticl() (lLre cs l)llfliculat-izu(l() txnt() p(n el)is()(li()s tlc su vici
pesionelcs
Cctx vc-nros en el c:ls() (lc nLrr\t[r lr-lLintr. (i(jrt.\ (r((n('Irs

<trc piens() ()(Llfrc,, .si
11t:ttri(cs
-(lLe l.t t'sttltcltlrd
L1. su_Jti
l()
r)rir- r)rspr-AcriR
y Iir. stiN'r'ILx) DIi {liAr-l)Ar)
((nvicci()n (lLc sc licnc de <uc algo rcllll]tcntr cxistr rst inlluen(iurt>r cl pl1ccr c(nlr() por cl clisplacer rllc sL rci)tcsttlt( i(in sglt (itl)iz cle -rrodrrcir. t.ll llr('taotc k)ln c(nltct() crn cl rrttrtcl< \'(\)n s(r ( Lttr'p() trll rs clc ls scnsll(i()nes <lc rlltccl o dolol rr.re a-sl()s pllx[r(en. l,lr [rr'.tlrti,,n n() es ni neutr.r ni unilil)lcr srlc tl Iirnck clc lo crre ve, rlc lo <uc oye. clc kr crtc ltrtclc, tlc kr tuc pelra. <le l() (lue le gust. clc kr ruc irlovicnr clc ll
l-x
tllt tlnto
cencstcsil. sc inlp(ren a<r.rellos cstinttrlos (lLtr p()sccn le c rrelitlarl rlc scr' ltla (-entcr()s (). p()r ql (1)ntrltri(), (l()l()r()s()s. ttl pler'cr y cl cl<l<r acttiltr-l fcc()'t:lu(l() (iert()s estnrul()s (r) r-cspect() al reskr. contribLryern<kr a rlcllnir c(tl() lral l() (ltc leng ess craliclcles. l)cscle cl crrnienzr tlc ll r,icllr el iui(i() (lc sxistcn< i:t cstli srlclcl< ls sensa< roncs rlc rlltccr 1, tle clolor. rrlac i<in tLrc se ruan3
r. (lx(l:r vc/ qu( n()s rclirrlnos I
Lrs
.rcenrirs nrutrx(s lrsirrralrs r lrs (lurx)s n (tcrcmri-
quc nun(x p()dr:in tr:r(hr(ir (.\ir.lrnrcnlc ((jnx) cstiin irrs.rit]s 1:rs nurtri(cs inc(rl\crc)lc\ per\) (lLre. xl rnen()s..(msliruycn --{ n k)s rannir)()5 e IieLr(l rcprcsrnt]( i()ncs inlc rrc(lils. (lcrldxs.
(lrr! n()s DCni(cn rprl)\inurrx)s csts.
AVAN(-IJS IJN PSI(J('I'IJRAPIA PSICoANA-'I'I(,A
Ir_ MASOQUSnr()
r1J
r'rtrt r-jrr r,lt ltrsivarr1entc

\ irl(.r)l(,nlcntc.
trlo clispla<.er 1 pJ:rcer clacios por la significltci<in. Si lrlgo rlucle- o si procluce pl:lccr. cnt()nccs existel v cLant() nlis intensos st rrn rr<ullos tank) nta\1)l'scrat h c()nvicci(in solrre Ie ealiclacl <lc lo <ue est rLllr<lo <ls esas cualiclacles. El srtrgil)licnto cle la clpeciclacl clcl rsiqr.risrtro r-lc ( (r)n(xrr (lLle algo existc indepenrliententente (le (lre o cluellt, es cler
ticn( irr,r .u.ln(lo el psiquisrrx) se llxga c(tplejo y cl (l()l() \, ei plcet no l pultir (le t.eccpk)res s()ll,Il'itic()s sin() txtll)icn. \ l)ri,-
rr.s rrrt golrit'rnrrn el inconscicnte. cn rloncle x(lul intpr(,gnril lilelncntc. sirr rr'sllitlirncs. CrrLn(l() (lesllrr()llat l ()p()si(i()n pl.incil)i() (le ltle<.er it,i:r.irs rrirrr ilrirr rlc ealiclacl en bltnttlacirntes sobt? k)s l()s princpit)s dd suc(,ul)strlrtitt) l l9l l) cleja bien estallecicl< (lre el in(r)nscientc se r.igc tr. el pri !D( r(), sin rrre tl scgtrnclo sca krllal(l() cn c()nsiclcrr.i<in. I)ic.e: .El car:ictcl lttis cr.lr':uro <lt' krs plo<esos in(()nscientcs (teprimiclos). al crrc cacla invcstigaclor no st lrrlittilt sino vencinclose :t s tisnto cr gran estitcr-zo. l.esult:l cntcrarrrtrrtt rk'l lrt'cho <le cue en cllos el cxllnlcn clc relitlurl no rige -rara narla. sirro rrrt Lr lcrrliclacl clel pcnsxr es c<lripurecla :r le reliclcl efcctila extcr.irr. r cl tl('sr'o lr su cumplimicnlr). lli lc( )ntccilnient( ). t:rl c()lI() sc (leri\ siu ll.ls rI l r iljo irlrt,rio clel principi() clel ple<.er., (prig. 2.i0). I:l lrlt(i()nllntieni() inc(xtscicnle aJlrret.ea <lc rste ln<clo rcgrrleclo sirkr l',,r r'l lrirr'ilrio rlel placcr, v cn l s(')l() tenclrlr clrlicl cl rlesco. Esta trrnt.cJrr rorr rillnlr. llrsta 1920 cs refiuul:tcla crtrnck F'rcrrcl l)itsu a [ec(n()ccr l.l ( \i\l( nr i,l tI P'ocrsrs (lue cstl'in ts ll clel principio clel pl:tccr cn cl se]() ,1,'l rrr,Pr,, irr(()ns(icnte v en srs ra nr itlclci{ )nss nt.ls (lirc(ias c,.t cl prerrtns r ir'ul( \ l:r rrrrtlt.ntir. Cntltio tcr-l.ico rue, sin cnrltargo. no nt<rlific rnlL :r'rrit.rl.rrlrlt lrls rrrx.csos inc()nsciL'ntes v la cle sus clelir ackts sotneticl<s a su
clt, ltr resin. ser-r un krgrt> enornte, kr quc estit t,inculackr a atuello rrre st,tllnrltine senti(lo de lealitllcl. I)eto iLlnk).r cse scnticio clc rellirhrl tersis lirii si(r)rl)re Ia tenclcnc ia. rlilllc rlt- lrcrrcr.clr u l()s (lislint()s srrjctos. cle JLrccr rlr. x'nrlt'l ll crcencia clc <tre algo cs real I rartir tle l:r cLrlitlecl rle rlac.er <r rlispllrcct (lue s\l tepresentirci(in gcnere. I;r rclltci<-rn estlccll entre el plac.er v kr crrc pasa l ser l(.tl)tit(l() (\)ln() r( ill cl placcr guienclo 1' sclcccionanckr e<ucllo <uc r' a scr crccll c.rrxr tc ri(,r(l() cxistcnci- hlr siclo larganrcntc (r)n()ci(lit v g()zll cn Iu actullirltrcl <le ( ()r1s(.ns(). l-11 expresi(in "pcnsar)ticnl() (lc rclllizilci(in rlc tlcseos, seril l:r fierl('l('lr(l('r'tcix :r (fecr c()nt() qrre es rcal lt<rrclkr rtrr t.ausa rlaccr. I)rlr cllo se Ii( n( (lur lel)ritnir. pr()\'cctllr. rcnegr. ncgar. har.cr Lrso rle krclts los lucc:rrrisrrros <lt'ti,nsirrs cle krs rlr.re rlisponc el psirrrislt<t. Lo rlesagrt<laltlc lien<lc ,r st r' t lr'ltriclo cle llt conciencia. pc,1) talnl)in r srl.c()ntt.ilft.(,st(lo cn tl in (('n\(itnlt., en el rue se ftll'ican realiclr-lcs <.<nfirrnrc l <leseo. A este rcs r'(1r), l()(l() t'l t|abejo clc l-'lerrd s<lre cl principio clc plur.er tuccle ser rnten ,lirL trrrrro cl intentr rlc clur tirnclntent() l1t tcsis clt <uc krs sLuios v l<ts sllrl() rrs s()n realizlcir-n cle rlcscos. l)ef() espccixlt)lcntc cle cstltltlcr.er ls lc
il
lrllzca
c'attificctcb L'n el prcscnlc de suc(,(ler psi(lttc(). Es lo qr-re velnos en los sr.rcn,rs tr.[ll)1-ltic()s 1' lls pcslclillsr l() terni(lo aprece ((rno 1'e reulizeclo () cn pro ceso cle rcalizacitin. f-s I() (lue txrrrl)in c()nstatamos en el deliri() petrc(Lrl,ri ), en rrre el sLlicl(). tslrliend() cl .ltxqLre. pas x cl'ccr qLle eslir siencl() (r)jet() (lel lDislll(). \'est() hxstx un gra(l() trl <Lre llcga l c(nlsh-lrir la escenif)caci(rn lttcin:rlorir quc l< r'rrolrrr. L) en la Iriponc<xlra. en tue sc \'an falrricencl< ctn vicci()nes srlre lus suct-silus cntr llc(ll(les (lLre xruenazaan l suie). As cortto l)arv un penslrnrienk) c-n el que el (lese() gobierna (le pen,nicnk) (lc rclizaci(')n (lc (lese()s-. cle iguel menere cxislc (fr-() tipo-pensasrrnrient(). rle irrnfl lrrcirir-l clc k tenrirlo o. nrejor an. p('ns.mleltlo de rcalza.n dL, lo toui(/r. cn cl scnticl< clc cuc acuclkr'cuc pr'()(lLlcc !lngu\ti.r. rlLre sc ttnrc. sc tftlnsfornlir en escenillc( i(in presente vir icla c(rll() rclrl. Si cl pcn-
slln)icnl() (lc relizirci(in clr clesc<s tlelirru l realiclacl 1' la hlcc nlinDc; ,1. cle iguel lnll11t.r-11 rl l)cnsn)icnt() (le rellizxci(in (le l() tcr11i(l() segLrr.r Ir ((rr\'ic(i(in <le <r.re es rcxl. (lLc c\istc k tcrnirkr. I)(n ()tm paffe. si en el in(()nscicntc htrbiera s<'rkr pcnsanricnt() dc' rculizcir-rn clc clesc<s. l:t lr-rgtLstia (le (str-(i(-)n o ls rnil firas clc lls lantrs terr()rizrntes n(, tenclrn cul>icla cn ('1, scrun sirnple c innrc(liatnlcntr clcscchlt<l:ts. Se hlr hlrlrircl< retfi-ri< u rente clel .sujtto c[lrlcsco,, I)lrrx in(li(rLr ((-r]r() Ios llcclrnistlos clcl tlcsco ticncn su,ct(l() il t()(k) ser htrnrano t'c<into cktri n.rn su flr n( i( )nxnlicnk ) l)si(lLi((). ,vlt tttc l:t ( )rg:LI)izaci(-)n a lll qLrc hxl)ituxl nlcnlc designlulx)s c(rIt() I)ers(nt1 no rLtc<lc rt]lis <r.te seguir. sin el rlrcn()r (()n()cilllirrlt(), ks cnrirrs (lLe el (1ese() lc irttgrltc. Fln igull senti(l(). llxv un su cl() (lel (lspl.tccr ( uYl cxisten( j.r n< estr'i <lach p()r nin-an cnte pers()nilicir hle sino rol los rr'<rios nlccnisrtl()s (ltle (leternrinltn tlte Io tctnicltr su-t r ir i rkr corno reel 1 ectr.nl. Si s()nr()s c()nsecrcr1l(s (()n lat crrnccrcicin cle <tte k:s l)r()ccs()s inc()llscicntcs fincionxn lrejo la ckrblc rcgulacir-rn (lcl princil)i() (lel I)lllctr \'(lr kr <ttc estli ll-ts rrll cle ('1. cnrn<cs n() h.t\'()tr-() clln)ino <uc el clc refir'mlrlur'. l)(n scr l)urcixlcs. tocllrs llts cxplic:tci()ncs (lLre c()n(cptualizxn l()s ii'nr'rren<s rs<ui<rrs norrnalss l petoliigicos cxclusi\'[r(ntr clesrle l:r pcrsrcctiva clel (lesc(). I)lrra t()llrul un solo cjcr:rplo: los sLteos (lr mLltrte (le sercs (lreri(l()s no scr:in sicnrpre leflei() (le cieseos clc tr.tc cllo sr-t,:'ccla ltltrt (lescnll)rrxzlltse clel lival cclpico cxrlic:rcir-rn (lue Irrerld clieu cn l 1l-la ( 1r)i J//(r)(./s l9(x)). cs clrcir lrntcs (lcl cxn)l)i() te(-rri(() (le 1920-. lul)r.'t(tci(;u r/s lln n() l)()(:s ()p() uni(h(lcs exl)resan Ln() clc krs nr:is gran(lcs tenx)l-cs (le Ll inlnnci: el -rcrcler lr l<lrcikrs <lu( l() s()n )(l(). proteccirin v ulivio flentc al clt lor 1 ll angustie. ftentc dc sLllllinistr() \'itlrl \, (lc stisLr(( i(-)n sexLral v nar'(isistl. fll scntinrient() cle irrp(fcncia-(lcsx11)irrf). rrl cu,: f'r'crrrl (licr.r lrnl),,r tlrnci (clltl-1rl rrl uli<ltrlo c()lt() l)Lse cle Ll ilngusliar scel. r'ecla vcz (lLrc es
cl ilr(()r)scirnir se escenitlclr. sg rc:Liiz cn ls itril \'arriilnlcs (le Ios rcliglos a [rs rue (llrcclll expuest() cl sLrjrt() p( la tiltr rle la inago rearcxcti\.11(l() cn scllrLrantc. Lln c()nsccLrcncia. cr1ln(k) se
lt'.\:k)lrt, .t(t(h)rstit(l()c()ntoocttrriettdoctnt<t'atocurri(k)(tutliz.tdo)_cs-
lrhnti rtte cl slren() () l()s snt(lrrlts
s()n Ltna
llr
,.
AVAN(]IJS IJN PSf(JOI'IJItAPIA PSICOANAJ-I'I'ICA
lrl, IIAS()QtllSII()
ll5
r(ilizll(i(-)n clc rltscos. () Unrt tr-itnstcci(in cntrc el (lese() 1 h clclcnsl. sr estl ligitrttlo un() (lc los casos llosibles rle lo cluc c()rlstitLye unu <omlinatori rrris :rrrplia. l)ueclcn hlerse inicia(l() por le lrsquecla clel placcr ([irect() ) It'rlizru-sg stc <rrn trna pe'crrea clrlil nreci<-n, < en el caso cle qrrc e-nrcrja clis.llrtccr secuntlltrio porclut' he_v tenclencias cr.rc sc lc ()p()nen- llegar.se a unrr lillul (le conlpr()nris(). Pcr() txt)ll)ia,n l)Lle(I.-n ini(iame c<t\\to lspldc?r
Lln (Lcsc()
l)rDldri()-no secunriarit:l
rcrsccucir-rn se
privilegilld cn l1r pcsirdilln en clrre l:r entrcl.lzl rrrn llrs rlil lirnuas cn cue el sujeto apllrcce csc lttrrlo clt clllt, pr \r()lvcr ir rccnc()ntrlLrse (()n krs ptrscgtrickrrcs. y Itrego volr',. r lilrrrsc clc ellos. y es en rrnu scri( inflnitil. I)or'igr[tl rezc-rn rcsrrlta rlitr;U iO intcntr cxl)lic1 1()(l()s l()s (Ltar(lr()s ()l)s( sir)nlntes prescntcn bajo ntocleliclacl h ipr t rnclri:Lctr. tenx)rcs (lc itu -se I)ulsi(ln. crl()tipis, ctc. c<tx; si fLc[r lllrnteni(l()s Jxrr rrn clcsco crrc se eslrrilr r'rlizrrnck cncrlricr-tlrnrcnte. Lo rrtc fitc exrlit'ltcirin rrnivctslrl entcs rlc lki.s rtllri rlal prttL:ipitt tk,l pktct t'l lt)20) no ')r.recle c()ntinuur tcnicnckr cse ce r.r( l('r'unlr vrz (lLre sltl)cl]x)s (llrc cn l()s pro<esos in<rrnscicntcs n() rigc ex(hti\.urr(rltc cl l)rincipi() cicl pleter () e (lcsc(). Sr-rkr trn cicr'1t Llt( )n):ltisl( ) (lc nu(sl[l lc(niz:r(i(-)n lrace ctrc cl Prirtrer Drorlckr <rre gLa ntcstt1) pct]s.ll1llct'l ti) lDt(. ( l rcltLk) (lel j)lcicntc scil la lrs<1ut,cla <lc rrn significlrr-kt in(()tscienlc ( n (lr( sc cslarx rexlizlln(l() un (lcse(). Nos llenrrs ac()stulDl)f(k) tnt() a l)ctl ;r ( r) (sl()s t'nrinos (llc lxs in tcl prctlrci( xtrs llrs:rcltrs cn cl ltrincirio clcl pla, t'r son l:rs (l!re sc n()s <ctrrtcn nlis Iirilrttcntr:. trrntl< c'rr rcaliclacl lrt rcltliz t ir r t[. rk,scos ], It [clizltci(-)n dc k tclrrickr el senti(l() (lrc sc (l1r c(l() rr';rliz:rr.kr. r'oor cxisticntl< yli- se rel):trtcn -sn cl tcikio cle lo inconst'irntr.
>to clcl rlaccr. c()m() sc ve cle ntanerlr
c<nflictirrr- \,(lue(larse en a,l. O ptr) tlitr'irsc Ln lrltcmllncilr entrc el l)lincipi() rlel phcct y cl rnl'rs all:i clel print i-
(lt: rna slrpLrcstlr pulsi(jn (le n1llertc qlre serr lx (lLrc (r-clLri llls lltntasas terorillcas. l)ero inclcpcncllcntcnrrntc (l('(lue st Plrnk) tle particla te(irico fic rl inarlccu<kr. clre hiciera sur-gir toclo tle la intencionlitlacl ltgresiva. cptc tcclujcre sus cxpliceci<tcs al inttrjucgo Pr()vec( i(-)n, iirtr'()vcc(ir, el cxmP() (lrc intent(-) encutlr-cr-ll pertincntei el clel strjcto qttc sttfre en vcz clc gozltr. Igr.ihr)rntc La(:ln. x prsl-(ic sLL reenrplz() clc llt ntr tl ir'ci<'rn, clel trrnflicto I cle toclo lr (lue pxltir clc stc sc rleserc:tclenr. \'de Ln cstltrctLlulisnr( ) l() gicist cn (l(s l tc()rizllci(-)D pr()glcsx x plutir ([t cillcg()r.ls t l as( el](lcnllcs, un t<cl<. srl)() (lrc hltlri rn nr'is ulL't rlcl clcstt stll)jtti\1)r lcclefini<i c'stc c
lriz< clc l olrscsi<in rlc rcl)cti(i()l'r un.t ('Lcsli(in rcllcxitlltt. SLt lititar.ir-tn cn r'sle pLnt() l)rc(is() cslLl\1). sin ctrrlrargo. en Ilrtcc{ll clepcnclct clc Llnll tnli(lx(l rrti<a: lu olrscsit-n rlc rel)rli(i(in l)(n l iirsislcr't(ii (lcl signifi(l1c. .r)un, sl i'slu tireu algo clc polsi y n() re(luiri('r.t clc una litr:rza rltrc llt irttprtlsc. Sin la \ erticrtt( (l(l fi'ttr. lt l:t r'rtrtl l,ttt rltsrr'tc ialre. loclo cttctla tl'l llrl.l lrr,,lri rlcl inlluncntr clcl significentc rtitttcnt i'pota- o cl,.' Io I'cal ctP1l tllter'io c[' sr.r ol-lr. '' I)(n nucstfl l)rlc. rcsult c\i(lcrrlt l)()r tl tratlltlllicnl( ) rttc ltcallanrtls cle llrcer rlcl lcnlll (lLrc ,.ll nlis ulLi tkl clcsco no inrrlitrt cl trlt,:erlc rttlis rtlLi tle l()s irl(t()s. f-s l)tr( islrrrl( ntc rot cl lttxlcr clc Irs lili'r.'tlrs. en eslc cs() (lt I()s (lLr('ticncn e1 scllo cltl <lisl.)lltr'cr'. cttc st inrPLtlse Iu t'()ttttttlsir-rtr Ia rePcti ci(-)n. fllt (sk) sc1linl()s lrclrtl, no lror llt ltrclltt'ititt a le palrtlrrt <lcl tltltcstrr L1'tllr,I)!rr(lr.r r['r.rl,,ltz,l! l,r ,rrglrrr(r]l.r(rr,rl \'rl,' lr'rlllll( \rl rll\l\l(ll. l.l \'lr <rrc rn el rsirr.risrtto lltl ltlgo. llt r'rrtlitl:trl rlc ltli'(1(). (ltrt n() l)Lr('(lc scr-rc(lLl cirkr ni l siinifi(Jntc ni u llr significacir-I. n()s l)rrc(c eitlt( iitl l)rll cntcnclcr <rt cs kr (lu('nrLrcvc ll jrrcgo rlc lils r('l)resrrr(llai()ncs Y Ilrs trrtsli)tnl.l(i(rn!'s (lLrr stils r"lut srrlicn<ltr
l. < rrrr. o us
ru-t-
Dlr- l)rrsr() \'r)rir- pRrNcrpr() l)lit.
pl-A(:HR
l)(s(lc csl.r perspcftiv. r'csrrltu inclisltcnsalrlc clcsarrollal una clnic <lcl tlcl rrincirio clcl .llaccr. n() p(n(llc eslu firrla <le olgenizar lo ps rttirrr rrrr-rlrr (lcs\ inculrse clcl plin<irio <lel rllrccr, (lc l()s cntrelxz.r nt ir nr ( rs r( ( ll)r'(xr)s (,ntre 1lr11l)()s, l)rf() s l)()r-(lLlc l)tr lLn()s srrjctos el placer. l:t lrrrsrrrctLr rI ii. sr'rkr (\)l]stilLlye Llnu dbil ct)rricntc Lle agu (luc slltgc cn llts rlri( l:r\ (l(r( llr tnornrc rocu clcl clisple<er Ic rcrnritt. Vicllrs lr>llrstacllts -tor l:rs r( l)r( s( nlir( i()n('s cle peligr rtrt rkrnrinan cl l)si(luisll(). Jtor la crccnt ilr rrrr: 1,, r lrsrl:rt t'trlclo \l cstli ()cLnicn(l() () (luc cs lo tire oc urlir:-r inrltli,ctillc nr( ot( lrst.r pr()lrlcrtli-rtica clcl lll.-s itllti clel princiJri() clcl piaccr cs Ja purle cle Lr .l,r.r IrcLrtli.rlr trrc solo prrrlo scr cslxrztlt. lltrcs krs grrndcs lrislrr'ialcs ilrniiris. l.r r.rrlitlrr'ioD tle los sintrrrs.,-lc ks suets <Lrr.:cluron (lcntr() (lc Irs rrolrlt s,rrlL ir1,..s rr lu rcfirrlu<ititr (lel I920. l)r()l)lrotticlr rrrc nlrc.e la ol.r tI Nl Nlcirr. rrrrrrrrrc su .()n(cl)ci(')n cn(l()!{rt'lis11l le lit'icrt srrltsiclillilt
rrrrs :rllli
si |)riltcil)it) tk'ltt,r-1,;t rL enttlo cs clciclt c(rr() ('xistcntc v gLlt lil (lisl)l1r( cnltr( \ /,r rr<xltr<r'ir-rrr clt'l Psitirisrtto. irllcnlii n(l( )sc r-,.< lrezt lo ( (ld igrtek's tlctrrtcr()s Ltl(lLte ) t o sc sigltn .tll lur l,rt k ipit /t,/ 7r/c c,r'rlctcntrir c()n sign() c(rrtmri(). c)l()t(('s rnl)ars iirttrlts lrltjo llts cttltks sc ot'gltrize cl pen sarnricnl() l)si(rxl tcntltln rttc st'r <'r'1Lr:Lclrts crt ('rl(l sLricl(). r iinclosc llts lrlti cr.rlltcioncs l krs rr-cck rrrrirrios. lrcutl st o,.ttl-r clc clcs;trt-ollltt c\lcrtsltlltentc trnlr rlc ks >olrs. cl rlcl yrt itrr'irio ,-lcl rlltr'ct. \' solo <'ttLtrr< io cl tltlo. (1)t I() (ltLtl lrlr'iri unrr Ince lr rrrlrrntlizLt itt,.'tltlrt'intcntlr tcspttiltr l 1tr'cgr.trrles clcl til)(): c()nr() cstl-r irrs(r-rl() cl tlisl')Lrrcr'. r'itrll,. s son les t rct'tcis lttlttl-t(L\ I).t\rt'_ nalcs tttc l() s()sli(]ncn. co|ro sc I)ltslr rlc sts rt Lrs lltrrtltsias pr'1icllltlcs (itlc crr clrdlr sr.rjrto rtvisl,.'n ls p<.'srtclilllts. les lrtnltsilts rlc pcrser'tt< it-rn. los lcttttr tcs h iPo( oncl'err rs. l()s s(nti licrt()s (le irnl)()tcn(i. tlc irttl>osilrilrtllttl. tlc inrt(
J5. Iln ('sr('.1'rrtLrlo. irili'rilrrLicntLJrr(rnc (lc L,\ r(lir!r,,( (L('l.rrL.Lrt rlr rlt's11'rrclet:c dc K.rn. r:\ liL i,)st)irir(i(,r rk'esrt Lr rlLrc l)resiilr su ()1n.r yir (tLr('Lir .r1('g(irr (lc i(, r.rrl. (iclii(l()
L
orno kr rnrrrsilrli
. :L l:r (trLc sc .r(r
c(l!r ix \;1, ) tr
\ r
rrr.rr(rrriirl(:1. no rLtctlc Ltlricrtt.r' 'rnU
r,,trr,
I lar
AVAN(.llS l:N PSr(.rrf Iilt^PA PS( r)AfiAt.1 t(,^
rlt.'r'rrrcil-rn'/ \iir,elenrrs al tclru de las creencias l'r'rittlices en cl clrrttrIr sol>rc lrr rtlrlirniclr. l< nr r'rrstituitk., _r'la tlesctivlrciin clel inconscientc pelr. cle dl()rrcnl(), [()s lenus <lel ntasrxrrisrn<t ]'(le Ltn lltlls:tll;i clel clcscct n<ls lrn het'lr< rvrrnzr en el lp()rte c1e prr.relus.l nlrestr.r tesis s()l)rs l.r c<npleji<lecl clel
CAPTULO
III
ir).(rscients y tle las firc-rzas (lre l() nrrcvcn. ls crlxt tara cntcnrlcl cl psi (ltistt() cn l.lrr() ()rlniztci(')rt rxrrlul;r cn (lUc (listiDt()s si\tcnLs l()tivi\'i()rt:rlcs sc r'ltn rti(ulirn(l(). sufi-ienckr tlLDsti )fluilciotlcs en el pr()ce() clc lticrtlcir-tr.
LO REPRIMIEO, LO NO CONSTITUIDO Y I-4. DESACTIVACIN SECTORIAL DEL INCONSCIENTE INTERVENCIONES TERAPUTICAS DIFERENCIADAS
!ln estc (alpitul() ()s pl'()p(r]cIl()s cxl]rinxr illpLlns ctcsti()nes (lLre pLlerlln scnil tic lirnrl:rnr,- r-kr tarnlr) J)irir ult;t tcra (lc ll cLrrlt rr)lrro par:t rlelinrit.rI r. ul-rics s(m ls llriltil)lcs tiln(i(x1cs ([rc cl tcftlpcuta clclrc d <u trlil, p|c ralanclo ltsi cl leffcr() part tl <aptLIkr sifluiertc cn el (lLe intenlxrem()s rr()sll-rr (luc cl trlrtllnricn) unrrlilirrr r' rL'is allli rlc liI)litlrsc a ser uoir !D)I)li( i(ir (le lrr concicnci y rLte tlclrt lert(lcr, pr;r str c(r)crcntc (r)n lil tcsis clc <1uc cl in<rrnscicnte es dctrnninlntc. Lrn uro(liflcl(i(ir-r <le 'stc. A fin cle cntcn<lcr kr (luc slr(e(lc ('n ci trxt:lnricn). cn (lLre l() interno cicl p-l(irnt( s.: cr)(-uentr con kr ir'lerno (lcl leirptutll, rn (lLr (l( Ls c(tctcisticl lr Y ritir tu(les dr cst( cnccnlto cl ptrx eso sc trrl|li en<:tt'tillLt hnci.t ttn nrtrlifl<'ci<it'l clr la petologa o llltr'i un itccntL1tci(in rle l Ilistlta, (rtltrtrarent()s I)(r-rc vislr el papcl (lLlc (l(scnrpca llr reelitletl extrrn cn la gncsis (lc l pat()logi:1. Si el tntlr))icrll{) e5. (,lr I()s li'rt))inr)s (l( Ilulinl. "ur 'ltcv() (rrttitnr(). r'i co l Ir;rv,,J']cogrcsis, (lilciclrnllr. S., 19i()), ent()n(cs cl estucli() (lt l:ts <nr-li ci(n1cs (lLre interlicnen rn l1r (r)nstitucianr clel rsitluisrno. espccialnrcnrc el intcriregr) inl( rn(/r:xl!-r'n(). pl-()\'rc clc rt nrtclek cic r,'alor it-ltpretiltblc para ror-lcr oricntlr[nos s<ll< l;rs tircrzs rlLrc io<itlen f)r qttc sc pr((l: rccstrLctLlr.lf sn Ia t(lxlli. En lo rtrc sigr.re. cl le<t<-,r rlclct':i tener c( )ntin ulutlcn(e prc scrtc la fcllrcian cnlrc el tcraP('utu v cl prcicnte c(r1'1() tel(in clc fonclc cle los clesltrrollos (lrc \'arYilr()s lreticnr.lo sollc Ilr relr'ior (ntre cl nin(),v cl rttecli<r (luc c()ntril)tyc:r c()nstitLrirk) l)s(luicrrlrentc. p.:l ir l1cien(l() Ixs trilsl( i()ncs c()rrcsp()n(lirntes (lut pcmlitxn dili'[tnci1rr. rarafiescanclo x \,innic(xt, .ll .ter:prLltx sLll( icntcnrrr'rtc l)ucnrr (lel (lu('Iruc(lc llrger lt sct lcr'.lpe\t.l (leciclicllrnrr'ntc r:rk>. No >ortr<'(r'clrD()s (lLre cn lir l('r'piar sc re(itpilrl( L inllncia. tenia,nd()sr ec'ccso gtL<ias il [l rcgresi(in Lna rc\iviscenci:t cle krs lrrnlct,rs cst:l(li()s e\t)hrti\'os clt lu nlcnte. o rlLre c-l pecitnte cn psicoxnlilisis sca el nio cn \'ncul() ((r-l figtrrrs .larenl:tlcs represc)tcl() 1tl)(n'il p()r el itDirlista. \rr, n()r(luc I:rs ((nt(lici()ncs qLre cslLr(tL(iln cl r:irrtis o ticl slrj.tl), s()l)rc t<rckr Ia inflLrcncin clel (fr() cxtcrn() pttlsional lrlc(ti\'() y cliscr.usivo. qtte estlrvi(r, rn prescrtes en lrr ir-lilurcia. \'uclvcn .l estirk) cn rl l)fessntc (le l terxpia, d lill
ltttlo qtrc L\t d t-i|c,tt -t' to Ix)t er)c citit tl<'l ptrsudo. I.ln llr olr|l fictrriianu cl <rntlicto intri)sqlrico rs
l.ilLls! esencirl dt
Iir
lts
AvAN(lllS li\\ PSI(iol'lit.1PIA PSICOAAI-'l l(:A
rN'l
llRvljN(:loNlls rl]RAPtlf icr\s I)l':RliN(llADAS
I 1()
lrr!.luslilr ) h rlrtoLoga. lll llroclckr estlrlecc unlr cl:r[r sc( Llenci]i ciefio till() <l,. tl,-sr.rrs ilfr'tsi\()s- cnfriln rD eontltcliccirt (()n ()tras raprc -sexLlallr: ! s( rllir( i()rt('s tite toclitican es()s clesc()s corrro ina<eptables. Jo qlrc gencre anltusli. (l(ltrnrirlnclo qrre el clcsetr selr rcPlilrli(l() t'<r.rc tlcsclr (l in(()n5(icn-
t('
r-cirl)irrezc clcfiru'naclo. conclensaclo con
la dqfns1r, irajo la lirrma
cle
sintirrlrs Scr tlificil clcjar'(lc ver lil rclr\'.rn(i (le estc nr,clcl< \'sL
(,n()r-nte
)rxltr r'tr"t cDten(lL-r l()s !lllt()s (llic I c]r-riclr nos prcscnl:t. l.1l (tcsti)o rgsi(lc r'r r'lltr krs orgencs (le l()s elcnrcnk)s (iuc a()nstilr\'rn l()s l)xfes (n ,'n,''i ( i()n (l(,1 (()olli() ilttrps(lir'() t. s,rlt torkr. r'rtinlL it-rritlc ll rcrlidrl estrlrlr v <Llint< les prrrias ptorlttccioncs clel psi<ttisnro nlais lllli (lc lo ruc se .lf)(ntir (l('s(lc el cxt(,ri()r. II.r51 ll'191. IicLl(l <ltrlru tr-<lit< tr trruelLr r1r.rr sus )lr (iL-lrlcs l)istri(ls lc jnfirnr;ilio - <1rrc lrel])ilrIr sirlo olrjer clr sg<lLrttr,r l),,r
)rrle (l(,Lrnx figura signif)c.ttir:r-. A pitir (lc (js( l])()lIcnlo. cl rcllr r-efcl.iLLr rr turt realiclrl trtnllizllnte cs l)Lrcsl() cn lrla tk'iricro, llcgirnck I'rcrrl l:l c(r)\'ic(i()n clc qut- sirs lltr'icntcs se lrLlk)rngiutaut. Ilrlicrtn cl rectcrk int Pttls.rdrrs ltor stts cltscos. l,tr flrrlrrsl.r inr.i)rr:r.ir..nlc (,r)tr.r (.)t(rn((.s cn l. 1!,()Iil.
lirrtl:rsilr
t1r.rc
parcceli:r t('neI rnir gcsis pft)pirr
(s
rr:is lt<llrlttla <lt'tsl:r tonr'<'ririn (n(la)gcn <L l:r f_lrttrlts: lrlrio llr [>csiir (lc] rnstirtt() cl ta'llin() (lre rrsa ltr:r r'nclaverlo cn kr l)i()l()gi(\) r jnnllto- cs tlct -s,.,cs ir'. cle.rlgrr ltlrsoltrttrrnenlt inlcrn(), sc.tlcncr:ln llln l:r\iis (ltrc cn(rrLrrtflt) rtt;is o ttcrtos iri)())1) cr't l rclirl:td. ll lll qLc (lrlinliln. 'l irrl( ) cl (lese() corno la prrhil>icion sLugililn cle algo intclior al srirk) As, cl r;r.lisrtlr tlcl sLrl)ct\1) rs c(siderilrlr) lrrr' Klcirt crnlto origire(kr rn llr rroyrilt ;rgrr'sivirlrtcl del sujcl(), rLrc tcsultlr scI cr rnsectrenc'itt. il su \'rz. (l(l instilrl(). I)ts<lt rstrr pcrspcctivl, Kl<in es Iicl r Lln:r (l( l:rs lirr'lrs c\ist(nt(s (r-l Irrtttl eslrcck e lrt rcelitllrtl: stlr (lcscnrlx' ttn plt.lt1 sc<uncllrri() (rrl -csl)(11() irl ((ili(I() \ x llr .rngustiil LncrL tr.re rcflejrr cl irnItcr qLe tu\'() cn l..lr'i t'l tr:rlrejr> tllas oll ?l Prit(ipio (ld pld(ct (1r)20). I'cr() csc 1r':rlrrrjr clc lrrt ucl r'r irlcnr'ilt, en sr recLr'ti(-t lllisnl:r, sLs rsr'illrcirnes respe(t() l pxl)cl
Lr rrl)rcsertttlntc
l ])rlir
(le la
pLrlsi<-I-r. ,\1.
Klcin
rk ir
0n(),lr(rr l() c\lrflIo. L 1thlit'itjtt. stt()tt! _) duNt(slr ( 1()2(r) clilelctr,. i.t sD Irl ,rllllll:tt.l o(',lr(-)1icil ), ilnBListill rc.tlisilr >r'orltrc itllt r())t() ( r)ns( -lrngrrslilr rr( ll(r.r (l( ill]r r'('irlidrL(l ll1]l(rzltlc l:.t1 |il )\)'1,/ tlLtll()2)) enLtn(ilr l cor r ,.le cllre <,1 yo rlclt li<li.tr <rrrt cl t,lirr rr, u rrl.r I r tle< ir. los <lcseo. -es (. rrrr,rrls,,. . r'rrn (l srrpeqrr \'('()n l r('lid.r(I. () serr, cl yo (lel)('cnfrent:[ a Ir rrrlr'rr,,. r'l r,lLr. rr.r'o. tlll)ilt. .l Io txlerro. llnl,r*rs r.D l.r Lllt.siit c()nl() ccilci(),1 csraillll!,nic enrltigcntt ,,/i//s tcarlir.l.trl r.rlr'r.r r r.rx,l tlt'l ()tl() (1)Dl() (l(tcanlinltnte s(nr. il par!_tif (le esc nr(r
. r r rr
r
cxpe[itncilts (lt lils r]cLlr()sis triturliiti(lls (lc farrrr1l gtriltl)ln l re-Ls fI rirrrr-. Pcxr con<ltrt,e (()n cl r'na(l]l)[ilri(nl() (lc llr Jrrrlsi<irr (lc ll)Lrcfi(,. irlu() irl)sr)lLrlilnlentc ilteIn(). Vltir'r.,cs y r)t:rlizltL'i()nrs en cl inttri()r (lc (]se tf lr,rr rtrt sc' r'r'rtocltrcen etl l()(l()\ l()i cs(rit()s (l(' l,r't'ttcl <lc'llt <l<cllr <[ l<s \r'int(. :rr irlgur)()s nrr)ll)cntr)s. sc intlinlr pol io intcrno ) (()nstitrci()ltirl: c
lr' rr;ts
.xltr'n ), l() iltlr:rl_l()
(ir)liur)z
l)rtir (l(
sitLt:r'irres ltitr)):ttic;rs
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l crtllrtniclarl [Icnk), ].s lincas qlte polelizatl'ttl, c(l r()(11)s lls rr'licalisttt<s esinlrltpsqtic() c()ntli'to l fltntsilt \'(lel clc 1r.ia,,".,Ai,ia,, t.,rs'rltrticllrios lil rcll_ qlc ptlc(le clcsc()n()eer' sc n() r'alic['z ctlt'l grintell c(nll() llrgLltlrentos. jl,i".i"..i"nlp..l',rrpteclrr ctcscle ttn ctligt> intern(r' (lLrc Ir cxteLn. !tir't Ptri,.,,,.,',,,, qtre lc ()l(g trr) cic,t() sigrrificautl'utlt.-]-l:lll,.:' , ;";.;;,ir:, "1g,, cxtcrn:t n() t()(i()s l()s sLitt()s expcfilncntn Ix lllisltl'l rcrt' l:r lttisn)lt rocli<.itil (lcl pLrlsi<lnel 1 <lt lrr .i,,rr. ,,,," n lt;r) cstr'lr! ptr() in(ltl)cn(lictllt .eslil([(r (ft,lf']x(l ll l() inlsl-n() priolitlacl r,,nt,rsi,r cle..l. ltis cLrlcs etlqtricre r.elot. lisra (()ndLli(). Llnx delcl ). ) n [itiC( ill)li(.ll(t.l lll tl:tt.tllli(I1f() P:ii(.( ,.,1,. t., el nals solxc ".,..n.,. tlxllsti'ricio clcl ,,ri,-r,,.t,, a,rra.p.l,-r,r .le ,lstc, I(.) intero() 'rrjeto' tr"t:ulicnti clcl cl<ltrsr <lttennina ' sirrl,,, f i,, tiiu".iia xrrlrltic. cs l<t tttc Iil ltlnslefetlcii )'tcs Scll )) ccci( llls lx( ck,'cl lnali.t, st-rlo rtna plrtltltlllt l)itl t'l nrlsll cnci Si ,f,,.',f,,,1,, t:ni,, lt ls rect irttlcs tlcl l-rlrlitt' rt sll c( )ntllltr (lcl (rl(lriellk) l() (lttc t\()lLl.'i(in lll ll('lltr"ll' (l Lln listlt se Ir:lttllicrl( l)()si(i(-) icnt'- qtl( PLlgnrt I)( slsLlrgc cn a'sle. ('slx[11 i.llliJ(lo p()l-lllg() ill(('m() ticl >rtt lr()c(s() st:ntcill1( itl li,.j;,1u" tct'tninrt suclttlitrtkr si ll<' sc k: rrlrsl<tlizlt (lLle'igtlc trt't () .l.lr,,n,,ll,, lririkrgico clc crelcltticr (ngrinisnl() !cgctrLI inilllxl clcttrlllillil(l() i( olcntt g('ll('l ('\1)lLrci()ll lll.llcll(l l)( \lrr l)r()l{llLlll;t illttrn() _ llt lcll_ i,n ,ut" >,rsicii,rl rllLtt '.lilc.lltc "'tt't'rt:1111 Irs tLte tilsiricl-'rn llt cs cle slo Io ()tr() lllisica llt cLlsll c(ltll() lirlrl t xtcri<'rr ra1:rr.'re,rt,,.l,t l)()l' c1 (lq kts gntsis cLe l''r sirl(' in((,,rs(ittllt t,.L;r,';:;i,:,,l ,l.l'rri,1,.,1r,,,', i Li iarrtrrsirr (lLlt (le llngllstixs l:ts (lc sIls sticl() -ra,rfrla,rr"a,1"a,,, " a',,,,,,,t,1", al '()nlli(1()s (r)ttl() ()r1:Llizlt(i(-)11 l)xt()l(-)gi(:l lliau,ral,,n,,ran sLr scl-. ((,rrsi(lcrn(l() ('l (ittli(tcr ltltLl Il)l izllnl(' l"erc]r tcllliclatl (l rlc ttlt illlpllcl() xltc rlcli'nsir,lt. tcltctioll1. (1971) son (19(r5)r'K<'ltrrt zi (l9J2x. l()J2l)). llirlinl ( 1951, l96t{) Winrri(1lt ()l)itl() l)() (ltle si cl i,r. u,f ,rrirr,,, tttris clcsllcrtclrs rlt tslr gtrtltr' lilillt scrllrl'r lln lr;isice' (lc(cnlrinlr t'1 'flla .i';.,;i", ,,,r las nccesi<Lt<les (lcl nir)' cllr) (le tr'lttl<lrrikr st'trtiuritnf(t tttl Lllrrll)i(), si st' :tclitrtlt il s!ls Il('( esi(l(l('s 1rt-ltltttc <r'tl cs nil(tltxl l-irncstltt. ,u. 1rl.,",1" sc[ (,)s(tvlt(l() srikr t()n cliflcLlltti tlitrlo trlljeto tlel 0r()\(x1L sint()ll1:ls t.l.,".., l"'tiuir,"(i(in -l l:tltlt r'lc <tt<:tit s()stict)e t(lLri\rtlcrrlt Algo (lJlrlinl I')' lg()ti lig' i,,l.f,,r,,t i ,try irltcns()s' cl l:t<ilit lrttctlo tl ntctu('tllc fl'i( t's crntlt Winnic(ft: "fll nt,.'cli< .llll)icnl(, cic sc i(litl)la c\lc!nrr isi(lll (lLlt l stlcccllt cslr I)r()\ prtxrso tltclurlttir'(). I):lil (ltlc stl'gcn ,,,r,, ,n",r"a,, e xlrcll)11(latlllentc sLliil ll las (l)rl)iantcs ncccsirlacles ("llll (si{lir(lcs 'lll srttil atlltlirltitltl n('{ ,, f,,,ri..l.l l)r()(ts{) (lc rtlrtdtlr'(ill (lLlc cvr\ IrLlirr l)(n lril nt.r.,-r1,,'pLleclc scl l)f()\'isl'l p()l-Lll'l Pcrs()nll Y Llll;t ((tn (l!ri() [)c(l()s (r() tctrq'.1 ()trlts Prc()(Lll)ll(r{tlts' ) (l(l('('st'i(lcntilic:t(lll \:rlisfitllis' ol('n() (lc rllodrr tlLlv l.rs ttr'. csirllclcs (lr stc sean sclli(l:ls ) (\r('rtlr"lr(' l" (l('l r'i"rl rl)'lx lii)' A'ltrt 'tl'li .lr','rrtttl l)r,/ (\;r lr.llrrr.rl\crItrrlrlllrrl'll)t)r]rl't'll:t af..,,,r, ia" lirrtcirill tlc 's( )sti'n- { lrr r /l / l! ) l'r ' ltre t[Lt llLrerlo' (rlig 21)' clrc sr.tficicntclllct-lte l)Llcll.t' 1 cl ":tnrtliste sLllicicntcl llclltc ) Wi,rr;.,rtt rtfirnlrt:.ctllr' 7'elzcl clijo t]t) \ll scll)iniri\) rr'itntt: I:r!tl(i Pl-ill)tr( cl') s('xLlales tlxtlllls tcnirL lllllrn llertti'tic:ts (lLlc t()(lals l!s Ptfs()llils l)ctls(-)
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rr,.'nt< rlc ks crri<lrrtl<s pr,ri,rs rl. llr ,rrrkxrrrsc,.lr..i,r,l. ;rj-;,; .,,t a,sre. rnc_ rlilrnle lo <r.re (lelx)ruinl ,nl(,nsiljcs r.rtignlititrrs,, rrna scxrrtlitlttcl (lLlc nl lli ()tl() sl)en crtc se estt't l:rr.oclr.rcietrtkr. l.ls lr clrc dcn()llin .t(\)ri (lc litun() se rhr<t i<in gt,nettljzetla" ,',
l^t,Pl-rtr,.ltr tl')'1-.,1()9ll)J, p,)r sL [)xfte. en el flno r.elal<.:r<l< tl.al)al() (lLc Ltr t.r n tct-l p\l!1 ,lr,gi.l h.crrlilnlt. en srt rel()rn(),srltre, l.tetcl, lllucstr.r l!s (()ns(,(Lrct)ciils (llc tLt\'() el lrltand<nr p()r pirtc rlc stc clc la tcr. cle lt seritttion: llt rec.rcl:t en cl cnckrgcrtrrrtr,, cf< Lrrt.l l-.Lrl\r,.,n .Lrc rrr.r.lescle el sLrjc to lttt ia cl extei()I.. sin vet.sc el pltcl <ltre t,l otr.o clesetrpea cn la crtsritt ( i(')n rnist))x clc lo pLrlsionel. l.il dcserr.olkr cluc sfc,ctirl cn ,i?,zrrs7in1(lunt(,nlos /\uit Lllnt(tntjtLtlt \/\,.U\rrr.r ( lrtlr)l(,lt.t tlc l:r stthrr.t.i<jr nO cn"cl itcl <lc l t'r.r (l(l .ll)u*, ).r*,$r,, \ir,, cr c1 rlena tlc <rirna cl clrrlt<. lltrr'esrcr() r)(n. lrr Icplesirin. clesc<n<>crck-clc <rre sc clirigc scxrralntt,nre l nirj< cn cl llx)
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r.lriln c()I() pr())tipi($ cs cl cs() (le Lrn Pal(ientc nLcstr() <[r,tt cicsclc Ftqrte,, Lrn c()l()r (le PiL'l ! ttnr ct.rIuc r,isto por su p(lre c()m() intlecuatlo -tena (lue c()nsi(lcro inrlicios clc inlclioritlrrti-. Cttrrnck> llegri a l aclolesccnci, Irrr c'l pu<lre clcti<liri trrc no rlcl>:t cstu(iirl ptes.nttnc:t llcrrrtra ir na(i, \'(lLre l() l]rcjol. scria (luc c()nsigujer.r ur-t tlllltj() (le p()rtcr() cn lx .l(lninish rlci(in Ptil)licll l)ues. P( l< tenos. cs() lc ilsegll_fiit Lrn ingrcs() estlLl)lc v tln Pr()lue!irrn rrrc cl lrijo strrr irrDosihlt (le pr()\'tcrsc p()l s D)isnn). I-:t rlc>resii,n cr,rnit.r rrrc desaroll() cste l).rcientc, \ (lLc le (y,n(lLlj():t luscar'cl tlalan)ien). no erlt cl resultrk (lc srr x.r'rsivicl(l \' :lt(lLlc\ el objer ni tle une renuncia por cr.tl rr r.lc lus lxrsilrilirlircles (lue Iir viclu Ic otlct sin() la (r)ltsecLren(i:r (ls lcn(r (r)nt() l)lsc \ lLrn(l.llu(-nt() clc slr icleoliclll<l el sctrtirsc tttl sct inicrirlr. l)entr() (lr est liuca dc PcnserDicnto. ktlts los c.ts()s en (lLt ha lLIIli<l< t:tllas clt los 1'llttlres cn c'srcculltliLri tlellcit l)inulriod( nurcisizlr< ir-n -por zrrr rrl lrijo lt ('()nr() \'uli()s(),:l rl >ol iclcrtt ilicacii) (lcl stel() r'rln >erlrcs clesr:tk'izckrs- scrun cntcnclickrs ('()lll() lr\ft)nr()s ror cllieit. Es tl crLso tle ttn:L
<lrsticrr inlcrn() cn rtta(lfc s()llela c()r-tvirli(') 1r sLr ltii;r tn cl lcstin]()ni() <le su <lcslt<rtr' I)csclc srt nxcirlri(nt() llt l) cicntr sc cri(l en la Ir:rlritrrcir-rn cle scn icro, no rutlicnclo pratcti( rt)entc s.tlir (le clli l)il11l n() r))()lcslrrr ir llr firntili cn (rr\': cs lrt trrltclre tntltaillt;t. ((,rttP-tr,rt1t[,s<,trn krs hijos 'lt.gitirros-. olrselr':rn<kr los cLrrurlt:trios ]'rcgll(,\ ![r( (\ t()s rc(il)n. cl rlcgio ltl rlucillttt.et( fll sentirnicnt() tlc inli' i< r'icllltl. tle ilc gitirrricllrcl crit lrt nrirtl clt l ruclrc lrejo la <urtl lrt triG-. lrsc tle
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I)si(.()anilliti(.1t tlt'los ltitos ltos se Ita lrr'r.llo ftrr.Lt.ntL.rltrtrrrin:U.!()lll(r.l;..Lst()l-r-r()s p(). rl,.,llt'it",,.triskr-nr)s r.r clctt,r.rci.n t,n el rlt.s:r.1-rlI. rr tlifi,r.r,nttls l).lt()l(Ults (lur s()n itttil)Li(lxs tr la fll.t clt,l rlcrlio c.ircrncl:rntt t,l I)r()\ec_:(l sUjr,k).lrLL._ ll() rrre su crrlucirtr cn clrrla ctaptr rctr.rir:r.e (Cctkr. lggll KillingDxr, I9l3r).
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ni c()nx) inflnit() 'n st r)lagnilrcl ni ctc l(). \,quc peririt. rluy \( inscril)a en lr nuls profirnclo tlel rsiruismo el sentinrient() (le (lre el sLrfri lricnt() pLrc(le ser (l()[rinacl() v tcrDrin] en alfln r))(nnent(). Ahora l)ien. r(F es l() qur lc pltsa e ltn ni() (luc p()r I)crtLrrl).l('i(in (lc i()s p(lrcs rs s())dj!l() il l: c\periencix reilerlr(li (lc (lc sL lllltlcstitr crecc ) n() tcninJ cn Llt Ltp s() ({Lrc sci tolctllc'l Crlnclo cl nrirlcst l)crsistc P()r'(lLc l()s I)a(lrcs n() silrcn r'rnro tr'11rt(luilizr'l() (), f)ror, s()n los <rrc lo I)r()t()(1lrt, cLllrn(k) cl nin() llolir ]'en \:ez clc ser (lrlnlir(lrJ l()s ()lr()\ signili(:rtiv()s rer((i()nlln (rrl sLr I)r() l)iil ilngusli () (()n ira \'\'iol.'n(iil, cnt()n(('\ (lu es kr tue (lLc(lli in5Lt() un sLr psi(luisnroT I;r txptri('n( ilr tlc <1uc la ungusti n() ticne inrites cn sLl lll.rll nitu(l o en su dLr.rcin ),, solrle krclo. (ft( utpliCat t!n.t sitt! ak)tt lrlg*)i.r Pu'dcs\ol.tr ld dlt:usld. lu iru. kt hrrla dtlobjab e.r/cr,o. Fls k) (lLrc enc(mtLLIIt()s eo xqlrell()s px(icr-ltcs (llrc sc lltgusliltn lLntc lir tngusli pu!, su l)r'cscn( i1 rs cilPtlt(lx (()rlt() (lLte se[i:rln-Lrnr:l(l(n-lt y (lLe n() tcnrlrit fin, rt qtrc temcn Lrn (Tisis (lc 1lnlLsti1r rn ll (llr, (r)n la lgomti)l)ia (\)nsiglicntc, l)ues irnginn rr 1()s p()sil)lcs lestig()s (l( llrs nrisns conr() (riic()s. no srlir'itos ni (lispLrest()s x yll(lxr sin() (1),))() ligLrs te lls cLrtl(s sicntcn vcrgiiEr)z-l ,
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r'rxlificrit cle nr,rc[r r)().rn]lu\t,.lD Ic lir (iliLlJ(l intcrnlr v (-xlcrnir.lllnt() llr firnli ill ((tx) l()s it(1)nrrcirl)icr)r,r\ lI.l\ (r)ti((i.rn(,s. Asi. r,rI tjcrttlirr. <rt:trrrk (rn ni() (lc)r r(j:tli,/: Linx trrcil cs(()l.t' ) li(nt el sentinlicrtt() tk <qr.rt tl ti('nrlx) n() lc lrlcenzar. si sc crt('Lrerttril (()n l!{uicn (lue lc tnsrilt .lrutno. P<rngrinrn()s i lla(erl(,. o "}rr tc li:rgr cl tli l)Lj() r)Iirntits tti hccs tlrl rtrsrt-. r "l lr:rr'enros jrrntos,, ().ltil(-es l)rirrr(r() (s(). t(nlls lir rilel-icn(l1t ]'lLrcg() ltlt(('s ('s) ()lr(r,. csJs inlc cnci(rtcs c[l .r.lLrlkr lt pcrnliten ir ()rllllnizn(l() rn l)crsl)rcti\'ir solrrc kr lrlelr'elrlc cle Io r'xigi<kr l)c!1);(lu su(c(le si sc t:nclrcntr:l rntc l)(lres (lrc sr ll('nrn <le ansicclrrrl r cli ccrl ,\'1rh()riL viencs )'rc L tlir'es1". (). cn un nivcl nlLlclt() nl:-ts g(netirl _v (lq( isi\'() (lue estos eiclrll)l()s (le la .)r'tuea c()li(li?ni(la(1. si ('uirn(l() ticnc (lrc cn carr t()(lirs las yi('isilrdes clcl litlirr sus llce r( a nl ient()s er'(-)li(()s rl {)l)ict() incestu()s(). su agr('sivi(l1rd crr cl rir'.rl . cn (slrs c()n(li(i()nrs Ial il(1ilu(l (lL, l()s p.(lres cs (lr ()(li(). (le titti:. rle ltnrrr lrtc l scxullli(l(l cn el.lulliriir, ;cs )t Ir-cr.i<-rn clel ni() frcntc r sus clrsrrs uD l)t[() pl()(lt('t() (le srr psirrrisrro o clt rcrtclt tle- la respLtest,t clel olrjrtrr c\lcrn().r'ttc krs ntjsnros. ck'l;t lrr[-llrclr o int()l(.rr(il ntc l() rllrL' c clclrrlrrll (,n su r)lrn(l() (rljr)r'irtrrl' lil l_ililo rrr> t,s ni (n1r vi(isitr(l intclrtrt ert srr lltlrresis (llk:i<lrrrrr. 197611)nit:urll)()(()cnsLrc() (lifi(xci(-)n n1cn:rz1rnte, kr <rrc sc (()nlJ)r-u(l) p()KlLre (Lrxn(l() t'l rrctlio rxtcr'
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125
sco. Si cl ohicto clcl clcsco caccir>na cr>n rler'cr y resPtest.r 1lg1sc1 -1 lcrJlrzu ni sol)rccr-()tiza-. el nir lt k)ca. l() acxricia con placcr l picarcla c()nrrli(c. A sLr vez. si (l (r)jck) rirul contenrple la esccn (()n )lerxocilr cl nin{) sient( cl rhcer nlrcisistlt clc Pecr.rcos tlittnfirs s<lrre tl livul ctlipico, lo (prc lurx)rtigL cl suiirricnto cle llr glan clclrl clc sulrt'r que 'st( \e lieva l lrrtc clel ler->n cn la replrfiici(in cle f:nt-s. " Iil (r)ict() c\tem() prrecle apac'igtter la angr,tstia clc clLrtslt intcrnu r) ( \tern. llLrnlentlttlll r. inclus<. ser rl (lLlr. llr ptl)trxlr. l-lr iltlt tle s,lti)t'.1 l)iiI(1tI.il rnlc ('l cstu(l() em()ci(r-lal clel nir k misrrro l)l11 lx llrltlr cle enrlrlia clel tc -r.lr]c [rpcLtar c()] r(spe({o l sLl pacientc - clejlr lilrr:rckr irl sljcl() a c-\igcn('r.ls tlll()rionales qre le sol:lrepas:Ln. Si l:r f:tllrt crnl)rit(l tlcne lr.tgltr en los rtroclr:s (\1s(i(Llti\'()s (le la caxrcitllttl dt 1()lrriu y cr>nltollr In lllgilsli. gsti r'lt>lrcitllrcl (l( ,ir Lrto:rpacigurnr ient{ ). l)() llega lr organizrrr-sc. Ilirn (1959) (lrstrr.(-) ll inr rlc,l nio. cLnrl<lles u sk,s Lln significaclo. lrr'i['ncklos rensebles. cs clccir sillri>r liz-ahlcs p('I ]r)crrte (lcl riro. Esli funcirin "r'rrIincnte, clt'l; nrecic. rrrc Ilion ( l9i9) (len(nnin(i ,c cr(, Lln pr()ccs() en. -cnsLcri()-. Posilrilitu rot lo lren<rs. cl()s ticml)()s: l nraclre sc kktttific:tt con lo <luc el ni,, rxpelirr(ntir y se'lo tlcvtclr,'e trilnsfi)nr(k) cn irlg() (lLrc l len(r illl()ril un significlr rIr lo sta tlci rstuck, ruc lllnrr-r tcr()r'sir n()!l)l)re, (lli(r), l9(r2). (lrccrros (Jrr'({)n ell() Iri()n (llt (Lenta de cslld()s Dtcnr;lcs en <ur la lnsietl;Lrl no tie n(' rri rn ()l)et() ni un:r rtlriclcirin clisccr:ilrles l)1llil cl suirlo. p(n i() (lre n() x.r'nrile ningunu clefi'nsr. Ansiccllr<[ i'tfirrrrrlrrrlr crre rs l:r ('ril)ta(i(-)n (i('ur l( nsi()r) rllcttirl rlesotg:rrriz:t nIe. l)cntr() (le Iln llllu_(1) (r)nccptrlll rrlu\'(iii'rcnte. p()r I() (lLrc 1 r-s g,1in-r r:rlrlc, cl conceJ:rto de.s)stn, I l:nlclitt,Q (le \'innic(ttt. lrlrrclc taltbrcn -r Lnu lirn<ion <iue cr.rnrple c[ ()l)jct() extern()] l rlc cllnlrr tankr cl suiiilli( n) fsic() tonro cl psicLritr> (\\innj(r)tt, 1960).') I-lplilcl)r trul)jn (lestl(i lu inrp(r' tiu)(r.l dcl objcto cxlernrr pilrx ( ()ntr'rln-cstaI la anguslilr clesorganizltnte: "A l)rrrlir (lc ell(). cl pr()l)leml cle l lonrlcl. <lel rtporrr. clel btlitt4. (lcl lpego. rr) lt((uer(lc ('l l((1(n (tu(, 1( )rtrfos solnrt.rckr trrL,!{,Iinull1rcDr ug:t rrnu rl,lr['lt,rrur.r rrrrrrrl:trloInclc.tnr)(,(lrlinlrr(irirl (tu( ()s (stiu( e\pli( lncnrt reiiri('n(1(). Ir(, (l ()tr(). (tI( riLs|r(l('ir Iir rtlx.r(nr (l(l irnxli5lx (1)n \r pr(i(n( l()s el(r()s(tLrc p()tcn l()s if()s (lt\in.Lr l,N(t,i \iIrr)\(l(s( l)i(rr(l(). llrr e\( t)ilrrrn,.rr pirniiulrr. l:r\ ((\(\u(rk'irs trlo (lrl!('rrtcs I).r.r ( l tr r, ('rr(( (1( .r (l .tn.Lli\1rl(, r,L.(nr.rl.rrn,rlx\r(!\1!r(tir\!lrrrt.t:jir.(irrr\t)r(.ifrll\lii(jir(1.(() ( 1r1,, .rr,l. .r\ r, n ) r.rnstrr( r.r r)tgxri\ ir ir jrw,l\ ef (). yr r el corrtrrr|ir,. l.r. rr)scrvir ( ( n1 Irxn(tjlj '
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f)etenHli|rxxr()s cn ()tra frrnci(-)n ciei 1-rsicluisnro t.rn centr'.rl cortto lu que s()stiene el cleseo. P:tra F'rcucl, corlr el (lesr() sLlrgl cle [e prrlsirn ----elcr))cnt() limtr(fe entre l() fisic() v lo psquico- cle las zoms er(igenas. para extcntlelse clesrlc alli lus nr.is cliversrrs activiclades humrnas. el cicseo estalr tse
Ilr relxci(-)n el tittrrnricnr. Bxlint o96i) alcrtlr r.citcr.acl.re nre :r(.er(.x (l(, lrerle scr.ilrtrognjco. r.ulrattttetizlulclo l pr.icrtle (lLc t()) crrltal;ilizlntcs (lcl :n.llist y les IIL<c sr.yu..r :r tr.:t,,is cle l inlr(r\(.(ci(-)n y lar i(lcrliz:tci( )ri <lcl ltnlilist.t, >,.res, .s,,., on ks llte<.nislos clc ilt'ltnsa nt:is c()lltnnlentc rrscks en trral<rrier l)itr.eiil en (luc Lln nticllll)r() o>rrnrirkr. cllil. tiene <rre licliar con ()u.() (luc cs:rl:lnlt:Ltlort.:nte p()der( sr . rrig. 107). Agrcganrlr>, "A<rri solo l.trrscir scl-lrrllrr tuc le pccrrlilr.r.lcsigtlrlrLtcl cntr-c un xnalli\til tltriz:is l* asallackrr., srgur. rle si. <Lrc kt sllc t<rcI., Lrsr,r rlo s lgngLlalic ( intcfptct.lci(rtes tn lrlrsolLt rrsistenr.ilt l. Ltn l)ilr.l(ntl. ( t\'il nic clet'r'irin rcsirlc rntrc atrcnclgt cl lcngr.Ltjc- lti)1u.ct-ll(,ltr(,ntr ..1()c(). rlt'l rrnalise () ll)lrn(l()narr sas rrcsecs (rc i\t(ril, intlitlr ctrt cr t*rr>rt: lrnerticrr Jr.r .rlclnzlrkr cl :irc tle Itr l':rll: lrlisi<lr" {f):il.l. lOr-) ( iclt()s Pxci(ntcs ilt lnre nl(. l()s (le estru(tLt..1 tllcltn(\ )li( _. (.Ll,lt-c,pc( n() <Lr Pt,<iben (lLte ei t[ltllnlicnt() l)r()sl.csa () (lue slts tcrl)erl;rs prcscntan l:l[s lcalcs. se iten-(r-izn no solo trtr rl <.onf]iir< trrc itnplic.uriu cl tr:tcr srr irrslrris,ir(('i(in ;r l:t ltz sin, l>r^rre crr. Its rlrrce scrtir (-lrrcnlcs (rc trne figtt'r l)r()l(,(1()rlr. l):trit r]Lltt(ncr la iclelt lizlrc i<in clcl ter.rl.rcr.rtlr ncccsit:rn Ir(,llsllr (luc l t,rncllrtta clc ste <lrclcc.c a rrz()ncs clc lrucnlr t(.ni(.r, quc e. i,lrell r,l l)i( l(.nt( el <rrc cst:r Iullanck. l.n cstc senti(l(), cs nrtaltlc \.er. criDxr krs paritlllts licntlen lt ncger l:rs litit<.i<ncs r la pato|rgitr cle sus tcr.rr>cLrtus. I)or. rfrir l):llt(,. si :ntc lil ngUstir (lrl peticrrtc. el trr.rPeLtl l.rcrrrr:rrrc<.r,fi.o. in_ sr. rrllc o ltlrilruyc, llt rcsronslrlrilitlltcl :r :r<Lrell jLtsto rn el motlrnto en trrc de_ scsx llrcltrrrcnlr-- sc lc picle.lyu(l. ilcl.1 rle Drenel:r siDlillrr.r Ltn()s ltaclres crre r'rrllclo c'l lrijo r trclve u crrsrr itcrick o hr:lillecl< cn lcz dc <.ui<l:rrlri le rccibcn r'r'ilir'lrcl.lr. llrcit<klc scntir'(l,e k s,ccrli<1. es lx, sL ctlpit. Cutrl. cn el fr,l:rlli(,,t() cl tclirl)eltar 1(.titat (lc cstl l)l.ncftl n() lien(,(,n cLcnfl (lLc. vcces ls rrrrlisrt'nselrlq,scletel el ticntp() en ctrc sc upa<.igrtr le angLrstilr cle acuel ( n (lu( sloricnlal sllieto l cxlnrint criI lrasirkrsLt prticil)1t( i(-)n cn l c ,l, rr.r r.rrsrrl (l( r(r)ntcci,riL-r)t()s intcrl)rs( )n:Llcs. ,.,,1,, icsLrlta.l,, Inl tcn.inl l,r,ulr, rlrtrl,r ;ln!rstii, \' rir. llt r.r.l-rj r(j )trtt-r s,D \.tl)u .'.tl cs .\( Dlrtir.i
r'r'rrlrrr cl nalista lrts :tljlt ioncs
grril(lo. l)()si(j(')n loclriu IlIis cli!l lx cle l\1. Klein. cn ([rjen cl rlescr> cr (ilsi e(lLli\iLlente lrl clcser aninLrl: clrtclo qr.re c\iste un ( ( )11( )ciD)ienk ) lnnJt() rnconscientc cle krs cilganos genitalcs srrrge lu xl)etenciil pol cl lglno <uc s:rtistrrl lrs s()licitaci()ncs (lue cl psi(luisl)l() ecilrc de las zonlrs clrigenes clcl pr()pi() sLrict() l,x llDtirsll inc()ns( icnte sc r'rtsiclerl (()r))() (r)rrelllt() (lc] instinl() \ (le llrs rlcrrr.rrt<irLs del (Llcrlx) lriok-rgico (Isil(s. 19t,u). l'istl enckrg(nciclacl r-lcl <leser se (n(uentr. s( )rl)r-enclcnlelllcnte, telrrl)ir) cn Llk)res (luc conx) \I''innic(ft () Kr)llrt hilce'n tnto ['nfirsis cn cl paPel <]uc llr :calirlacl ex tctnlr rlcsentpcri:t cn cl clcsrllo clel indivirluo. (Irn(l() \\'innic{)tt. en su tr.rl)xj()
-)r./r)/r/ril/
<ie ot,gutrizlrcir'>n
(lcl sujrt() sLlp()nc Lln .ver(l:r(tcl o .scf netr.rlirl, esrontrireo. (luc cs illx)rt(k) o clefirmltclo P()r Ln nlc(li() inaclccrlttl< ,!'f nattual cue rc sr.rltlt rccrnpllzlrck) p()r Lrnlr lortlrcitin rlcli rsive. cl .ilrlso sli (\*innic()tl. 1965). Su teoru (lr lir -regresi(-)n irl servici() rlel vo" r'eflcjrr csa conce>cir-:n: cl srliel(), (lc{()utt:L(k) rt (rt rtl()rrterll(r (i( su (lcsrr11()lk). <lelrc Iiiccr ttn: tcgrcsi n trrupa'trticll rttc lc rclrtritlt fcl()r)r.rr cl <les:t'lrllo intcrLlrrll)i(l() rlcsc[ <l rtrntcr c-n cuc la clcfintrcirin tuvo lrrg:Lr. p:u-lr rcc()lr-cr alxrnr Lrr c11lin() (lifi'rcotc rrrc le Ilcve a llctuirlizlrr Ll <uc cn l helrr ro pr()\'(rf() per():lx)rtir(l(). ,\lgr) c(lti\:rlcnte cn( ( 'r ('ll( )s cD lllrlint ( 19()S) con cl coner''rto <le "lrll. lr
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crdtttk'l1) s,r. llihla (lc (l()s tjl)os
'lirrlu I clnicr llos sclllll llt imp(r1lln(il tle las iclcrrs (lc Winrli(1)tt () clc ll:llint s()l)rc ll defirmaci<-n <luc srrfle el srr clcseuntq por le acci<-rn clcl rncrlir cn (luc sr clesarrolll. El concerto <lc,r'cglcsirin xl scr\,iLi() (lel ),r),sq revcil (.(xt() [)r(i('(litfrttcnt(] liP()rtltnc cn cl lrirt:tnigrt() tlc Pers<n]irllr)cs.:<'r'eraultcnrc trt\rn)lttiz:r(lals ) (listirtt.(s (lr-x(tef()l)artiars llrtr':tcllrs ror la olrscsi!i<1acl. la cs<lLrizoiclu, o ei bt<xueo llli'ctiv(). I'cr() l r'erclarl qLc e,r( icl-r'u11 css Irnrltt la r irncs rt() (lcl)cn cegatrn()s cn ntreslr() rcc()n()cintient() (le cLrc irupli can rln ll<> gratlr rlt c()nccl)ai()n Drtur-lrlisllt r()usscittnilrni: el l.)trr'r't slrlr'jc crre cs <lt'tirnrrlrtl<) p()r l() e\tcrn(). lLlg() pr()l)) (lcl sLict() ;tti'.t itr[usccdtlt.'nle l)tteto .t'g.u'urtzat(k) en su ()l'iljc,r l cxisten< ia. l-() cxtcrn() se liulit:rra lr ser un "nlcclio fu< ilituckr" y. si no currrple est frnr ir. qnl()nccs s()l)rcvicnc la patologa.
Llt c<'tccirci<-rn lrrr'ltnianl cle L :tlietat it-rr rllnicnc est: i(lc1l r()r.\.\c:lt njana: cl scr htrnritllr cs xlicnlrd() I)()r el ()tr(). cltstl?(l() I)()r cl lcnguic (lLc ic olrliga a transitar por Lrs.clcsfilarler-()s (lcl signifl(.rnte,. Crstrecin inr.rgin.rlr-r por cl pcso cle le ligtrl.ir clcl rtnrt castracir-r-l ('stru(t!n-lrl P<x el peso rlcl icnguje. Su concerr'ir-rr-r rlc la ori sc l)lLs! cn rtrt llt fitnciolt clcl rn;tlist cs Ia
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(l( l)(Irnitir'(lLre el (lcsc() elleri. cit(Lrlc. sin ()l)trtnlt[o. Nrrtvamenle lo cxter,r().r)r))o ol)stcrkr. clirrrr. clistorsir-rn cle algo bteno rlUc cstart eD cl sLjetr) (rr() cxistcnte l (u:tnt() pr_()ces() (,n circLtlalci(-)n. inlrotaltle I ctncli<.in cie rltr('ir() sc lo pcrttrrl>c. N()tal)le c()ntl)inxciirn cle Rousseu l)relt(, ittct'n(l -l() rlc algo (s (lisk)rsi()nad() por h cultrrre y cle Hcr:iclit h persistcnci! in- " nr;urrntc a peslrr- clel f-luir inces?nte.
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fls suficientc rrtc cl meclio rxtcrn() n() ()l)staculice.rlg() (lLtr est.l[.r lseguta<kr por !n pl()gr-rnrir intcrnr <lcl sLjrk) f:rcilirecltr- o se re-r))c(li(r 'qLc llp()rtc l() que <ttierr' tle elg<r (l!rc vrrvi r).ts lrlli Y st.tr ]11 tlt?(li() Plr)t.'atlt sit cll no existe? \' lrcrttos st:xll(l() (lLlc lat tLt()t:stilttil n() sc (.()nstrL\'c (l(s(le l(l(nlr'r), (lLtc el tr >ltr igrrr ruientr r cle lrr lrgrrslia r((luicrc (le:llg() r\IL,rn() qLle llr rrrttlttlc. \'elntrs rrlr<lt (lu cs l() (lLr(. sL(c(lc cor: l:r./)olclrirt tlcsc:tr-ttc. Sr sLele accptr (lue (icas fLlncirnes !ricus o rlcl suterlri ruccictl ser r['sr'rttreacllrs por el rfro. (lLre cicrl()s astcclos cle cstils stl)estI.tclLras nLn(.1 s( hln (leslrn()llil(l() () (lLre hitn:itLr <lclcgeclas (.n cl ()tr(). 'rrto exi.itc tlifi, Lrltlrrl rera llerr' lr lirnrk cst.r (\)nacl)(i(-)n solrrc llr r'r:lrtc'i<in cntrt. (l()s psi ,lrrisrrrrrs t'(,\tr(r l()(lls llrs tl,ttltrsirtcs rrrr.rlt clllr st rlerirn. Lr til y l,cl tlh'tlt))j) \'cn lit Lr)nli-[er](ia X\\l { lgJJl)) Frcutl r.lirr rrn yltso signiliculrrrr: .rr)(Jt('ltntu\() Ilr rnr'epci)l] tlc ttrt cl tr sr clcseroll lnr-un pt()(cs() (le rl.trlttttr'ion intcrlr. sin elll)1lrlj() c()l()('(i Ill i(lct)tifi(.ltci(-)n ctt< lttr.or rele\.lrll('cn slr (r)nstitu(i(jo. Itcienclo lo lnisnto cn clttr.i<rn l sLtpc.)() () sc:. cl (rl)l(1() (,\tct() ilttetr'icnc pasltnclrr tr tixntlt plirtc <lt l:r cstLtrctr.1r. n<r sollrllr(-lll( (( )r](lici( )nli ntk rle rot sus il((l()llcs siDo sien<lo ((nttl)()nct1te. Sin cnll:tlltl. n te pccl() lrl cllr :lalr-r!tlr L(r() (luc ltrct'lr ltlgo (lLte n() tr\ jcll t)i Ll( r)L'sis ni histriu: h:lre Lna titctl! rrriginlrria (lc (nerHi. Lln resen,r(, LlLte Irrtgo st'rcJ)afiira >r[a les nLrcvlrs crltLtctLtr.rs. l)cl.( si la pulsi(in cs (lilrcnte tlt l itrslinto. cst() lt() (lepen(lr (le (lLe l)lscm()s l)ll)liLr cle pulsitin crrrndo el instirtlo ruccl:L l)j:rdo e trn olrjelo o ru.rnrlo lt(i(luier Lln:l cierta retrcsent:rlti lirl:rrl, sino polttre r'l ()ft() llLllnll-l() lr<tir,:t v clcsr-olltt csttrckts ptrlsionttlcs <rre \ll1 srr l)1rfii(ii)-.r(j(')r1 L,slrltcl t tllL' D() r'xistctr e:'t el sLri,.t(). Al ruslx,(t(). l-trl.rDr lrr'( l()8-, 19()21)) ticnr el llt(,rit() clc ser cn psi.rxrlr;llisis cl (lue ltrt rcli)r
rlrulado lll rllet.tPsicol()g Ircrttli:ttr prx n(l(lil'en a'st el poclcr ctel tltro en l' cotlstttu{itt (lc lx Ptlsi(in en cl sc Ilrlll-lt El instint(, (1)tll() p(nt'r1('i()n'rlichcl recrricre (lrc tn otr() ItLtllno ltensfr.tl':tlll. l)()r llle(li() ds ll \ itllich(l (lcl (()nt:rct() c()rp()r11. cle llt clttici;L qLle er()genizx, alcl 111()vilnicnt() cie llrazlrs ctrc ill-l-st]:ln, <ie la rirada clue lt:lcc \,ivir )'crea cierl.ts enl()ci()nes. l lttcgrl. rlrerlirnte cl <liscrrstr ([tte e$)(al v reestrtlclLlfll l() it!-Itefi()r \' (ltrc ltrrb? '()tt ?)t t s/dsr) l.t t'utl(l.t, rl'd<t (lLre n() est cn el sll,ct() ntts (lcl erl(Llent() l-()s l)dres trJnsn)itcr) r'it'lirlr-1. rlc:crr 1t) ti)tic(!ttt(')tl('lu !(ttt(itictt sttt) l4.l)to' d th-l tl.|t\lt-- \'g(ncr.ltl ,rlg,,,ttt ltnttt l)r, Lxt\ll:1. Si s()o)()s c()nsccLrcntes (1)n esl tesis clc tttc I1l./lrlclairl clgsunte se c()lls titt)'e en i(lentifi(ilci(in c()n ltt (lcl ()tr(),v I)llj() stl iaflLcnci. (ltle el ser lrtllllrtno sr i(lentiiic (()n cl ()tr() ((rtll() //c/o (l?s.'It1la .\'cttc rccilt cl irttpacttl lil)i(linizlLnte tlcl otxr. se ve lii irllP()l-t.lncilt (l(l( le\ iste (lLle l :'tjct() lc prtetlan haltl ror'itrl<l cr1 stltr'tc [)al(ll(-s ('ntLlsillstJ: (lLl(:rc illll)licall en l(,cl(): \'ncLl()s. it($nt(](inrier)l()s. ectivitlrtrlcs tll)il c()l)li(li. tlnl slitllt ((nl il)lig()s, tln es (lel)()ni\ ( ). tln clisc tsitln. ll lt rtttre clel rcctlir rrI r rlrli\li( ( ). Ll] ltc(nll(( illlicl-lt( ) pclir-xlir, etc.-. !ls()s puclrcs \'rin (rcarl(lo tln rellli(lll(l atla(1iva prtc's hltn llp()fia(l() pxi.l l i(lcr'ttillcrcir-)ll LIn \'igori)s.t Iltncitin rlcsente (ltlc c:lte(1iz.t a csx rcali(lil(l Ahora. <ui' llusrl si 1l Lln() le l(x'Jr()n Pa(lli:s xl).ll-lll(l()s. (leslitaliz:rrkrs'/ lrr rstrLrctur'ci(in (l('l sLict() dcscilrl(( (stllr:-l en clfitit. lllstll lx ris:t. (lc l))l ()ll-() l)lrll \tl (le I)ilr ll (ril c\islcn ( n'grl llzi (l()r'cs llirrlt>gtt()s. I(1lticrc (lllL'(('lnlr.trt.r (1'nlPllrlcttr (r)tl)l) \ \llnrtllc sin() sltrr<ll< I t)() illliallnlcnt( (lrrts (ltle (lt('ricn llpilf{xn lx P()Y c<rxr nrrr.Lrlo i(lenliti(xt()ri(). llil\ lrllilixs
tcnciiiclcl tlc rcir lristlt ltacttla clcsepatct-cr. Fll ellt. rx n[(lt() i]i(irtl innt(). re(lLicre str tlcsarrtllltckl, sr.l tntr]li.l n() estli linlitrt(l rl lai (lLtc ttt$) cn sLls ()rgtnr5. stls [i)tl]l1ts <lt tttllllifestltcit-rn l't() csl.in I)r'( li nlnll(1ls y sillllcrttcrttt lttego sc <lcsllcgllrlln () sclillll r(Prinli-
clas. Irltr (nlrl)(lcfn()s, trD snril: el sLli(t() (lrvl Il)rts lllLlsLLllllI ('s I)r()(ltlct() clel hrl.l h tillittgl )()scc Lll)i nlrlsa v cnetgirl nltlsctlllLr (lLlt es igttltl rt le clcl tlc rrilscul()s es(Lrlili(l()r.i. sicn(l() :'irlll)lcl)ltote a'sle llgtlien (lLlc ticnc rcPrinlirla )' (()ntcni(lar esl ntase l cncrgilt o. tnlis lritn. stlls n() exislcn cn cstt stl,ct()7 Ha) un l)us() cn sul)()ner (lLlc l() (ltle n(f.tlll()s ($llf ) llLlscnte en Lln l)1t( ientc cst,l,
ri ll.rr
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rL t)('r\i\l( (i. c |r Lridtl lrxl (l(l( Il)k). l-h (sr(.crlillo. lir inthcr.r (l(,t1t, ,r, li.,..,lr(Llrll::rrrIcnr0e\lrLl(1rrllinr\\(,1)r{l.x(irrrc5iIlrlrrr.r,r(c\rc()n:ll(:r(nlr(, 1,rn,1.,, r,,rj ,L r l..r,.rn lrrLt cirl .()n((t)l,),.|1.(ii.I),, (irl du\r, l).r\.rn(1,) rn r rl:r, .r\lr).r sL1
, ) r,-t,,,r , ,rL tl:r ( ntrc l.r nfrcsi(ll(l vluLltrrrrrn.l,r.rc:p()rr,r,I() r)jnYxriirntcqUL,(t..r [)ixr ., r,,1 ,t t'r,-.' Ir.r(i(,rs\rl)t(ti\iL5(lcl (lcs(r) )i\ (lL.ir. LrnI Untdr(l lr,r.rcdentc (tu( Pcrsr\.r Dc
aunqu(. r(Prirri(l(). crt <l in<tlrtscisnle. l'll /rll l)ttil(ltt! <ltl tllo t'tclrticre cle rrtri s(' delicrrc )lt ltn;tlrrgt:l- l)cr() tl() (!)rl() ltlltt.tlt, tlcl glt))nllsi() n qo pxl Pl(li(ir'y clcsrtrr'oll:tr lo cxistentc sill() I)illil io(\nl)()mt tlcl otto la Jlrtl sir-n, la crlor it ltlicl:r cl, la ritrlitla<1. el I)lltcct (lc c()llleI el Pl(cr'(lc l.ls (lis tint:ls ti)r,r.ls tlc scxr.tlitllttl. lin ()tr()s li'rnrin()s. Plll' t(rl)ilr lg() (lLe t't.i un cl (fr() \' (luc tieoe (ltre acltlttilit cxistcncilt cn t l sr.titto ) (lcs:lrl()ll:lrsc. l,() (lLlc se Pt()(lLra( l)lisic1l ll)cntc I)()l (l()s Pl()(cs()s (lLlc PLle(lcll tlistitrgttir'st: lor ttlt l:rclo le i<lentit ic:rt i{-)n: Per(). at(lcrllli5. P()r l()s ('lc()s cstilll(tlilnt('s estaLl(tLtlllll cjctllplo. llt catcs (lu( cirtit\ rctivicl.rLlL-s tlcl rxrrr gctlelan cl) L-l stict() -p( ricia del ()ll() c(x-ttril)tt)'e (lL'Ill!llcl' (lecisi\ ll l crtlr el ('r()tist))(); igr.rel va)c pxrr lx nrir;rda catgltla tlc (l('se(t-. flsle cfi'(t() (lc l llcti\ i(lll(l clel rfro <1tte-
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AVANCIJS ]JN PS(JO'I'IJI{APIA PSI(-OANA-I'I'ICA
IN'I'IJRVIiN(]IoNIJS'I-IJI{API]UTICAS DIIERljNCIADAS
tltllr) psicoenaltirrr. rlifi,rencia cic k insintirr :rniurI. cro <.entrr Irrrcitnl pulsional \' (lescntc, ticnc (lLe ser entcnclick crrnto algo <ue sc ( (rslrlr)(r en cl encLlentr() c()n Lln sc,- pulsionll, rlcscltnle. Al sr.rjer no se lc ( )lr( ( (' rinicxn)entc rn sLper)'(-). clicrrc tlc contencir-rn cle aguas plcns (lc cnergir. sirro llts aguas y le energa urisna. N{) es ste el htgr pnl clcsulrollar ls
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rrr<xlilit:rci<nes e las <r.tc ten(lrnt()s (lLtg s()nteteI nuestrlrs c()ncep(i()n(s s(,
(l.r r( gislrir(lll cn cl sLrjet() n() sillplcnrentc c()l11() representacin recLcl(lo sin() \t'.rttr./ituai(in, es clccir, c(rn() (apacidaci (le p()ner cn tck), cle eiecut.lr un.l ( i( rlr x( livi(l1l(1. I,: iilcrr clc un cll() a!rt(')n()nt() reslrlra clc h persistenci.r cn l:L (r)ril ileu rlrrrr tlc l rrrnccpcirn tle un prat() psquico celrack srlrre s ntisll<. rle un rill('isisn) prilt]xt'i() sin prcsenci.l estt.t(tur?ntc clcl oto. La afirntacirin <le quc cl <lc st'r cs el deset clcl ()tr(), c()n lx c()nn(t1lci{-)n lcani:Lna (le qLc cl ()tr() r it rrc u nristificar y x licnxl Ln sricto (lcseante. no llrcc jlsticix.ll heclt() (le rLrc cl o/lrr inlcn'i(.'(l l.t cotlstl,ickiit .),('slntct t'atcin dd ser lesaattc. cn hr lintt iit dcse tlc. nuis /lri la lls tcttiiticts dcl lt'sct. l)escle estx prr.spc(-
lrh cl psirrrisrno si cn vez cle hablar (le -ste ((nln) ente (err.r(l() l(, pcr't{-i\r:nr()s (r trnlin()s cle intel..srl)ietivi(1.cl (DLnn. 199)l es clccir', tralrejsernos ,,,n un rrrlel< <lc. por kt llcn()s. (l()s psi(lLlisnr()s cn intcrclcpenclcncirr prrl
sr()rLrl 'r
jLricios cle \,.r1()r sin() cn su afL'ctivi(h(1. La irn.Lgen del analista clsic() nls xll.i rle cualqtrier maLnifest?ci(in clc entLsiasm(), r la clel analistt quc se restrinBe J l)()ner en plalrras el inc()nsciente repfilllick), c()rresp()nden .t esta conccpcia)n. Pcr() ,v si el pciente es a)guien (lue mils (lue blocuear los sentilrienk)s. que reprinrir un clese() existentr. ticnc rn da'licit en lL capxci(la(l (le entLlsiJsn).lrsc Y n() porcrre ello pr()cluzca culpl o persecuci<in, n() p()r c()nilict() entle un (lese() y le pxrltibici<in, sin() porque careciri cle figuras iclentific.rt, )n-l\ ) L\ cleptimiclos. clesvitrrlizackrs pllnl quirncs n1t(la er:l ctirrlantes -peclrrs pez cle rloclrrcir alcgrr'1 llxst.r en cst()s cs()s tlue el anltlistn scrle csto. que srr xllilrn clescril:r a<kc rraclu nrentc el cst(l() nrsntill ciel pacicntc? Acaso ruos de Ir:tlrlarlc ncutrltnrcntc. c()n orninrlr 1lf('tivi(lx(I.:t un p.tci(ntc f.lr.r (lrien csa r(titu(l (le krs padrcs lrt siclo lu (Lsa (lc su irtlt tle vitlitlti. nr teptoclrrce Ilr c<rclic i<-n (lrc sc (lcscll cxlt)l)i1lr'1 en lu clifi'trntr-t ,-rn hl iclel rlcl 1lnlisti xli'( tivxrlrentc oeufr() -insistimts tre nelrtraliclacl val()rtiv1l y tkultutlid1 Llli,clr zF- srlrgi(-) en I-'reucl anle pa(icnles (llr( crilrl r)lay( n-it:u jll rrente pcTsonalicllrclcs clc les <rrc hov sctr.r Irr.r(-
ti( c()nsi(lcflf cLt't't< htrdarlita. c()n Lrna e m()ci()nallidar(l tLuultu()sr. c()n intcns()s an)orcs Lr ()di()s cn ll tlanstcrencilL. l'lrr clkrs (liscn(-) una cstrutegiil
l).rr( (( (luc lrr clcn<ninucirin (lc Winni(()tt tle nrcdio _f i.tc'ilittttlrr-. (lLte (lL,strLcu r'l lrtr'lro clc rltrc kr cxtelno n() (lrl)c ()l)st:raLtlizer kr <;Lrt cslti conto r,,tcnti.r litlrrrl cn t,l srrjet<r. <lcbe scl (r )ll)lcntcntal(la crn l:r itlcl tlc tttetlio TtnleL,dor, rrrl sc lcf ioc a l:l lun( i(-)n cle aporte al srjct() p()r peme rle lo rxtctn() (lc .r,rr. ll,r,rrr'('\t(.n') I)u((l(. 1,,11, p,r \t nli\lr,).
(ir esk) (lLcrcrr{)s clejar sentetllr lil lil1litu.i(in (lrc vcllos cn t()(l1ls Lrs In)si(ir)ncs quc s()stienen llt iclert clc rn ser (lcscalnte lLItt( )gcncrai(l( ) (l!e \ i( r)( lr scf Jrcr-ttlflreclo l)()r el ()tr(). Ntrralisnx ingcr]u() (lc Lln sul)ucst() ell() (.lslrir(l() lx)r el ()tr() () lx)l-cl lcngrrujc \in r!.ncr t]n (Ltcnt-l (lLt c. cl ()tr() y ci I ru]rLrjt, los (lLlc c()ntril)Ltvcn para (lut esc cllo sc gcncrc. I)()[ est r.rz(ln n!)i
terrpa'Lti(u: les errsl<-r cn cl rlillin. lcs innovilizr-r c()rp()rxlnrentt. les l)iz() rcnsrrr sobLc suri srntjDlien)s. les corlrni<ri explicaciones inlclc(tLlllcsi cn slrnrl, Ics .cntii" (jrur )ci( )nlllrucnte. I-ll cf(t() estrlrctLlr.inte (le 1.rl m:lr1() ter-xri'u1ico solrrr- el psicrrismo (lcl l)acicntc. nr:is ullli cle los <rlenirlos srnr-tnti(()s ttansnriti(l()s por el enalista. lrlra scr pcltinentc l)lrrx l()s px(icntcs quc l)r'csrntllt l:ts t tltctcristiclts scrralaclas. En anrl)i{). plltu lxs crctc]-()plrts rlcsrrli'ttivizdlrs, Irlir l()s <ur- srikr pir:nsan tn vez clc psnsar'/sentir. Lrn ter'retrta fio. ccrclnxl. ctfllr-l(lil(l<; cn
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trrcrlc pctrrrlrar. enk)nces sc cnticnde (lue l()s p1.ti(lxri()s (le tl t x ir'rr l)icrscn (llle el ltxlistil clclre nrenttntmc ncLtl1) n() stik en sLrs
cl roi cit iclttLrrtsc() (lc la l)crs()oit screna nrs allii cle LLs crrcitncs, lo cuc harc cs lclizar l litrritllci(in (lel .rei(ntc Cl<rnclr.rsrn: el ttit el dc' fitttciondtnicult) t\ltocioltl (lcl dtlulsl.t la t1lt't1si rlkl .lclt,.t.t,d tpo d<, tttt<tL iot t<'s desltlt gctcltts- (lcb., csdr nto.lttl do lx'cl (bclit\) lat'.4)lti(o persc.qttk). lll 1lnlistx n() sc puc(le l)ennitir cl ser e[r(F ci()ntlnrcnte igr.rel crrn 1rtlos ls pilcicnlcs, cs clccir. tlejalsr lll'r'1tslfr' Dt( )n( )(\)r(lcrl)cnlc p()r sLl crtfa( trr( )l( )gia pttsonal o po[ la catat'ler'ologu Ptr,rz(l l)or la cscucllr rle reltcncncilr ccrc.r (lc cLr:il es la irlcnticlcl iclcal. (iarac lclok rgas individlrlcs r.tkrtrinltrilts, clc r'ol Jrlrfi'sionll rttt le Jlevrtn. rlt '1() p()(as ()casi()ocs. a rcfizlrr le petologa clcl racicntc. I'cnscrrlos cn tlos extrcll)()s: el lnelist vit1, lliperLftctiv(). exl)lr)si\'(). y cl analistx (listilnte. fr(). intele(tralizlr(l(). A su rcz ulritr.rcnt()s (l()s tip()s rle lacienlesr el llana(r),v el
cs(luizoi(lc con bloqrrc'o af(li\'(). I)enscmos xll()ra en les posilrlcs cortrbinu ci(ncs cntre csos lrnrlistas y cs()s p.lcientcs. AlgLrna cle les perejas fi-maclas
l.r lNr,,,l()1rrl (tel .rh:r inrcnlr(l() r(,(lclin lo5 disrinlos ( :rdrrs dcsdc [r p(lspr(riv:r (t(. ( I l)(rrlr() (lr tstu crnricl]tc. l()s tr.rlrirt()s (l(, st(r()r(^v I r r (r , I , I \ lrln Lle llr\lr irt lir)ritc el ' ,.rrrrIr,,,,rr,,,trL.rl t,]Lr Lr (lini('ir _! ll t(nifx d(l trrtlrnri( ()quc(l(fllrltl rr)(xiekrcle l inr(r
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ir\)lic.rrn pr.r el PiLcirnte Dr:is rlc k lDisrlx). iatr()geni. Fln c()nse( uEn( i.r. r'esrrlta inrrrescinclible l' finxlttltcitin tlclt .! dal lardpeu /ll scl{rin cl tilx) (le pa
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(r;r nrrl'i/ r.r:i()0.rl <lc este tip() perlrrit11 entcncler cacla uno dc sus sentr_ lli(.rrlrs llllr i.rlt: (l(,itrrp()tenci.rr fiente al !lnlisis. la sexrraliclacl. l()s cstl(li()s. t rrrrLrrrr'r' ir( ri\ (llr(l (rLrc iniciltsc. renunciancro nruchas veces antes cle enl '
n,, lt. Irr.r'lDitir' sopofiar cl clinta fio clel ILrgur. y cuanckr clerpL,, .1u,.,, .. <;rrcr:r rtivct.sitaria le tlista<ljtlrn con el lrguntent<t (le que sel.lil rrrrt rlilir'il rrrrr l I)e cstil nlaneIl1, llr rcprescntacicin clLte el fire ,,,nstrrttntlr rlt si nris:xr, clcsclc ei inicio cle sr r,icla. era l c.>lteicnte ilgujen iltl Jn)l( rrl( ,)ltit trtst-quir l,> riUe ptrlit.r:l (lcscr. ")r) tro pueck sinctizill)a st \( rtrrri(.nl( lrliri<rr <lc illp()ten(.Ix. Fil ltrxlcr gener.etix) que n()scc Ltnlr c_ern
11rrir rrr)tr
st, irltilriclr en et nl<trenkr ntismo clc sLl sulgintienk) no polqu( lrlya algo rttt.Jo roltlta. es clecir prlr conflictr. sin pirr la crnviccin .t" ,1,,a n,r .a lcnclr:i el pocler o los recrrs()s pers()nlles para llevarkt a ltrren fin. Comr ,.'jcnrpkr Dtencion:lreI()s el (.aso (le un pilcicnte que c(l)enz) sU anhlisis a (\xrsccLencia cle rrna fobi severa que Ic lrul>ia a<rrjlclo clescle ll inlnci. ya tlcsrlc las printerirs scsi<>nes expresri clrrclas rlc ctre le puclier:r lryrrrler prres cieta <rtt'ri l>jrn el lrnljsis IIrlta rlcrtr>strckr elictjYiclacl prr" ,r., g.,r,a q,," <onrx1. en ei ctrso cie i'f no seria as por<1rg se tratal)a rlt algrricn <rre ten_ tlr-rr glrn <lificultucl pra c()nt.L llc Jo cue le <r<urra y kr,1.,a 1r"r., 1rr ruclicra clecirle. L,l c()nlienz() cle crrcl:r scsir-n a,r,r.iit,,, "1r,i,r,..lr"i par.rr erl Lrn lercla tk lo srrplicio plrcs ie (l(nninal)a lx c()nvicci(in clc cuc ci nlttcrial <uc -lrcliera irl)()'tr scn' insuficiente. a pesar cle lo c.Ll1rl tcnrrinrlt relatltn(l() sLtcn()s v s_ l)c(1()s (le str vicla iniantil (lrtc I nt lllc plrccan c()s y csclarece(lL)res l-J hil)()l('sis (lue ltr firr: al coricnz,, rlcl rr.rttntiento frr.-,1tr.... lr.rlllta cloti tltrlo tor el ltic.ck lr (lu(: y() Dte rrt,lr\(,. cttr( (rt(rs r.l;()nc: p,r-lxs (ludas rltt( cn el li)n(l() tcn] lespecto lll ln:iliris\'it r)li. v(l!esU it(.liIu(l rle pr.csen_ l.1a\( r si iiiisnt() (r)tl() in(.a(prz erl I:t {pi(.al :i,.lI()dcsctlificllai(-)n rlelrnrlr.r plLr.t .rI)Iir(rtI ilI re(scguiclor. 1,parr ir-rs1:ri[e i.lstinlil l)cr() no perecirr <rrc ltlli resi (lrcrir l()(lx la cuestir-n. y ni siquier <1uc i,rcra Io nris irnportanre Halia un s(nli)li(ltt() cue ilrplegnalu t()(it su vi(l qrre sc ltallal,i en la lrirse cle srrs 1 l(,1)iils ))riltiples v lenuncis lrl cleseo: l s(,c(nsi(lctul).I dl)il. iDtl)()tcnle piti.x srrlx,rr cLlltlqrier ol.sil'icrrkr. Iil pacientc rc-<rtrcl<.r algrnas ana,cdot* telililres crr rLre cl sentiD)icut() (lue transntitix el ptrrlre cre.n()s()tr.()s n() p(xieDl()s,. c()n t lst'ntitkr agrcglttkr cle.criuro sc les ocrrrrc qle yarl-r()s lr pclcir crrseguir tal (r)s;r!". lx.nsr)tient()s qrc r.ar(.al)an Lo.t .recn(.i. blsic riel plr(L.e. t..nsl)iti_ tIt rlt lriJ n).ncil.\ rk,t.lLs, t. lus tr:is inrixrr.ruotes. si qtc n el p_ rllc ni t'l rcicnte -l(clt.ts tLrvieruln Ia )en()r a()n(.ien(i:l rie ello_. cle ijrre srlo krs r f|{)s. los ejenos :r lu itrnrilia, tcnian la r.lLt:rciclacl tle satisftce srrs cleseos. l,anr , lkrs lrr vicllr sol<l p<xha crnsistir en ,-esignurse y renlrnciitr. 'lilt]ll)()c() sc le clei<-r ir un cntpatllent() p(n-(luc su saltd supuestallncnte
(Il:lnrl() ('l sentillliento cle inpcxencia d<rnina al sujet(), ei (lesr() pue(le
l)rzir. Senlinlienl() (lc "\'() n() pueclo, qr:e, l ilniculxrse con cl (le "srv clbil,. rl:rlxr luglr a sus Dtltiples fobias: rlel>iclo su jDtpotenci:r y debilirllcl ctLrl<luier perscln:tjc c<rn el qr.re tuvieta el rrli'is nrinimo conflict(), o clritlquier as pecto cle la rcalidlci que del)ia encarur. temrinxl)L por ser sentid() c()11() avnslllaclor.'r Cuanck el sentimiento de iurotencia c(mr() creencil l)isica se rullicula con un cilcligt> f<-rbico. en qr-re lo central es la c()nsicieraci(in <te ios peligros clue ccncra el sujeto. el nliecl() clue toclo ello procluce estit clackr por la crlparacirn (lue el srjet() rexliza entre sus pr<4rilrs fuelzlrs y las rlemnclas rle i reliclacl exle(),'o c()n cl sLrpuesto p(>cler cle sus pcrscguiclores. Si el strict() siente qlre no )trctle l-ucer naclr, cnx](cs t()cl() lo exteior e i,l sc rDagnifice y lrcltlrriclc 1>or.lel ubnulacJor. La creenci:t "1rr nrr ptreckr...". \',t se.t qlrc ltLylr surgickr ccrttc <lefns I Pxrtir cle Llnx p(lhilrirr<in stlpcry()ic.r -lxL[a lLplucar al perscgui(t() e iulpe(lil ci castig()-, o ralu clisminrrir lu culplt xrr un .p<lcler hace'r, que sg 9,1uip.rr.r a "pocler clalr o lt vcncer al rival eclpico, o <1uc provenfa cle la iclentificacit-n rrrn pacltes (lle se sicntcn ilrlp()tentes. o cle la rsrnci<in clc llt lcprt.sentltioll rlrte inocttlan paclcs nalcisistlts (lLlc n() l()lcran n() ser ell()s l()s ll)ic)\ qLt( krkr kr 1>tteclen. r'rul<triera qLle sea lx conciicirin cle origen, una vez qrre llega est:lr c()nstitri(l (1nnr) nratriz en el incrrst'ientc, clcs<le all gcn<rrrr cacla tno de Irs senlin)ieDI()ri Ixrticrlirrcs rlc iDtpotcrci;r cue prrel>lan I.r ,.r'ltit.n ciil (lc cs)s l:tcientes. l'lerrcl c<nsiclcr<i (luc el sentinlicrlto dc inrrotenciar <les\'litl ien ) -l1il.fkigkail- er ]. lg() trn cci]t1.al en el clesittr<lkr clc krcla pcrsonrt (luc .r p.rr-tir <le clla sc p<xlrirr cxplicar la entcrgcncie <le las firmus prticul.rrcs (lc lx iln .iLstilr. "' Hxl)lan(l() cle h situaci<in cle pcliglo qre (lespierta la angrrstia scal
r5. lrtiliTilnr()\ l:r(\|r(\i(j cccn(ixsnrirtIi(r.pu.xnlltscr,l .tntul()rlarslr(f.rl l()(luegr1o tlrrt pnxlLre. \ ,rni]l)11(, rl (Irt Pos(( fn.ilB(l,r () scir (stru(Ir;r (lrr rr(ti.rnl( opcnr r nnr.'s de strs rlrrtntos lL,t,l:r tros elultt,:nt()\ l.J !r(,cn(|lr tnxlrir..(nl]r) r.nd,.t pritn(lll. I.n(:r Icr)r.rr i.7..r(r( L ' lino)r' (iL,l:rrrl.r.iir\ (J( !)!e()1 p()(lcr (ilr rl,\trrLrr,nr tutt!t) ttit)tsrR,tli.l <t)n).1)]sc'k,It!\ -L tr.rrc: <tc prrccsos tlc l).rh(ul.rIlzl(rarr cr trrc se .Lrrrrtrlx 1()n,,tr.r (r((n ci.rs nrxlri(cs- l'or or lirlf. no sc trrtrr rlc:tlgo ptrr'.u (ntc i(ltxtj\(). Lrnqcc:k,\(l \u.(nllponcnrc pri,r(ipxl ,, cl <rrc Ir otorgrr csp((itl(r(1.(1.:in,) c e:lrl(1UI1r5 (l( signrll(.1(l(,..rrglclirs
neru.
\iernprc.()n i(rrs( irtcc()s. +(r. lll 1nin() .d(s\ xlimicnn ) r()ncl qL(ren Lr c(li(n-)n (lr Annnr(n1u sc lrx tlx(lLr(i(k) lriro\rf[.r1tiur]c cl sienititrk) rlc dcs.nprro. c:rrtn de irvtrrll, dr s()(,(nII). Hn esrc scnri&) rcllcix.
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(\nrte}ir() (n (lrre liL,L(l usll cl rrDrin(): (l sucl,) $ siuntu.;r.erle (le r\1rdx. fi,D t()(k). rl lr nri,r() n() rc(r)flc \r)llrr( nrL ]rtcrltc ()tI1l (lirr(1r\n')n (]r! i\iv.r (n hs (lcsrrip.i(,ncs q 1(U(i xp()r1:l pr cjcnrplilr.rl el (ir(!pr() (l(,//trl./J,gl,(,it. lr) L\r.r(i() rntUx), dr i/)r|okrrl. [r vr\u)(jr (l( (tLre rrr si o:ro rl lir(trnr(' ', pr(rlc.irlir'(ir Ir c\i.tcn(ir (tu(, I;r l)ul\i(-)n lr rn)r)()rre (lcsllc rl rnrr, lr(n. I\n cl lrc(lx, (lc (tu( n(, pu(dr. de qu( i'l (\ irrrl(t(ntc. co)n.rs \e rcqrcr( (l(l olt(0 (r tem(), (Be si lxlt:r ,l(rr(r:r scgrnl(l() licnrp( cl \urrriori(ol() (lc drs\lLlirrlr!nl(,. (l(-(l(.s.uul)11), dc (urrn.i:r dc s(,.(!11) l)(n'rn(). si se rr(()rrrn 1r: clc rpkrs llcLrrliunrs r ks Lr( qrLc c:re hllce (lcl trrDin() LlillL)r1!ki! (le\'icnc ne.csrrio lrl(lLr.r1() r(nn() irp)rn(i d(sv:rlirrricnk) (vase, txnrl)ia'r1. Coslx Prrcir:r. 1992 ).
l!l()e1 scnrid()qrt1rlrlril$\cl()s(li((()nitrk)sl)ilintlil(\\
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135
(la( lx)ne en nrarclta llts fltntaslts (lcstinlr(las 1l c()n[r-llrrrslarr](), lllnlllslls), a lrrs (re rlt rtrrri't .ilrrsirnes,, (lae n() s()o un sit,-rl<,trrrr clcl jrrici.. sin. el rcsrltacl<r tI L clcser (.V. tl.. v(r. XXI, pg. 3O), cn este c:rs rlcli,nsivo. Altta lrien. si sc (.()t)lpatr la int)ortancie rlrc el concc-pto d e t Iillkigkcit ,rsurrit cn l olrra ll.eucli:rnl. espe<.ialrentc :l fr.tir (lc lu ciclrcl tlc krs vcin_ t(. )() l)uc(le t))en()s que lllrlur l atenr.irin el p<r<l lteso (lre tirnc et lx (l .i(il I)si(r)anlticlr. Or'il p.ccle ser llr -zin cle cll.? Sir,plenrcrle (lcs(.ai(k) r. rlis lrit,n. cfectr cle rrnil (.()ncepci(in en (lLr sc cnfitiztr lo ()pucst(): un y()
vrsl() (()nl() p(xler()s()? Si t()lntl1os
habla cle.apreciacitin,. (le .estinlaci(in,. es clecir cle l() (llc cl suict() -l,r'cLrcl tvlrlu. no cle una conclicir-rn objctivrr cn lx irtp(fenci1. cn ci icsvrlintjcn_ l(), ((ntx) principio <ganizack llisicr clel psi<uisnro que cletcnninarli ltrs clis_ linlils_ f()[)l.rs te1)]i-lticls l>ajo las rLrc se puecle prescntlu I angLrstia. l)or ello li( r(l Ie atril)uye se nr srjk la cusa cle la angustia por le piclicla clt objct<r silrr <lcl anltelc clel paclre v clc llt creaci<-n rle les rcligioncs t.V. lil.. vt1. XXI. P:igs. 2i. 30), as c(rl() cle l nsieclcl srciel itl (f[()_ (luc (.()n(ht(.e -tent<r (()ll() precllts()l.x la c()nstituci(-xt (lel sentinlicnt() (le (.ulpl (.57. /t/.. \,(rl. XXI. I2i). (lc El senlitnicnft) irnp(fenci rig. c()nstitltye cl lolcle soltrc, el t.rel sc ()rigilrit l1r angLrstiil (le castra(.in (,S7. l:1.. lr1. XX. prigs. ijU lJg). <lLrclk
r)rlrterial en el caso clel peligrr) realista. y ps<uico en cl clel peligrr pulsional... (ltt'stt L'slilitctctt sea arrnect es indifrel e pqtu el rct tltak... llanretnos Itdlnt.ilicali\ Ln.t situci(')n (le (l(,svalituicnto vivcnciecla, (Frerrcl. 192(r, pl,rg. 155, l:ts lirrreras crrrsivas son ltas. les segtrnclas clel original). lr<.ti;nf(). ctl,cnctq
s( l)rcltunta: .CLrirl cs el ncleo. ll significativiclacl, cle la sitrraci<-rn cle peligro? llvi(l(,ulctnente. la apreciacin cle nuestras firezas en c()rnpuraci()n (.()n su .lirgnit.(1. lx x(h)risi(in cle nuestrr> clesvrlimienk frente a 1. clcs'llirrientr
l)ued()..., es metrlx)liza(lo (lentlo (le un c(iclig() nxrcisist qLle lo transft)rnta cn "si yo n() pue(Io... y() n() \'.ll!l(),,. Pero l peslr cle que el sentimient() dc p()
tencil esta'r estrcchlncnte ligaclo al narcisisnrc lc> rttuestta 1a alegra clel ni<r rnts (rd.l a(l(luisicia)n 1rx)triz () urental-. sin clnl)argo se trata de una articlrlaci<'n cle (los estructur-as psquiclls cliferentes. con lt cual retollll)los tlna cle las tesis centrules cle estc librr: l.t cslnrcturd mochtltu'clel psitttisl1l().J'l4 4r ticultckitl de cu?tpole tcs cala ttnt con su bistori4 fleikrultit'o p)-opt- As, un sujek), xnte Lrn p(xlcr cluc evala c()r() (lLc lo supere pucclc scnlir tried<> *es lo que vimos c(rn cl pxcicnte al <tte nos reterintts trtis:trila- o ltacer cl ccntr r:ie esa experiencie cn cl scntirlient() (le infetiriclacl. inclticllt la vergilenza cle cuc krs <lcm/rs se enteren cle srr inlcfirrir:lacl. lgttal sttcc-clc crrn el
sentimient() cle (nllnip()tenci tt tc pt ttcle tener c(nIx) clltctel prevalente para cl strjeto cl scr una prucblt clc stt sttpetiorichcl. tle que valc tnris ctte totlos los clcnhs. rut'elkr Jr con<rristar le clnriltci<'rn tlel testigo plivilegiaclo por tunk), rcjistr'() <lel nrcisismo-. () c()nstituir ln cltfensa ft-ente l la persecu cir-rn: .no hay natlic cltrc pttc<la hacettne elgn tipo clc <lao,. Aun < uancl< 1l fin de llx)strl' cl fcn<iment cle erticulcitin (lel sentit]rient() (lc inlp(fcnciil (()n las estlLlclrr.rs clcl natcisisDx, o con las anfaustixs fi) l)i( ir-persrcut( )l-is, ItaVrtnros lt(enttrx(l() los csos cn tlttc la c()tnl)inrLri!rn sc procltrr'e plcvalcnlerllentc a()n Lrnlls L ()tras, es flccLcnte qttc ttctttra sirttttlttlcatlllcnte crn lrnrb:rs- [ in casr Particrrlar'lltente intcresantc sc proc[tce cttan(l() cl scntimient() cle irlpotencilt (lrc sulge por el fracaso rcal o itnrtgtnuri,r en rrn lirea [cstringi(lll clt la :Lctiviclacl clel sujcto stfie la transtirtn-rcit,n sc (X). .. . no pr.teclo hltcct natla,-. Y ltteneralizacka l)L(lc hllccr tll c()sa -.Nr go cl .no pueclo lreccr nuri", vivirk s, c()n citrictcr l)s()lLt(). sc espacializu en el scr-ltirienk) "est()y 1rlrllpx(l(),. Est PaIti(ullrize< itin cle llt ilIP(fencia clc-penrlc. veccs. cle ciertls ( il-cu nstll ncias vivi(lxs. Asi. un ratiente, cacla ra (ltc fLcra l1 cifctrnstan( i:l c.Pce r\'(:z (lLre scntia .yr no rr.tcckr,, -cttlltlttiee\'()cal)a en st lltntc Lrn Irtntltsa pr'i_ liclt <rtc crrllrjt[l a cstx c()nvicci(-)n vilcgiada: ser sttficatk pot un petscgr.ticlot ltotleroso, l() (lte lesLrltltl).t, tntrc
()tr1rs r-1lz(rtes,
tlt'srk q,l 1111;gn2,) p(n.cl inslin) (lc nlLc,t(: lir clcfle,ri<nlr y. ltrego. rr.,ryccra solrlt,cl tcho tockr el por:ler <le una lgresivirlacl que pugnl por exterioriz:rrsr'. lil lx.lr(, kleinino es un pe<uer> slntLr:ti (luc pr,r1,..:ta. ciisrx.ia. tar.. sc tI licrrrlc. l-o nlis elejaclo ursiltle clc la irtragen cle inrpt,tencia a lu cue lrr //// .lh)s.qk?it clcscribc. Algo sjtnilr slrcedc para la psicoiogrr (lel y(): p(xler.()sos (l(s(.()s in(('stL(rs()s. n() Il)cit()s p(xlcf()s()s rlcscos llrstiles v tlccnisrnos rlt, rIli nslr rrte (()rI1() (enh-() 1k l !-,r7.(,r (rt.rn (1)ntinL.lllrnlc -cli\.()s L:(:rr, l)()r su l)lrtc. c()n su ltr-rrr:r le sLrltjctivirhcl y al ufeoo tro J:rocla teltro, (r) (Lrr (ill)i(l:t ill senti,li(,nl() ck,intp.tcnci:r,,rles\.lir.ient(), l I: \.i.,.(nL.i.r rl.c lircrrrl r'irlrlrr'fl bujo la clenoltinacin dc I Iillkipkcl. Se nccesital)a (lc lr .rillr(l( 7ir (l( llilrring (195.3) plrre <uc el c()ncel)k) clejasc cle scr unlt rnctl lllLr\, ,. .rl ,lr ),1( tl() inicil rlc l \,i(l y p.(licrx scr.r,rlJcark> prll c'(c-n(lcr t(xl1r
rrn,r J!,urlr
iV. Klein. pr.ejcrrrplo.
.l
yir, ,,,r,.,-r.,2.,.1,,
(le ltx)l))ent()s vivicks cn
r'clacirin crrn Ltn paclrc narcisist
(le iltrp()tencilr lt() s(il() cntefgc en l:r c<ncict_ i.r, r.rrtir rrl.rrizrrrkr r lrar.s cle tirltiplcs mictlos. sino (lLlt sc encrent(t cn l1l lrst rlt r i.rlrrs tk rr-r'si.ncs nalcisist.s, c()lllo e cr capttrkr dccric.:rck .r irs t|Jslo r()s tlt rr.r.sitrrs. En cstos cttsrs cs 'ilrx)s cl resrtltaclo clc clLtc el .1r, no
r
tlt li,rronenrs. lrl r. tinti(.nl() in(.()nscientc
(lre par.r (lcux)stf.rrlc srt fttcrz lc apretaba (()ntr st pccho. lrxlel'tnclole con lrrazos ctre el pa(ienlc rcctrcrdlt c<tx (lLle "ertn gn()rmes,. l;rs crccr-tcis solre la inrp(fcnci clcl sLtjel y st c()ntl-partidr, ls ct-ccn(is (nn4)()tentcs. ri()n l()s extrem()s clc trn clirensirin <ue tirtttta ttn ttas lirnck cle t<clrr lrt vicl i\cnt.tl. l,() qtta to(b sldo s( pkuttad a priitrcr lu!lo', .y dc t tuttr ittct)tlscialtle, .ulte ctukluiar.leseo rs si scr.i c.tp.tz da rculizdrlo o //r). I-1l respLcstlr lr este inter,-oganle. captl(la (lcntr() (le un ca)clig() n.trcisist.l () Lrn() pctse(Ll)ri(). k llcnr;i tn cl ttintr <aso clc jbilr c <lc tlokl narcisista y. en el segr.rnchr. (le trrr()l () <lc alir,'ir- Fll scntiltricnt() (lc iD)P()(cn( i. ),) n,) ptreckr... (X, lo rFre sca)" cs, cnt()nccs. unll cretncia mlr'iz rl)iertll 'J h parti ct!lurz.tcilt, a hs mil inraginnci()ncs I.lntlrsnr,lticxs (ltte vro clotanck cle es re'cifi< iclecl e le X.
1.1(r
AvAN(-tis l,N pst(:o'tliR^pA pstcoAN,\Lillc
INlliltVIiNC()NESltiR'\Pl-iU'l'l(-ASDtl:lrltLN('IADAS
131
ia)n (le xlgLn()s ritL1lles ()l)scsiv()s, (FLe n() son si|'tple ()culiat irjn e l:r con< iencia cle erlgo rec harck sino intentos clc crear un sentinliento cl< <lorttinio solrre L:t realiclacl. Es la ftrncin rlrre rleseutl-reltn ciert(),\ clesplaz1[llienl()s xl (lct.rlle en situtci()ncs (le angusti: ante U1 viaie en alvin, la t)rctir. Lrk rsitlltcl rlsesir u en el-.rlfcgl() de l:t Drtlctl: () cUin(l() cs nccc\iri,) Jlrcs('nl:r- rn escrito ante Llna aut()ri(la(l (llle se tenlc tlnr rr-,nrrios -profesor. etc.-, suietr> el se <lscsir>n c()n )()s !peck)s filtrales tlt-l tnisrrx lrtilrfitos. de'papcl, tipografa. enculr<lcrn:rcic-n. etc.-. llst()s rlcstlaz.rr[rentrrs -lil)() lrirscienrien el r>bjetivo rlc ser rcullamicntr la concicncia <le Jas replcsentationes clc la ntLrete o los persegrriclores. rxplicari<-rn.l la qLte hrlbit.xlrr)ente sc ill)ch. Nleclrnte la crncenrracir)n en lts rlctallcs clel viljc o en l()s ispccl()s finnlcs dcl es<rit<. cn cse .\lrcf .t'y') ler h.tco prciL'o (ld l'lll<'. se ltl(lLirrc un scntimief() clc clrminio rrrgico solrre una rcaliclatl fiente a llr cual t'l sucto pitnstr <1uc no puecie haccr nt<llL. l\)r tilnt(), lnlis (lLtc nt(.ilnisox)s (lc tlcli,nslr I lil c()ncienci- srn cieli,nsas, en (]l icnti(l() (lre le -ocultaD)icnt() Irt'nr<rs <i:tckr cn (Nr() trl)ilj(): pr()ccs()s (lc tfir nsli )rltxci(in (lue gencritn tniI rrrorlitltlrci<-n en el inc()nsciente, efl este cils() la crecncia en el pocier clel su
(n lil cstrLrctLrrx(
lrt clcfi'nsl c()ntra el sentimiento cle imlx)tencia es un fact()r tnlln,rtJntc
pttes' ltl ttsltrrar rlrcs qrre generan Lln.l relaci(in sinll)iticll soblePr(lect()re pni(() crtlnclo el olliettl en lirnei<nes (lcl suie). se exP()nen .t qLle rite entre
l)rotect()r n() se encuentra plesente'
crisis cle Plinico t" 1't insn'll ansieclad )t r\r )!l't* rt 'rn' l'r se,-tleilrn clel ohLl.' ,ep,,raci,-rn qtlt exr)erilllentllrl 'tl8(lr'\''r\ de (ltle \e le\ h'!z() crecl qtle e(41\l:('!lcnc'!J jr-to i;xginar iamellte pr(fect()r es
ils
'.,'rt,,,,,
enc()ntr;d() ct-t algr.lnos Pacientcs c()n crisiii
litutiliitr rr'tc ltclrxrs f....r-rai, garltntiza segttlicllt(l llnx c()nfigurllci(ln pletcn(ienl()s ge (le
P'illic()
cs ll cie tt:t mil(lrc ltcrr()tizi(Ll lnre [l-l Pa(lre Pr)en ()c:tsknles violentt' Ill hij()'/x lnira al pache clescle el .1.,,r4,r. p't''lrc te ( I lvierte p'lr ",,,"n,,r^nte. taa,r. ,i. l" l)a<lrc. iclsntificild() ( ( )n (lJ 't Por lt qtlc cl
ir..,,iir,,.,,ra,,,.
t,r..u.,ri
-n()
con la el nio.'lt en figtr xlnenlzlurte' st'llrcricn.j trlJ :'irllx'\i\ tlciensiva r)rs lilerte )lllo c( hii( )'/ ciel q,,ian, iitir-r<ut cli'llil. ilparece rlnfe los ojos
nr,,.tra
,,,.,.1J l,ri',,r,,
'1. t-tnr(,, rc'tr.rgi. frente l peleguicl(x l-rl ,raclre' p<rr stt .,l.r.,,"..,.,i cn el luj", 'r \Lt p[()Pi() Ierrrlr' dest Pr(fegerle clc la figttra ""u.. ir,,.;".r,1.,,.t,tt-ri l'.' sir 'sorlllrr:t Pr()tc(t()r-l'' c()n lo qtre rcfuerz'l i.,.,r..r,r., y-lil llr)P()r'n('ii i,,.r".n,.i,, s()l)re el cxrllctcr a,enazntc clel lr,"egtricl< 'lel cle l:t lrlt(lre- () 5!s \cp'llltci')n (( r-les (le n'l(iici( estxs iui,u".--n p"uit 'ttalqrtict st pare'ie o cl tcrapettt:r' P(n cjcrlrplo- hat''in s':nti el i,i.,,.<r. t,itii,,',,r.
\, ;()r
t({() ( lllci( htl1xf . 19U6).'I)(' igull nrlrnet-l . lrnte el scntilnient() cle ir)tp(fenci.l <1uc prtxlr.rte l:r ruucrl (l( llr) \tr'(lleri(k. 1 fclril if.litx(i(in (lc )os :lrcrarttilos rlcl enlierro l rnisrr() trcnrpr) cuc distrten *(lis()ciarr- clel clokr cle la pi'rclicla pcrrniten ucl(luirir un scntiI)iento clc clrltinio s(r)rc Ln:t rc-lli(la(l (lLlt: (on !t nlltcfie se llr()stf(l cstllr prlr firclir clel poclcr-del sujek). I-x hipelx({ivi(l.ld crnto <lctensa l)iisi( (luc presentln algtrnas personas ticnc esc srnticl(). y:l qLe sc crce, grat lts :r lttulle. qtre toclo re plte(le: el nt()\,inti(.nt() y Lts nril activi<llcles en lus rttt st'cnrbarcJ ci sujek). y a las (lrc vlt (hn(l() algtin grackr cle s<tluc.irin. se ( .n\'r( en en prlel)x inxginilril d( sr p()ten( iil.
i({(, (n feltgrt,
-lrt '' t, r,i i".p"''ttt t rrltr iuntr'le (ltre en el pr()legi(lo se.(lesxn('le el senti", tl'l 1(rJri' 'l'tn ,r"rri r.t. 'r,,r.ln,ia. ello expiic:r prlr rLl es I1.vcnttlr'l(la el tepo<lerosrt iigu ;;, ..1,, i"".it(.i,,,n 1ti 11 5ilbiosis con una -,rhora
,,,f.1"",a1,-,a
t ,r \1.\\ l)l:1. \ \
lVt \'I'r, t)l Pr)''l \( lA: lrl I t( I f \' (O\t't-l( t(,
lll s('r tillie nt() lsico cle p()tcncia pllr enfientaI l()s (listin)s pelig()s. rrrc l:r lenl;rsiu y llt reli(i.rd captucla tlcscle l: llntasilr- \'tn gcner1(l(, ( s llr] ln1)(lLr(to <ompleje-stir cn (lue la identitlccirin <rrn plclres p()tcntcs o Lr lorrrrr lr.rjo lll cull los pll(lrc: represenl(rn la xrrencia clrl sujrt() c()nstitu, rr'rr clt rrr.rlos rlecisivos. L()s ll:lclres prretlen firllar'en lir()vcer un scn(lluien t lr.rsr'r (l('l)()rencia tlutto p(1luc cllos ntisltrs n() l() tiendn c()nr() p()rqre It,tr..rrt r rr', r'irl suicl(, (lue es inrp()tcote. lln relacirin x (str) ltilu(). nacllt nlis lrrl(,lt n(, r:rrlr rllrstlcrrlizirr el clest<llo clcl sentilticnto de poten( i.t (lLr( pil' \r,h, r,rr^
,,,rr'L r(.rrr.i.rr r I ,.rlrrr'l(, ,n1lr(l1)
s,)l)r( fslir difra.n.il cntr( nte('nrsnn):i de deti,nsxs ! dcinss <n cl in 1rl ,runx' dr l,\ sisL,rIs nnri\l( i()n:rl.\
.pr()tcllt' (lc l()s l)eligr()s (ltlc 'sltl)e' llr <r'te le.pltsa l Pacientc' a 'stt- El pciente l)lej(),,.," .ti.ne, ils rcspLtestas llccl'c! cle <tl lc convicue (le rrneru esPectllvcces a r:l inicialurente tn su engr.tstilt v sint(nll'tl()l()gii' tttesri'n rc'si(le en tcr''rn<lttl.r l''t tlcl. al',t",a raa,, il c()tl(lici(in tl(j tt"'tt"'t"(j <l llcslrrolkr clel stts objuriros r'lc ccntrLr c(nll(' air,rr,, Lt ,"rrp.ur,t tenienclo ' 'Lt.a,*inror'r,,, .le p(x.n.ia clel plt<ientc. llltct ttna clbltlcki|\ lt'lttIlp(''(ltlc (le el cle la imltgen lx)lel)cix l.,tnattct. e\':lltl!n(l() cl nl()l)Iellt() y llt filrla o.r. - itrllte le ll.t .llrlhtll!l' r ' l,1'.-t.,,i, '- Prc(i\.tr.rh.rr h cliterencia enlre trltsi()rn() P()r dficit y tr'rsr rtrsitltrnthr' r selt t,r.n<i t,rr (1)ntlic;) en cl prtnio c'c'rttt" qtl.<:rt'rrlr)\ ' c'ttLli(i ks csclrs Kl(in Nl (lc cl'rc'rt'r't' ,-ln r.l,,.in l sentinlientt P'tcn(ir 1 (le s c(1]() iuutgcn tlnl clc a,, ,,|.,..1 sLlltt(r, l)(,f .lllBLlsll'1. sc clesrtenclc ( ()n lo cllal' ,.,,,.'",. t ..' ., .,i,riruv. .,1 t-,ll.lr -icltntiIicacirn Pr()-vcctivil-' e''rsc tlc plnes il"'"l.,"-,i-,tn, ^. lt.t1 trn t tnpr 'llrecilllietlo clel y() :Il clcsPro\ de illlp(fcnci: cl stntillriento (Klcin. crs() este t:n it)'i61. t*.nrs . r Dtistu< )- sinl nDicnT' (ltte el cr clescle fllla Do restllll cle trn <li-ficit esfrll(ltlral -llgo inlcrr'i lo<r'rc lt cllte se rcn(rncia p(n-(r)nllict() P()t 'llgllstilt' ['is .i. t't'tr:t'i(,n: l:r "ig,, " 1., i,l,:r lr,'trtli.rll.r rr'rtti('n nlL lil llll('llJ/ 'lt ,'rf,..,i'.n '.1<l'r p()r el telr()r ((Lle rtprcs'nla el rilal eclpico' iol.rr\t!l(s .""U,r(t.l\ i,. rl.*n" no irritr al " ,i,r..4.r,,,,u.1rr"" ri sttictrr. clcleniiv'lnentc c(ll() ilrlll()tnte Pxrll (lc un] i1 l3 clLrsrl es t[ttl's tle rltte cl c.nflict. Atttr rr'r
f
;-'t..8.;i.i"'
''rlrt:r
ti
AvAN.lts tjN pslco r RApL\ l,sco.tLlt<.
LItVl NClONri. )il,1Pr:UT'(
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lrrtts cltl sentinricnk) (lc p()t!.nci, <le cflcac.ia. cl<, lcgitinticilrd. lis lo <ue rk sr:rt.r Nlurkson (l99J), qLlien slr \icz rek)nra lu itlea clr,li)ll)in. sin cnrl).rr_ rt, rrr r,s L r cpe itabitr.rrlrncnte sc hx(e. Anlc las olrcrvirci<rrcs c.rticas clel r:r ( r( rl((. ilnlc sLrs rcclrlr<rs sc strrle r.rsltontlcl. l) (.()D el sil(,Dcio no cO_ -tlLrc rrr'sr.,t[. lll .(lLien ax]lll ()t()lglt, sltr) (lLc a(.irr(,it el mcnsltjr: inll)l(.it().(lad()
IInt irrl. <lt' trxnsfcrenci.l ncgativx, (l( rcpetici(-)n (l(, l)utr()nes ne(lr(itic()s. I)cr() rllr( l(.nl()r scr ntal clt()s itLin: trt rltslr ctttnrlt el l)li(.icorc litnc r.lrzon? llltsllr ()n (rc neliccntr>s el placcl trre ticnc cn cn(r)ntliir a] anltlisla cn ttn till(), (()n (lrc destaqucDt()s el Lrso clrre hce clc la sitLil(.in cxternr rclLl pxra (,lrlt Dt,l' s:tisf)cci<'tn lt.lrcisistit () s.i(liclll Ctccux)s (ue acletDs <le cst(), qLte ln)(lrli scr tr':rbejlrlo en un scgunclo tirlltp(), el Jtr.rntcro clcltc <rrnsistit. sinrple ! (lir('( tiLltl('ote, en Lln (ient [rsr(rl ri/-()n, cs ((l]() trsle(l rlit-e". 1. crnt lrllth rlirr(isisl;r tlc crre se csrli IlLis lli clel Iticn 1 rlcl nrrl sinr .rortlue la hrr .(sli(l:l(l ('n cl r'ncrlt \ cl r.csrct, llel scnticl< clc rcaliclarl son ctinciclentcs (',r ('sl()s (:ls()s c()n la iltp() ncil clel rlesr<lkr (lcl scntilnient() (ie p()ten(.i, clir rrr irr r lr.gitinrJcla<[ tlel tnr:iente. No se plre-de utiliz:tl cl rrin<.i1tio vlirlo <lc rltrr' lrrs rrrnlcsionts c(xltrittriutsfcl(]l(.i.tlt,s ill)pli(.itrt sr,ri()s l.icsg()s (\)lll() (j_\ ( \r l).r,.r s;rlvagtrltrclirt cl nltrcisisllr ilcl ltnlisllt. ,\lrches vcr.es sc lu8untcn_ t.r rrrr,r'l ,rnrrlistlr n() (lel)e ct:clcr a 1:r dcnranclr (lel pa(.ientc, r.ctugiinclose en rrt,t lrrrlrL !{(nclll (ltle n< rlisc,lrnin.r \i,hrL-,lu(,til)r, (le (l(nt.ln(lx sc tr:ttit. l't,r rr.r , , ,s:r t s llr <lcru:rntl;t tle ltntor. clcl pacicnte \. ()tra nlu) (lili,reotc h (lc rrr.trrLl.r rh. (lrk. r() s(, lt ristifitrc lrr expcricncilr t rlr tttc rro sc r)rcgLrc ur. (r )n(lll( t.t r'r irr(.il (l( l I(ritl)eLtat.
rrrt trsl(tl <lcfir1rt. tal c()Dto le cst()) lIl()stt-lrn(l() (.()n1itLrllc-ltc, :xrr elkr nO l( (()l]lcsl(),,; (). si n(), c()n intelprctltci<xtcs en qllc se senltl cl <.ar:'tttcr resis
gIlltrtl a llr <r.te tiencle totlrr trraria sino que (lc])e f()t) esper'fico clel trutr)ricnt(). l)l plrcicnte rccor.rej los Incns.i(.\ y l:s ( iriunst.lncias qLrc le crearor.: un sentillient() cle impotencia, ast u(r)l(r .r:.rillutli l lr)utillci(')n continua (lre ltacc cle ]u reprcsentlci(in de s uistr< r rrl tlt,strtcrtler la cle srs rtcursc:rs y clLpt,rf cxclsivllr]lente sLts insU 'al()rilcin ll(i('n(i.ls. fll tratxtuiento clehc recrrperar tlr r.cptesentlcitin cle potencia clc,l n,f st,lrltcla l)rj() tucnsjes clest lr lificantes, lIrjo la fijacic)n ;r expelicn,.i.rs l ril u liil lctrs, ltaj<ll el tcnt<tr.:l l.l aut()ltflntra(.i(-)n prtr persecucirir-r o por ctrlpt. St llr cnftizacll tantr el ltcclto rele\,tntc cle cue el sLiet() nicJ.llr lx castracir) rttc sc lta rlcsatcncliclcl (lre tiuDl)in i( ttir.qtt ld t) Lttslt.t!Liti;.lls clecir. quc P()r trrltrr. I)()r ()nletitltien)..t ll]rns..t,cs imp( )tcntiziI]]fes. pr)r liici()l-l .r c(i(lj_ rrrs rttlillckes cle llt reprcsentecirin clel .rzl. sc lcnlrio p()l.D() aec()n()ccrse Ir rtrr.si sc poseeSi p:tftc ilnp(xtnte nt l cler.isir,- cle la crr s<l)Ler rcne er -crnnckr cl tstcnurio cle lr relucirin ter:lpaLtticil. (lue cl I)u(iente prrcclu rivil le experi(n(iir (lc (lLlc cs (-.ll).lz <lc huccr. l.t,ctifir':rr ut nlisttr cuanrk i.ste sc erlrrir(r r'J o sr'r'oLrLll en tnlt l)()sici(in iDtrlectIrcla (\)DstiIu],en nt()lltenl()s estructLt
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El seor 1.1'. cs rn h<Drl)le joven (Le vicne al trxtalDicnto p()t severos sintouas ttrliccs: tcme salir a la cxlle, no pr.recle entrar en cl netrr ni sulrir a un xLrt()l)s, lc xte[r()liz la iclea tle (lue le pue(lx sol>evenit-Ltoa tqtlicatclix rtrc lc lleve !l uni nrrclte s)itir. l)eri(-xlicr)lcnte le cituinan pre(,Lup.(t{F nes hipoconcirlcus fales c()m() el ter]ror ul inflrto c> al cn( er. Cuancj() liene (luc lrgLrr(laf en la sala (le csper se rngustia con la icleu (le qtre la secrctl lia puc(la consiclerllle un.loc() lxn(lue nccesil() vcnir actr.. Fil c<rtienzo clel tftrtrnic-ot() se calrilctcriz(i por le engrtstia <rrc le proclr.tcirt el c()ntarck) c()omjg(): e!'ittl)x l))inlrnre ul entr.r () sirlir de li srsin. hacrt lltrgos sjlen(l()s, rt: peti "n() s, pr(ti(rrurntc lrntes Llc (()nlenzlr'ccl tl:tse, se cltteclalta erl si-
lenci() c()nlinLlacin clc cltcl una cle lis intctr'cnci()ncs, con agitacitin corporll rrre tcstir1()rlirLl)a su intt:ln(luili(l(1. l,os relatrs quc hxc de sLs rela<ioncs intcrpc sr )nlr lcs n() (lejl)n lLf.lxr' cluclls rie (lLrc st sentia ilnlen:t z:rlr: I>s c(nnp!r()s rlel tllllrir lc rttitltbn (()n Llsti(li(). l stcgl'() lc tL_niir in(lLrini, sLr pxrejl ('rir insensilrle y l senta Frn tem()r clc ttte le ill)an(l()nase y clLrclalxr (lrc le (luisierx a pesar rlc l cleclicli<i<in v las rulestfas cle arrt()t cLre l le clispcnsalrit. I)cns:tl:t c( )nscicn teDrcfrre (ltle yo n() lcnclrit interts cn l rucs seeuranrcnrt hltltr l)1r( i('ntcs Dr.is infcrcsantcs. C()n rcpcc) il la irt:lrgrn rtre tenil (lc si misr< cl rlc ltrolrrnrl;t instisfrr'c ir'rn: crc4. en c())tra (le I()d.l evi(lcn(i: ,v cle lo rrrt'lt tleclt su pilrejlt. (lue el tnlt Pers()ni lll. Al rcspcct(), se avcrg()nzlrl)! (lc (luc )'() fijrse nri xtenci(in sollre c ttiLlqttient cle fi))l:l (lc su n]riz slls (ls8()s: ()(ui)lrl)rLlt sLl l)l-c()cul)!ci(in de] llr()|)cnt() -llr () (lg sLrs lllan()s. \Ll cstltLllt. el( sc (()nsidcr:tl)it ttnrt l)crs()nlt -.'l:Llltl)i11 ( ) intcligcntc f)()( l;r histori (le'l-l).. rec()nstrlrjclu con cliiicLrltlttl, pttes el D)iilcrial (lue !POrtlrl)x xl prin(ipi() eriL cscrts(). pernliti(i. p()(() l l)oco, il clcspcjitnclo tln csccnilrio rr,re haciar-r conlprensil)le nlucl)()s (lc los rrolrlcnras cLrc Ic actrejaban. El (lLre (lt(Ll vcz (ltre p()sxl)x h r))i ruclre It:tlra sicl<: trnu ligrttt lruy l]:t)l(igi(.1 (lcfi'(1() o pallt :iLlicLrlizarlt. EI pa r(l s()l)rc l elu ltlu haccllt 'l,xr tn ( cientt, recorcll )' c()n t(frl faltx (lc cnrpatl lc nrostral)1r ([le l .nunc1l ILtlrlL teni<l< ess ritlicultccs,. Naclt tlc T.l'. rla lrdecul(l() para su px(lrc: sl r'itlicLLrl infltntil l pllcer cn jltgrLt'cr'.tn c()(lificlt(l()s crr<r itcliri< (le (lLrc trx .Lrlr r('\1)[t()s(,. tr] in(lLlict() clesrLtlcnecltl qr( ro I)()(ia qtc(lrsc <lr.tielr>,. Aclctls. trrt ttltparatlo tlesitvorelrlcnlr'nte (()n Lrn()s l)l-ittI()s. lrrj()s (le un lltrn)n() rlcl plrrlre. (ltlienes rpLteslilnrenlc en crn1lrn ltclus las cltliclaclcs (rc l l le t:rltalan. 'l .l). hala incorporeclo esr nLrnera clcnig|urrie de nritxrse, ltrcjr.ricio gL<> lrel tn rrntra (i( l (lLl. (lcterr r inrtlr:t (lLle cll(lil vcz cuc'cletenirt stt tcn,.i,rn en
Llnl (rtn(lLrclr. rtl estl t ) jtricio clccitlitkr rprio't. lcutrioxl)a P()r hx ccr ullr c\'!thraci(-)lr neglltivll. Al istnr tiel)rP(). por rro-vcct it'rtl cle Lr ' pini(,n (lLrs lcnr (lc s s(r)rc los cue le Kxlcltn 1'. sollrc t<xlo. ror espcrar ciel ollLn isg() ()
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i(l(, ( \lcrn() (lrtc Drlnitestase la rrrisullr actitttcl htstil clcl pa<lre, tenllinallll pol scrrlirsc rcr-seguickr y er,'ergr)nzado. SLls tet-I()rcs aJ tttetro -v xl aLtobs n() terrrr rLrc ver con el esprcio sino con estar rtcleaclt cle figr.tras a lls qte sentl en cl cspacio- el c.tratcter ltetrrro lltsliles. Haba espacializaclo -ul)icacl() rr()rizllote (llle teniln hs personls qr.tc se encontralllln en cs()s csPl(ri()s. ln t lrso srr ter< a tencr una crisis cle anglstia v "tlar el especl:icttlt, ctn el restlturkr cle que n() senta a llt gcntc c()nr() c.tp.lz cle ltyr.ttlarle en un estrl(k) de rttcsi<lecl sin() quc se lurlerurt c<tlt haba heclro cl p:tthe. l)oclenrts clccir qtte T.P. no lutl>:t lttlcr-ririclo Lrn scntilllicnt() (lc .xccPt,l( i()n l)alsicx", cue es cl (lue pemlitc <ttc- un nio r ttn adultt n() cst ()l)servlrn(l() (\)ntintturlente rasg()s perciltles en Irtsce cle I() in(lcclla(lo. (inlx) le (liic rr Lrna oportuniclacl. <lespus ctc clue trte tlescribicre lo -tcirrnorhl <tte se Irlru scntick en Llnir feun,an] s()cial. cspeci:tltrtente P(n-c(in)() ila resticl<: 'Si r.rstc(l sicnte antes cle llegar la fiesta r1r.te krs cletr)lis le vrtn tt rir-r-ctnlr> kr Irer'u su plclre, ent()nces es corrrplcnsible ruc- crttpiecc lllinl'se. anles (le ('r1lr'arr. trrtarn(l() (le ver si tiene !lna rttrrncll cn la r<tal por lo <rtc terllli,l.l cn_
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senta persegui(l(). le lrul])iere vuelto a retrarr[utizr c()t)]() halta hecho el paclre al ubicarle como alguien que tcna tn.llos sentilltient()s hacir los <lems. En caml)i(). nris indicaci()nes knlabxn. entle ()tras finlas. h sigtriente: "Debe scr nrul.cloloroscl scntirsc trn nrel por dentro, tan in.ldecuad(), sin pocler clarse cLlcntr clc tue pesc a t<xlas las peielrs con su paclrc, xl final ternljnr,.lccp tnrk ct'l'lr irnagen cle uste(l la qLc f'l lc trensntitu c()ntinua[lente: qre era rtralo r t<nto o feo,. Estc tip() dc inten enciones. en qrre cl analista haltla iclentifl(acl() c()n cl scr stiiente. e pesar clel csqucllltisn1() con qr,re las presentDxrs. Lcstrltn plir-ticrhrnrente ilnp()rtrntcs pera acuellos pacientes qne han sitkl scvcrarrtenle I [xLnratiza(k)s.
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(i)n estc paciente lrttbiera siclt tln clr()l (itq nos lrrllii'rltns clctcnitlo en lrrllr tn cle sts insatisfacci()nes () tcul()res cn lrn nienl() tlc clcsh:tccr el sr l)u( sl() (lesphzlrient() quc harl rlue cucl:t r-tn< tle ellrs ltr'iet cn cl inconsr'i( ll( ()tr() teDror () insxtisfcciirn percial el tr.tc cncltlrricra. N() se trilllll)a de cacllt iclea <lrscsitnntc c()Dsciente cnc()ntfar rrnlr |t l:rcirin uno 1 Ln() -por ( f ri ('n ('l inc()nscientc relacionacl con clllt por clislinl.ts nl()(l1lli(lx(les (lc sillllolizlrti<-rn o cle contigiiiclacl x<()cilti\'- sino tlc Ltnl rePt L'selltllcil) fll()l).r1 rlt si 1'<lc Lna l eprescrltaci(in gkrbal clc (\inr() cl (fr() lc rirarlt. ltpairtlelcl r tr.rl l:r nrlicuin;r proclttctiva cle[ -rsi<ttistrt<> r'a cleclttcienclo t'onst'cLtenci-r. r.rr li( uliu('s (lue t(nnal)an h firrnra cle sus tnicclts c insttisfllcci()ncs. lgrtaltrlente, l[rl)i( r1r esta(lo c]escaminltrlo crte cacla r'ez que 1.P se scnta ( dticll(l() P()r hs tigrrr:rs <rrc Ie rrleaban o por m lc hLtbiela clic ho cue clacio (ltlc a'l cfiti('l)a (hr1lnr('nte los cleml'ts. ent()nces sentit clr.tc los clctrts le nlirllln crn la llisnLr ir('lilr(j crticl. fln pri[rcr lugar, pot-<r.tc lo tsencial n() ere <t-tc l no purlit llr l'crse crtto;tlgttien crlico <t agresi\'() (:()n l()s ()tl-os v qtle ltlvierrl (lLc re l)rinrir ('sta representacitn cle s 1, lucgo la ptol,cctase en la liLrra exlern.t. N() ( lrilirl)il <lc une proyccci<'rn clefensivrt -- <lcsprentlets<' cle une itrragtn cle s r'rrr c-li<rr v bostil y pr()vcctrl en el <fro- sino tlc ttna iclentific-tci, ,n csx..rrl:rr'. r'n <ttc no clilerenc iel)x rll ()tr() cle s ttrislt: el ()tr() lc ll)ir.rri.r.(rll(, ,l st rrilrrlrr s nrisux. Si l se cnsiclcntb:t fl'o, torpe o krlt(), trts s(ri.tn l,rs irrr,rgcrrt s rtre los clenlls poseeran cle 1. Fin setrntlo )ltgar. porcr.te ctlltntIr r ritir;rl:r :r lts tletu:is para krgntl. t]t(rl)entne.tnrentc. slil tle la silLt.rttrrn tI r Iitrr:rrl(, (r] ('ste cas() s n()s cnc()ntfalll()s nte tln iclentifi< :tr i, ,n -.)r,r y(\'li\lr , r'lLr r'lir rrn clcscstrlckr intent() (lc c()nt[lrfestar Lln sentitDient() (le
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l)s la risnl finra ruc en el p1l(ienle (lue ac:tl)trn()s clc ver. en el cue 1l iclca glol>al <le sel inclccrucl< le hacl rcenc()ntr.Lr falkrs en cualqtricr r.r.igt, tlc s ntisrtto cuc ccntraran sLl atenci(-)1. de ntanem sintilar. en la fitnltacin clc ticrts icleas ( )l)scsi( )nntcs. inleI!'ienc tn pr()(cs() tle plll'ticr.rlarizacl,in I p.rrtir cle (recnciils rttatritcs pasionales. lln csle:lspcct() cl snkrllra tuecie ser entcntlickr c<nr o<'trplinckr el tnisltr lr.tgltl cuc cn les granrrticas gencrittivils se ()t()rgr r las tlascs profericllrs pot un lreltlrtnte: snt()lua y iiasc srn el eslalr<in ltinto cle Ln ploces() gcncrirti\'() rn (luc Lrnii ti-rrrurl muv ulxtrctiva sufre trrnsfin nrlrci()nrs y encuentra sisteltrs clc clcnrent()s (lue le lan (Norglnclo es pcciliciclecl. Asi comr. en el cs() clc la gletutice. el contlxtncnte fitnolgiccr cs cl qr.rc cleternrina (\inl() l fitrsc ser cle({ivrruente lxrnitncilrdlr, () el c(up()ncnte gr:'ili(() <tiru< srr-li cscritx. cle iglral rnanellt en rl ('s() clcl sntcla Lrna creenci.i lnatriz terminar enc()ntftln([o. ntecliantc rclas cle pamicularizacir-rn. en cierta imegen clc rn pcrs(rlit, cn cierk):lspe(t() cle la rcalidacl del cucr-p(). al "firnenra, cuc lc seNilr'r .lt: \, 'p{,rtc l).llJ cri.t.rhzrrrsr,.'' 1,, 'f ejerrpk). la crecncia l))lllriz in(\)ns(icnte .(()rr() peligro" no existiencl<> en -(r)\'illente cl in(\)nscicntc cn csk)s ta,r_min()s pr( )p( )sici( )n.tlcs. l()s (llte n()s vet)t()s ol)li, gld()s 1t re(Lrrrir pxla trxnsrnitir l icle- bl.scr en el cloruinio espccficr> que cn csc n]()men) csta'cn jucgo para el sujeto. (lue c()nstitu),t su ficr cle atencir-rn por las z()ncs que sexn cuerp<t, h lncntc, l.rs rel.l('i()nes intcrpers()nalcs-, eruellos clenrentos -cl qrre sicr-rckr 1>r<4-rios clc cs()s d()llinl(,i sitlcn pltra clerle tna firrma plLrticLtlltr. c()n lo (pc t<xllli prr><lLrcir, si sc trrt:l llel crrerpo. ll cleen( iat .v()\' x enlenrtar"l (), si se tnla dc lx nleute, el penslrDicn-
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i,r rrr| lt' rtsultaba ins()p()nrhle. lln terter [r.tger. 'por encinlll tlc l<. lrulrr. lir insisticlo en <ue era l el (lue criti(l) ]'qtrc P()t es() se
;0 I-rs rcgl:rs (lc I)iri(ulxrizll.i(')n s()n k)s pr(xesos n'l()s (Lr;rlcs \(,Dr(,du.(] rl pxsaje (ics(lu lir iD.Ll!ir g(nr.rl lLrsrrcl rus() pfli.lur'<r(: uqrrJl.r pr(,([rrc N() s( sinrtle s leglus de .(,rrcsp(nl(ie (iir (nr( d().i irnrilo1r()s \x c\isltnrcs. si() (lL gerr(lir(i(-)n (lr 1() plrti(1rlxr p;rir (lc l() qLr(r rsrri cn un ni\ul rniis irl)slr.r.t(). liD este scntid() sr 1r.cx]n inls 1)icr I Lrs,r)tr(r.orrcglus. u lus qrre sc rcilcrc Yrn I)itli 1l')j0) tn sLs cslu(li()s s(rnc nr..r()(s(ru.ruriti y grxrnti.ls
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IN'I'IiRVIN(]ION IiS'I'LJRAPI:U'I'ICAS DII]ERIJNCIADAS
117
rltkt
i su vcz. Ll consecuenci rle la infl.lrccin. l.() il')lc-csllntc cs (luc Iit tutr-iz trrcclc Irrlter.sickr rlovisllr .xrr cl cliscrrrso l:rcnlrrl .< uiclack. rLlg() te vr l ()(.irlrir,. pclo lrcgo cl scck)r (l( l)xl.ticularizil ( i(ln rcsultll rlcl c,tclrrsir'o rktrtinio clc cxpcr-icncies ezaroris cn l1t \ i(l clel su j(l() lit ltLlct'tc rlc trn ltltigo cn r.rn rcciclcnlc tr pol rrn cl-rnccr clc ()tt.() set.cet (:ur()i () un.l pcl<ule tuc cl suicto \i() 1 lt, irlplr,sionir-. o It<l t.l ltrr,r lue]jt, rI llr llr risa. cle llr al<Lrirrtia tlel inconscicntt en cl ])1)cesluient() (lc reprt:(,)lirci()l)rs. []na truellr rllis tle qr.rc [() cxfcr]() y lo intcrrro tl discrrnt> clcl ,)tr() \ lr l)l()(lL(li\itllrcl clcl in<rnsc.icntc sc iirlic.LllllD prrrr 1]r,nrrrr las prr
i<lrr..s pxr-ti(
() a enl()qLle(.er,: o en l:rs relciotes intctl)(.rs,, pllticularizilr c(rlx).rne \'t a al):rndon:tr,. llrr una llistorir geneltti\'-h..tlsfi)rnlcj()nlll <lrre va clesde la crcctr.i,r llr:ltrir l)ils()nul lrasta Iu nuLnifesruci<in esle<.licu. I)()r p(n]er otro ejellrrk,, rk srlt .lricc lo clrre nr> clclte... alg<.r tclriltle me v 1l ()cLlffir" se recoLre cl crr rrrirto r['ltrticuler-izci(in l)stll llelrr a .tengo cncer" <.rrri lrijo se va a lrrrr r,r'-. l)c r'st ninc,'u Ln s!-ntiD)jent() tlc cultalrilirlerl sc pte(lc t1tstir.l]]lu.(1 llll l(lll()r hilrlctlrtclrlco l)ues l() lelli(l() el <:incer- scra el aalstig() quc (,s,
nrrlt's se ltoclr:i
(()
,\'()\'l l)cf(ler l! llellx)lix
\ n[lrrtc,
rr) sc c()nstituye
el Lonflictt intl.rps(lu ic(). (]Lrirn(l() se cllrl)iezl .l l)cnsar (lLlc el srje r prtir cle un ()tft). es cu.rn(l() se pue(le entrcvcr tlttt ltt tut-
t:ttstitt. los lcntot?s 1el srttttttt ptrcrlcn scr hts dal tlt. lCriLI cs lx crrlL.tcristi(a de cstx pu)iog p()r i iclcntiiicci(in? Qr,re ar:rr((t (\Ilo llg() carxcterilrl: se trl (lc personalichclcs flicus. olscsrr.rs. ,.rrn lirrlirsas pa[.r()icles o hiprronclriaclLs <lesclc la tenrpr:Lna iDflncia. l)t()l()gii lllrc c\tr(ctr ril IncDlc -))Iis l):i tls sus \'!riinlrs lc,r)liti(;ts, rlc qLre )ir lirl.)ilt \(il (()n un ()l)iet() Lr ()tr-()- la reencrntlrrntos. trn Llts tliii'r'cncias llcl c:li(). al c\lln)inl[ lx pcl s( )n:l licll r(l rlc sus rlclres. I-o rlue n<i signifi<u quc no hlrya exai crlrrcir-n rlc Iu patokrgia pol el conllicto o <Ltc cuanclo sohcvcng i'stc no tclrsione trnlr ncLrr()sis lrtst:t csc tll()r]rrrtt() lLuscrltc: () (lue n() existlr p()sil)ili rlrl cle interlcnetrilci(-)n rntre sint(nnxs p(r'i(lentiticci('rn Y sintoras p{)L con llirlo. cttrr rxp(n(lfenr()s lllais l(lchotc. () (lLlc n() intervcngn las f:tntasas (lcl suict(). crrvo rrLrnck in(erno, rlrVilrrttcnle. n() rs (ol)i ritic:l <l!l (le sLts
pltclrcs.
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l.rr irlc'rtilicu cjt-n c()n ligut-lrs p;rtokigicas tlcsctn-ree rrn tl>cl clc plimc r.r rrr:r!lnitrrcl en I:r gi,rrcsis tlc l<s clistirtrs <.rtr<lros i rr o l<-rgi(r )s. I_()s ()t()s
tr('s (\)n(lici(ntcs:
r'or r-r'sron<lc il i(llcll() rrte ltlbicncrrtitnr'ia frrc r't'lcglrckr lrl ina()rts('ientc lxr la lrngrr'ti-r rlrre prrxlrrclt str l)rr,ttnen( ill cn eclrrlla. l)rccisinrcnlc l)()r(lur iLr'rtes esluv() en l
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srltlr rlilcil cscilpiu-: lllLtn(l() fi-rlico u <lrscsivo, clc risioncs p;rr-:uroiclcs, clc l)r( ()('ul)it(i()n(s ltipoconclrilrclrs, (le senlintieDr()s cle r.Lrl1>lrlrilicl;rtl. clt vrsrrltcs lrrtristir'rrs s<lr'e los peligros rrrc k'r.rchan v clc ctno clcfen<1,.:ne cle cllos. l{( l)r( s('ntltciones (lue \,1u1 itupregn:tnclo cl tsicuisnro. (.()ntril)Lvcn(l() 1l l g
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s u(ldri(tt(tl( tll.tt-(tll(
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lt tllntrsill ), (luc g]cLcnlr:lt srr errrcsir-rn c,n llr sinlrDarlogir qr.rc sLjct() (Kiras \' ()tr()s. l()9.J1. Or-igen tle I()s sinl(nnits rtre rcstrlte
CIi-
o sr'xtrrles. 'lrxl:r ltr ter:t tlc- filrr.ir-rn (l(,.\iD1tr.\ (,D I.'l(-It(l (,s a)l(,t.i().i sus est_ rlirrs srlrct. lrr iilcritiiicacion (lue c()nlienzlt ir (lrsl)Llltt.lr cn l <lcltllr rlc kts tli('z lrr; (ulruir'rilr cn 1921 c()n l,scolo!1t d? l.ts tt ]stts l oJtliss dcl x) (lrr ril t',-:1, l',,r (.11,, (n (.1 (.r\r, lr.rniro rto L,.lLlLlr.r rrr.rlr.r ,rr,,,k.n Ir,rlilr \r(l(,1.r5 r(l(.nlili(.t(ioncs tlrrr intcr\ inirr()n ttr lil crc.t(.i()n rlc su rnrrnrkr li.rli_ r'o l{r'slll,r sor'rlt nclcnlc (lLe en Ln cals() tlln c()n)plel(, ). llinuci()s() (.(nll() .jUJrrilr, Lrllr'l:r lristolilr r['lrrs iclentiflcacit]1.s. l()(lLtc(,ncl )(ltenk) itdr.t1, .r l.r ltrz rk l.t f)r(,1)i,l t(,()ri1t frcrrtli:rnrr. scrx iln[)cnsil l)i(,. Ilrnrltrro ti Jlrpcl <ie lrr irIr.rrIiIrtrrr rr t., lrr li,tlrci.n (lc sitkrlllrs ticnc pcs() cn llt (r)r.il klcini.na fx)r(lrL \( solr'trlilr.nsirn lo intelrto, el intcr.jtrcgo cnlre l()s instint()s (l(.\.icla
sir os
crnllitto l. los trol:rios
irnJttrlsos :tgre-
conr'jecilt. rgsrlta r(lccu(l() cltnrrrin:rk sc(\rt(lilrianrc'tte in(..)rts(iEnlc. l)f()(lucl() (lc l<r rrrc sr' (()n()(c c(rD() ftl)1ltkin 5tcult(latrtlr () sinll)l(llentc relrcsirin. lirc lo cue <cntrr'r el inters tle l rlrt licurlian (lescle str' (()rrirn zrs: l<s rlrscts sexL1tl(s r llrslilcs <rtt'(,ntrll)an cn c<ntrrlitcir'ln (rt llls lcprcs(,niitci( ),tcs <rlici:tlcs" clcl sLtjcto. ('s (l((ir', (r)n Ilts t1r.re It'penrtr-ln t(n(r unx i,ugrn vll-izrdl rle s ntisnr. crlrn upafilr(ls clc l:r rrnr:icn<ia. F]s cl conllicto Psruico, pr)r tiur). (()nr() l]r()l()r tlc la lcpresir-rn (lur se (lirige en
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sc hallu iicti\,1) en cl incrrscicntc l)r(xlLcicn(l() rfc(tr>s. St cxistcnL.iu. (lLtr lLr l'c(1)n(x i(l:t >trl Frcttcl r))ris t:l r(lii ))cntc l)()r ncccsi(lir(l (lc (\)])cfcn1iz. sLr tc()r'1 (l;reu(1. l()li. l9lilrl. le llcrr-r l rirstular l.\ t't!)tcs(; ,)t*itttltLt t l'inttttlittl c<tlt<) el Drc(ilnisnr() ([lc l() pl-()dLcc. represlin r-igilirLria a le qtc lcr't(i()nr en Lrnlrs p()cas ()(1tsi()nc\ sin l)r(rirn(liz:lt cn rlle, p< kr tlr.rc
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IN'l l,Rvl:NCIONIaS 'I ITRAPIiU I ICAS Dll.-IiRliNCI^l)AS
119
lrr'rlltncci(i c()t)t() uir() (le I()s teulas frettliltnos lt la espcra <lc se clesarrrll.l l{( ( icntc lc nte. y gr:r<ius s()l)[e k)(k) e l-aplenchc.r hlr siclo oltjeto rlt r,. r)( '\':r(l() inlcr's cn trn intentr cle clariiir.ucitn.;r llcc( )n( )ceot()s c()mo ()riginlrixlllente inc()nscicntcs. por ejenrpkr, ias ins Iril)ci(r)es (lrc flenera la ccir-tn (le Ltn otro qLle tr.tnsntite xl suiet() cic it\ rll)r(sc-lt:(i()nes eilrgl(l;rs (le fect() sin (lLc l() tr.1r)snljti(lo llry:r xrsa<lo .rr l:r .rrrrr'icncil ni (le Lln() ni (lel ()tr() pf()tfl()nistll (le l escenl r()nstitu)cnl(. rlt.csas inscrircioncs. Si los paclles, xnte lt presc-n(i:l cle gcntc ujcne a la lrr rllilil, lla(cn sentir all sLjet(), clc tttaner altsoltrtantente inc()nscientu, -r lr.lv(. rlt rrrL litgltz lirada tprehcnsive, o clr rrn k)n() (lc v()z xngustii(l(). () de la n grtliliratiirn ciel cuerpo. () (lc lln cn( ucietil nient ) (lc lltscs. qrrc hablan rltl !'((in() y. a c()ntinuxci(-)n. se retlcrcn sin tparente eonexitin c()ns(.icnte (r) s.ls siniestrus, cn cl inc()nsciente tlcl hijtr clLreclar cl rlr< inscritr (rnn() una ll g(ir ar)rcnazirnte, siniestru. [.]n l conciencix no lllry nlrla (llte r!'prcsente l r)lf() l)l) cste (irriicter; incluso le il'tlrl.lcu lx)dl:i ser Ilt ric l:Ls con!cn!i()ncs \(r L i:rl<s cl ()tr() c()llt() llgtricn anltltie 1rl (luc se s:rluti crt un:l s(,ntis:r-, l)( .( ) rl sujcl() scntir lngLrsti,t ante su rr<rxinticlacl fisice, sc tt:nclt:-r tcnso carl.r \'( z (luc tr'arspase la clistancia tnnill)r llr cluc rlelre t.star, o lc llelrle o lc mire. l(r'lrrrilri su c(ntr.rck) sin sal>cr tlue lo estri lrlcicndo y ptxhi scntirsc' lg()l)iad( ,
rr en la crncienciu tlcl strjeto per() (lLe es lo rlecisivt en Ii ()rganjzci(in (le u i1c()oscicntc !'(lLlc l)r(,vienc (lci ()tr(). En estc senti(k), grn plrflc (le k)s in l! rclurl)ios clel sujcl c()n el otr() sc inscitren (lircctalrlente en el ineUrrst'ient!, .fiottld sack es dc ste. qre luego scr;-rn la lrase plra la creativiclarl clc este sislentll. Si insisfirx)s en la clcnrnincirin de oti,qitrtrio1l(,nla ittLotscientc cs l'r'.tr'.\ rlcstatar le necesitltrl cle nr confirn<lirlr) (()n l() cron()l(')gicr entc .rnt(ri()r, (onlision que vicnc <lcscie l'reutl yr qre st h:rbl<i rlc epresi<-r orrgin:rri.r () pfiDil a. c(nu() tilr)rl)in se ll he trr<[rcitl<- c()n)() tienrp() nteri(n .rl cle lrr reprcsi(-)n secrn(l.lriir. ()ri!.\irur(.tmeltte trc(Nciantc sigDifica <ue ettrelkt rtte se iDscribc cn IID r)l(rttcnl() (i(]telrinl(l() cn e-lpsirrrisDto Io lIr'c rlircr' llllllente cn el inc<rltsciente. sin <r.r<.havu nscripci(io c()os( icntc. (il.un perte ctt krs inter<anrlrir)s cnl()ci()D?les, pulsi()n!lles (.ntrc cl suict() y sLrs ()tros:iignillclliv()s, sexn skrs los paclres en la infrncix o ll plrrejlr o el tcrapeutr en lll vitla clrrltrr, p()r tirnl(). tt ctnktiL,r tdad, ticncD estll cu:tliclrl clc scr rigin.r ri:Lrtt(nlc inc(nls(i(nrcs y firntlantcs (l(' in(()ns(icnte. Ntc!an1cntc. <lebenrr)s agru(lc((r a l-aplantlrc cl sepurlr l() ()r'iginari() dc j:r crolrg y el dcstacar rue .la rcPrcsir-rn originlril cs unr nrinrulll in\( rin.ihn y ur.r pfinrrre lijlrciln, ( l9ltl. prig. 7li), y (ltc "...kr origin:rrio n() cs cscnci:rlnrenlc kr crre vicnc prr ll)cr(), sinr) lo cuc cst:i cn el firn(lirDl(nt()l a plrrfir (lc all. en ntoclo a]guno sor prcnrlt <Lr< lo o|igir'tltrio cst prescntc, <le nrtner:r l)regnxnte, cn l()s c() llenz()s. l'c() na(la ticrlc rle inrposilrle (lu(j unlr silrilcin ulteri()r, eI xrl:ilisis.
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r'l tiltc, cn t'l rttetrr>, () cl ()tf()s esplrci()s rrlrl:rrI;s cic scrcs riyirh;s in (,Ils( icrtclrtcntc c()ll)() lu)lenazantcs Algo quc estt'r en sL inc()nscicnte, (lllc rrrrnclr lLre olrjelo clc cr'lcicnci, gcnerllrii ltngustiat v u<vinticnt<l dcfensivos. l'( r() l() ( )riginxrixmente inc()ns('iente, t()l))lt(l() en el sentitl< cr.te acaltaDtos cle f( (r)tl()(cl--lrr qtte nttnClt estLrv() en lit concicnCie- n() eS S(')l() Cfi,Ct() de lu
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f)r() sco(). l'ln cste sentid(). el t r t ts(' ct t lc oig 1 rtrio.
rn sU l)r() conscicnta es lUtal llt.icluila prolttctoftt lc ni(
)ncs. nLrevls prrxlrrccitlncs
Micntrirs qre llr llar'trrrl rcples(')n sc(.Lrn(lril r> rcpresitin 1 lnstcri(,i (1rn(it() l()s esf(crz()s clcl Jlsic<-r.inlilisis co s( prilter:( xrce, 1,kr \,l,lgrn-rriJ
tt('ttl( in(\rtscicnle c(nIl() pr()(luCt() rtc ll clcativiclcl cle la flntsi inctrns-
('( tll('()cLrp(') lttego un lugar clcstlca(l() rncrcecl, especilllltente, los trrl)aj()s tlt' l!1. Klcin, cn lr rctr-rllirlucl el intcr,s se estll (ent[tn(l() cn tor[r l<l rrrc l<ts
l);r(lr( s lr:nsrritcn sin clrrc r-ri clkts ni rl sUjet() tenglrD l tcnor crtt-iclrci: tle (l((,(.sl:i s.e(lienrk. l)csclc tk)llxs ( t987). (\)n su .()ir(.cpk) (le ob(lto tlz tslt'tttttcioturl (lue (leir slr huella en cl sujct(). Itltsr:r l,lphnche ( l9J7, 19921). ft)i)J), (t)D l< nttttsctj<'s ettitrrrllcr).s, pasanckr por le extcnsa trorluccirin cle ls rricnrlrrs tlt Iu cscuclrr tlel .szfi ins.liltcla p()[ K(rlt, ltay unit continLt re lIrr'rr'r:r r'rr (()ntcxt()s c)ric()s ntLl) (lifi,Icntcs lt lr<trt'llo (luc DLlll(.tr cslLl-
,-' ( ,rrlt .ri r.r (kllodcc c)(lr l9r8ll-t)|[]rlrr. l,)l.ll). ,1 \i.rs( l.rrr n (j()5.r jn\'e\tjs(ir-)r) 1r)cllp\r.()l()gic;r (tr( Silri
i'tr( sr )rr, rilrr.,,r.t
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p()nfr sn jLlcl.() l() ()riainlrri() en srr (,.!?/lci4 lrlisnta' ( 19U7, piigs. 157-15U, cursivx cn cl (n-iginll). l-ir it))p()ten(ii (lc l(n))arr rn (Uctli l() r )rigiti rii ul)cnIe il)c()ns(icntc (tI() inscriPciirn ftn(lalnte /a, inc( )ns( ientc {lc n(r)nscientc I r'o clel in.rrnt\Len te, cs clccir. (lc sc(t()res rlc ste _v n() (lc sL c()nstitLrci()n inicil- es clccisivlr p:u'a enten(lcr (lu'srceclc en cl trxtaDticn(().rnxltic(). L() qre Itilcc (]l analista, nuis rtlll-t cie lo cuc tlicc c( )nscientcr)lcnte ) (lel signitlca(l() rniflcskr tle srrs inleapet:r( i()n('s. tlc sus preattntas o clc tualtLricr ()tr fi)rrll (lr intcIrcr'(ir)n ta'(iri(11. [()s:lli'ct()s (lLrc cn i'l sc il(tivan, y <luc rlor,'ilizln sLrs c()nclL(ixs c(l vez qLle entfa cn c()otaL(t() con cl pacicnte, van tcnienclo cnsccttcnti. p-rr'-r stc, cn ( uy() inc()ns(iente se ins( il)cn esk)s intercan)l)i()s cn tank) , ,t igrn.ri.rnlente in(-()nscicnlcs P(r'(luc ni ltltlisra ni prrcirnr(,salrn ttrc esas influencjls [)()r ()tt:r f)1Lrte sc tstln rrocitrcicrl(k) NLncir ms vtiiicl:t lir exIe -ttLrttllls sitrn i t t.()ttscet t la o[i+itro p.r'.\ retrirn()s .l llls inscrip( ir)nes cn el p( icnte <le l<s intcr<arnbi<s psi()n:lles en el rl(nDrn) m()rrlent() (le lx sesiln. pLrcsto (lLle es lo tlte se hullu rtts excluiclo clc l:r c<tnciencilt (lc illt)lx)s pr()tirg() nistis y (lrc en( rtcnrra str ltrg:tr en cl in(()ns( ieltc sin pltslrr pt llt ( r )nL lun(irl. S()n rs)s elct()s inc()nscientcs. cstlucturantes, cn cl I)tL(icntc. cllrdcls p<-la rclacit-n crn el anlistu krs que ntcrecen la truixirnu.ltcnci(in, por kr cluc v<fvererros sclrrc el te1 en cl captulo 4 ("!ll tratalrlient(): a0rpliacirin cle la
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-leprc-si(in-. (lU(, ( ulll(k) cl clcsc<r y cl pilcer. tlrrttuscuck s<tlrrr- cl cucpo gcnitl <lel <ttr< rr() s( llrn inscrito 1.>t-tes, cglu() (lijit))()s utris arri[, sc izi scintjr (]rc represcrrl.rlxr sirlo ckrk>r 1. peligr.o. l)c nrilnelil sit]lilx[, uoil cucsti(in cs re.rrimir cl r|. s.. rL' .rternicl:cl c,ncl() a,ste, rr -rcs:' clcl tllrct,r. crrya realizac.iti' enfici l);lll, gcncftl <ulplr Jror sentir.(lLle se LsLl(pll c[ lrrgar rlc rtltttli 1.crrc es pxr_ rlLtrtr clg dese()s Iivickrs c.rtto incestLrosts. (luc si Lnll rulrrlrc ltizo scntil.(luc lrs ll 11r', un castig() cie l)ios. rr-l suplicro, clue el urro tirc lrorrrlr<rsr>, quc l;r trtcttci<in significr-r:rlgo no cleseaclo sin().tsrlt)i(la (tln lesignLi(rn p(r. s(rlinri(.n(() cle OI>ligaciirn. L<,rluc sc Itx /?s././o t)rli1tura0)t<,1a <,t cl _ t t)tttt'i?ttta es le maternidlcl conx srriiiltjento ). l() qrc n() sc c()nstitry es la tlr.il('rtr(l.lLl ,i rnt, ) I)l.l( (.r i(JL n()s t1 lr1()stran(l() este exlllc (lci pr(r)leDtx (lc i() n() (.()nstitrido (.rr r,l ircrnsr iente? (JLtc llL cstl.u(tLll.tr<.irin euxrc.ionui rlci sLtick). IiL c()nstitu(.i(in rk srr rl<,sro n() est.i grntizl(le. Gcneralnente se ltace lrincapii, en
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ccttstiltticlct:si cutnd() el sri(.1( c()Dj(la. con cl Dtrtnrlo, lo ctrt, krs l):r(lr(s l(. lrxns'litcn. cle mil nlancrs que esclpan x la c()nciencia ([e un(, \. rfrl)s. (,s cl sentilltic,ltt() cle.cuiclacl< c()n...". enl()nces lo rlue cltrerla inscriro cs (lu(, l:t (r)lDi(l v la sexuxli(la(l el tuund() s()n fitcntc (le pcligr() y no cle tlrr ), rtr'. Si tr:rnckr cl nio v (le excursi(-)n c<>n los colltpacr.()s (lrl colegi(),,()s rrrlrt.s r(cilten lar ir()ticiar c()n angLlstil y x partir cle csc nu]enk) c()nvtert(.tl l(xl() I() (l(c erlcontnrr cl hijo en filr-:ntc clc pcljgrr>. enkces los uontpan, ros, r'l r':rrnpo. cl ri(). la (.()nricllr, la noche. cn vcz (le constituir representaci() rt s clull:rrlas rle la ltntici:ltci(rn <iel >lircer rasen e scr pelig:.r)s I evitr. a (.()rl tr()lr. Si el encuentr() (.()n el clerp() clcL hontlre es para la njt. ([es(lc (,1 ('()!ri(rrz() cle su lltis tentprto:t infan<.ia p()l el ntcns.rie nir l('nl() . tncltirza <le rlokrr. clc invasi<in-espcr.ialn)cnte displtccntcl. <le eutltaraz< y sutji rriL,nt(). (le sUciecl:lrl c inlt'cciirn, eslas lcl)l.esentitci(tes l-rr(xlLtc(,n ) tu its_ < t l)Litjl <lel cuert<t clel lromlxc y sus genit:rles (rnl() lucnte cle placcr. En r.rn nirt,l r::ris gcner.,tl, c'l cdio delpeli,qt.<t ptrrlttca lo tro itucritkiti tlc co7^\ t,(, I)t't't't t Irt< i()tt.\ .leI c(jdig ) daI pldcer. Iis cliferente tlue el cLrcr-:xr <lc J:r ntr.rjcr o tlel lrontlrrc scln plrm cl sujcto ()l,i(t() (k desco l,<lrrc rol cuLte () pcrs((.r.lci(in -<rnflicto ilcl.la eliluinr. rk l:r r'oll(icnci cse (les(() ),frnci<nltr c(11() si n() cxistieI.
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originari()-. existiencl() cntle inscril)ci(in ()ri{inari.l } n() in\ -inctnsciente (r'ipci(-)n unx reiaci<in fir:,: tte nte lncDte (le oposicirilt: la scxueliclacl se pLredc inscribir contcl anlcnrznte _y n() c()ln() cxpcrienciat dc plecer, r-l crxttltctr c<n Ios paches se ptrecle inscril)i[ ()rigjnarilrrlentc c(r)]() clisnrptiva para cl psi (luisln(), p(n kr cuc la Plcsencill cle st()s no sr. insctile c()ttr(r iirentc cle emtr, pr()tecci(in y clc racili(eci<in cle Ilr angrrstia; el f;rntascr puccle inscril>irse ,.rrrno pcliglo. c(ruo deslxr-(le v l(). poL ejerttplo. c<xrro luente cle llacer eroggn() () nalr( isjstt.
[-a no inscrilcron l (lLrc n()s cstl(ll()s r('liricn(k) cs c'lr':Lrtrenrc ciifi rentc rlel trrnctlrto dc lt'clttstjt t.ll ((nn() Ii cnlrnciarr l,acln. pucs 'slir (lesigna Lr n() inscrjp(i(-)n (lc un signiti(nnte tr.rncltrtntal, el .nourlrrc-clci ra<lrc", rr.te estblecera cl c()rtc e ll rclrci<in (hral ('ntre el suj({() } llL ,rnacht fr-rlic,. rrrr tc (lLe p()sil)ilitirri:l 11r ( rlrtrlL(irin sintlx'rficlt. l)()r tlr11), il() c()l|crilxxl(ie xl tip() <lc cxpcricnci;rs y ('s(lucms (lc'significl(ia)n (\)n (lLc henx)s e'icnrplificuclo la n() ins(rip(i()n. en (lrc sr tratrr <lc:tlgo <lel orclen tk' io vivcr-t< il sttlrjctir<r k.r <lrc cluecll t'xcltriclt. P( (f Prtc. L:r(.n h:r corrcllLci<-rckr el c<-rcepto cle Iorclrrsi<-rn ctrn cl oligtn clc llr psicosis. llticnlllrs (luc nltcsttl) (()i](cpk) (le l() n() ins(rilo tirne rn clllii(lcr D() l()(illizx(k) 1l r.llr cnli(Lr(l psi(()l)irt()l(i!icx. I)lLIx (r)ll)pli(r Iits cos:rs lttirl rris. l,acrt. c11 sLl tii(ti( rlc crlYc|tir-strs l.'rrrizltrr<r ncs en ll r'ercltlt,r' lectt[ rlc licLl(l pilr' ctcorDtrlglu-ils c(n() tri(l(nes ar Frcutl rtl rtstr cle krs rsicrxtnaiistrts. sr)slLv() <1u< lo ttu- l rl,.'nonrir:th:t lirclusi<in corrcsronclie rr lu li,r'ztrli1,,q freLr(lian. (Lrrn(l() ('ste tr'nlrnLr cn l-r'crtcl sr retcr'1{ cxl)li( ital nlcrltc lr rrlgrr <1ue cstrI(l() irts(rik) r[ (lescstintr((] l)()r cl sLirt(). (inrx) s()stlr) l.rcLcl ( 19ui)r "Alrore lricn. rxistc Lro.r rrrxlltlidcl ricfi'nsiva rDLrclxr rl.is cni'r'gicu 1'('xit()s. quc c()nsist( en (luc cl \'() (lc.\cstit-.t Irent'et7i,tt. acl:lra cl trx([rcl(r'] le ri'ptesentacir-rn ins<lrrtable v sc c(rl) (l)ii.q.59). I)(n' I)()11lr r()rlr() si Lr tcprcs(nllr(i(in ntnc:r lthicl':t c{ )nr pltrlci(l( ), ('n tnt(), l'rerd h I eru cttittt,q sc rclicre explcitarente ill lechrz() vi(renk) (le Lrn.r rc[xcscilt.lL i(-rlr rrrc s ltu si(kr ins(rit cn cl psicittisrrxr. ricnlr.ls (luc en Lrrc:rn cs la D() ins( l'ipci(-)n (lcl sillnitlcuntr firn(lxlI)cntll del n<rlrre-rlcl Plclrc.
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;1. lrl(c fir(rn f)].r s($(n(rr (tLr.:rL (cflrrrr(, (l(' li,rchrsl(nr (,nrr:p(r\l( l! l(nta.lr1.\ lreLr(lixnrt ,Iixl rir ig:r ni )s (le \ri()s tc$s (1. frer(l urr tamrnr) rlu(] cstx rn cll()5 l() l)rs(irntc ur'li(rrl.r(lo ((xr,, t)i.r Ir(crl xrlrstil,(.rl)l(\ n ts. r(n))j(, n,) (1r\rrrrir .rlli nr lun.ir)D (lrl irr(,,r\ricrn( (lrstinrx (l(, l() rct)rnn1(l() Iegirnr()5 t)(r'duD()srLrkr kr rLtc iur cl r(xz(,n (l( flLr *urin-r rx) s(r)r, lir t\r.()sis. ,r srlx'r. (tur'!'s( trrrh() \'relicrt x lir jrnpli(..x-)n r)rtls nc(esri:r (lc sU
li(rrsurlri.nt().LLlnclo.cr.lcc.llen() r(n()(krlursitosis:rscl lcurrrn() l(,r-(.,'/i/,1( rl..l(n. l(Xf)l). l)t'rg ;is sc hu Lrs:r(k) ((rn() l du.(i()n l.r qc rpxrt.c cn hs.rik)s ll. Sigl() XXI. 191;. t).(i. I {j I
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el inconsciente que llen<i de perplejidad a krs analistas c[, srr li(.rrl)() v (lle tien(le a ser (lei,t(lx de lackr por la (lific(rllr(l paru incorporadtr rrl rrrnirrrtr <le [a teclr''-L 1-rsi< olrn:rlticil S(':.tirnc rlLl< rn riefl lI\rn]rnt() el ct)t rk1 r clc l'iclipo sulie una \, icisitLcl que va nis all:i cle rrn;r sirnple fepresirn. Alir rrrr rr.rc <lelriclo a la t)lta cle satisf)cci(in espeada. a rrz (lel frcast cle l< rlt. sr.:r(kr. cr))c restrltaclo cle su ir11p()sil)ili(i:rd internr. v por ia urnenaza r[ ( irslrir( i( )n. el cornplei() (le E(lip( ) sufre un sepult.lrnicnto ry des ()d -t.'nlctycu lr ttltt ) tlfuxcs-. un; ve(li(lsn cler,rlr.r,''n." Y rel.u.r: "l'rh, cl lir()ces() clcs (r'ito cs nrs qt-te Lna represi(in; eqLlivle, cLu(l() se c(rrsLlm icleahlente, a untr (l( slrucci(-)n y cancelaci(-)n clel c(nrple), (p.ig. 185). I)cslnrcci(il y cencelacion s(rr l(,s cr)ncept()s xllclidos p()r FrerLcl par:r descrilir un estacl< cle <rlss en el iucrnsciente que es cliti'rcnte (leL rnxntenitlicnt() (lc xlg() rn esttlo de repre' si(lr). (lnx) se clelt: cle entcn(ler cst()'/;.Qrte se lxrrra trclu hlrella er cl incons ( i( )t!'(lc l()s cleseos eclpicos 1 sus telnol-rjs, qre las rcpresentaciones y afctos. l.rs l:urlxsas que l<l confirnl>:tn deslplrecen (le a'l p(r'(olnpleto. (luc cs c()m() si rro ltuhicren existiclo y qr,re ctt:nck en \rrr f)cr()(l() lrltctior cle llt vitla vuelvan .r r(,ilri[-ccer strs crrnstelac it.nes fecti\ils sc I]irta (l( i,rscril)cioncs I()lxlmentc nu(\ is \' (llrc n() liL'nen nach que vcr c()n lis anteriores!' La expcdcncia clnica l)iu(1-('('stiLl en c()nlrudicci(in con estu idea: h tftrnsfsrencia, l reacti,'acirin clel P:rsrrck r infltntil ror krs .restos clittrn()s, h.r( (n difcil aceptrr' (lue alg() tlln signifi ( Jti\( ) l)c(le (lestLl).lre(et )tuhrlente. I)cro rue se l)ric(ll ()l)ietxr rl 0titsis ,h ( \.{L llf ai(in qLrc ]( )s Ifluin()s ('teryt t tg' t rlr\ .r LIr, h r'lr7l /,? /c' r i 3 t- impli'. |rrn. rro clinna lx cuesti(in (lue r trxvs (lc elkrs plantean Freucl: alp c1r.re est ( n ('l in('(nrscientc pue.le pardcr li@rzd .kur e cu5ltlttit-uito pt?t(:ttcia act-1, r. l<lt rr n<fallc pues apofiu unx concepci(')n t()tlmenfe (liflcnte (lc [x s()stenrrl.r >{)r'i:reutl hilsla cse lr(l)ent(): I() i,t(()nsciente c())t() c()nlintaurnte J(li vo, >r jlLnrkr por cr))erger. rlr>clttcienckr etect<s cleir'ckrs. lis rrna prclicla cle firerza I cle p<rlcr clicientc en lx vida ps(lLri(ir de ciefias .r,rr'lt l:rt irnes i(lertivo-llfcctiv.rs (Ic k)(k)s los rrrtt-es iLceptan (le lrrclxr arrnrrrc rrrr lrr trlicun clentr<r dc lln oLrrc() teririco qrs d cucntu clel tnrttcno. Asi. 1\1. lilL in lrlrle rlc l r'uelta l pc'rc>clo cle lrrrrgco clel stlisr< inflntil. crn kr qrt, irrrrlir,r rrrr.'cste s(lism() sulie \.i(isitLldes, pasanclo pr roc:ls cn (luc esti'r plll-li( rl.rrrx'nl( :rcti\'() y (frus en (lLre se halla en un segr.rnckr plano. (). <rltnrh sost( ll( (l( :lrt,.'ls u|tsieclacles clc le posi<irin rlerresira sc acti\rrn ls <onstel , r,,rr..,1, 1.r xrsir.irin p:rlanoicle, eiio signific:r (luc st sc Licsu(fi\.. ltl nten()s
t
cosa' el c()ncepto de tr(rlrllrente. en otros nl(rtllentos. lln este nrislr() ofclen cle (Inrrr) It-(i'n'\'ii.;;.-':,; ;.;;.; t'.. J.l .lc'"rr''ll'' \rrli) \( rlu((l( cnr(n(ler cs reeulpl3zad() por ()trtt ,,,f,nt,, il" qu. rig,: piercle supremricie r:n el psiqtlisnlo' ftlerze qtte [Ll\'() en stt llx)r]lento' ,,r*,.'prra -Pir li,.g,, u,rlr'"t a rel(lquirir t()da la y cltsactivase s('ct()rial<xl.a parte. si ei incrsciente no se activase pilsi()nales' El ser huestd()s variaci()nes en l()s ,, r.n,..- ..',"n irrr1,,<lsillles Is qtlc domin:t el estx () en rlltn() prcs.l del <rlio. pitslt pQr nloorcnt()s Perioclos (le cslr)s estll(l()s sein qtc Irta se rk nilico ctte lJanrlttt'tos an)()l Y n() y persecLl( i(;n estttla odi< el si ,,r"oa-,rrg"niirai,rncs cle la c()ncienci't, Ptles ni siqttieru el,stte() xlcanzar p()clta nxdie en cl inc()nsciente ,li.rrn en l)rz()s dorrnirse p!)dra no ".iiit,r" nio El vigiilncia' ,l;:;;:i"tt. y clistrlirlLrir le rtn rcllt<i<ln Pcrsc!(rt('ri'r' " rle i ltclrc c()n lil (ltle P()c() inles halli tenitlo o gn,el l1(rlentl) Lie ['l cntrega' (llte cic reqtliere 1I111()l no prxllit hacerse el ()l)iet() tenclria cue atll()l.tiglrrlr' qu..e ha expcriller.rt:tclo frente al i,rii .i () ltl4lCtltt asttttk imtckntl iltcottsci('nte desuctit'tt -p'u'cidl ;i;tI". "n,,, ('()ntrircci(in d(] Lln la c(nl]() tl('ttlc.._ 1tl (.tlltaltl<lsl1. (le llilnerll elll(jltntt 1l cl tlloen sc )e.oPtltrt' qttc (le tlel relailtt irin LLn gr.l(l()
ur,,rr,, nrur.ulrr l''sqtrt r))clrr\() i;nli;rr;". li'r:;..r,*..,t,pl'''n''-'n P'rr\rIr'tn5irr)rtctlrrI l)ll('ll(' lll:r: iltl( l)(rliLn( l JlgI I lJ / /1ft''t//(. tlte 'e tt'l'tcr'< rrc\r)(,n(lcn '.i.t,.,,tp.'. llts t()(iils en introclttcirnos l' ..'"'l'rs Ltilizrn()s rara .i""".'tr'1" lLlcrza (nlscienle ltcti\'() pier'(le ,.rl-rclici,rncs .n ,,t.i Ilg,, qtl( esltt\1) en el in( plrrqr'tc pltxlLIce :tntl(lcct!'t(llls crrnclicioncs l.rs -,"t.. ,',,r.,,., n;) e)cllclltr (re (lescril)e fretLclianrt se hlla cl est(l() ;'il., it;.,.':.'r:.;"ii .t 1,, '','"''ru" il-IlP(fcn( i l)llr1 ilacer sDitT ortra cl lrostitltllslrlo, cn qtl; ei lactllnte antc I1 (lesrtctivrll cl (lescrlri ()' (erlrliuil P()r r.,.,r.1,i.f ,,f i.',, i rtrvrlegirtl' I .icl clesco l lltctante
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quc generrln angusli oxlcisita' ,".',L,.:,,1n tle aqlrelles tinci<nei clel sr'rjeto I r:spcra ciel ejercici. <le hs rnissr'tiel< fogro clel plitcer <tte el iuJr,l,t ,r,,t (lifi'rentc cle "f.i, (lesacttY tcitit t sectt'ittl lcl trctntscctces
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o rrlt ctir,rrs d(nDinantes quc pernlane( cn ()rgxniz.ln(l() la vicl cle fantasia y (rrr(lu(J nrxnifiestl drLrante gran pxt.te (le l1l viclu. llsto t's kr clrrc el psicoanrilisis or()str clescle sus c()ntienz()s: l cotr]pulsitt h repcticin (le (.iert()s rk st os o lirntesas. L() ([le (ietenl)in(-) le eceptacir'tn p( )r piu'tc cle Freud clel trrrirro ,trrrrrplejo, pala rcli,rirse ll (rntstehci()ncs t.rn fierterlente ctrgdas dc (l(s('()s () tenx)acs tlrre el pensarnient() y l ac( i(in ($nsciente puc(lcn cntenrl,.rst rrtto trensfi_rn:cirncs clcrir lclas cle srr presencia. l)er() alLn palra est()s rrrrrrlcjos" hay' oscilaciones cn cl prxler e inllucnciu (lle tien(,n. I)(n.titnk), xrl rrn lu<lo pcrsistenci ),(k)llintncia per(), p(rr el <tlr, r'ariaci(n rlcl grecl<r t[' r'srt pcrsistcncia y cloorinancia en (listint()s nt()nlent()s. Ll |lrztin cle Ia persislcrrcirr lr cnc()ntr(l() ltn)pli.r jLstifl(:r( i(in ),n() ntcrccc que nos cletcnglrmos cr r,ll: nl'ts <tre pltr-:r lrcorrler llrs fircrztts innr.clas: lo tertitnitlo nt setiste i lr r lrttgn c()ltt() lllta cn pcna p()r arl( !nz:[ sll nlctrl l() trlrun]iilic() ( tLl.l L !r[1(, I)Ll{() (le Iiicin (Fre c\ig( un tftrl)jo (\)ntinu() (lel l)si(luisl])() plll'u inrentr (lc i(lcnlifl(.x(.i(ntes c()n el t lrrlrorukrl el cricligo <lc significlrc iones -pr()(lLl(k) rr'rtligo cle krs pcrsot-lrjcs sign ifl( ativ( )s, rlc llr inlltcncirr cle la r.oncllrct dc sl()s s()l)rc cl sllir-t(). .le Ll nra(luinlrril cl-cllti\,.t (le lu flntasia inc()nscientc- l)aio r. l rrre st tapta rl ruurxlo intcnro cl e\tcrn(). un \icz c()nslitLri(l(), rlctc'nuinr rrrt,r'lrigrn lujo srr Prxlcl cstrL( l u'r'.tl]l c tcn(lenci()s() ctrelttrict (,sttnul() extcl. rr() () illrn'l(). I-o rrre restrltl. en c:nll)i(). nc( cslrri() <lt trt cxtncn rttis cletallarLr cs l l'511',, i(-)n srck)1il clcl incrrs< icnte. C) sel. l vlrt.iuci<in cn la firerz.r tk srrs crnslelr'irrts. iiackr qlrr: el reso ctre Ita toclo cn llt tr(r_a y la r lrnitlr t'l fenr-meno clc corrrptrlsir-rn a lrt rrrctir'ii-rn lta rror'<xarlo trn rlcsctrick hLtliro clc actrlle. I-a (uesti(-)11 ts rlc trrst'cncltnci plrra l l)sic(f(r-li-r. \'.r tLrt jrn-rlo ul (r)je{i\,() firn(liutrcntitl rlc clcslrece lu ltrtrrlsir-l-r il l rrl)(.ri(i,,n, t s r['t i tu<clifl< ar k> crre est:i itrscl-it<. sr, lrltr'c l <'r.t<,stii-rn cle c<-nt< r,rlvc tt c fi\'.u ir(lucll() tltte h:r sr.rliickr lJ []nlctgdug. lln tllo r:rdice Ie tr':rscenclencia rlc la pregunta crr cs lo (luc ctivil cicll:rs (r)nsl(]l(i()nes iclecralcctir's ciel inctnsr'ittttc \,(lLta, c()nsc(.Ltcil(iit\ \c I)()rlr'rrn rlt'rilar parl la tclapia psi<rranalticrL l l)xttir (lcl (\)n(xinlient() ap()rtud() PrrI lrr rc,sIrestl x est pregunui, IIx) unl tril)lc lctivu(.i(in se(.torial, cntlclir zrrLr. rrltitulaclu. clel incrnscjcr-rtcr clcstle sr.r lopio inttrior', clcscle lus estrLrcIrrlrrs rcrr rr rfisiokigicls ,v clcsrlc cl ltcclio cir< rrnclntc. C()n respc(Io la lLcti \il('i{)rr s(,cl()l'i1tl inlnsc(. llr1(nlt.i(i(. rlcl inconsciente. clepcnrlc cle rrnl clc l,rs rltrir,rlerles cle su firn< ionanrieltt(): el lil)lr (lespltzalr)icnt() (lcl pr()ccs() lrrirrrrrlio. r'l lrsclr cle (lue sr l)asc dc Ln.r reprrscntcir-rn lr rfr:r 'ror las relar iorrr's nris cir( Llnstlrnciirlcs cxislL'ntes tntfc llts ltisn)s: scrnejanza firrtel, r ( r'\i\l( l( iil lentp()t-1rll o Por tl jrrcgo cltl significackt.'"
lt
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C()n respecto.r l:rs.lctivlrci()nes scct(r'iles clci inconsciente <ue ciepen ls estrLlctLl[as neurofisiol<igicas cllte golticrnlin estlld()s enrocionales. aqullas <lucrlan iirela clel nrbito clcl psicrxnltlisis. Peto no por eso krs analistas p<rlerlos (iesc()n()ccr su p()cler. s(r)lc t()(k) ctl.ln(l() en las ltimas d ccls la eviclenciu es tan convinccnie. (itntenzendo P()r los lnti(lepresivos (lue sc l)ILcstran cxPaces (lc ur<cliflct le cognick-rn ,'n() c()nl() consteLtcnti.L <lel significeclo psic()la)gic() qLre sLr ingestl pLr(litlr,l tcne1, y.r qtle l()s estudios cle cloblc cieg() nruestran cuc cl rla,:elro n() ti(ne ese efecto. Es clccir. ltna m()lcui1r (luilrri(a es cepez clt (lctcflrin[ (lLlc se (o1\(x]ucn cicl'ts ]'(leilni(l!Ls replcscntci( )nes. las (lue. in(lcPcn(licntelllentc tlc stt pat licr.t laritlecl cn catllr srricto, ticnen cl (lcn()luinl(l()[ c()mn (lt: cst{ I])rc1t(lts P()[ Peltcncccr' lr la srrie rlc les alcgres r ()ptinrists. En nLtestr() liltr sclIc la clcprcsiLrn:osclen dc
tenlx)s la ltirotcsis (ls (lLtc tl rsicuistrxr y' el <erebro biol<igico Iirr.',n.rn. en sLr iirtemclci(-)n, c()rll() Llltil tabla cle tklrlc cntr(hi xlg(lnrls tePrcsenlll ci(mcs s() cpar(es (lc llcti\':lf cietk)s citctit()s netrr'()llsiolt'tgicos \', lrot tfrrt Iackr, llr lrctivacirin cle st<s hltri cue les rerre'sen tl( i( )nes (lte ltn cstl)lccirkr rrnlr ctlexir--t c()n l()s ,lisrl()s Pltscrt sef c()n\()c(las (llleichntr. 19761)). tln un iirt('ul() [rcicnte (Slrexr v otros. I993) sc prcsentll un ID()(lcl() ir-ltc-ar(k) l)ul.a cxpli(r ls clisis tle pl-tnico en (llre s(] cnticn(lc cr.rc cl <lesenct(lenx lienk) l)()f cltLlsas exclLrsi\'trlenle llsicolt-rgicas inc()ns(ientcs cs se glrirlo por un r))()(liliclr(i(')n cn el nivcl ncurofisiol<-rgico; Per(), txnrl)in. un titst()rn() ptinlilri() (lr estr ltir)x). (tral(lLricr (lLt sc sLl caLlsa. \'a at (lesen(1r(lcnr l ctivx(iD (lc ls rcl)r'cscntaci()ncs (lue en l:t histlie inclil iclLtal han ller':tclo la cerga clcl h<r'or. (in un tcrccr contlicir-n, la rtvetbetaci<in ioceslln(c ('ntIe cl p()l() rlc lus rept t'sentacioncs y cl ncttl ()flsi( )l(iHi(1 ,, (,,n
cilcti\'ci(-)n fccipr()('. 'li)(l()s csk)s halhzgos solrrt l t,ristencil (le (ilcuit()s ncur( )lisi()l(jgicos plr l()s cstl(l()s clruci<n:tlcs (Slr<c. 199't) n() ir(e sin() xp()y:tr lo quc cn ttn nivcl (le(tr(1i\,() llip(fati(o lrlr sirkr sr)stenid() crt ltsicoanrllisis <iescle lrrelcl Irastr ll(lith .la<rrbson. (ltunrlo l'rcltcl ( 1917) hip(felizll).t qLre cicfilts (lcPrcsi<rncs puclicran tener un c.[rs1r l)i()l()gic. aleltxn(lo en ])ttek).J'ttkllltcola xc(l(r cle (lrc cl rIlcclLnisrr() fs(luic() (luc tstal)x (lescl)itn(kr cottesponcla uD sul)tip() cle rlePrcsii-t, () (tltn(l() plantcalle (lLrc llls Icl)rcscntltt it rncs sr: inscilrilr-l cn ci('fi.Is Lxulizucirncs. () (lLe el iDslint() lrioltigicrr cnc(nltr1tl)ll sLl tirmr:r cle expresir-rn 1l travs (lc su iirscripci(-)n rsrltriirt r:n (leleflrrina(hs i(lc1s crte pasalran ar scl- sr feprcscntrLnlc. () cLtxn(l() s()stcnll (ltle lx Prllsi(rl lrc cncrcntr cn cl llrrilc entrc Io lisico y kr rsiclticO. l()(l() cll() ilpuntl)ll a (ltlc l.'rl ]' h!f1dt lr otcttcntro, .)'tla inlhlatci.t t1utll.I, crlfre kr pstttico y lo biok-rgico. l)r(r)lcnrx n() simplc y (lLlc exp()ne al reclrtccitnisnro ncltrobiologista por rtn latkr pero. trllrin. l pcligro no ,ren()r (lc l ign()rnci y tlel cncitrro clentro clel cenrpo tlcl rsicoanlilisis cn (lLc p()r la lijacitin (le ti()ntsrits sc (lesco n()(en 1()s pLrer-rlcs rxistentcs eotle telrit()l-i()s vir-ltulltclos (vase la firerte per<r interesante poli'nrice acerclt (lc l rclaci(in entle ncur-()cicltciil ,v l)sicoanlisis
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l. ltr.era va (le activci(-)n (l('l inc()nsciente viene chcl por l:! flc't:n(i'r rk l oltjtr extern(); en cl casr clcl tiltao)ient()' por el ;tn:tlistrt Aqrt es cltlnclc (ltle Pr()dLli() cn I int:lncilt [n , ,, , lr,,.lrt .,rn quc ste n() repita la cctnclickin (l('sll(ti\'ci(-)n iecr.rial clcl incons('ientc. Se rectterir/r cle ttn pltts cn cl (lLle (l tcllll clc n,rs rl'ttncletlros r]s x(lchnte. en e\te l]lislll() cllpttll(), al l)()r(lar cl c1Pl'ttll() cn (lcsentc lck (le soilte \', la furrci<in l:r ( irtcctizxci(')n tectivx (lcl tcrapeltil' irnl ellxrt lx \iglrientt. cn el aPlrtlclo tleclicclt a Posici()n
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lil psicoanrlisis c(nllenza) sien(k) Llrll tt()l s(rl)re la relresitltt s(rctncllLrill (frlls llilr) (rrc csttr\'() cn la cotciencil \'(ltle eril cxcllitlo por chr:c:rl c{l ('()htrcrltc l'lr tcnicll r'(.a.nt,,ci,rnea, txlll1)iLln Presenles cn l:l c()nciellcilti,,n t'sl:r concepcitin era ia clel levantatnient() (le lx rePrcsi')n cl rcllcnel lls l,r,:urts rrnsis, es cle(ir la rr( uPerllci')n <lel recttertkr tle lo rh'itlaclt'plrr (ltle P()l ll() rc(tn(litrs(' sc t!,,,1, i,,,, .la la reJtresirn l)()r xlf() FreLl(l s()sttlv() vet' ulatttis tla lt t1t)tcstitt dc llc1ll):lll)()s si. c(n() ritt l l;r-ctrcl, l9i+1'). l'ero (fustctit''lcititt (-i!1inurd' seck'ittl !l 1tL(tscictte vt ttttlttritl hrl.\'ltPresn tt (rltnit'tt (ttilas Lld cun4t' Ln\)lttckil1 obli4a asl1 , tt itu<ripcriitt.'no rs s dtl'rttlt'tt st't: ltts .lt "tttt tts clt'attcctrttr ctt utt t rdlotll i('tt lt) l)sicttttttliictt k) ittc()tts'i('lttc? llloi\ tt,ulL,s tn).tli(lttdes da ?.\isl?ltci4 ().la ttt) oiist('tt'-i't 'le clt' la l( ()nlr l)src()llnltllica cte l cltt:t \ (le Ll tcllie't cs sicnlf)re srl.lsitlirtril
\i' ti\gr) ,'t',rl,,,ia,n que vavx tenicndo lx (()ncePttlxlizaci(n clel inc<rttscientc tlna cn Pr:lcticx inrlt rlisocirtt a lli tcnic (lc la te(n'.I y luciirll Pelllranccer l()s l)[ici()s cn gcn(irllcin) c())o generecitin cn rx)\'ili\lJ qLte se (l'llnstllile tle (lel () corlcsp()n inc()tlsciente estxd() itrl(,sunirles. Por ello it cacla c<ndicitin tlt r:i rtlgrtna tloclaljclltcl tle inlecncin tttc le sea llls P('rtinentc (irrut'ncctos lo ilscri) ( )ri.aini ri. nlcnl c c'n el in(1lscjeol( r'll rtle cl
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litn(latllcn lrirl)lL) c()n ta repiesi<in sccundltliil tienc tln cst'(tu(() lllLl(ll() nrlls (-(liDlient() (i(:l trav a llcccs() \uict() tent'' P()( qr-rc el <le l:r(l(). Sc trata Ptlc(la t,rlotitllicnritsr'r'rr rrrr r-rctil en i)all' L: i( t as ?tl !l ttttli5is(1r)71b ) ltl rle l'r itle a(lu') en lit inl:nci es (lecir l()s (r)nlenid()5 qLle null\''t cLtrtie
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'l c()ncienci Pero qtle s se inscril)ier()n lin plill]et lttgar' la pr'lestlt al ((s(Ll)ierl() tle Ias Ieprescntac i()Dgs v cstil(k)s en)()ci()nlgs Pllrentxles acelcx clt los <tte no ttt\'() l;i p()sil)ilictrld cle pensar (luc exiticlrln Pcnr c!lv()s etect,,..l.,f,i,. y <lttc ftteron ks clue contrillttvercln c<lnfillurlt c()1ll() slje)' Lln ,,tr,,. Irlin,rs. Irs llrcnsltjes cle )r>s pe<lres -v ias cluocir>ncs (llle -st()s scntiln ltltt irttr st tlllr' \' (llt(' llilsr()n ser cl \'()cxl)Ltlxrio llitsiclr clcl slljet()' l\IenslLics
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()lrlls reprcscntci())es qrrL' los ruclier:rn centrrr:reshr. pLes sts n() exitian n() inscrit() , n() puclier()n clal ()rigen al (()nflict(), qLe sietnprc re(Luicre -lo (le (l()s c()njLrnt()s clc replesentt ci( )nes en oposicirn.i') Fll pr()cr(lilienl() tle ir reconstrulenclo crn el pacicnte lx ltistolil cle las infcr:rcci()ne:, en las crules se les transflnclile cle sus efckrs. Al respec). arrn culncto fornlLrlirci()ncs clrsicas tlcl tipo cle .Ahol estlin h1l)l.ln(l() () actlllln(io l).f'. o rui[)ri a trr\'('s sLly). y cstn clicicnckr y ltacicn(l() tockr lo qrLe clkrs pensaitan Y sentn. y (luc uste(l t(mxi (()rn() si llrera su1rr..., cue puclieran ser consiclera(lls c(nll() tnlr rrivillizaci(in <le ll tcnica ( recl)1()s sin eml)arH(), que c()nslitLlyen Lrnlt nraner':t vivcncill cle pennitir ill pil(iente (lLtrj r':r\'11 slienck clei rprisi( )nanrient( ) clcl munclo imlginri() en que clecirr Llstr p()(ler rcsignitic:llllr (le l rr'c( )nstr1( ci(-)n Irist<irice sc rierclc cn un anrilisis cue st-rkr trans(Lfrie11 rn cl arlui y liltora rsitick). ].ll tIil)) terpLlti(o cn el aclrr t'llr<rra. tn cl vilcrrkr con cl tcrapeuta. sin,e y cs l)s(rutaente inclispensaltle pnra (lcscntraxr tliferentcs tip()s (le filntlrsas. pr vcr seeLtencils cle proces()s. J)rit (lctcct:r (rii)r() el f)]( icntc se rellr<ir>na crrn figuras iiltxginx[its. per() lt lrc( )nstrlcci(-)n histolica Jrcrnrite cncilr cLal tr.recle lrlrher sido el <>rigcn cle lus cstru<trrs cue sc ck:splicgan ntc l()s ()i()s (le pa(ientc y terapclttlt. AcleDris, Irr ti'tni<a rlc l: rcrrsit cir-)n I)i.s(;'i(l c-s clcseu I>:tlrilizanc l)Les ')lLlcis tt llrs fircrz.ts Poclerosls c1r.re ntolclcaron l sLliet(). Si e[ sujekr cs agrusrr rr ton el terlrpcrttlt. si reecr-ionlr l)lrln()icllltcnte c:trllr vez ctrt'se le dicc xlg(), crarn rlr Jrrre<le vcl rtre i,su ('r-it Iirnl)i'i't la lirrr en trre srrs t)grrras si.iniljclttjvas lurlt l irlentilicurkjn- rerrcciontlun llntc (ual(lLier <lltsclv.reron, -tfrjctos (\-)nr() sLr scnsil)ili(llrrl ntrcisistu lta siclo intrrrl}tracle por iclentilicaciln cQn el firot'gn los rrjos cle >ltp:i r'rt(] el llen( cuc\li()Dll,lient(). ent(l(cs sc p()(lr trltltrtjar srt (llrctcr1)l()flil sit (lug se llt consirlclc c()Il() rnil cspecic <tc propic(lx(l inlr.lnenlc. p uel)a (l(' su Dral(i.ld. Lo rrrc no signiticu clrpositar le cul prrbiliclecl cn lr>s purhcs, t,l tr.rc cl ol>jciivo cs llegul r rrre el pxcientc (irpte (ltlc sLr l)si(lLrisnt() se cstlLr(tLlr(i p(r'l()s entrelitzlnienk)s cntrc k, (lue.lp()ftar()n l()s paclrcs ! l()s ac( )ntc( ilrt jen rs que el ezar dc'la Iir-l:r tf(rve,vr-r. tocl<t rrolrle:rr.kr >r'la protlrri cirin clc strs intuss in( ( )nsciettrs: \'(lrc talnl)in los prl(lrcs flrtr()n sr.rjetlrlos p(r'su prol)iir llisk)ri:t (lc i<lentiilcac ionss. dc distursos. f:Lntasas \'1rc()ntc(irIIienk)s a los cr.tc estl\'ief()n expLcsk)s. Sltbctttos ruc llr' rccucrrlos encr lritlores. clefilnacitin p()l' conflict(). t'.'ftlad trurrtt'.t\Sp(11(e, l9ll2) e|r <1r.re clcsclc el plescntc I b..rjr; sLr inflLren, cilr se rec()nstrLlye el prrserio per(). tlltr)l)in. rlcli,nsl a ultrnza cle l-rs Lrrr.rge-
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159
n('s l)llcr)1lcs. Fil prc>l:rlema es clxr separar la verciacl histrica de la vcrcllrrl r)irrrilivll. es cleci, l< que verclaclerantente sltcedi(i (lc los relat()s y c(-)(lif.i( )s llrio krs <rre sr ()rganiziln l<lls recuerclcs (Blranger y ott.os. 1988t l-aplan<.lrr,, l()()-xi l)crs()n. 199,1). Pco el riesgo es el que yr serialba Ferenczi en 19.l.lr i,rl('nlirr Dcgrr cue cl traunLrtisrno existe y verlc c<rtr Lrna falsiflcacin cle l nl( rr( )riu. intent() en el que participa el pacicnte pcr() quc cs el enalistar <uicrr n( ) infi( ( Uentement(j l() pl'otr)Lcve: "l,r tr.lulnat()gnesis cs cr-,ltr.rctrlr.r; la ducl:t, t's rltril si sc tratil (le rcxli.icl () flrntas1... I)lefiercn pensal <1uc sL espl.itu (y cl clt' Ios seres hLlltan()s) (nrelnoli) no cs cligno cie confianza nrs que la rlttntirr cle que rl.,s cosils c'on estc ipo (le pcrs()n.rs prrecle halrcr <>crrrrickr ttltt? la ( .\!<rslt rifici< cle Ia itttagridad tle su cspitr palll sal,,.er a los pa, <lrt's), (l.ercn<zi. l932lt, plig. 342. ls ctrsivas s()n (le l.'crcnczi. t.tl (.()nlo ligL Irr cn lus notas clel { cle ntr'ietnlrc dc 1932 cle sr ciiario escris en lengrra
r;rs si krs paclres le hulriettn aportaclc) (fr() v()cal)tllari() emoci()nal. L() (lue lllul)in resLlt vl'tliclo para rel'isal el cclig() y las em()ci()ne cle sls 'padres .rctrLles, terupcLlt.l-, ls ent<ci<>nes y las te()rias cle ste sollre el tlltn -el ntrnca alcanz:ll)le, Lkr, la salLrd y 1a enfenncrlaci. Al cetx clel anillisis -rlet \ c()n()cilrriento (le (lebenr()s pllciente sc que cl x h tender-, l)cr() ^cercalrl srrs iilritacirnes y capacidacles, las cle sls Pltcles v lls alel teralp(tlt.t- Fr1 1\tt
t t'leg lr'ifico ). Si l)irn n() es f-licil riistingui| realiclcl cle lantlrsa. srlrr.e t()(l() p(r-sL entr( lilzilllticnk). sin etDltergo. al clo clc rn tielnl)() (le eslar (\)n Lrn prr(.icntc, t l lcrrrt,rrta se vx li)rtrando rrne iclea clel gr:tclo en cr.re el I)x(iente pue(le dis, l()rsi()nit cl acrr y ahr>la trnsfi,rencilrl cs p<rlexrso lu.rxiliar al respect()-. il(' r(t )te cimientos ptrecle cstal tlcliIltanckr y ct[iles <rrrtespondcn a una r|rli<Lrrl lrisk-rricl. En estc senti(l(), irey c.iertos clat<s srltre eJtistxlios traumtr( ( )s (.n Ll vi(la (lel pacicnte qLc .l rn tcnl)cLt.l tenltjnn por nO ofrcccrle clut .
rl,rs tlt.<trc si ()cLn- et()n. l.ir rf[l (resti(-)n, cle intportancitr (lecisivlt, es por.cue1 la rcconstrrcci(ln lrislolir':r rrrrcliflce cl nunclo intcrno clel pxcientr. por (l lt:rccr- cotrsciente kr
ir)(rrs.i(.ntc pr<rluce canrltiosl Sinlflcutentc tonLre Icvanle lu rcprtsrun. In)r(lt( sc llenan las lltgrrnas usiclts, () p()r(lue sc ve constrtrvr-nrl() Ln nuer
o It llrlo, ulxra con
-l() rtso tlt'lrcrr'rpaur al pcicntc en el lent() pro<.eso rlc rcvisur-su ltistr.ie. se \ir ('( nlst[rYenCl() Lln nueva crtncepcir-rn y Lnll l]Uc\'il lllarnc-It (lc l.uil,,.(.i(rl.tr (,rr()( irrllrlrentc. l-l re( )nstru( ci( )n hist(iri(.x rccstrll(tLrra el signiliceclo clc la
(
rlurl(:l cstlv() prcscnte
c()p!lrticip:tci(-)n (le pll(.ientc y anelista en ruc algo <tre n() iuscrik)- pas:r tener existen( iitl, Lln el lxo-
cixs csrs, Ias clilicultacles clel paciente intpiden <1ue progrese en la amplia r. i<-rn cle sr.r c()ncienci.l respccto sus li[ritaci()ncs y las (le stls pdres. Bn n() l)rxr()s. ls (liflcultxcles clel tcttpetttrt inrpiclen <uc el ptciente rvltnce en el tec()n(xinrienk) (le lxs cxrencias qtle cxrxcterizarl .r qtll y, s<llre trckr. tlc slrcl clrre a trltvs cle kr qttc el terapcutx dice ,v hact; llc l() (lLc nrl clice y n<r hucc, lc va intrrxlrciencl<, cn su in(onsciente, (leseos. xfe(t()s, icleas. No ltal' terrpi quc no kr hega. l,o nico <1ue Pllede (listingtlir al lnlilisis es si cl pr(F (;r:l(1('ris lrio aneliste p:ls, tllrl)ia'n. at ser cxlll))ina(l() P()r el pltcitnte en stls s<-rk r cn lo (lue el pa(ientc pr'())tcta en l - Qtrc el terapcltta see tic:ls -n() {) n(). (lrc clcjt cilcLtlar cl cleseo. c1r.te hxga iirterprttaci()ncs () n(). silenciosr <rre enalicc ll lrrntase inc()nsciente, Pucclq () n() scr jntcn'cnci(il-l llnxlitic.,v s(rlo k seri rs es nuestr.t pcrsPecti!a- a (r)ndicin (lc qtle el pacicntc tcngx l! ()pcii)n (le tclllintr vien.lo cuc kr rtte el analista hacc no cleriva cle unll \'cr(l1l(t tcnica. (le algo ctte no roclria scr (lc ()tr fi)rlra. sino <uc lcsttlta cle las r4rciones. cle krs clesets, cle la ernocionrtlitlx(l (le stl lnxlisl:r l)c ()fr nlancfa. sc vur:lve a repetir L contlicitin cle la infrrnci cn clre ltls peclres jr.tstillcxl)xn sus prcli'rcnciirs c(),)lo si fLcl-itn vcr(liLdes cternlts tle cixrur sc clclllt cliar lr un hiio. sicn(l() Si algo clifl'rencie xl an,tlisis (lc l:t psi(r)terpix psicoanlrltica -n() el prinrero superior. sublitne c()n rcspect() x la segLndai silllplclllente se tratlt (le (listint()s ()l)jcti\r)s. igttaltncntc vltlickrs scgn los casos y circtlnst.rnL'irr\ , cs que cl rnlisis l)Lrscr l() que estri cletft'ts clc la itk:nticlacl oficial tlcl pa< iente l)ct'o t.ultblt dd atatlislt.l)e esk) se (lesptcn(lc qLle n() l)asltlll()s llr clitcrcn-
(ia ni en el nivel (le tegtcsi(in.rlcnzit(l() ni en el ltnlllisis (lc la fintxsa in
sitrLrt ion Plrscll p(r'que pcnlrite c.relr rlistancia con respccto el c<-xlig<t cLtc ti('n('( srict(), porquc rcletitizu ls convi(.ci()nes clc l infunr.i pcro, lxr.cn( inlll (l( l()(l(). polclrrc algo ttre nLlncil se c()nstitu!a) psx ll cstf en cl ntrnck
(::n(k) cl pilciente es ltyrrrlatlo a c()nstittau-rtre vio el rntrnckr y I sr rrrrs(r)r() resr.rltacio rle un cricligo entocionl r'giclo y tccluciclo. kt quc se le (s s(,nlit (lLc lray otro crirligo p()sil)lc tln lrucn lrnl'rlisis crci (ni\t(r llrl( l)( r r, ,1, ,Jl, ,s. , , st rr, suiet()s que rcvisan sLl visir-n clel ltrrntkr preguntrnrlosc: 7.por ( r ll rr l)i( r , \ si(,,tlt) cle est lltnerai/ tll l)cicntc ltien analizlrclo, ll tmrin< clc rn .rr,rlrsrs crilosr. kr <ue salte rs (lLrc gr.an pxrtc (le l() <r.re. pcnsti v sinti tite rrorlrrrto r[. lrrlxl cst(k) explcst() x (.ie()s c(icligos y expericni.:ius. qr-rr lr( nl(. .r L's llisnl()s it(\ nttccilltie'ntos los poclr.a halrr vit,ickr cle ()trs llnne-
r( l)r(.s(.otirci()n1tl clel paciente.
rr,
c()nscientc ni clc llt tI1tnsfcrcnciil, y.t qtrc est()s [ecurs()s Ptlc(lcn c()ffcsP()nclel a les Iir nlrs Drirs ru(linrcntariils (lc la psi(1ferpi stlgestiva ctlan(l() cl (lcscotcr.rpcLtll- n() s()n plcst()s en cLlestk-)n l){' rll, <liticack y su c(-)(lig() -el mcnos intrLLsi\'(), ltt-rs sjlencitso. Ptlc(le ser Pxrtc ncra c(riv:llente. ci analista clc Lrn r)lrc() terupLrtic() tle srtgestit-tn cranclo se crtc, ing!-nultnlcntc. qtle elkr cs rcslrltark excllsiv() <lc la.l>uena t'cnic1t" y no sc levisa tr.r clccls ploriucc en cl pcitnte y ( ules puerlcn ser los clcscos clel lnalistx (lue sc reit lizn a travs dc cs.ts c()n(lLtct.ts. 'lunrptro gxntiziln na(la ls cL.ltl(, c.\i()nes si sc r.tilizan para inr.rnclar xl pciente cle icleologa ltteclitntc inteprct (i()nes qlrc se cree estatn clesculrlien<lo el inc()nsciente cLllncl() r:n vcrtlcl ll estarn creand(). l'cxr tLtrtr rrcn()s aitn posiltilita el enl'rlisis si el n(llrler< cle scsi()nes o ll cltrrcitin clc las nristlus y el pcrtxkl <Ltc las abtc n() pcrll)iten (uc haya un proccs() en clue el inconsciente sc pLre(lx n)lnifst:tl y exJminJr
l(r0
Av^N.Iis LN psr( (tr'liRpl ps)coANA.i'DcA
lNIriRvl:N( l()NLs I lillPl'ltrl lC^S

t,ts (lue constitu,ven rna arnlen:lza
Dl
l'lit I: NCIADAS
l()1
t'rr pr<fun<lichcl. Si tlrvir.lm()s trre cielinir.rl ilnlisis diriam()s qrrc es el pr() (cs() en qLlc se exnrina el inc()nsciente del paciente 1. su relacirin con lu ( (nrcien(i peft), p()r'encira clc tr>clo. es algo que se cilrcteriza porque aquel {l{('()(rp:r c] l(rga[ (lc] allis:r cstli (()nlinuanrcnte rrlisun(lo el c<itlig<> v cl ur:rtco cles<te qLLe se cst.i exaurinanck e'se inc()nscientet es clecir, los supuest() (lLtc cn el clesc<xlificacl< rct(lxn par:r ir enc()ntrand() y pr<xlucicnckr signili<:tclos. L inclispensirl>le asimetra cle l, sitraci(in anulticil requicre qre el nlrlisfir ;tr(le al pr(icnt( a exun)iDur slr inc()Dscienle es llr tlre cola-sti lxrrtiva- y qLle, 1l misno tiemp(), est'fiente u s rlisltx) revisln(k) el sr)'() es la tare qLlc el rnllistx reseIvr par:r s rero qr.re clclr cle tcner tan-a'st lir l)rescncja c(titllt(t coto la priDrerr-. Y no mrs referinlcs s<ilr olsenar li (\ )ntn tr Dsltrencia. sinr : I(xl() cl lprrrt() rlescoclificrrlor intelsct!a y (u()cj()n1tl que el ltnxlist p()ne en jueg() en cr(llt ()(.rskin.
tlnt() Parx el nio coln() Pllra el teraPeLltx, (le quicnes hima instancirt clepencle la c()ntintlci(in (lel tritllen l)urs s()n rrinto. En c{)nsecLrencia. ltt tlcsitlettlilicuciriil (le l pt()l()3 clc J<])s pacllcs a l,r ruc tiencle l:r reconsttLtcci(rn hist(iri(,1 re(lLiiere ctc ltn trlrajo c<nslstcnrc cn ( ncr"Jr llrs resisrencias qte itcal).lrr()s (tc exatllinxr. Iln:l l]latizaci(in adiciooal r(,sLlll neccsaria: lr)ient(rs que en xlgLlrl()s pacicntcs el cxillllen cle las Citracr(rsti(:ls patolgicrs clc los .>ltclres es l() 'esisti(lo. en ()tr()s. la crticll l()s tllisIll()s (()nstit!r]'c I:r csen(i:t (icl (liscLrs() rlLniflcsr (lel P.tcientc y sL f()rllllL (lc ( ()r'ltlalrrestr le rrlnsfcrencia pcrse(!tt()riil ctn cl ltnllista. cle creal ln :tlin zu con el rnisr(). En est()s cas()s cl rnrlisis cle la lun<i<-n rletensiva cle l crli(.l ir l()s pa(lrcs s('c()nvierte en tarcll pri()ritlria. '
L
li,ssl(itctts o lct t'ccr)tntccii l)istric.l
(latilc.tcitit
(()l d l?rupctt0
Iil trxl)) clc' re( onstnl( ci(in lristrrica p:r'lr lograr <luc lrlguien sc /c-s/d?r?tilittteclel cliscnrso parentlrl n() es tlell fr'icil. Aclcrnirs rle la inercia p\(lu,cJ J rlorliti<lrr I() inscrit() n()s t()pan't()s crn las lcsistencilts nlrrcisistlls (lte hacen (l(l( ('l l)il( iente se r'c:ttiture en sLrs (feer]ciits rtres clurltiltrlas es !i!i(l() (1)l]t() 5i)rtl({(l-s( i.t ()tr(). l-(a()n()ccr (lue nccesit.r (lc ste. Flsl)cciallrentc ((n(k) k)s |lrsgos )ltlol<-rgicos estlin nxfcisizt(l()s. c()lu() c()n ci!'1t()s rasg()s ()l)rrcsl\'()s () r.rllrrtoitlcs (lue s()n .()nsi(lcmrlrs p cl p:rcjentc c()r))() inclicios rlc virtr.rcl y \ll)r'li()r'i(h(l s(r)[e l()s <lens (l-rrx. ]91i9)- 'l lu))l)in c()nstirye un rlst:'crlt> t):lir llr rec(x1str'ucci<'rn histtiriclr llr <lcscrnfi:rnz:r (lue se trng1l rcsl)ect() al te(
I-ln l(xli (lcsi(l(-niflc:tr'ion rlt'l Jr)tn(l() pit(ra)gic() Pilr!-ntll se ((nrt cl rics go -<,s ir-rcvitllrlc- (le (cr en lr i(lent ifl( aci(in .1)n el rllLln(k) Pxr(i8ic() del tc pcLrtx. Dc lt cl cLticlaclo rue sictnprc- lta teniclo el psicoaniilisis en alcfiar lLcerc tle no usr la i(lcntilicilci(in con tl anltlistl (r)l)t() instrtl)rent() (le clll-a
(ierl() njvel tlc irlsrtifirilr'ir-)n rrsultll ine\itl)le. Mris ltn. lluy tllit iclentili(llcin ctre sc rlclrc lluscar er-t )(l() trxtanlicn): cs con l [trn!i()n.ln.lltica rn tunt() cuPuciclacl (lc interesilrse fjn el lllltn(lo intern(). en ls tn)(x i()nes, sn llr fant.rsil inc()nscientc. cn el signil'ic(lo cle'los sr'ttrs. en ls nl()ti \.lrcir )r)('s (lc [ r'onrlrrcta. En c-ste scntitkr. cl nltlisl clelrc tencr (\u() inlcts
L' l)L-r)
-)n
rirl)( Lll cuan.lo el suiet() estu\'() influenciacl() p()[ el rr!]nsajc plrrental cle .Ncr r('xs cn l() que tc (li8n los clenl:is. te v.rn it tratr cle rngaar; crrc s(ranlent('('11 n()srr()s". P()r ()fnr pr'1c. cxirnlinar el cn'rcter pllk)l(11i(() (le lis iif.rrrirs l):rrrntlrlcs ciespietl en()nue LngLrstia: sel'rtirlicnk)s (le clcslealt(l _y culpx, () inl.Lstias Pe$ccLk)l'ius p()r criticrtles. Si en Ia intlncix el criticxr.i I()s p(lres (r'.1 scrlli(l() c()lno inr))inenciu rlt c-.rstigo, cl hacerlt clrrrante el lr.rtJnlicnl() rltsriertu csc Iism() scrti]liento tlc J)cligl.r>, ) l() s)l() p((lue se transficr: s()l)rc cl telul)eLrtll la ilrgen cle tigLue rco.rz!nte. Koltrrt ( I979). cn lts c[<ls rrnrilisis cltlse()[ 2.. nl!estrl la angustiu rlc clcsinteglaci<in <ue cl seot Z. s(nliu (L:n(lo se ex1r)linlll)an los rsgo. plrt()l(igic()s clr srr laclrc. prres clesl),( r(l('rs( (lL a'sta ela \ ivi(k) (1o perclet un sentirricnt() (lc identirlrrtl. cle colrcsiort <k stt .rcl. 5( rrlillri('trl()s periecLlt()r'ir)s yrol scpararse rlc los paclres ttre s()n lllll:r lnar(.r(l(,\ (uiirlt() l]lrv()r c()ntjna sicntl<t la clepenclenciu (lel ptcienlc c()n resl)( i lr).r t \lr)\, ( ()I]r) s!, (()nstrlJ en cl aniiliss (le nios, cspecillrr'nte cLrxn( f( ' \(' lrr( s( nl.l l.r llr'r'rr <iiflc il cic tctter rtrc rll, \tr.rr (lu( cs.tn .l\Ll\tiL(i()s p(n' Irllrrr.ts r,rrcrrl.rk s rrr:t)luntcnte inllrginatills sin() rc.rlurentc pxr(;Iicxs l'igtF
escrtcirl el rles:trrollo tlc- l:t <lLreciclltcl (lt Lr)xniilisis. 1' es 1t(ltri <l<tncte <lesellt()s insistir'. unlt v(]z mlts. en (]l esg() (lllc se c()rrc si c(la vcz (lue el l)acicnlL- sc t()xnxlizlr. cl lnlistx le scnltla tttr aPcck) clel (lte se cstria cle
rivali<flr<1,
fi,nclicrdo. r consiclera (lIrc el xut()lnlilisis es sielrpre el csltltack cle ia tlc Irt cnvitlia, tlc Ilt in<'ar:rciciitri ric clercn<lcr clcl ()tt-(). En est()s cJsrs. el nalist fLrnciona <rrnxr los -racltes (ltte n() pcl'lttitcn cl clesrrtlll< cle Iilnci()nes, enccrnclo ltl sLict() cn l sinl)i()sis s()l)rtPr(xeckr'11 Per() lllutilan tc. lQLr pxsll ctltn(l() \'ienc Ltn l)llciDl( ) n{)\ Lttcnt-l Ltn \tc,, lll cllitl cn(ien(lc cn tli lensir 'tcs inrp().t!lntcs. \'(le.\l)L-s It:tl.llrt cle rtr -PCct() (le sr virl:r y clelruestr:r un alto gr-uckr (le l//.4{b Cnx) sc siente cl analistx? (iene lirlDrentc nccesil(lo clc agrt'gur'-JIrr nilrcisisllx) (, P(r'crllpx p()r el pago que recibc- un algo <ltre el pxciente n() estarlL clctect:tnclo. Al respect(). la iatro{enil ltr.ecll: ctlnckr el :rnllistil c()nsi(lerx (lttc stl [Ln( i(-)n cs ()freecr it)lcr]llt [xcioncs sin tencr en crcn( el plln()rlrnIi gl()l)rtl (lel trlltxDlicnk), rlue cn llglrn()s pcientes ()rienta c()m() trlrea escncial I)xcix lx estilutthci)n del e)ercicio cle fitnciones qle siemplc fircr()n b()rtil(lirs xrr pltclrt s .inteligentes, y "cfi(i(ntes,. Si nrs cnconi[rnx)s antc Lrn pacicntc lll (ltle (ltlt utnc, Ie (leii r()n penslr ni lLrccl, el xnltlis(x. xun clicicnclo toslLs c\llcfxs. p(c(le eslxr [('' \X'innic()tt (1965. phgs. 252-J5.lt rilienclo esa situacia)n. S<lxc esto rlertal)11
l(rl
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lN! llRViN(.1()NLS I lll{APllU't I(lAS l)Il:l,RliN(llADAS
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, rlrrrrl,r soslenir (lue sc

r
r
p()(l ser
(,sprci1, rLlln(l() se utilizxn ls insullcicncils en las tlncr<rn..s ,rr, t l rrtjr.. cnrpieza:t clesarrollr pllr scalarlas v afianzar.se s en el lol r[. I iglrrl (r))nip()lentc.
rtc
s.
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p()R l)[_ctr', p()R .r.RAUMA. p()R Ns(.Rrp(]t(iN pA.I.ot (,fi t(,tNARIA t:N iit_ INCoNSa,nlNTIr. \, p()R (1)NI,t,tL-,()
l',r
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r.rs lritn. cl( r)r()str-itr lit rlicttl.lrin cntrt l.ls Illi!ll.ts \ el Pre(l(l)ini() rclalir,, rtrr- rurtierl rxistir'(le ltn <l<'tlllts. l)()r ()trit Prlc. (l e()n(cl)k) rlt'tt'lrtnl:t ,',lLliclc ser ptecisacltl' Sc stlclt' entcntler c()lll() lgi) qLlc ll:tl)ien(l() ()cLlrli ,1,) ('n un rlt()mcnk) chclo. licnc rlesdc stt rrtigen el (liriicter (Lc 1l'artln.ltico. 'r, tltlo el clisoclirl ltllctior ltlgo cltc simplenlcl-itc r('xclivarix l() v c(rlPl(tt,r'atc ( ( r').\( )lid1(1. y n. elltl>rrracl.. Sin etttlxttg. cl Itiiccs. l'Llccle scr lltlch() llr.rs c()r))l)l(i(): ,l- c\lesli(-)n stclPrg Pl'tsenlc. lcirtir-'. y 1lg (()nsc(Lr'n(ills (l
ItirLrriLtisllt(). <lcl ortlen (lLlc sc-iln. sc Iltll)ierllll descncaclctt.t'.lt I (lc l()(llls llllt( llls sin l:t l)recil)illlci(xl (lcl iLc()ntccilnie]t(). . () si. p()r el c()lltrllri(). lo <rLc se lrr cllclo en lll]urr .situacit-rn descrrc(ltnnl(j' tle llfsctit (( nllplc lllrln lxrix -tl (r)lll() ]() lrgnl()s itttlltclt Inl'is llrrilxt-. (]s Pilfle lxegnllntc trrn igttlll nivcl
,lil, rr'r)l(\
irrtlr rrlrrjt'rrn la ccrncep< i<in (lc prttdt)!1o lx-licl( y sc rlesrrrnstr.Lrye el c()n ( l)lr ). sc c(nnprLrcl)11 (lUe I)lj() esta (len(llinxci(i11 engl<ilrun c()n(li(.i()ncs rt)rrv
(.uu(l() se estucliln lrs eieltpi()s clnic()s p(n.tack)s Ixx. l()s aLk)res (lu(,
(luln(l(), efi'ctir:rncnte, e ()l)ie) (.xtern() (lejo
rlt lritlllrrrs hallar clc p.ttol(4a por (lc/icit (l obab c-\.t(,rtk,.
tlcl l)siquisrrx) s()sln (le la arrtcttsti rir, ('.lp.r(i(lcl de aut( )apllcigLl uiento (lc le engustia, (stl.uctLu.xci(in de la Irrntir:r cltseante, senti)ricnt()s dc p()teDcia y ellcacilt. clc l\)r otrl pafie. la rlt nrrrrinrrci<'rn (lc pit(r()gl por c1ti< it reqrricre cie unu rspcc.ifir.acir-rn lrclicio rr,rl rrt rrrt cl clflcit cle cierts filncioncs rtrccle scr. (r() t)()stl'(-) Frerrd en ltl,1,((ir. sUtolkt l,uu,qustt, el resUluckr (lel c()nUick) l)s(lLic(). l)()r ello
tirnci<-n
lrtrrr lr tr rnstitrci<-rn (le
(i(jlta
ctc ap()r.tal alg() eseltci.t
el ()l)jelo extcln() persigLti(-), tcrr(n.iz(-), crrlpaltiliz<'r, contrrrl<i trullltliz(-) psquicl () lisicrnente. Cree(1lt()s qLle plrrlr esta r'rItIirirrtt lr cle ntDtinltcirn n11is aclc<.Ucl cs 1..\ le p.lt()k4!.t po.tt: i1t
(ltlLt-rclo
,rl)rrsi\ ilnlcute.
,['rcalirlurl rttt'lo ptevirttllt'ntc inscri), y rc((),]lp()1( l:is lirltrs (()nstittl]'en rcs :l rrrclo tlc l,t.liltttiittt tld lftttt\Ltlstttt), cs tit'r.it. r-lt tl)il lijrlLi('l lr"l rr) (I(lct.lrrri.rt)s ltl)tcscrlt.l( i()nill('s s()l)r( il1\'(sti(l( )s t1r.tt lt-tcfttt'ltn llts cletct'lslrs lrelritu:t1,.'s" ( Illciclrtrrltr. S., 199.1. Plig. -l+1, crlsilas )'rrl1r('((nuilllt(ll) (lc lii ut()r). () sea (ltLc k trrtttnrliticr l)tlc(le scr alo tltte crtetlo '1t lll esl)e[a'. trrttxr p<fctlr'iltlicllld trlltlnliilicx' l)cl() (ltc rg(lLtitlc (lLc l)tl-() il c( nltc( inlicnl()' (n rrtctrcrrlr() trrn cl (r:trtllllt ll lll csl)tr', \('ngil il (()nstittir illl() (lLle n() cs_ lLl\'() cn ningtrrt().1a 11 1lr nl()l)lcllt()s. \in() (ll( sLltge pr lll illlt'r:rt-t it-rn clc rrnl)()s F-5 lrr <rrn<ction ([l rljr a(r14](n l (l\lc insistc l-rttlrtncllc :trtl:t tli lr:ltn<ill.L tlc tttatrcl() tln :t(r )nttcinrienl ( ) tlltcri()r ()11)fglt stl signiti((l() il Lll() r.lcl prtsucl<r (l;tplrtnclrt. l9Sl. Jr:ig. l5lt).
[\r\(
l-l
I)itt()l()gt resultx. en lt esr-ncill, clc l irlcntiflc.ci<in clcl stpirt()l()gix l.l rte los patlres. ljt\ctlrcolr ptttlliLu (,t.ginau t,t qt cs l(l().()ll cjlrrtplili<lrcle p(n un pil(iente cuyos p:rcLes. fi-bicts antlt<rs, lc crnstitrrvctrn ( )riltiril.ia rentc (les(lc sLr ltl-ts tentprant inflncia Lrn vision clel tunckt coluo l(rr()rili(r) t,clc elle crlo allentz?(l (le tl)Lcrtc. En este cts() sLr p:rnlirlti:t cslri irrlisolultlcrlente cn(.arni(llt r:n lo ul'rs cscncial clc su personalirlatl. Es rlilllcntt'cle Lrna firlilr pr.r-lcsplazll:ticntr clefensivr cn quc Ltn lip() (leterrlirt:rtlr rl<,((x'tflic(), I()(ulizu(k). genct lrngrstiii .xza)n p() L <.ul krs r.nr< ( s srrr l'..rliclrckrs cn (xr.rs repl eselltac i< ncs. -lmlin s()r (liti,rentes lils i t lrlrr rrr'irDts tcrirprti(.rs l.ln lx pat()l()gill Ottr i/lcril)ciu l\tolgicd ot.!ntrulLt rrrs Ir.rllrrls nte lL ncccsidcl clc elg< que r,. nths lllli rlc rcul>icur la firente \ l,rs r.llrr's rlt l o clc los Dtieclos cue s()n (r)jet() clc cltsplazantientt cso -el rl, lrr,rrrrt, rrrI t.jc'rntlr>-. S(] trallt. clt c.rlrir. cle un tnl)ll() (le rccstl-Ll(.tL1l_ , r,,rr,! l.r lt,r\()r l)rrlc <lcl nttnclo rcprr-senlacirtn:rl (lcl sujcl(). lllnl ,r l,r inllnrt:utcill (lLte ()t()r!l1ror1)s lr lits clistincioncs (lLte tcal)1r]r()s (le
l.
(.lr.rn(l()
A\r's t\r( ('\'Iil
\l,A^!t\l(,\\'l'l
L
( \l(.\ I'l'l\
ll kAl'l \
l)ttti.ttt,
ttt, tt1tl':tt,l,,,tt
l ,littttt
lr,rrtr
rtr.r
rl(, st r.rIrr t,liit,rt(

irrsr
|ir
IIr(sll()n(lucnopuecleclcjer.<lcal.xrrclerseeslaclesircsult\.lili, r( nlc l petokrge p()r clficjt, la patokrge p()r tfunta, la

r11ir
lln hrmlc, cle lrcclctkr (lc j1) n()s. rcl)cl scsi(-)ll trlts scsi(-'rr. !1'n in lllLljcr. Lln f:tttililtr'. tll't.rrlli rrrnfirnrlilrlc ilit, LUt rcllo ett cl ttte elguitn -sr.t g(). Llrl ctr)l)lr,relo tlt lrltl>lti(). (ln fiM(i(lilri() l)til)li(r)- s( c()llll)(xt:tl)il (lc lir,)er:l in(l('( Lrir(l:t Al clcsr'rilri'lils inlclrl((j(nlts cttc Itltlliltn l('r)i(l() itlgllr l() It:tci -tsLrnientlo llt itlcntitllrcl <lt ltts rttsot'tlti,.'s ll l()s (lLr( sc r(fi'rr-1. ullL'tln:-rntl<lcs- tLrtrrnck lx \'()r iLtIil)tri(lx:l l()s lllislll()s tle lttr:L <lrliclltcl hlrstil. (lesl)c( ti\', ( n( )l lleillcnlt t lesltgrarlalrle. il(t'lltlln(l() (llle lllc (licrll (Llcnta cle c<-nro le ltrrlran tr1x(l() (l(' Ltnlt Illncr initrsllt l,lt ttnilirlltizltci<itt (lLle Irltcilt rlc trxlos lrs l)crs()rics cr irlt'trciltllt rL ls ( lillilri (lLt sc tl-ittill)i tlt rtne tlefirr nlll(ia)n Lrt (ltrc pt()\'eclill)rl solrc cllrs tnil ligtllt intctnlt;tgtcsir'lt y, stil>tc t()(l(), rlr:t Iini('nci( )rtltttrt. Si \<r tllttltlla clc (lllc c,\atl]linllsc ltlg() sLlv()- si n'r 'irtt r'liclllr.t su rcr<'cJtt ir-rrt tlt'lrr n:elj<lcl. se'rlgit.ll)ll. crlllcnzltll:t il llx)ver l()s pi(:
ltDricxrI)( nte y tntttr-tcleci:t. r'ellejltncl<) Ln scntilllient() (lc intt'nst
mars
nlllcstt
l'or
r(}rr r;rt(,l(
rr Origineria Y la patokrga p()r c()nfliet(); () si n() se trata,
(ltc \1) inttol.il) t'legir las l.lal.tl)rs nrtll()s ptrse( Lit()ris prlsilrks
Ll''
l(r
AVAN(]I'S EN PSICO'I'I.]IIAPIA PSI(JOANAL'I'ICA
tN
Ir:r(vltN(.1()NIrs t t,ttprlut t<:s Dll'liRLN(,IADAs
65
s( nl(,.5in crnltetgo. cstils irlllgenes cle ltltclrrs gt-csi\.()s eran rccrrptfttrles en t'l .r.llisis (.. c().t'l (lr sLr intent() rlc runtcncr ru rcprescntci(ilt i(lelizx(la rlt Irs nrislrs. A rlifercnr.ia cle krrlucheca r.rl los personajes clcl :rcsente, :r (lriL.n(.s:r('ti\'lltlentc tt.lttlrl:t cle llt()strr c()lll() inder.uarlos, crtn Ios l:tclres r.'nlrrtizrlr:r srrs clalicLaclcs v kr crrc lc lraltl c.rri<llrckr y cuerirlo. l)r.r'0 rcsulta lcltilI() \er il estc pacicnlr s(-)lo en trntir)()s (ie h.irLnta tn lrttttil, r[, rcpro<lrrcci<in rlc l< strccclickr con ltrs figuras signill(..rtivits? l)()r Lln l:rL los tl':rrrts parentitles h.r)!ln (lesernpceclo rrn p:rltel clecisivor la cs_ lnr(1rril.i()ll (le lt reprcscntitci<in tlc un ntut(l() It()slil ltoltlaclo cle flgLll.its in_ t()l(.r:ll]lts ],\engativlts ere cl esrrhcl< t.lo rlc la cliviclacl cle sr flntsa sino. lsx r'i;rlrrt.nte. <lc 1os pclsonajcs con los rue lc ltxl)ilt lo(.a(l() \.ivir. SLt en(le lrlr',rrtrr'stilt:r, sL angLtslia fl.cnlL- a st angtstill. al)rr(.an c()nl() (.()nsecLten_ , r,r r [. l rs l'rrll.s rercntales cn al,rrrlarle en lil (.()nstrLr(.cia)n cle Lt caplr.irlarl cle \, )\t( n( t s itUt()cstiilt: cle la firnci<-rn tlc a u ft llrpecigr[r nt icr.rto cle ,v la .rngrrstr.r. ll r(, ( \i tr,l (fr:ls (litncnsi()ncs <ue no rorlltn ser clcsutcnrliclas. El p.r(.icntc lr'r.rrt.rlr.r l.(.rl(s illlpLlls()s ugrcsi\.()s. crx c(nnpstitiv(). utilizxl)a l irlentilica_ ( r()n I)ri)\(1 trr',r r;rlrr clefenclcrse dcl c<nflict< intrxpsquic(). coltx) se eviclen_ i t() t tt tttt.t st st(,r t.t rLrt Ileg<i y critiC(') (.()n inclignacirin c-l csteclo cle la co tt'ttrr'il)tt t rr t.l Ir.us, P0(.s s('entcl.(-) (ie Ltn cas() c()ncfek). I)espus CI|tiL().r slt
r.r'lrr ,ti'trclu clel (fr() se p.sase s.ltre i,l. clesernck ser in'iiiltlc. y(). . ,t1r rrr'r',r rlt Dtct(xl()l(-).i(r) Ine pregtn1 en rutrr.hs .r.t.trrnicl:iclcs si l<t 't<ltrrcl< 1r,(,r( (lilrarl) s.lrre slrs Pltchcs rt.serlel J,lxrclrrct. <lc l raisnl clcfi.rtrai ion rrrr. lurr'ilr rlc krs pet.srrejes r.on kls ttrc cntrlrl)x tl) (t)lillLct() cn cl pre_
,rt1rr icLr<l lllrl ser un t.rralilicrrclo .rr.ofi,si rnll lrrilr ca<la r,.ez <1ue te_ -pcse:t r)r. rlu( l)l(,s(tlt:u Lln pr()\,cck)_llt nterr.lt tlel tcu.ol.rue le ir-tspir.ltlt;t
lrinsnritir (Lc n() lc critical)a, (le alentarle qLte exlrrin,lscllt()s k) (lLe llx. ( ( )rlill)ll \' a(-)ot() sc sent c()nmig(). sL respLesta antc nris intel1enci()nrs (llt rlnl(.un Lug() per()(l() inicil de su trutatnient() era el silenci() dc una pers{) r)ir irl( rr()rizit(I1r. iVi ppel. p:lra no despcl.titr esa rcllc(.ia)n. clcl)a r.,stringirsc lt ( r r)l(,r() lestig() qLiescente (le sL relllto. y() crex enten(ler lt> que le raslrlrrr v sus l)r()\,c(ciones clisk)rsi()nitntes pcr't) p()c() p()clia ha<.er plra al,rrciarle ir vcr. rrrtl srrct,cl:r en sL intcri()r y grr cu scna uti prcsencit rle lunera tn ate r11) iziurlc. Hilst que cnlpczllror] lr irlter refrencilis u cscenas en el c<xleck. l;rriliul c,n (lre. scntu(l()s kcios alrccleckrl cle ilr ntcs. cl xthe cstall:rlt:r fir 'ioso r,' i,I, kr quc desellte. er:r cleslJlrrecer. pasar.clesarercil:liclo. l)aclre quc ( isligil)l ()fp(n-.lltllente (lc rnanerlt selvajc il un Itei.lllan() rnay,Or cle mi pa_ ( i(',rl('. l.x ntltd_c el una lttLjer cticx. (lLlc 1l Llu llspe(.t() pr-()tcct(.al1ldil otr() rrrr.r't,11r'jellr sL sa(lisn1() ! (.ar:ictrr v(,r-rg.Lti\,.oi si cl pllcit:nle reulizlrla un ttlrrsgr(,si(-)n (LllLn(l() estl)n fitcre cle cse. ];t ntclre, plr n() p1l1,arr llgrcsl rrr. rr rstt.rgellr cl cestigo I lLle.(), al rcfqrcsr. 1r resar rlel llanio r les peticirr n(s (l('l l)(ientc. le s<tret 1t c:lstig()s cr.porales. Su silt,ncir en sesi<-n cu una casi reprocluccitin tlcl <r.rc hlrltl teni(l() en l.r rrtsrr I.ariliar. l)c igLlxl ,rnc.l. sa piinic() ii ser an figulrr clcstrrr.ecla en str
.rosea
l)urs parccx (lLle cstal)x incorporantlo krs vxlores dc l sociechd xctLlll. rrx lliciel. interesacla en el clincro.'loch le scsi(ln trunscllr1l llltjo ltn clitlla ,i, lrrsticli<, cle nal hurtt. de crticrLs intensas a los ttte le roclelll)itn. En un
rrrri( r
ltn etlrplcackr. 1'allr_ il) triltll cie pagarle la otcn()r indelnnizcititl posillle ptrcs ..( lrtrl)x (le Lrnr pers()n.r (lcsleal. Ihhl enf:iticalnente (lLrnte cllsi clicz tlli riul()s (le l()s tlcfcclos cle estll pers()nI, (()n l() cttlll clespeclirla,Y pxgllle l() nlllllr() pireca rlrlis clttc jLtstificecl() P()lqtle pareca ackrlccct cle ttrlts los t]el(1'los p()sil)lcs y l[rl:rrse c(nlp()rl:l(l() t))1. t]nt()nces lllc (li (ucnta (lta'er l() lrc cstr\'o pasanr-lo lt lo largo cle la scsinr se senl (]ri llta por<tte cles)c ,lir l alguicn cn l)encfl(i() dc sLls inteteses triltnd() (lc rlgarlc llr lllcnl)s p() c(n sLls i(leales (lc l)cs()la clc iztttiertllts. Halll 'ilrlc cstabu en c()ntril(li((i(-)n rn c()nl'licl() intftrl)si(lui(r). un pl-tc tlc i'l clcscl hacer elgo, \' ()tl-lt l)afic. gtriecla pot cierttts itlcalcs. sc oxrne. Qtti'lllt<ia llrttlt nlnttncr itl(rr-rs( i('nl!' l.r (rticn. pl.r clisrttinuir cl scntillticnt() clc cLrlpallilicletl'l P[()vcctlll)a ] \ir Llnl fi(lll)a (\nn() pcrs<ne: i'l cre el izrlricrclista. cl (lcfns(n clc los itle'alcs: los (fr()s ljl'n ks inlrclcct t:tcl< s. l\r'txrtk). tl)ic() lr.tst(nn() Jrot-conflicr. en tionr(,nt(.1'rt() ciclo. nre c(r]]enk-) (lLre tena (lLle clespetlir a
lrcrr rl.- (lijo que
(le su nlllcisism(). sLr rilltliclatl l enviclilt tle ks clcltilts, stt rlLllia rilr rlelcntler ile rn <trc le ha<iu senlirse clcsralttiztlo. (lesPcfial)1ln egrcsiritlacl. <ltte clc lrilL trnLrneccL iltc()ttscicnte P.il-1t nlaLntencr trn inrlgcll clc' s ctD. ittr I i-lt agresir'irllttl (lc est( l)(ictllc crll ()slensil)lci ll vects (asi tilnallltl(ltlll)ll pLlcs n() en(\)nlr-l)rt l:Ls I)larlx.ts ctte ptrtlicr-en cxPrcsllr lll .santa intlignacin" (lLe sent. Stt lenot Jxrtlrlt lrlIl,v I)iel] scr cntencli(l() cnt()n(es c()lll() tcsltlttltr tlc la provcccir-rn <-le sr.ts ttt>ios itrrpttlsos agrcsil'os: \'ca l()s (lclll.ir. (()n1() int()lct:rnt9s ) r1tl)i()s()s irlllt-ert ) scl)rcjxnzar (lc s nrisnrf). l'r ltlltna a la
positiirn ter-rric:r clir-ticlt tlescle Ix cLral tl c()nfli(to sclili el lol<l clc sr.t lxtttlloge porlrlnrtrs aneclir rrte en las slttrxci(nlcs tlixllgtlllrcs c\l)e tlltntellrt celos. rl)ia c()ntftr el ttbjeto clc artxrr y cl Prtslnt() rivxl. rcll-xcci(-)n n.lr(isistrl l)ci un i(lenli(lld rlc vctiDiL, atx(lLcs l olljcto clc ltl()r (()n resi)Llcsl inc1a P()r peric rlt 'ste en lx rcllli(la(I. pr()ccs() (lLle era stgttitlo (lc lll.-ts irLsll.l!l.n f"f n() scntil.se <lrrerickr. rnits fcsentitDicnt(), fl)ix nr(isist )' Ille\'()s t(ltles. lse trllt ([e r.tna patologie por cl'ficit )' tr:tLtlllrt () cle r.tne latologe -ror (()nfli(t()i/l- l)l'cgtnt.r en tr-nlin()s (l( ()l)ci(rlcs ((n.lptcsts cs l.r (lllt inl
rosilrilita Ie rcsl)LcstiL. l)elrclltos. l)()r cl (()nlr.lri(). PfegLlnlxi-l]()s: /t.r'|rllr' \c llr rticrtlarlt los fenotcnos cle ttltlrrltli tli'ficit. <trc cn sLl (as() fitertn clcci sirrrs. l krs (ltri\'ados (lcl c()nflj(1() intrlll)s(lllic()? Scgn ntlcslru ((nllIlcn\i'-rn <lel clsr. el tcu()r':tnte les tigr.tr:ts l)xtentxlcs y l (lcs('llliflc(i()n ((rrlinLlll l
cuc [r.re sotDcticlo (letcnllittatr()n n() s)]() tlnal
lollrc iurltgcn cle si nrislt, sint-' i|rp()rlntcs Pe[lurlraciones etl stt relcitin c<n la tcelitlacl: sitttinclost inii'rior 1'no pr.rclienclo. por tcr-l'()r. 1Pr()\'ecllxr kxllr lo tue le lcltlicllt<l le oflct, stilrr Ic <lueclelnn la hLricla tiil>iclr o l clcscltlificacion xglcsilrl cle los tlctrl'is rn rtn intcnt() (le olrtcncr lrlgitn scntinlicnto vic.lrintc (le \ lrl. I)cro esk) llLllllentalra llr relscctr< i<-rnr los <lcrnlis pasltlran:t sct visl()s cotno ligtlr'as ltgr(\llJ\, ).1
llf
Avr\NCliS IIN PSI(i()'l liltAPlA PSICOANAI-l'l(:A , .,r.rlrr
rNl lil{vriN(ll()Nlis'l'llRAPl'iu-l l(,As l)l!liRliNclADAs
167
rro:ol,r rol nrctit trnstcrcnci.l de (a)nl() lreltn siclct sLts pldres sino p()r Inll r r'r r'ir rt rlt' sus lr-()l)i()\ rtcseos agtcsir.os soll e krs (lue l(, to(lc:rl):ln. lll ci( {li t() tr.rsl{)nr{) roI tlfitit ! 1r'ist()rn() p()r (onllict() se rclil))enrtl)a, tltnt() lit(rir rlt l lr.rtlnricnlr c(u() en -stc. Los cltlfltil v trllltnts n() s(il() cxacetl)iln lrs conllickrs c irnpi(len su rcs()
)lr sin() ([Lc l()s estrLlclLlr.rn lr:Ljo llts ilLntass clue srrgen (lc ks pritrrer', r.. lrr siclr atcrrolizucl<. si le Iurn hccho sentil (ulf):tl)lc y n() \'ali()s(). \i .url( stl.lngustilt cl clLlk) [ccci()na) a()n cl(,s(ln < rcclr:zr rlejinctole stt Dirhr cn L r))isrne. llcf(l() el ln()lDenk) cn trrc clebe ctlicntrr llr r)1rlrlenllili ( ir ( (ll)i( ir, sLts ([cse()s ir)cestLl()s()s. sts lcr]r()res :ll rivlrl. lr ale(cp( i{''n l)r '[ n(, xrtL.r'rr[tscgr-riI cl (r)jct() de at)t(-(lLc l() rclcgit xnlc el ri!'], t()(l() cstrat teri(L) l)rn l()s fllts lLnt,.rriores: el ri\'l scr :Ltcrr(r-iztntc: l (lerr()tx c.lpic.t, llll(.\ir (r)nflr,naci()n clc l:r ileri<icledi s!ls (lcsc()s i11(eslL()s()s, lcstitIl()ni() d(. lu(
i(
c\l)ucst() la vengxnzil fitlitls.'t lrot plte (lc ste por tcrlcr '()n(lLlcts .,nlrlicltlus (rllo illrlccLl(l.ls. L.s clecir. (ltc cl Iriil'inlicnt() l>ajo Ir motlltli
si un nin()
,l.r,l rlt l Iltsclttecle (lc irrlqb/ s()l)rc sLl illrcsi\i(l'td lc llul)i(l Ictr'rrrrllrttiT' ,l,, rrl r'olrerlc:l trans[litil, tlna vcz 1rla-ls tl'] s!t \i(l1l (lLtc el in J(lecl lll( [()' tle [ itnal,o cr.rc pennitiri t:l inici() dcl (allll)i() terptlti(( fite el cxanrcn (listorsi(')11 haclt <le crtt sea' lx rt ll Perscctllori Pr())e(.tacl cn l O
clescltli,.,,1,iintcrrt<, oro clc ac<ltlttttLe,lt(), (ltlc eriL senti(l() c(nII() rtcs:tgi:tn<itI <lc tct.:tti,trtic<l (.:L1lli() < lillllt el en r,..',.ii,n...,.rig,. recllz<l' !,ll< llrl.illili,1 Lln (lLl(lr()t-l (ltl('r-iclllPlc pltclrcs lrls rrroclo crte lrltcri,rntentc lo, lt clifercncilt clt clllltr ,1,. ('J. lt'>trcliesc 1lc(nlll)liir'cll slls Prl)vccl()s' le n)nifc'slxs('li Placcr
l)xrcnt.
,1.,.,-ip"r,,tr"
:U nlrl(l.l(l: sLl rlngu\tilL l)()r cl c()nfli(k). xlncn]zll scnti(lll ((),I() sin ltltics rri l(llllniLir')n. l,s clefeDsls (]Lrc sc p()n(ltiiD rr) iLtcg() criil (,xlr(.tIllls, l sl]l-tsi( i()n (i(' l)eligro nr:l\intir. lrt lgrrsivi(li(l r[-li'nsir tr tonl.trri ut) (lli(tcr (les()rJ1:llri,/.nl( llrcs le slrstJrli an llis vx (luc sr ils()(iril a llr i0ragr.:n clc un fiilllr:l (l(r( r'rsP()n(lc.r cllil C()n fLrill (lcstl-Llcti\'. I;t tlt't coD<titllt lcsis (lc que L l srrit to sr'lrsllstr clc srLs pr()pi()s inl)Llsos afilesi\'()s. con cl i'nlrrsis pLrcs) cn
o inicille Lln clnlin()'p()1-el (lLc nLlllc;l sc ll1ll)a (le(ir. cll Ils t['nllitos cle'Ktltttt, lc csPcctllriz1se lislo jttnto ltl .\'cntLrrlr(k) fls (ltlc cLlllll(l() ('l sc itllcresr- P(I nli (rl)) cn l uni\clsid(l -lo c(F lrtclro <lc cn \'cz (l('resl)()n(ler Ir<,cirr trrli's tlc srl pcrt('ncll(iil ltl lrl((li() Llni!'(rsitllli()Lrna clilicLrltrtcl
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plte(lr (l(.sl rLlir ()ntnip( )t(.nt( ntcntc ll )l)jctr ) \' tl lrtr'lro rtrr (.1 jlll)() (lLlL- lt tcrirlrr l)t(lrcs (lu( rcl(: , i()n.rt (r)r) ()(li() )' lnltr;rl() rscluitr> r (1)rlxn-.Ll .lnlr llr rrrcnrt D)Ltcstli cle .rI'r'sior tk'l hijo clcjan cn l mcnte (ic i,slc lir irsr)ciltci(-)n "s(,ntin)ient()s (l(,ilt l,r.r p(,liglr (lc r-espLrrstJ rlestrrctivlr (l(]l ol)ict() cxlcm(),. \ilrir'ncl< al cils() (lcl pcirntr (lrc (.stalltx)s rclaltlrrxl(). rl cnl rc1LZ:t nl it nlO r'rlr'('lrlrunlit tlcm()rizntc, (lfi(il (n ltr crrnstitutirir't (lc su :ruxrslintil y cn
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ir .(nr Lrnn i)lg() l)lltr-nt1ll i(lt.tliz(lil cttt lc ctlt inclistc-nsal.lk" PllL (lc tl1()cstilllll. Yert(l() Lril n(lc{)
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l.r r ltr.rr irl:rcl (le ilLlt().lll.l( iguilnlictl() (l( ltt llltllLl\tiir. f)()t ur1 llt(l(). ). cic(1(,s (lcl (rir)lli( tr) l)()f cl ()tr(), (,s rlccir'. rntrt' itp(lL-s (i(, ltt :tlrlicllcl e\tcrnil V pr()(iLtc rorr rlt,su nrLrn(l() inlcrr)(), lricicr()n (lLt( r'ltllt rrnr refi)rllsL.ill ()tl(). L()s ltitrr:r ()rigitllrles cler(ln ('l telrcn{) pxra <trc los iDrrtrlsos rlel sujcto licren Vi-
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nuLslr() pltcict'tle fue llcccsai() ruc 'lr-irtrclo pu(lir:ltrx)s u\.llllin-U' Ils ill.igcncs (luc .lLlt()lll-ll(' :(' :r( livirl)ilo e11 l a()n rcsl)rct(].1 trrtla llglrr':r (()n l:r (lUr entl-ill)il (.n
("Dl.r(lr'r'\r.rl).tl(,ni(latl)(cslrsL,\-rcrreDci:rsatcrr'(izlll)t(.s.!lltrttrcrics rrrr'r 'r' rrr.lrr'Ir (.!rllrr lt lrirl)iLjr (lLc l l)()sci itptrlsos lrgresi\,os r tle rn!i-
I rrr.rli,l,r,l l)r' llrtlrr'sc crttcltzuckI I)r)[ sl()s rtL i<in kleinr.rrr.r- sc -la lrlllri(.r'rr st'rrlirl ( rll)irl)iliz(l(). l-c(llz(l() por el tcreltcr-rl]. ftrntascanckr ctrt
([rlxl)ll (lc tlna nlLlj(]r j()\'cn (lLlc clcsr-lc cl illicio rne itllrlcsiottti por llt lirr,,,, a:,,,,," cntrll ltl c(lsllll(-i(): (:tn)ioitl)ll c()nl() csPel-ll1(l() Jllt('rlz'lcl()n t'l rlivlin Sr't p,,l." at,,r a"al" 1laso. tlestlc tlltsl)(nltr llt 1)tlc11 Iiltsl:t lt(1)lrs!'cn tti ttl-l ctllen tlc llor':t tetnllit lltl 'li jlttltlis n1l(llt, ttll irlsivicled ct' llllln(le. (lc seltilln{ (ril llt (\tn(liltr'ttlsli'ren(ilt (l('lrlgtls(ill \{i tarirr Ijt>.'n lllt)rt!ll()s (ll sil(]nci() sin lcnsir)n l)ll(s (lel ()trr) c(-)!lr()(l(), n() cxigiclo, tllr' Jlotlilt <1rt'.:clet cs>et io clel cot-t lltck r-ur se tuc llesiirtlll,,i l, l)'l(icllic nr Illrcilt cl ttso clel (le l()s ()ll-()s ('lls()s: a clili'rcnci I)x( icnlcs (ltLc sr11()ri() (ltle s cn(1)lllrlllll()s cn cllscn'allt los a,rl,r,a,r rr,a ()l)jct()s s()l)r(' tlllll sill'l () lllll lllcs't clllt sicttrrrc (ll(lil vez lll()]('slr cottsig() rlli:tttll )'ll() lxrr (cltl()[ lx P'r(li(l:l sino lrltrlt ll() rrcl() a Pcs'll' itri solic vrlv lt l,..i.".,,1r,,.,rl t('rrrirl,, tle l:l scsil ir:l lraritr (tc ('ll lltl'" lllvil> erlt (l'ntr() (lt: illsrittlci(in tlll ,ia',r.,a,,ri (()n.\Lllt()l-i() t:slill)i lil clc )rl le tirliento s( F:l ir"lri" Ir",i,,. a clislosiciritl tle los clttc 1L ellll '()ll(Ltnn' ni firts tlcsPcrtar parct'll nacla Ill ct lotrtl, Pucicnte el .naa,r.lr" a.llitic() ) llll' trtir-n ni lgrcsivitlacl l.e tclltcitin tlanscllrlilt cll Lln clinl't PLICcnter() Paril
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r(,uDi )lt: sit-t s:llLl(lal y trrt.rnclo (lue k)s (letna-ls n() sc gntcren. L pat!icntc (luc_ rl 11,1,, (lc Ln.r nluier qLc h cueria. le protegilr .rcr.<; la ilpabilizeba si ,r( )stIirl). el luen()r in(iici() (lc Lk)n()l)]it. El r,ncukr c.n .l pacLc, ,tuy clcseatkr l.lo l. pxcicnle. se cir:tctc zl)a l)(r-l() izatr)so, tLrn(. sJl)ll si vcnclri t>
cn l()s interstici()s que los rlcmlis le clejal.ran. 5( )nl(tir)icnt(). sul)resia)u (le llt !lgl.c5ivi(tacl 1, cle tcrlo contlicto interpetso_ rirl, r(,l]uD('i.r ul (leseo. kremnci? Lnte el srfiitnicul(). t(xl() ell() inclicaltrn un r'lrt'rr q.1i11r:' tas()qLti\ti. I)er(). p()r (ri, c.ss? I;t p(.i(,ntc halta sicl. hija llr)r(ir (lL'l)ll(lles (lue s!- scpt:u-()n (uaD(l() tcna p()c() lj()s (le e(le(l. EI p_ rlr't . trr lrrrttlr't incll.tz <le soport.u.ir Lrt:l nlui<r (.()nfliati\. (ulplll)iliz.lnte. sc lrrt't[.<rrslr clc la nrisrtlr lll.lneru en rue r.rn inviteckr tnrickr lr hace cle un
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\i, ,r( i(l(.t)t(s. lil r'ncLlr.(t l()s pers()n:jcs significativ.s (iel pesente fcniltn ( s( Ilri\ lr) scll()i l]i (lcsc(,s l)or p:rte cle Ll p:rciente ni rrrliu. sintplenrenre :t.r r_
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rlr't. ri,signlrclateutc. sin sentirsc c()n (l(.rr(.lt()s per:r rc..l:trturr.ptrcs n() lt()(l ,)l()slr'.lr'(lr.c le <lescelxr, yx qLre ello d(.sJ)(r.txl)l irrita(.i()n cn la ntrlrc. Sin (otl'lr cn tocla la c(rlpleji(la(l -tcl casr l.stc sealr.. lts lines cle l() (lu( lriltant()s (lc cjcnrplificar. (lLc Il iclentillc(.i(in (.(.t rrn paclre evitti_
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r'\lx r.r (r(.r'l rlcsr:o >rrr.tiera ciel rtro. UI cLaclro t.lnic.o t(nlllll) lt tirntrr rlc 1,, lr, lr,.rr,,s (l{,rr))in(l(),cir1tci(r()plI lpi(.il)l(.,. lo trrt, nrrs perr))rtc \cl llr.l ,l(. l.r\ rlllt.r'r..1t i:rs cntl-( Lln tl.lsi() t() p()1.([ell(.it l,rrn<t confli<.r. En cl t()r ll,lf(ittol)r,r'rrllictrrl:LsfLrcrzas<.ntrtttrrcstas-el (lcse(),V la (lcfcnsa- eslilo irtr.n .ll( rl( l(.ti\ its: y ste es tn clt.ntenl() clili,rent.ickl: cl (lcsc() es fx) rlt roso, rrrgn:t. r r's lit.nclr eo sLl cxprrsi(in n() en sL cxistencix- p()r lirs
u.rrl,r sus (lcsc()s. tLln(lLe il cs(.()n(li(lits jr.rnto lrl scntinticnk) r[, ctrlpl ',rr( LllLl nlir(he Lioi(() s()stn y fu(11tc (le scgur'idir(l tn rrn trttrnckl clcspolrl,rr I r rl, otros oltjcros <trc fieran sentirlos c()nto pr()fc(.1()res, c( )nlt.il)r ).(,;()n ,tl rlt srrrrollr (lc Lln scntiliento clc tirltu tlr legitinriclucl cn cl clesear. <lc su_ plt sirlt dc ( ulll(luit:r n):Lnilstcin (lc iut()n(n1. Esk) sc fite plastrnclo en rrr:r r ,rrrt tt,lologu cftrntinacl p()r lit ltiitl)ili(Ll(l clcli,nsit.lr v, t,s.lccilrlltente. cl lrI r i rr.o cnt()ci()nll. l..l (lili(ultilLl en cl ulune) tcr-tico clel triiltnient() rt(lic.tl)lt cn cl sorrrcti_ nrr('nl() (l(, Ia patienrc. en str hipctcle tttrc i<in lr 1o rrr<,t.() lli(icra o rlijcsc,. In, r lrrso r'rlnck lc seal:tlrtt esk), lt) t()nl1ll)t c()nl() alg() x l() (lue sc lcnt (lue ;r'orrrxl;rr. c()ntestain(l()ne (.1)n un s cortlacicntr. La falta tle (lcse()s n() ef lx,rrlu(, l()s sinlicsc ), lr>s rel-rrintienr silt() (lur xnulxl)l cl rleselr, lltofial.llr lrl rlt sr',,.lnf .s (lc (l.le 'st( se cleslrrrtllese v t(ll.lss fiertit. l\\p(,t..tb(t qtk,(,1 t)tt.o th'.rt,tt.lt, lx!ft! ?tttt))!L'.'.t (l(s<,ur. l)(. (,ll(). iDIc{)ret", ..".l., rl:ronunirltrtl la ( \i\t('ll( ill (lc r'itr-kr (l(,s((r (lLte sLpLlrstt tllcnlc (lc)criil", rxistir ),(luc, al n<l .tIL rtrtr. l[.rtrse a l <rnc[rsit-n tLrc se hallalra en cl in(r)ns(.i(.nte rcpriruickr lrr l,rlr,r sirIr l]rlscar l relidacl pstr.ric.e cle la per.ienre. Mris lien se tr:ltxl)1r de trrr,r r,,sii ir'rn rrre clepen<ltr (lc un scntinlicnk) Irsicr rlc irlcnticlar-l: clla cleba
iLlcnrifi<aciin s(il() !-n estit (litnL.nsir-)n pucs el plrclre s fcrrninall rcali_
icnte en esk)s c:ls()s posce h tensi<in cue tefleja l ltcha clel peciente entle lt:tlizel stt (lese() y pr()l)il)i (), entre s(n))ete$e y rcl)slarse. En cl trustorno ror' (lficit. en ( n)l)i(), la anllustiil no surge c(nll() consec\ren( iu (lcl (lcsc( , sinr !lLr< ' l( precL,Lb \ clctennina la irnposibiliclacl clc rtrc ste emerja {) se clesarrllc. Sj Irlgrricn tiene. por irltntiliCuci<->n con plrlres rterr()l-izll(l()s, o pr hal)cr sickr rtcl'r()r'iz:L(1() por'('stos. ll intugen de hal[:tlse en lt:ligrr, cst:r xngusfit csenciill. irngusti prir)rri. es llt cttc (letemlinllrli clrre el clesco pL((liL () n() enlcrgcr (), si enr(]rgr. scil c()rk(l() cr'l su (lest[()ll(). Si. c()]() expusil))()s ntals xf l)x, plll'il una urLrier sLr nla(lre lc fijri clcscle el ((rlienz() clt la vicla cl cr.rclpo <lel hilbrc -v sus genitlcs c, rro tt'pulsir,<>s 1' rclignrsos r-t<> surgiri en ell tn clc se() (lre lrilg() scri tcpirir.k >or culPlt o lrol rcrsecucirin tr.lriclr. I-os gcni tlles tlcl It<ulrtr.' scri'in ( )riginllrix Drunl!'. a(,n:rlltLrtt\.lrrlcnt!'..l lcn.(ztntes de rllilner.t e(luivlllcnte a (\)rrl() l krs nirs cle tlos lrlteblts. taz:ts () r('ligi(,nr:s coer)1igas sc les insclilcn ks llrienrl)r()s (lcl grrtlto al qrre n() Per-1(nccen c(nll() scrcs rcpucliables, -rligrosos. trai( i()ncr()s. N<r es cluc cn cstls (rnrllr(ir)n(:i sL nlc l ()tr(),v Iucg() sc rcl)rir l)( .()nfli(T(). sin() cuc la rrirerr in:.r'iti,',n LltVlt l:t rDer' rlcI rer'hlzr>. l-() r]() (r)stilti(l() (s ('l (fr() c(nrr() lucrttc (le pla(cr.
lu ltft,4 lL'nry)11!!!c.t (l? d?srcp)Dtir h) c.\'istl,,ttt' tttc la o lc ct la lx,t;ibltd (la (,.\islt. l.l tr-rr.ulll!'rrr,, cn cils() c(nrsistc cstt ltinr() en xlg() llll'ls (lu('cn ll.rccr c(n]s(iente [o incons cicnte. er l)()ner L clescLll)icrk) un cxistentc. IIay rr.re cial Lt Jlrsibiliclacl clc cuc llcgtte lr cxistir l() (ltc nLrnc fite inscito. Io rte catecir-r (lc r()nrenl()
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c(rltenlaD() itrlrPli()s ,'ll trte <fr-ccc algLtl()s l)()es prrit Iir LrnllPren\i, 'n J-\\i )pt( )l(')gi( lr y J.)1tra [:Ls fircrulrs clc ,rtt<r\'('n( i,,n l](rrlrrcrrtr\ (n (.1(l:l Ln(t (ic ellos. Si lricn plxntq (luc llry pxcientcs ( Lrvir p.lk)l()gill (s l)risiclrlDeIte p()r rliic it l otros P()r (\)ntlict(). tanrl)ien rc!. ,n, ('c ,lLrr (n tln rllr\rn ) P.rciente h'lv llt()nrent()s () lireals en <trc preclolninan rn() u ()lr(). Killingnn) c()nsi(lcr1r qLle en lx pirr()l()gl por clficit se lr.rtlr (le at'lrlu ul srjet() x scnlir (luc lllg() exis te. cLrc lrt itDgustilr (lr( sc cxl)erinlcntlt c(rr'(]sl)(rt(lc i Ir) siluitci'n (lLr('.c |ir i y rlLe n< sc prrkr r[rlrr rlc sigrrilir'lr]l. l)r'l cr'()s r'asrls rloronc )o crte llm:r .iI1tc|r'rncirnes rlirnLltivrs, (Killingnt<r. 1995), cjculplifi(rn(l() (\)n l:r sil.+icnte: .S, trstctl ticnc l)tgnas r.rz,,rles Ir.rt.l scnlirre insr:rLr.r trtltnclo no le responckr Fls crn< l< <ttc rrstecl senta ruan(l() sL rll(lrc no le rcsponcla 1'
lll cnlfelazlmient() enlre 1rst()nt()s ror clficit y tritsk)lrt()s p()r c(rltli($) la lrsis (lLlc s()stiene Killingnro ( l9lJ9), rrrrr lral)lj() rncre(c un r(\cnrl )
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171
r.lr..rl nu usillrl.l cltscspeLaclarttcr':tc srtltr io rrte clla pensablt cle ustt'cl. Ah< rir l)i(.ns: (lue s())'($nr() clla 1 lrLe l lrenclr>ner, (p:'rg. ?.3). Killingmo aclarr rrrt r:slrr ts Lrn nrcrll cjcnrplificrrci<in c1r.re cltlre ser cxreslrla cn palabres ,,,rtr'orrLlrtlr's trn cl rlialetto erllr)ci()ntl <le I:t t;tcicnte. [-a firncir'rn <le l.t in Ir'r\( n('i()n :lir|lttiva cs sltcar ltl sLjct() (lc Ia tltrcla. clevr>lr'crlc Ln se,)t,lllrcn) rl, irltnticlucl r-lc su.sc,f, clc vlliclez clc su t-xrcricncia. toclo ell< trcnrLzLclcr rol lrrs rlrrcltrs silrc Lrnrr rcaliclacl cttc le es rnistiflcrclr pol unl tigurt extcrne ,lrt lc irPiclc reprcscnl:trst:Lcr.rcll<l clrte cl sLle) estli riritnrkr- Killirtgrtto int( rlr (l(lir))itrl erl plt>cl tle l;is intcncncit-tts efiltnlttirs. rllulc un lrrg;tr clcntrr) (l( lir l,(ni(a nlitjr'it. \r Ies rc r'rtto ()l)Llrsts () rt,erttpiezlrnrkr a la in l( rl)r('l:l( i(')n rlc c<ntenirkrs rcPrit]lirlos sin() coDr() prepltllrnckr el lcr|r'no tltlir ,lu('(sl( ti[x) cle intcr ve n< ir-n rLrcrl:t lcr-t(r-r,:rlicltz per:r cl sujclo. F.n elccto. t' r'rr tllo,.ritcitiilxrs,-rr Killingr:to. >rrtL rLrr rtli-trictt rtre.l:r cnrlr.rlclrlsr'cn la I'rsrlutrllr rlc lo lcprinrickr, rare cttc cl salrcl lcngil ulgrin scntickr l)rr:r Lrn sL jtto. ts t<inclicirn pre\ilt (llc puecla creer cn trrc kr (lLlc v ir l)cnsllr (rr'rcs rrrnrlt'ri rnlt rceli<1a<I. l(illingnr,) sc ul)o\' tn el trablrjrr (l( licu(l ( l.)15) s()l ,n l:i rrr. glrcion. r-tt cl rrlc cl ittieio clc tlxisl( n('iir rlc lrlgr r t,s r'or'rsirlrtrl r t onlr
1rli r'i() rr llrs i tlLlicLrlcs (]tre lucg() sc
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cle p(nqtLe erJ un nio nl.ll() que cl vez c1e tellcr qre enficntr,cl llecht 6()r rKillinPn"r' lr)x() P'g ,,,-,..,, ,,,4.1r. \rrllnl(lrrcnl( l(l li.rntl'l'' I,tlt, Pl !r ([Lltr relLllt nt.t. t.,lcfal)lc sentirse lllll() (Itlc allnclc>nadt. cttan(l() en ()tr()s cas()s se atac 1l ()l)iet() lLl)itn(1()nante t'se le lcLlsl parll n() sen clt':tnlr>rIirse lcsp()nsl)le'/ si la lllclre o cn el cso ''lel 'tt[lt< sr' olrjett nt salle inclLtso el <llljerl sollre p<xler ningin ticne no rbalrcltna, el stLjetrl crlrEn r)()r (rllc s ltte,r si vL,lrsrll. cl r,lljeto <ie alll()r tieoe t()tlll:ltlt()n(nna' sllr i,u ,, .,i .. p,.n',.,, Se flr( P, )r(ltl( iLli tuxl(). Por(llle [lice tal cos" ent()nccs rti t qrte t u-rlrtccrilt cle fllntliselri tue se prtccle hactr;Ltuelllr g. 1.,
ptc(liln
)ster-lcr () rct ltezer <rrt cse ttlgO
l.ir lr \li'lcn(ia p<lI cliicit c\ PlcestrLr(1.lll. cs clctir', cl anlrlist.r clelrc (o(lrl\l({llr'{iln(i()(s (lLle n() hilt't lr)gr(kr (slrrlr'fLllJrsr (.)t t'l plr( i(,nlt )'(i\l(.. r'll (()!rs((u('n(il, no prrccle rcllliZlr'l)()l-s lDisr)l(). I-o rrrc cl l)(i(lll rc(lLlic r( ( (lu( cl n:tlist sea (lLricn le rltlidc llr cxrtiencilr. (luc lr (lllltrt [1t iltlllrslril. lls lo rrrc obscn'trtros (()u tirirtil lic<'Ucn< ir ct p(icntcs (lLl( n()s s()li, rl.rrr. rk'.<'sl't t:tclllDtentc. (lLrc llrglttrros rtlgo rltr':r sa<'lrrlcs rlc l:r lrngrrslilr. lr Ltt rrr.rrt rr rk lrn ni() (lLre sc clirigt, lt l:t ligullr 'r;ucntltl lt(lucia(l() clc rn ckrk' rrtt sc lt llr,.r.: insrrortlblc. En la plttologl ror conl)itto. cn calll)i(). l:l lln.L l1\lil (s ()l)j(.t() tlc irtrprrls<;s agrgsiv()s () sexLl](s p()l l)11t1(,clel pacicrtrr,. ,rrir,n L.rln:r L l signifir'uckr <L l:t crrcricncil l)cl() 11() l() pLc(lc t()lcr:Lr ptcs (.n{lit cl] i,)r)lfir(li(( j(ln (()n ()tt.is r('l)lcscnli( ir )t-lrs. I)r' lrr ctlrl I(l)rinrc tt signili(11(l() sr'rulrl,:rgrcsir.o. ef(.- (lrc s sc lix (()nslilri(l(). !ln (sk)s cils()s. lal trctr .rt,rlifit: t's ttyuclar al sujct() cn ll lrsrlrrccla clc lo lcinrickr. (n snfrcnt.lr inl lrulsos t' {rtrtt:tss no tolcr-ltcllts. hillingro rlilclclcirr r lieiltrir-lt 1 rr Slrengolcl- e1tl-L ,tr)tL.r'tLi()-rclonrl sc<rnclarj:". (it esll ltinlr st, cllt,l'c trl rr.rlirl:rrl plinrruia, c.intcr-rci<nalirllrrl lrlr lrr rI rrrt ltlguie-n plrc(le xtril)rirsc ser cl lcsrnselrle (lc lg() (lur' ()(LruL(r lrr'rrrl,rr( nl(, l)()r sLl cLrlptr f)it[L n() srltir (lu(, l, sr.lcecli<l<r. (lLt sc lcl]t( sc t-c lrr1.r. ,lur\i lr)llrlrllcl1c licrr clc st (()nlr(ri "l'liai;lnrcnt('L'l nir\() nr) ltrinL.!tn. l,.lllk rl,,r( ir,ll rrl(D(i()nlrl cn el trura. rtro,.,s rosilrle (ltc ('(n() un it(1() (lr ,,rJi.rrrrz.ri i, rrr ln)sl(1i(r'txnsficrll lls nrlrls irlcrl(i(n-tcs (l(,(filts rcl(i()ncs c('l llrlr\.r:, ll.r, r.r r'l ll:rrI]t:r (rr) cl fllt tlr tlor-gtrrlc signiliclttlo it Unil c\P(. Cnrt.t ,lrrr-,li l,,((,lrlr.lri f(.\\(11.1 (()nlusll () itlrfrit(k)i'.1. l)esiIrs rlt t()al(). cl lt)rln(l() rrrLrI tr'srtlt.rrli rrr.rs l()lLr'lrl)l('1l r] rtitt(, lr.1r1. si lrtvt')\lr rlu( \Ll ltl(lre l()
r,railrili,l,,,l (ltrc' se irlr.u, y qt'," Pcnritirrt recr.tperarlo l-() ll1'ls lllLlstilrnte es pensa[ algtt venl()s en ltl cllte Es Ir,,g" l,r',.," se haga. ltbieto cle anlor no vtlvc'rl'L "l scr ab;ln<l<t:ttltr cle sientc pcfs()n1t n,ls a,,a,r, en (llrc ante el ttrror quc Lnx clcslttcncli; llt)rrt le vtrl ll tttitllir 1'vltll'cti ' 1>r>r llt pereia rrtfie,e rcns,r,, 'l-o (f(ng.lr' 'llraginIi1lllcntc' pocler sollre rttoni,rr l,r,,-,..1'r,,.to scl vr'ltlvc a (l(nllill Entre l anglsli P()[ el sentinliento n() tccimiet<s crte cn rcltliclacl algrtnlls person:ts.-lt<tlcllls en itlrP()tente. sctllirsc cle r'Lrlp:t y le angustie lx)l (Quin()d()z l99l)inst cle rtngttstirt Il lltrrtti(rn 1".,u.'1rr"al,rrii,aa "Pt'rrl(ltLc sc [lntasqil cr-:scientctente -rol h rrillrerltr Io ttlc se vivi(i I)lsivnrentc' proyectise hiz() .tctivlutlcnte. Lxs Pets()nilli(lil(les nllr(isisl'ls c()n len(lcn(irls ()l)iL qtte el illlan(ltl l()' a scltlar ,rr, ."n,1ri,,. ,tlel,,n i" cLrlpal.)ilizltci<-rn " lt trlrli ('tcrn() cst:rt <rtc ""., lt llt p,,rclt,a a.tc tltltlt lr ttt't:t prottteslt tle tll()r al,rn,, "a gatlo, y no por f:rlles (lcl st)iel(). ' v(rlui"n.l,, .r lit tlilfki4tait ( imPorcncia r'clcsr'lllirlrient( ) ) fieucliena' hay un! xilllllstial lltl-lllncnlc cn ei scr ltltlant (lLe cs ntc lo <Ltc t-to s('c()ntr()rtrl sc ptteclc cxplicar. l'ot'ello frcllte los tcnr'trtcncs <lc la nat,,. Irs cli()s(rs estin "nr.:i,r,l.," Ir.,rl.za :ttelri izltnt ej cl slrlvlle :t1lr-llt ;t le cxplic'rr'il'rn tle rr'tr: l( )l ios (ltlc i p'lllll)lx'i riltlxlcs ciecLtlr ltizo. rrte cnojatlos lttr lr 1l:tsancllr:t tir.le ese lttotlrclll() (x(-gli:n tn s(ntilllicnl() iltls()li() (le <rntrol stlrc las l; lltttnani fucrzlts cleslrtcllcl:ts cle llt nturalezrL' [-es gran<lts epicltlttirts <le l-a expli.t",1 ,l.nr." ftrcron ltctrtll>ltltlclas l)()r sc!ltilllielllos tlc ctrlpallilitied ctllsienle (lel tttc sc por Ias stlicl() racit'n clsi< es qr.le las rtcci<lnes lrcvias c:trtsa cle c<lo y sc ttllicn plllle cuanckr solrretiene l clrtl'rstitt sc rexclivln pl-otttesas (ltc itacer perllritc ('r1 l:l c(llp i, ,rtistrra. En l() (ltle n() s( lcPrtrll es r:pir_lctllilr o l;t c:ilisttlrfe <'n ltitlitllttl ,.1,.' lr,"n c. rrr, rn,,tic ltt r, ton ltl t ttlt) Ilt pltsal'rln :l ser ctltr<llbles () no se ruP(llri'tll' frr('r del c()nlI()l clcl stticrt n()s Precc pet ticu lalnr'rnt< ilrlsecltnclria l,a ctrlpa pot intcl-lcionaliclacl (ltlc se encLentrx tJn frecLtlplr tlc sentinlicnl() cl porrante ltarti cxrlicar (lc ()hjet() ill)Lls() scxtLitl ll('r()s !ist() sit{lr lttt han >. ,ttltlc llt , ,e,rta,,'rant.' ctt arcllt con illsistenc ilr Il tesis clc tttc- la cr'tlJ:rlt I cslilx)n i! ri:l: ri) rue cl sttjer tltte expclitDcnt cltter y tttc scclttjo iltc<nst'icltttltltn li cltte gtlzir cotl h exllcricncia Y P()r es() se sicnte ctllpahle No t.,,1 "r"r,r', clrcn.luds cle i11,...,, pucltl <rr.tnit -rtr<l:tpel:tr:L la exrt'-rci<in PJra geneel tclllizrla ctuo.,rplica.ui,l .1" 1{5 )os (its()s l() tinic() qlte llltcc ts qtte
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IN'I'IiRV]'NCIoN!S ]'ERAPIJU'IICAS
DI IIIiR
IJ
N(]IADAS
171
dt,,rrl),. lxt(t,ul(.lc sct.)tlirnntlo... Al !nfirlt.ll ...,.trrr.nt. 1,r,tr.,n..,,4,,r,t,rr,.,l en qLesc sit llc cl pciente, ci anaiisr se rc;rc.i()n.l .,,n l-, n..._.i.1".t ,r,,,"'r,lfan,.,fa t.,n f).r('r(nt!.r)n ciflcit. es dccir ljr nc(trsj..l-r(l (lu(ntrr(luc-lri,,,ul'uque..ten_ g() |l clerec.lrr> tle ser. , (pg. 7(r. r.rrrsiva y entrecol]rilla(l() en l originrrl). y
;t11r'r'grr: ,i.11
nr(l L.\ .lI l{t.t()rrrrrl<r el rralr:rj<t clc Killingrno ( 1y69). cste s()sticnc qLs no l_rl1, per_ s()ni (lU( rrrcrilr cncasillarse sl, r rlcn tl tle l-r u ,1, ,g;- p, ,r .1.tlal, y (lr)c re_ sttlt.t irrosiltit c()ncel)ir lt Lln srjek) cn tue el i,rnfli.,,, ,.,,,,rr.nte. Sxuple_ ll(.ntr (lLtierc ponel cie relieve l.r p.rt,,hrgi.r Llllc 5r hrr rrginltlo por firl]tr clel ()l)i('lr) c\tc)(r I p{)p()ncr ti[uli cic ,ni..r.u,- i,rn .,a 1,r"",,,.r)rr.l ur" "f ,r" liulirlnk) () para las reas en que el cl(,ficir es lo ..t"r,,,,,,", oi.l"-,li_() (lLe h:rce (st rctiert,eI anijst) cs cottfirutr lt ttac.esidtd _-),d
rirl)(.utx \ url\' it repctir la sitLlitci(,n (lLe tr.lulllJtiz() :rl pleientc. As collro en t l rrrorrcr:k clel tarula sextal tL$) cftre sufiir ro"ir,arran,.-i" inrirsion s(r)re {uc y,p(,n.rr er .rr,rr.,, is. .r. q,,,.n. .,,,y.,,,,r,*. ::i :li,lll:,, lll,,l:l ('rrr \u l\t(r *l,r(l*1. (,1 \Uict,, rlepcnrlicnt,.,. le inlr,1.l nU(-\1;\ :(,nlr ltvnr,,\ (le ' lll) \( (r\ rLl. En r\()\ (..\r)\ r.l r,r.inr<nti, rlrlc-nrir,r rlcl pri..,1,r r9 l , u,rl.. ' (,t-l tc.r,,r <l .Uiel, pr(li(,r( (.r)l\.(n(cr\r,n,,,n_,i,,i t.,i1,,nt.,1,.,1,,. ,ttis,,.r,rrt.ll,r rlltc (n \ (.rLl:r(l n,!
'causa<h
<lrigim h angustiar ()tr.l. en la qrre ll angustiir Llnx cuesti(in estnlctrlral cle itlrnticlltl <lesvl<rriz<la prcceclv al xrr cleseo. Ahora l)ien, si se aclmite cltre en el crs() cle lx nix l c()nstituci(in cle rnlt iclentitltcl clesrrlr>rizad:t ser nrrtjer- cs c;trsa iniciirl tlc .rn]rsti.r. -el lp()r qu n() lrrrcclc aclntitirse tanlrin <ue tntt itletttdul inicl l tle clctectursr.'fallick r ll tlc ser rrn sLrjet() en pelig(). sea causa priDrari clc nglrslilr? l,n la prirncra ptrtc cle LIs allti tlel pritrcpk) del pl(rccr (lr)2$. colDo hexs inclicatkr mlis ar l. !'retcl ubica cl surgin]ient() tle la :tngustia no en el desc() sln() rn Ln traulrtaltis[n) extcri()f. ,4.lrr.rrl lricn. tjcntc x Ix irn!{u\ti.r (lu(
clescr>: unlt. en l:t que el clesco
.l l clurante Ln ticnlfaustix dc cstracirin el varcin sale clel Eclipo -renuncia l)()--, nicntrrs tlLre ta nia, prrr ll rrngustiir (le c.lstrilcin - envicliir al ilo. sentirnient() cle infefkriclacl- entru en el Eclipo al l>uscar al paclre corlo proveedor clel llkr, ele[rentr il]raginari() que rest:rinrr sr nrcisisr-[o. En consecuencia luy clos teoras sol>re la ltngustie en str relaci(rn con el
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'lirrla llr plilera 'poca licuclln..r \( r.r.rctcn() p,.ultir..h .lgLlsli cl.. irslrir(i(,lt <.trr. l clttrslr llisi<. .c ll netrr_.sis: p,r.f,^ afara,r" i*.aa,,,,r",,a aa l( r(.:l (lrstifl(). Sin entblrgo. cuanrkr clesprrs ratirur,,ir, l" ,,ngur,i" ata a,,r_ hr nru icl Jitt qr.rc ei !.lr(in c( )nsisrc .,i,.,,,,,r. p.r._ r:rra li.:: l'.1,i il;,].1.]l:]:lr.r qlle " n{, nurJ t. nin e. r..nrirriu rh.t t.rt,,. A nUcsrf,, trrr(r] ll i,..l.]l,llli,..",lrs \ n.r r'( lr.r.r(,, r cn (lLrc r\h, otr](ltfic. I fer>rt tiel r.nflicl() \, .t anglsti. Micn_ Ir:rs ( n (. \u[(in ltly un cloblc cleseo 5gq,5 q.,lo prirne,. llr'tr. lx)sr,(r.ir nlarDii v lil.rarse lgrrsir .r tcntc .lc pl,rrr tie,itpc clel ron, , rLreiLre.ro oligi_ t t.t rl rcr r.r' rr Lr vrn.lanzl clcl r.ivlrJ e.lrpitr r. .n 1., ni.r' ,,'.1","t" inr,.,," ,,1 f"1,, ' \ In,r,lU,. l,r r(lc\ent.rLii,,t tuc tiene cle si 1I.lislrr, printarilr me,nft , cs llt rle_ ,riirrr'tr .\\,t1, rrrl.rr l, r,, r!.t_ rr :r
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ju(lic a ()tro scr h cirLrsx (le su rngLrstiil. cnt()n(es puc(lc creer (lue si cl (fr() sr loclific. si l risnrr> sr ille,u. si atcil l pcr\ellLli(lot y Io clcrrrta o clestruye, ent()n(es l:r caus:r <le iu rngustia cicr'lrpareccni. l'or elLr. lu anlu\tr.r p(rsectttrria irl ()tr() clr ser cl currslrntr intentionirl rle la anrenaza-atril)rci(in (n nrch()s ('?s)s ticn('Lt c.l liicter' tleli'rs ir o. 1.1) r))testrn los p:crentcs con enlermeclarle-s (lue csc:Lj)rn a < ualcuier tra(lmic)t(): se peltln crn cl mclico. (()n la irtcn(i(-)n clle rctilrcn p()r plrflc (le Ilts enfctnte[rs. p()rrltle ent()nces hay algo que si se nr< iftcsc cie ftnsiva-c-nknces t(xl() cnrl)iar-, ll enf[ned.r(l seril curil)le. -iltsin f.l rnisrrr ploceso clcfi,nsivo sc Iucc eviclcnte en ixs etpls (lLre suelco fener lrrgar cn ei clcsar<llo clcl primer t'pis<icli() es(luiz()ti'nic(). lln los nronrentos iniciales, r'uenrk cl pil( icritc se'rtc (ltc lg) l)a cxr)l)i:(lo, qrc nr) (-()n tr)h sus penslmicnt()s, (lLre sLr cLrerp() es (liffcnle, quc se (jisgrega. cnk)nces es cknrinarl< p()r el p\'()r rle sentrr,lrrC un pr()((\,, inu,rrrPrcnsihlc sc ha nxxleraclo cle 1. Ltrego se tlcsanoth el (lcliri() pe$e(ut()l-i(). en cuc Pol kr
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un or<len. Llnr rccupcr'1rci(-)n clcl scntinriento clc'caris:rliclacl I cle h.r(cr xl!a() ante cf pcrscguicir': Irtir <le 1. <rrntr'tttacur. esc()n(lerse. Irrente al lrnnllent() inicilll. cn <rre cloDtinlt (l sentilnient(, (le i1r)p()tencil clc elgo -rcligrr:s() (irc e..itri l)r.s.rn(k) ) (lrc 11|rri)c con kxlu lu oganizlrcir-n <lel rllrnckr y rle s lnisnx, el (lcliri() cstal)lece un cie.) ()r(len. Ilay t)ni llngustilr qrc pirir t()(l(, nio es ulrLrnrcIrr:r.1rr cle sentil a k>s padres c(n)t() irlp()tcntcs. [)<r es<, cortsiclcrrtrl()s c()rr() rttalos. agresirrrs, pttecle -lenienrlo (.1 revcstil Ln carircter clefi'nsi\,(). cuenta est(). crecnos tue la culp1l por in(cnci()nuliclacl secunclaril sujet() sc utr)Jtril)Ll)e resp()nsrhili -el cla<l- es tna de las clos vtriintes en qlrc la atrihLlci(in cle rcsponsabiliclltcl t s
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IiS lliRAPllU'llCA )ltliRtlNClADAS
175
()tt vri?nte consiste cn sup(cr la intencionaliclci (le uit otr() clcl sLrfiirientr. CrLancl() Ili()n (19(t2) halla clel .ter sin n(nrl),1 , ( r(.( llr()s r!-c()n()cet cn ese c()n(cpt() cl rcr(r ficnte a l< inc<ntr<laltle, lrt ltt, r ll iurgr.sti cu\' catsJ no se prtccle precisir. rntc ltr crral cttllrr.tier ,os:r ts rlcferible: la culpl o la persecuci(rn lrrcalizacllr en el o),eto. fln cste st rrtitkl Klcin calr lxnckt cuan(l() s()stLvo (lLle ante unt anglsti. (Fte cl yo i('rl(' (\ )nlo anenlrzilnte ella pr()\,e nicnte ciel illstint() cle ntuertc- cl -ura al lrrrtrr|rtt'sc clirige Jracia el pcclro. qre c()nvieflc en el oltjcto n]lrlo. p()r Dtcslril l)r e. si n()s clesprendenlos cle esr llit(r()gia pero c()nscrva[t()s la clescrip, r, rr rlt' llrs firerzas tue cstiLn en jrLeg<t, la ptxlr:tnxts rcfirrrnulal en l()s tnltin()s :iRr i(,)lcs: tnte sl sentilllie,)t( > cle iDtpotencilt . clcst.aliDie nro ( I t ilfios1kt it t. l.t ul()( llp;rl)ilizaci(in o la atrilr-cirin un (fr() c()ncrek) cle scr la cuus clel Dislll() nlccanisllt() pararn()iclc- (.onstitt).e el nt()\,irnicnk) clefersivo l)srcr_ l )t srlc cst:r pcrspectitx, t()(l.ts las {errirrs icleolligicas s<lre l.l ntucric .rrn-su lrLrtion l pcclrclo oliginal, () l1r v()htntt(l (le scres s(rr-snLturrlcs-, srrn rn l(nt()s (l(' ()t()rgar una cusalichcl a lo cue allrrec.c sir explir.a< i<in y. espc ( i:rlr))( nl(, Iuc-a <lel c<>ntr<rl de cual<uicr ser. l.:l ((,)sccucn(it pr el tr:ttallticnto rle Jr> qrre acil)autos rle plentear serr.r lrr sigrrientc: cun(k) se cletccten firertes ansieclaclcs puranoiclcs -- c-l pa
r
,tintbiosis por rcntotcd detsit'a. pot kece, o
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dJic[t esttltctt!ratl?
Es hx)itu:rl qr.re cltanclo u11 puciente s()licit:l inc()nscientet)tcnte (, int(nt.r ir(lucir cn el analistrt cue stc cumpla ciertas fLnci()ncs tllnquilicc, le -le asegure quc n() se va a rrx)rir, le inclicue qu hacer rnte Lrnx sitrrjr''n qu(
(r(nl( \'(.:r
los cue le r<clc:rn, incltritk cl terpcUt, rrrnr<t pcligrosos-, O ,r11rr'srrirlutl ln'.rnifiesfll () encLrl)iertir, o scnlilient()s cle c.rrlpl. cD est()s cs()s
r,) .rlrlnlr nrcciinicalrcntc las ansierlltclcs pxranoides u la agrcsiviclacl pr< vrr lrrLr i crnsiclerarlas detensas antc la culptr. Evaltrtr la posibiliclacl clc <uc
rr,, st' rrrtrle precisar () qt( lpxrecc (()tr() il(r)ntr()llrl)lc. As etrt,r rrn linr, .ll( r(-izlt(l() se vLlclve tgresivo y llrsca culpllrles. rn px(.iente l)) ese est.rrIr < nrrx irrel poclr:i apelar. clefensivlrtrente, u llcusar il ()tr() () .1 si iDist)x). tl rtrirrIr gr'ne[t l1':ellr nc ril icr rs r.) paranoicos ptres en tntl>r)5 (is()s. p(. l() nlen()s. ll {ilrsilnlc clel srruesto llrl cuecla llrcalizarkr } alg() se pre(le h.lccfi act()s ,i crrirrcir-r. por r.rn laclo lucha contr cl pcrseguiclrtr. p()r el ()(r(). lr,r (,sli|i c()n([ici(]nes [:L intervcnciort terxpLlticit (r)osisfe cn tf{xr (lt r]t()rlilr'rr't,l setitDient() cle ter{)r, cla<kr rr.re nriclltt.xs stc srrlsista lrr int(rrprct.r r ir n cl<. l: rlclcns xtrillci(-)n trrclancl-lic o la parlnoica- <rrnclucen al -laconto peclirle t llgtricn (lLtc l,r tso, t'l rrre scre sientc (lue se 1th()gal (lue .tlr.rrrLr'r.l i}rtLirr. Narlrr hly rli'is ilrtrogi,ti(t) <ue rrrecl:u ljtittclo rrnl t(()r.r (k lr l)r()ye(ci(-)n clc la agresiriclacl parl cxplicer el tcn.()r qLre un I)r , i( nlr'( \lx.li]]cntit y a l()s intent()s tcrxprtic()s (le rcintr( )Vcc(.i(-)n de l tisnur. ll,,ln'rlL( l.t Pr'irttc(t n() ()crr..t o la srgtrntla Y) i)uc(lal scr tcr pt rl iL .lt)luDIc , lr.r,, lr.l,r r ir'los I clefinidos cas()s, sin() Jtot<rrc ctrlncio la pntlecci<in cle le .rrlrtrirrrl.rl rl() (s (l llec'lni,)t() csenci1. trll)xjar s()l)rc ella. uclers <lc cLrlll.rlrliz.r. rr, f)(.nllit(. lu()(lifi(:rr la clrusa por llL cual cl strjr:t<t se rcpresct! cn
,, lrqr,,
l.r .rrlxr () lrr .)crsecucirr-r sc-en la ilrrlrginaci<in tlcfcnsivu il.ente tr utr te.r()r
(llle
siente (lue te clesl<rcle- sc vcr en cst() exclLsil'lnrente r.rn proceso clefensi xr el pacirnte. por ulgtin tipo rle anguslil .lnte cl i-tnalista rrcir'rn. crlpi- no.'s capaz clc hacerse targ<> clc elgo (lre si estria -pelscr clentxr cle su tcpertoti<> e iclcntilicara Ir()yccti\'rnente la suplresta capaciciucl en el :lnalista. No <lrcn clrrcl:ts cle qr.rc esto sr.r<ctle pe(). (!)llt() s()stu!i111()s ttt:is aibtt. hay con (lici()nes cr rue el psiqttisruo tlcl pacientc no lli logllckr llegar lr estrlrcturrrr scntiI]licnt()s bisicos cle c()nfianzr <n :i nrisnr,, r\Pc!,, srr c-rraciclecl cle pxcigLlar lrt lngustiu. () de enlentar l()s peligros extern()s. () p()sec rrn dfi( it cD Iitncirrcs )'()icrs instnrnrenties. llltl>ilirlLlcs c()gniti\rs. rDtcr pcrsonalcs atectivus, -recLrrs()s srciales, ctc. En est()s (xs()s l apcl..i(in <rre hace al terxl)etrtrl pnlx ser aytrclittkr y c(ntrpletxd() cn sLl estftrctllr st' clcl)e rltre sc hallrt cr-t trn sttlbi():i:i p|L'eslllcllt11 y ot\ en \tn si(11l)k)sis |estrltlLclo rle trnit legresir-rn tlclcnsiv tlcspus tle halrcr rlcanzaclr> rn (icrt() nivel errr[tivo. La rlilcrcnci:t es de tr.rs(en(lencia clnicl lltes nricntrits, en lu sirnli<sis rcgresiv,,(le['nsiv.l. cn (Fre s( renunciu a firn<ioncs rlclick a lu ogrsti, lx rl1.l)()l.rci(in clr las lrngustias rcspccti\lrs es kr rrrc pcl:lite clue (,1 sLrjek) s( reipr'()pie tlc algo <uc ya p()scc. Iln llr sirbiosis Preestruciurl, cn caDrlio, el lrnlistr clclre cur))plir pr()\'is()ri.lr)rente llls funci<ncs (le ltrs (lLe el .rrjer t.rrc(e. Fln estc ltinxr rrso. lu intcrpreiitci<-rn (lr uttl supuest.r rltlcgati(rn cle lirnciones cn cl anlljst:r p< lrzoncs clclcnsivas. rr por cl pleccr clel vincul< rcgrcsivo c()n 11 [egrcsi(-)n-. l< rinico (e c()nsigLl(j es crrnlrnclir al -gozeria pirtientc. lraccrle s(ntir culpl)le. increncntln(k) l:r angrrstirr. A nLlcstr() llo(l() tle vel, el uso rrrott<le c[( ll tc(ir clt- llr renuncia clcfirnsiyl o cle la rea]izaci(in (le un sLrprcst() cleseo Lcgresivo se (lcl)c ill pfe(l(nlrioi() de rrn nroclek ev()lttiv() r-lclpsiqttisuro en <1r.re stc scgttira untr linra tle clesan<>lkr rner.Lrr blc ttryu rinieu vi(isilu(l seri lu rcgrcsir'rn rlcfensillr. hD stc senti(l(), c(tsi clcuntos plorttctcclo[ts llts inr cslignc i()ucs lecientes (lLlc, c()n (listir'ltirs ()rierta(i()nes, rcvisln las con<epciones clsices solc el rlcsulr'olk cle acuellas
clirtrtnsi<rcs clcl psi<trisnro <lcscritas por
1996; I-irlttcnbcrg, l9u9i Liclrlrnl)erg
rl
psrcrranlilisis
(|()nrfty
\ 'lfgct.
()lr()s. l!)()2; Strrn. l915).
IN
Etv:Nct()Ni:s RtpARAlx)RAs:
^r.LiuN()s
sLrDi tpos
En los -r:tcientcs cn cllre hr pleckrrrrina<kr el xrcler patirgcno clc l: calida<l truLlo)ilticu (, sever()s ti-niiuen()s cle clflcit, p'.rci(ntcs t.lt lk(url)urkJs (lue no estatn cn c(nr(li( i()nes cle krlcl.irr y cle srrc:rr pLovcclro <le la tcnicu Psicoanalti ca clsiclt, sc re(luicrc cle unx n()(lili..rci(-n clc st. crro vlt siqn(l() rct(,no('r
l-(r
^vANaLs
EN psrco'l-liRApr^ psrcoANA-TI(tA
IN'I'IIRVI]N(]IONIJS TIJRAPI'UTICAS l>tscrn
DII;IIRIJNCI,\Dr\S
177
rIr xrr g parte
cle los autolss actlales. En est() cas()s. el terapeLltJ lrsic
n.rllti('() estii legitimaclo para llregar al rcpeilorio ptramente interpretativo. sin r't sr'inrlir rle a'ste. ()tral serie (le intervenciQnes (lue helnos (len(nllina(i() l,c,t't,t (-it)tt(s ta'paru(k)tas. asunriendo transit()rianlentc ciefias filnci()nes qtte el l):l('i( nt( n() pr,recie ejercer. Vetnt>slas, as colro strs funclet'nent<sr
l.<,,qitinutckin
.lel
1etu
gbb.ll pu'encillta dc
rtsgos
pdrci|las.
rk'.lirIltts t' it tstrlicicttciast"

l,os peclres am:ln a sus hij()s l)ajo clos nt<claliclacles. qtle sc entrclllezclan grin Lrs cns()s: una, en que el aturr va ltts all cle ctrlll<Ltier itli(i() pllfiictF Lu solrre Ln laso, pol el stlo hecltt cle tue el strjct() es el hii(),h. ()trx, en rrrt'cl :rnroL se entrefaa o retira. inclls() completatttente. segn se cttttlpla <r o() .(r (lctcririn.rcl<s cnrncs fiiad<ts arltitteriartlente. Ct1lnk) nuyor haya si<[ r l:r r<clrlicLrcl parentrl cle amor p()r' rllsg()s, p()1- ctlI)Plir))ient() c()n estintLrts, rr:tv<-ser:-r la tenclencir clel stLjer a la atxrbsctv:tciirn superlr'ic-t,:r l.r vigilrrnci:r solrre si satistacc o no los re<r-rcrit'niens icleales- Estc tipo cle attt()olstnuriin va generanclo Lna c()ntinu.t fragtnentltci<in cle la replcsentar ior cltlsujekr: se abstren rasg()s. se )os separa clel ctrir.tnto, ha< ienclo re,,r'r solrre ca(lx Lno cle ellos un jrricio qLte inltte(liatalrentc se tr:tslacl a la r( l)r('s(nl(i(in global clel su,et(). Se tr:ltil (le una activi(hd ll'agll)entackrtlt te(hr(1 r(nristrL, cn el senticl< clc que reclttce la conplcjitlacl tle lo clte cs ttna pelsor:r ul rasgo o c<nclttctrt (lue estlt en el fir< cle l olservacirin. l.u f?.lnlcntatcitt t'ctlttcciutislrt dclte tliferencirrse clc'la r:lisrri,. ion ,r cs t isior clefensivu. En sta, la separacirn cle rlsgos y stt exclusitin cle la represt ntuciir conscicnte clel sujer laclica en llt nccesiclatl <le evitat Ll rlngLrstiJ ejenlplo, cl rut rr-ocluce la uniflcacirin cle l.l lePresentacia)n clel nrislnl>
s<
activamente l<s clefectrs- comr resuita de la ;rnsieclacl con quc miran al hijo/a: obsen'an a ste,/a bajo la perspectiva clel riesgo imaginario que supuest.[nente ccrrea y cntonces s<ilo se le ve colno si fuera lln cLerpo en peligro o cor11() rna mcnte () una personaliclacl que p()see cierto rasflo que no est a la altura cle las clenanclas que ia realiclacl Ie inponclre y que haran peligrar su posibiliclacl dc cnficnt .r. La fragrtentacirn es ei etcto clrccto de la angrrstia que centr.r l atencitin en el rasgo tue supLcst.lllente poncha en peligro al suict() y n() una <lefensa ante I angLlstix. As ctlur el fribic< recluce el rnunck a la r>irsen aci(n rle los peliglos qtre pc clran provenir cle ste, no entriLnclo en sr mente los mil aspect()s pl,rcenteft)s clte se le abren conro <lisponibiliclecl. llt activiclacl.flegrlentaclora ecluccionislll r)Lrtil la reprcscntaci(in clel sujeto. C(-)rn() c()ntrxrrest.rr lu tenclencil a h fiagmentaci(in rec[tccionista? En pri
-se krs paclres
lner luglr, [recliante l elahrraci<in de la h()stili(iad rlel sujeto c()ntrll sr mi5ilto ste es el I:rctor rclevlnte- <1uc lc hcc seleccirnar tenclent ksamente kts -si tlsg()s negativ()s, clcscaltanclo los positivos. 'lambii,n, cuanck sea el clso. tne clianle la elaborac i<in clel cricligo lnutihnte qLre I: hace velse c(rn() slict() cn peligro o falliclo. lo cLre inpicle recon()cer su potencilr. hlrbiliclecles u ()lras caraciclatles. I)er() si est() es vl'tlick cn gcncrel, en prcicntes sevenrnrente pefiurltclos rcsrittn neccsrias, :l(lema-ls. r'iEnrls intun'cn('i, rn(s .Lti\'.r\ pr 'r plrte del terarpclrtll. cle cntre las ctrales quisiraltos lenci()nal p()r l() l)Ien()s (l()s:
re prclrcnirci(in de s lrisrr(), gr.rienclo al p.rcicnte J llegar e fimularse- lx pre!ntt: .rdenlis (le ese rasg() () condLlcta, rlui, nlis so1,. (lL ()tr()s rasgos tirrrnan llr globalicla<l quc soyl Qu (le rn no pueclo vet? Est() pro\,ee (le un contexto rl rxsgo () c()nduct.r (lle se aisla). p()siiilitanrk visuilizrrl() (lentro (lc un c()njLrnk). Irrcf{Lrntrs qtrc, al printiir,. es l)osil)le inclus() qur'clcbltn pr()venir dcl tcrepeLt peft) (luet plra ser efectiv:rs. l-e(llicrcn cue ser el propio nciente el clre termine hacinckllrs sLyrs. f)e esta l]rner.t. se poclr conyocal en la n]cntc clcl pacientc, cecla vez <]ue vuelva a clesliz:llse llrcj.l la fi.lgn)entlci(in re(lLrcci()nistll, h inlagen de ()tr()s as-
1. Gkhtlizackitt <lt la
rr.rc pr.rccla
-ptlr slli(1( ) (1r.rn(l() ,taca :rl (r)jet() (le rrn()r pr.teclc escinclirse llajo ei peso tle la ctrl-
rr. rrt ccsitlnclo excluir el rec()n()cillrienk) clc stt aspecto agresiv( . L() exL lritio tlc l representlci(in (lc si. y pr'()yect.l(l() en l()s ()tr()s, cs l< no tolerarkr. l() rrrc pr()()ca c()ntlick). kr cltrc genera anglsti. l,a rlngttstia Preccclc x la
cst isir'rrr. rrrc es clefcnsa frente l lculla. coltl() llt()str(i f-reld t istttt (k,l .t\) eu cl pxtceso dcJattsit'o.
r iorr
(
1931i) en 1-rl ('s-
lin trlrir. et l^ uclit'idu(l .fiagtetutluu tcdttcci(tstd, h fr-l8rr)(ntrrrlt' lrr inltgcn tlel suiet() tienc slr origen n() en ttn procesr> clet-enstr o sinLr r.rr l,r l.rll:r tlt'l sujcto prra integrar lo parcial en la totaliclacl cle stl ser. siencl<
,l
r'srlt,rrl,,
\ri( to s( rlrst lrrrn srkr resgos plrrciales. tultanck la mirach solre la glollali rl,r,l ,I l srr t,, r'n rtrc kr p.lrcixl se integre (()n el resto y sel balancelckr por ( f r rs .rslx ( t( )s. lrstil rnirx(l parcixl sc pttecle clebc-r hnto a hostiliclacl parenral
(nr l'irr ur.r Irrxl:rkrrr:k i()lr \ rrrplixci(in (lc
esc ptrnn) \'.rsc
rlt
Lrna iclcntificacitin con la firrmlt
cn ctte krs paclres I'nirallLn
pect()s dc si misnro. (le (frxs conclu(1as. cle ()tr'()s epis()cli()s de su historia. Esto lale pare la reptesentacir-rn cle cualcuier iirel cle evalLraciirn posible rna par te clel cuerpo, clc slr rnente, cle srrs lelaci<nes srciales, rle srrs concluctas clesde el prrnto ([c vist nr(n11. (]tc.-. (Jl)viiu-nente. n() se trlta cle negar el aspect() instisfct(n i() clel rasgo o crnclLctl sin() (lre. aun aceptanclo la valiclez clel juici() ncfl.rti\'t) firmularl<> sobre ese aspecto parcial. se lo ril>icrre clcntrr clc un lllarc() ntits vask).
tl
cxPitrk) s()l)re cl strPc)
2. l)esuecitilt rcspeck) .r lus figuras exlelnas y al sureryri. I]n el clso en que cicrt() r'asgo c<nclicir-rn dc n.rcimienk), etc.- c()nstitr)'x un fbco -fisico. estable parur la alrtcrbsen aci<in. prrntr> tlatrnlitic() qLrc lltrae la atcncirin y proclucc rlokrr', sc requiere cxarlinar las conclicirnes clc crnstiluciin de l<s sistenls de c<rliflcci<in. tle l()s cliscurs()s cle Ias figuras signiticativas i'arniliu-
t-s
AVANCtiS tiN PStCOl t'ltAP^ PSI(,OAN,4,l
l(-A
INl lll(vliN(,lONlrS l-liRAP!ltll
lCAS DIt ERIiN(lAl)S
179
h s 1 srx irrlcs rr krs que se sonetir el sr.rjer. de las experiencias (lc llai)er si(l() olrltt(' tk,crlic:t, cle l)uria. Es un ver(h(ler() trlh.rio (le clesc()nstnlcci)n cle l()s .r xligos tlt' r,ulora< in rlesde l()s cuxlcs sc picnsa a s lnisDr(). Trabxj, , f.rticLl:llr))( nlc ir]rp()fiante cuanclo la fiagrlentacicin y nlutilacin dc la rcpresentar'ir'rrr
2. a:.ttectizacki|
qJclit d de
ld./itltciiit
desccntte
rlt srtisf:r|er a un super v--r-r cxigentc. sicnrprc vigilante. Ils (lecir. cttesti(rn.llnientrr rlclsrrJrnir y de ia ihrsi(-)n cle que se puedl lleg.rr :l rpl.rcarl() mcclinte lt l)r()\'isi(')n cle lo clue lu clclrnclanclt. L! lill)()r teraputica c()nsiste en ayuchftrl
l)ir(
rlcl sujeto apirrcccia avalirda por un criterio plesLntamente ()l)ietiv() t)rcs('n( ia clc cierrrs limitll(i()nes < cleftctos flsicos. Si rn ) se tratr cle un tasg() s(r)re el (lue se rsientl cl sentimientr tle infeiori(li(l sir() cr.rc stc resuita de un superya) seve) () hasta sdic(), resLlta inclispt nsulr[ enliizar le rnisia)n ir)rposil)le en h que est embarcaclo el racicnte, la
hn algunos casrs. el nllsis no rcsicle trrt() en (leslepriluir cl cleseo al clcseo sin() en (l()tarlc (lc fircza fcctir', cle hacer que f.stc sr.trja. Aspett,, irnpt,rtnte parll acrrcllos pacientes que lun cst(l() expltest()s a r.rn pr<reso cle de
scti\ci(-)n sr(t()rirl cle su inc()nscicntc p()r purtc clc figrras incapaccs tle
rcsp()n(ler ltfecti\.alllcntc strs nccesiddes elD( )( i( )u:L]es. I)or rxm tanc. prresk) que si cl psicoenlilisis es algo lt:is rue rrntr tsicokrgu c()gnitiva. las clilercn (iats c()n stlt rt() (()nsislgrr rinicatuente en st insistcncit en lx lr1()ti\'.L(i(rn in c()nscicnle y les clccosas sin() en (lLtc (\)nsi(lcrx tuc, eclentts rlc las ideas. hay (lr' (lir11ersi(in, l:r cLel alcc, scntx(lx en la prrlsrn. l'r'eurl. clesclc l:l crnicnzo rlc srr olrftr. r)r()stl-() (lue llxy un! trticulltcin cnlre idc y fccto. Al resprc 1o. cl Ie'nr-,lrenr dtl e)tk)ttaoniatl() xli,cti\r) (Slern. 19i5) ss (le cn()trle t[s
i('nt('x lzlrrse tln c<ntru dcl .tirun() inieri()r, sobre el qtte nLn(1 reflexi()na)
rrrt s. rrrlastaclo p(n sLs exigencias, se sinti(i siemprc en lltlta sin xrclcl llcgar a ( nlr'(\cr (luc k indecuarlr no erll l sin() exigen<ia clesclc le rue sc evrla.
ll
lil l)ir(icnlc. cLriln(l() se t[ltl (le lguien eplastlrlr por su strpery<i. rc<uierc cle ur)i I).rfli(ipa('i(-)n.rctiva dcl tc[lpelrta pra cnlpczxl'un (liall()g() clr,rn,,.itirn ( 0 ( ( )lrlL clc las cleDrnclas exccsiv:rs internlts y cle llt ctntinrra itrt()cvlLlxci)n. l)iiill)g() (lLc k)lnr Un caricter c()ncrck) en el lrlrtmient() )'(lur c()ndlce, ( uirl(lLricll (llrc sen h fiirlt-tule qr-rc r-csultc contcnicntc cn ca(la caso, a la prellunlr l)(r'nlte clel pacientc: <u rtreckr llrcer -rare n() s(nnctcnuc r l() que si{ nll)r'('il(t:pt sin <iue lrcliere pensllr (lLc n() cril y() qricn cstltb:r en irtlt: sino rLrc lrr txigrncilr continrll (le perfcci(-)n cs Ia crrc rre ller,'a inextrablemene ir (lr( t(.r-nlinc sintin(l(rr)c en 1:rlt:'ln([ls(), cLln(l() sell ncccsirri(). iLern,s un xxrr rrl.ls ellli cle fimtlucitnes s'pticlllucntc ncutrxs y rl terapcut po(lr l)11gun1r': l(lLr'lc (li all()ra :l es \,,2 u\igEnte. -r e\tj tir-tni, rnl(ri,)t-, (lLc no It tlr lrtgua? Ciloxr pLrecle clefenclerse cle estil v()z interi()f As c(r() intcntarrros :r\ trrl:u 1l nuestr()s llxcicntcs s(lnlcti(l()s a p()(ler()ss figttras patolirgicas cle ejemplo: cickrs ecklcslrrs <rrt rxr prrcclen separlrsc p()r el nr(rento -p< del jLici() cle l. nrrsnros, ( ('nt( s ( )r) (lcsplen(lao pall(rgicosquc .L se >lrclres r['igrllrl Drancm en l c()nvivenci obligatla crre un p.Lciente licne c()n un.frrililr l)lrl()l(igicr) intern(), sr.rpcryir-, rllicntrxs ste no sc lr. rxlifi<rte, por -slr 1,, rrrr. ros, clcle' escrrcharle c()n el c()n()cmiento cle cue acr.rcllo cue ([icc cs re sultrrrk rlt JrlcjLricios o <Lc tn; :tctittrcl h()stil hlcia s nris,l(). 5il'rr()s (lue c()n est() n()s (r)l()caul()s en lr-cn() -rcligroso. (lrl( .rrn( \g.rrrr.s r'r'rlt l llr neLrtraliclacl analti(a. per() clcem()s (lLc stu no cleltc scr conlrrrrlirlrr col l)lcscjn(lcncix y cvasir-rn (lc lesp()nsxl)iiidacl culnckr el paciente r'\l.r .rtr:tl)ir(l() In-(]l s(rctiriicnr e ligr.res e\ternas () internas plttokigicas y rrrrrl rrrltros.rs. lil teraperrta rsicoanaltico lienc cl clebcr clc eyuclar ltctiv nr rt( .r r( \i.rtirrs( (le ese s(),lc'limicnl(), ples vlr vcncki cl irnprcscir-tcliblc sc llrnrl,r tr( nrlx), n trrc tl pxcicntc cxr))inrli su soretimiento al terapeuta y l.r lrrrr ion ,1, rro rruxilial <ue ste se vio ol.lligedo a asurnir.
'rrpt
ccn(lcncil perr le tera.lilr >ltcs cl lclatgo, rl I)()stcz() o. por cl urtrario, le :rlegrr clel (fr() rLcti\,lrn ) (lclrrminun (lue l()s ntisnx)s cstlr(l()s sLtrj:ln en el sujr.:t< r. l)r rr cllo nLcstr-l insiste n( ia cn rrre cl ln.\listlt .lf i'c tt !tllel/1(, ncrtr( ) n() I( ) cs c] |cliclad. \1 (llrc est ptcsLlntl nclttr.lli(l1rcl licne rrnsecLrcncies: cn algun()s p.r( i('ntcs los clcsrtiylr, tleprinrc. refiretze Ia petologlr. Ventos clili<il cue
ttn anlistlt <lcsritltlizck puccle uyr.r<l;rr pr( )li n(lit I I )(.nlc :r un (lePrL.ir!r) ,r c()nlribuir e rDrclifir'lu algtricn crill(l() l)()r'paclrcs trrr: tuvict()n css tllislltlls
(1uctclsti(:rs. lrr nlis lrclccrratltrs (lue sc:lt lls in tctl)t ctltci( )ncs ctre inteleclLrlnrcnlc rlorca."L l,il (ntLtsislIt() clcl lLnlisltr ctt su vitaliclecl y r.a-lltstLrlo rac i<larl <lt cntusisnl.Ll-sc- y. solrrc toclo. Ie cltrnicuciritr atc.ctirl rlci mis n(),:p(n1ll algo <rrt no (s Dtcftltcntc clcl lclcn iclclrlivo sino que ticne (FLe vcr rrrn l otelicl;trl tlc ltfcclo con rrrc ltlgo cs senli(l(). ,(lil(,ttcltc Lnl p, \1' nt.i. flntoncrs. si crrrsigtricra t:ll lllrl)j().. si llrcr'1rrl rrrse..., rrclr11... \'cDk)nces..., A<rr no llrsll cl (r)ntelri(l() srr;inticr rlc las >alrrl.lres, sino rre Ir csenci:ll es Lt cltlge eicctir lr rr.re el lrnltlistlr srti gt,nrrineltentc caraz tle ltportltr'.
flxisle una (rcstia)n (lLrc olrlige a rrnu nlltizlci(in: ru sr.rt'cclc (()n aquell()s l)a(icntc cr\1)s (lese()s. v sLr rr(tLlll(i(')n cn lirrnlt clc conclLrclls <rrnstittrycn un religro plrlu su scgrrlicla<l7 A(rptllr rl (lcsc() sin lt:is, sintplenlentc rcc() nrrcr l cxistcncilr tlcl rlrscr. clcje el srrjcto l nlrr((,(l (le sL plol()flu. I)er() cLcsti()rtitl]r). (lcstilcn(l() srr r'e[icler in:t<lt'r't:trlo y iLrcienckt nftisis cn h nc gacir'rn <lc licsgos lrujo llt (xn ntti(lx lirllttrl:r .tlstecl n() (lui(,rc vcr (11rc...". \rj nili(1r lclx()(lLr( it llis;rchc cncitrs clesce lil icrr nrcs <le,krs lrrclrcs crxn(l() el plcicntc. cn gnsatrrs rlc itLlt()n() )x o clc t,xplollLcir-rn clcl trrndr. sc cntltrcllta en pr()\,r(J()s -to corcles a(nr tl scnti(l() tlc rtltliclcl. I)cnsxnl()s tue. sitr rclor zr csc (lcsc() en pltrticLllr, si sr l)u('(lc rr:(ono(er la lcgitinicltrcl (lLte tiene clcntro cltl l)iln(r'1ur1r lilriclinl v lu lrislorilr (lrl pcicr1tc. intenirrii,n<ksc ne clinte li'r'nrtrLLr'joncs rlel tipo: "llc tkrt'cLcnt:t (lr (luc plrrll rstl L-\ illlr,r
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encon(runrkr solucirnes geneu ci sentinricnt() (le (()ntinzx l),'tsi(J en sLl c.Lprciclacl para srpcrr dificult.L(les. junt() u ltllilictacles rerles prlr hacerlo efectivanentc. Lo que lequiere p(r'parte clel terrpcLtx cle h misrua sutilezr (lLle p()secn lcls paclres que se haccn cargo c1e funciones insLficientelnente clesrrollrrclls en srrs hijos per D() para c()nscnarlas inclefinitlanrene sino clttr.lnte el tic-r)rp() estrictrlrenlc nrcesario hasta tltrc, p()(() p()co, slrs pueclan ir tomaln(l(rlas slr .ari(). l)es(le ('st perspccti\)u. cl p:rc'iente, instl.r(l() en lir tlnsfrcn('i:1, var cxl)l()r.ln(l() el nlun(l() interno y el cxtcrn() cle orncr simrllr a ctrto cn l()s l)raz()s clc papli o rnartl-t se rtrcclen rcc()trer l()s cLlcnt()s rnllrntiles sin ser prcsx (lel tcnor'. Exploreci<in y. s()l)[c't()cl(), pricll( clcl d(nnini() s(r)rc la realiclrcl <ue inrplica el clcsrnrllo tlc riuevas cultcicllcles que n<r es rue hltyltn cstl.l() r'cpri,i(Lrs o s<ficrt<las por cl conflicto sino trre no cxisten cn cl rcpcrt(i() (lcl sujcl(). NLcvllmcnte clebe'tr;s (lifrcncir ll paciente .p( )(ler( )s( ).,, l)lcn() (le (lesr()s !'fecLrs()s crl (lui(n el ((xlllick) pirliz Ilr iniciti\'. l)l()quc el (lcs), hlrcr 11'nunciar a ( ilpir( i(l.r(les (l\c si 1'losee, cle acuel (fr() qlle n() (tll ni rctliza str ricse<t Jxrttue n() ticnc en str reltctt<trio el saber cirlxr hrrcerk. Nr l)lrsta tener cl intens< cl(se() clc ctrzar cl Canal cle la \l.rnr'lr.r: lr.rr (lu( :.r1,(r n.trl.tr. r lri<n
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sean tlis l'lrr'orrblcs ) lrLrvcrt(l() cle lls cltstrtvorrlrles. lll ntrsis (lrrc r(le(r1(lrllcnte se hucc cn rl lrruncl() intcln(), en l, r intr'.rpsi tluico ---<le esr cs clc kr clr.rc se ()cLrpx el psic().lnl'Llisis- puer-lc hlt<er c<rrcr el riesgo tle crre el tcf1rprrrtlr tral)xic c()n Lln sLlpucsk) iDplcikr: "l-o quc irlp()rta n() es c(-)]lr ) rs l rellicla(l cxlcrna sin() crtxr ttslecl la vivc,. l)e csl() n{) call)en cltrrlas. >err> tnrl)ia'n esle lsel.t() s(- (lel)e (le ia()]plarr clel sigr.rirntc: corno h lirntre en trre cl >ltcientc vilc sus r'lcLrL>s. (r))() el i)(r)nscicntc n() s('l)Lc(lc p()ner 1ccr() cn Lnar nl.tl-(h:t llt[is qLr peroli(lr ((nltcnzaf cle nrrc\'(r, cl tnejor ectrililrrio tlrrc prrecle alcenz-rl llguien de-rcnrltti cle evit.rr l() que rctiva lo peor (lc su inc()nsciente. luscancl< cl neclio fncilitaclol y el meclio pr()\ eed()r.
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CAPTTJLO
IV I-{ CONCIENCTA,
EL TRATAMIENTO: AMPLIACIN DE
MODIFICACIN DEL INCONSCIENTE
lilir.rrt.irin rlcl strjcto.
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ILsclt, llr I>crslecti!] (uc csl.r,l)rrs Pl.nt(.rnri). tln.r clr I.s l)r.(gunl qrc trrr:r I)(,rs()lli sr: (lcl:le no(lrr firrrrrrrl.rr c. lrl.rtl.l. lti, (.rr.Ltcf\rr(.. clc (l() (l(,ln) lruir-y e crr/rlcs nte ticlx accrcr? Mrtll fiiri( r)cnl e, si llgLrien tiene Ir rir.l st nsiblr., < es cli;rlri,ti<rr () tjcne insrfj(.j(,ncj,, 1r,,1,,,,r,"r. ..i"rtr'o r".""r,, t lllr r1,.s sr.r'r-: c()tlt(r cl e(lui|irlcntc JI s()l (lcl tr.riJ.>ico. lt l<rs lliclr(os cic <.ltlr ll() (,.r1 trill)j() cn tLna lllin clc crlt<-rr. ]r" ca Lrn (.()n()(.ill)icnt() stlrre s rlris_
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I"clenczi tirnc cl nl() (lc halrt l sirkr rirrerr) cn cntcncler (luer ) el tip() l)lrt()l()g (lcl pit(itnle rc(lLririrr, l)irat (;r(lir ('as(). tt)lr rlr()(l:rli(la(l cle inl(l
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n]1is \,trlner.lrles. tLLiles
l]tc (les(1i\.;lnz
rDur\ an()ar)t () (lirc cl p(icnlc rlclt r'ollrl)(rr il(li\:Ultcnlc (n el pr'(xc (lc (rnrl)i(). Con lrxl<t, lu liDritar'irrn estnci.rl tlc lrr tc nir-a tcrxPuticx cle f( s() renczj flr(li(l)11. nuis crrc crr l<s cxt'esos rttc la clcsecreclitar()n trl sLr rlt()rlen t(), cn Iir (()nc('p.i()r-r psir'()l)1Lt()l(-)f.:i(:r clc (u;il crr lil (llu\a clcl sitlOr11e l rrrril i lirnnlr cn (l(r('s(c.\(: r'crttccliltr'i:t Asi, lrr t'jcrtirlo. crr:trrLkr s<lstr'n;t rtrc Irr ralctredrrrl en lirs 1ls(xi:t(i(lcs l'estltlrlxr clc llts s(isfitr'r'ioncs sc\Llllles tir(Lr l)iertlrs, plirlr ctitlrr Is cLirles troltilria ctrc stts l).t(icnt('s crrzasen l.r- Ilrr'rn-rr en srsi()n 1, firr'r'lr tlc elllrs. () Irs s()ll1({iil i;lrstencrsr'(l('()rinrlr (lLrrxnte D)ucl]1ts Irors. o.t:rlsljnenr'ir scxulrl. () (lu('s( :rtilsarscll r('itcrxdll llt( n te cl l)ig()lc () (lLrc sc cnii:tsr'esen cn interts()s plltr'ercs :rrtisti<rrs. trrir cllt cviclencilltl srr:ttihercncia :l rlrll tc(ni dc l Iil)i(l() cn (luc su clislril)Llci(ill. sLrl)Lcsl()s rs lxn(:rIi(nl()s rlescrrlrs st'r'rrn cl rigtn rk'le Ictrcsirirt V r['l sintttrt. l)r' elkr rcr-rs:rba trrc ilr enclglr rrrc s< clescelglril rerlintc cictrs 1,.'lrrs sr'ri.r sustrl(lu (lc las rcl]rcscntacionts. lo (lllc lls ller,'rLra ar pcnrlanc(c[ n() (lisp() niblcs pert Lt corticncilr ( I.'clcrczi. 1925). Fll fics() clt l:t experitrrti.r inrrr, vaclllrL cle Fcrcn(zi ticnc (l(c .rtril)t(irse, fr()t (nk). no silr:r Iis rr'sistcn(iar.\ cle lrr comunirlucl rsicounlltica il iccl)t:il' (lnrl)i()s tllo des(rnpr', \in durla. un >lrcl inll){)l'tlnlc sino rr ls llrses cnclelrlcs solt la ruc :rsentel>lr lu crnplensiirn cle le Jrrir'ogi'ncsis rlel snlornlr. Io <rre csteblcriu tl lxiztlc (lcntr() (lcl c t(rl sc roclirrn nrovc lrrs k-lIr.ts clr ir-rtcrt'cnc ir-)n lclxl)Lrti(:t (luc pte(t)nizxl)l. l'rsr' clkr, ct[rnck cstinrlrllrlrlr 1s(s p(icntes a lint.rsc-rr'.rrtr\,ll)cDtc () lt !ivir cstx(l()s crtl( )ci( )n.r lcs () lr llsrlt)if c()n(lLctrls (lLrc i)',\cr.ln enclc-lr. irr :r t:!ilirr. teniir cllrr() (lLrc (n ntLrch()s (llsr)s lal:rs()ciirci(in lilc v el l)ensill]licnt() s(,n rliliz1l(l()s cortt() <lefi'nsas, espcciitlt]r(nlc ('Lr:rn(l() llls.ts(F ci(ioncs sinen l)1lr ctrtlllizar al enlrlist elrnrnl'incl()l() c(rl cl lclekr. o J'tlrra cvilll el scntir ) cl llctr:ll. lixrcricrrcirr .ll)rtx(Lt lx Lle l:t r<rrrte xcti!..r lir (ril fq.cn(zi lnisnrr hiz<
(lc
ls
AV^N(.1:S IiN PSICO'l liltAPlA PSIC()ANALll l(,4
l]t-
t RAl',AMlEN l O
185
srgn:ullr: i,l nuncr.lporttl-l xl ?n,Llisis el tnaterial inclispcnseltle pllr la solu( i()n (()ncctll <tc h firlia. 'Iimen ustecles el ejenrpk) cle un lgotrfiil:tico; hay tkrs r']scs. unl nra-ls levc y ()tr'r nrs grave. l-()s cnti,nl()s <le la prinrera clasc sin (lu(l sLlflirn irn!{rstir caclx vez qtre anclcn s()los por-l:r cllle, ter<> n<t por L llo rlc,jlur <lc hceLlt l()s (xl'()s sc protegen cle l:L tLngr.rsti:t lcnunci.tndo a anrl;rr sokrs. C<n ess tiltitms nr sc ()l)tiene xi) \i n() sr. los ttrerlc ntoveL, r( (li]rtc el inflLtjo <lel rtniilisis, u c()Dtp()tt:lr\c coltro fiilricos rlc pritlter graclo. r:rlr'rk,t-ic x (lue itn(trn qror ll c:rllc v <rre luchen (\)n l xltflLrstjl cr) e:\u lnl( Dtr) l.nl(r)(ss. rlirttcro Iray rue [ritigar L lir)i. llistl csc ])Ltnr(). 1'sirlo cles, Ptri's tk' rr:scgrri(l() esl() ir instunciils clel Dti,r.ljco. cl enfi,rro clisl:xrndr cle
.rrrrt'llrrs oc-trrrencius rLrc posilrilitun
i()n(s )' IlLrtizllci()nes. per() que trxtal)a cle enc.Lrxl' un.l pro)lelllitica valirLr: trrr1 tixr (lc intcrvenciones. en cuanto a firntur r' c()ntenido. prtrJ qu lil)l) (l(. l).lci(ntcs. I)r()blentica (iue interes(i pr<tfunchurente .r f'reLcl. c()m() ()s clo1tl()s .le l.t psicocrupi.t diatltct, ftli).tio <]ue ha sickr s(. r(.llr'jrr crr ^tL't lc'lcsion en la litcratrr psi(\)itnalltic:r v L,n el qLte, defenolrjcto rlt.srilirl:r ,liL,rtl,r ltr necesitlecl cle lrn n:rlista rcti\). sr)stuv(): "...1-1rs lxrix(lrrs tirrtnas cle crtli lrttttlltrl D() pue(leD tlar))jlirrse P()r I ntisnta lcni(r" Pitrlt cjcnrplificar, lr ( r,nlllruai(ir. (()n rnit pr()pLrestat tefilp.Lttir l)lril ci(ftis li)l)iis (ltc vale lnuclro rrris rr l.r oricntaci(-)n gener:tl que llr iltspirr rrrc pr lu solrrcion es-rcrilir'rr rrrt'>r'rlrnlt: "Nrestra tcnica crc( i) en el tr'ttitltient() cle l ltistcria v sigrrc rtjrrstrrrilr esi feccir-rn. l']eo las tilias nos ol.lligan lr soltrepasal la .orrhrct (luc her)r()s ()l)scl'vd() hasta el presente. l)ificilluentc clctrinr.i un.r lirlirr <luitn egrrlrcle hlsta quc el enterno sc deje llt()!e[ >or cl enlisis a re
(,1)i( (
lts caractcrsticas esrecfic:rs clcl caso. tuc fctprcce )nliLrr)cntc cn psic()anlisis sin que logre (r)tcncr un lLrgar clr legititniclacl ( r llr li'r'rlicll te[puticl. yll qlc pxra consegrrirlo reqrcrira rle un cfirrtulrrr'ir'rn a firnckt <le la teol cle la cur."1 (lriur(l() FrcLrLl clesculre el prxler clel inc()nscicntc pxr:l detenninxr I)lstu l; rrris rninra llcci<-ln clel srrjeto, parelelanrente (leslltr()lh su teola ter.rl)Lti(r: l()s srt()ruils \'[x pilk)l()]i.r se resuclven hcicnckr (()nscicntc I< inc<nscitrtt.. ll,Jntrnckr lus l:rgunus otnsic:rs, lcvantunclo lit lr--tltsion. re< uperanrlo l, rs lttu,.'r<l<s int:rntiles. ( \ptcsi(tcs (lLc c(,nsi(ler() e(luivxlentcs. Su tcsis ]) \i(.r. 5r,\t(ni(l:r clcsclr 17 tltcct)tsnl() !):i(lrtc() (l! k fi'ttrittt<,ttos histri)s I l)it)J). lu('rtre lr.) sttstratkr clc la con(icnci:r. lilojrrckr cn cl incr'lscicntc. ha, r,r rl, l.rs \ll\'its- rt8i(l() pr las le1'es (el ILDci(r]:nri(,nto clr cslc sisten)a. Lil s,,lrr i.r rrtrrPor'lr lo cxclrticlo a l conr'iencirr pitrit (luc s(leticl() at lil .c()rr( ( r r rn ,r\( x i:rtivl" pilsasc flnci()nrr con llr k'rgicu (L- l.t (()ncicncia, l(igicll rL l.r rrorrr,rIirI,rtI l-ir ter:rpi.r anrltica clelr:r c()nsistlr cn rrDlt arDpliacitin cle la
({
l)rig. I()l). l(,(ni.()s. it(lptli(l()s
s<lrrciti': tl( ii ti)l)i1" (F'reLlcl, 1919a, l)r(r)lel)llica s<tl>te la occesiclltcl clc rlis>oner t['rltr.iltiples recrrrsos
conciencia. en un \'lcianlicnk) clel inc<lnscienrc; ctlan) mars se recuPelirse de stc. rnlis cercl cle l1l nouulicll<l estlttie el sujettl. Sin enrltargo, str pr.icti(a ( linicx se resist.I a lrostl.lfle l()s xito' tcrJllcLti(()s (lLle la tcrtra clel ltvlLntnrict]r (le ll rcpresia)n Pareca xug\Lr''tr' Frenfe ell(), Frcu(l cleslrroll:t Lrnx c()n(ePci(it] (le tiP() instrulllentlLl Pxrlt ltlstiii(xl pol tltt la sirlt( llilt()li )gia n() sc rcsLlel!'t: cl ilisis nt> Illi llcg:rcllr 'i l'i silficirnre pr()flrn(li(lxd. sc lcqtlictc ttc ll rcc];tl>oraci<in, es tlcci:. re'()rrer I()s efL-(1()ri (le lo retlir'l1icio ct t()(lils llls )t il icxci()nesl n() l)ast1l c(rlltrni(alle l() rerrirticr:rl paientc. sle t. tlelt c-scrllrir P()r s lllisnl(); nrl es stliciente el rcclerclc. l< delte revir.ir en l tllnsfercnci:I. c()n cl fect() c<lrlesponrlitnle. ples n() se puc(le cLrrr en "arsenciil () en efigie" a()n t(xl(), la iclel tle l>rse se m.utticne sin tD< xlific ecitinr si l() sc ((cde 1 lal (tlrcia)n cs pokrtc sicrtt pre ruetla un [esft). y cLttl) llliis.tl))Pliclll()s l crn<ienci. cuank) rei()r l() ir"grn,,r, us() cle l tr:tnstrencilt, rel iviscent i enx)ci()nll. clcpltrac itin cle la rcni( para n() c()nttln)inl c()n lltlcstrlt Presen(ix lo cllte pr'tecla ettter'gcr c(rl)() genuin() (lel l)llcicnte-. tnl tlllis cerca cstatrcll-I()s <le ll lllctlL. 'li)(l() este eclilici() con(cl)t(l.ll st c()tlstr!ye sin pllrfitnclizar en tln p'll'ttkrj:r: si cl inc()osciclltc Prluil. si cs tletetnlinante. si lx c()ncicncix, (()nl() cl ntisnt() |1eLr(l s()stiene. ('s (ln sillrl)le (')rg1l11() stns()ril' qtle (xpt(llil xl inc()ns (icnt( (lcti)rLin(l()l<,.;pue<l<'llt at lllirtctotl cle l urncicnci. (lc l)('r \ (()rn() irDicr) rrr'trtso. rccstrLlcl!r il \llict()'a )\i) l.)lll'lttlat illc()11,,'(tlt-i(t c/ ()s/')'' sitDttll.inaa tetttt'. qu( d ittscL'tttL'. dd?r 1ittl1ltc. sientptl'l'td'ltlL' 1lt) nctlpt' blc p4t' lrt ctttcctLitt. .\'lttl(r tttttt laora.l'ttltd l)ralctic(t (l? l(t cltra tlt!()':;() c.,tttt'a c.tclusit'unrct ( rt l'ttctt'c(tscicltlc b itrcottsciatttc? Ac.tsLt el (xnIl)i() (le estrtegiiL Pilrx cstll il,l)Pliilcilin cle llt t<n<itltcie cl pas:rr rlt'stle Jit interprctci(')n pr<fl'ritla ror cl anltliste. c(r'l t()d()s los riesgos e in(()o\(jl'lirntcs que en cte llt(nllc!]) es c(n))n sealr' tln tip() de Prctica en qtc se el propio lnalizlrnclo el rr.re lo lleg.t. avttchckr po el silcnck tlel analistll o p()t' clltrl o le tnigttrrilica (lLlc .tl)rirx nuev()s cillllin()s, sigllifila prcgtrnta -l can algrrne rliferencilt cse n( ili'a lN( ) jrllplicll tln c()ncicncialisl']l() ()t()l'g.tr [ s1l)tr c()nscicnte el ( rtticttt rtivilcgiaclo (tc c()nverti-5c cn la c()n(lici( )n ne( \'lri.l V suficienlt (le la rccstltlct\ll-( ia)ll (lcl sllict()'a
l-As Rlistsl FN(;lAs l)ENTR() I)I:- N(.()Ns(.lliN'
r,-l l'.r( ,l(. , vr r:rritrrir c5 unl \trsin irnrpliil(Ll (lc l(, qU( expllsinx,s (n
rltl(
x
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r)rr() hrsar
I'rcttcl. n< sienlJrl-c clesl>ortlltcl() P()r cl ()Ptilllisllx) s()l)rc stls lL-sllll:l(l()s tc_ tirpttic()s, ltttsct-t explicacirilt lt los ltllitcs (le st aclttilcia)n y I slls frxc:lsos ferxp!tic()s. lo <ue le l)iz() il llliis rlll- <le stisfitcerse Ptlralllente c( l respuestil clad p()r el IlIe j()rxlniento clc la inslrltlrrent1ci(in (lt hacer (1)ni't,lcntc lo inc<nsciente. p()r ltxcel r'nlis v l])ci()r de kl tllismt. A partir clc h clccla tle l()s veintc tl iii.$se tcrxPtltic() cs PIntcx(l() c(nl]() tenicncl() st causit en quelk) (lLrc ()ctlfle en el sen() I1li5(1lo (lel inc()nsciente. p()r lxs Pe( uliari(litdes
i(
AvA\(:l:S liN PSI(l(lf IiRAPIA PSI(i()ANAI-1'lCA
IJ
, TRATAM1iN'I'O
Iu7
(lLr( l)r((lir stc tener', p()r las filrrzls (lLe ()psran en sLl interk)r, ! no s()lnr( ntL ln)r(lrc las resistcncixs del vo illpiclan la antliaci<in cle la <r,nrienri.r. l l.r( ( n su irl)lrrici(-)n rn la tc()ra la comJnlsiirn (lr repeti( i(in. el ntlr\,rqursnto l)rilll.rri(,. lir resistcncil clcl clk, la resistencix (lcl sLpel_v(i. I)ice l'lcrrcl cn 1ll)il)iiri ,sntr1tt.t'cutgustial1926). ltrego cle reafinl cr-rc con rcle<.i<-rn a la r( sisl(.n( i:r (lcl )1) 1 hxcer c()nscicnle l() inc()nscicnte n() tcndrx na(lJ ,lLt( lln.l, rlir'.r lrr tlt cxl)Lrcst(): "En cenrlir. es cucstionitl)lr. cuc clla sola reculr cl cs l.rrir rlr trrss qlre n()s sle al p;rs() cn cl niilisis... ll?s (ancelt-le resistcncil \(i(r. (s nccesrio srrpeI:rf cl roclc: cle Ie <orrprrlsir-rn tle rcltctici<-rn. la atracr rr rlt krs xrquetip()s inc()nscirntcs sol)tr cl p[o(cs() l)Llsi()n.Ll replinrickl y rr.rrl.t lLli (lLe (r)ict!r[ si sc (luisiese (lrsil.lnr csc fuc't< urnr rcsstlltcid (lc h) t(()lsc(,nto' (plig. f.i9. cutsiv (lc FtcLrcl). Y lgrcga, p()co tlcspus: "Fin ,unto rr ll (Llltta clse (le rcsislcncill. Ilt clel elLr, a(al)illt()s clc llrccrle rcslxrsrlrk clc llt ncccsicled clc rc'elelrora< ir-rn. l,.l (lriutit t-csistrn( iit. l clel srrlx ryr'r. 1...1 sr ()p()ne l t()cl() xit() y, l)()r'tlLnt(), tenrlrin u Ia c urr'ir'rn mcrli:rn
siorr:rl rtrr- tlrrnte clecenios ht ltncltkr l)()r (ierk) r'rrinr clelre' (le pr()nto rrr.rrr'lrrr ror Lrn() n!g\'() clrrc sr: le lt ttliclto. I)oclr:r llnrrsc x a,stll /at /11.s tt,ttL irt th'l alk lpitg. 209, cLtlsi\' nLteslrx). ll(sislcn(i1r clcl cllt el clurl)io, x uctrch.tr p()r t)lt()s clr/i/?os. (luc cs llg() (r ) ll)l( liU]lcr)tc rlilcrcntc clc llr rrsislen( i] ti (iu( lg() (lcvrnglr c()ns( ientc. Rcisl( n( iir. ln)r tunl(), en el pt()pi() inc()nscirntc cllo cs cl in(rntsr irnt( P, 'r -cl .ll)l()r]()rllrsia-. lx)r c:lLlss lrjcnas e ltrs clc I crncicncilt, \'(lue ticnr sLts ILn ,l,llrrcrrlos t'n lrcluclkr qLrc cn cl ina()ns(icntr cst inscritr) n() i.Lll palr l()rLrs krs srrjr:tos en la cliclacl clq las l cprcscnta cioncs clugecles ufectivanr('rl(. ( n.lr ris<rrsiclcl <lc la lil.licir,, (Irreu(I. l9J7:r. l93u). cn lir conprrlsin
caractesticas del inc()nsciente clc cada sujet() inci.len para rue le respuesla (lc I()s pacicntes a lxs inten,enciones :urplix(l()[as cle l conciencia resulten insu-
tt cl rsitrlrnlilisis,. i\liis x(leltntt:. cn cl lnisn() lr:Ll)aj(): .lrirlltentc, (xl)c irllginiu (llre IlLs coss no clcjatin cLc {)fte(er (liflculta(lrs si un troccso pul-
ficientes para lograr una u-lo(liticxci(in cn sL li)l)a (le sentir y (le actuxr. flna refirmr.riaci<-n cle trl magnitLd hrbicra nccesitacl<). en lirs (le Lrnnuevas pl()tencr le cohercncia entre t'l nive l m1s general de la te()rr -hs cle h crla. pie(lacles ahil)Li(lus xl sistcn)r inc()nscirnte- y l:l te()ria sectolial ()l)ligat()l iarrente subsicliaria cle aqrrlle, cle un rcplentcartticnto cle l fi rlt cle encarr el tr.rt.rnient()i si b Paal)gico tN) t'esultt (.\clttsit'.u1tentc c ltte !!o n() clctcttta'stt lugLlr elt lct rtckttliek.ttl cle lt crncie'tcitt, atbncas l.t ct!t.t tlo Ptte.le bt!sc.u'st titcdokDta kdiuta kt nrxli/itttcititt tk, lct ltis ttt. Per() cn estc p\lnt(), l()s clesarr<ll<s freucliun<s. al ig'uel cLrc siellll)rc Ir succ rlick con h evolrrcirin tlc ctralcr.rier rfra clisciplina. se clrrctetizxn por la asin cr()ni1!, p()r cl pr()gres() cn cirrtas (limeosiones esen(iirles cle la est rclul cle la te()ra jrnt() al nr.rntcninlicn) sin rcvisin (le sect()rcs (lLrc cn li rrun,rl()n clc L misnu le son rlcpenclie ntcs. En ('uant{) l l te< a clel lratamie ntr. Frcr.rcl c()ntinLr(') creyen(l( hlrst el final cn el poclcr hcgernr-rnitrr clcl inc rcrncnlr dei subo'c(rtscielte t'?/'12ll ([rrlrnte el lrnallisis. pr()\'eng] str cle la intcl l)rctJ! i,;n tlxnsfren(jal (1.'reucl. 193Ja), l1l rcc()nstncckin r l constrr.rccin (l'leucl, l9J7l.l), tficcirlas Jror el analistu < elalxitcles cr ctlalxracirin c<n cl lnltli zanck. St c()ncepcin (le la cLrrlr, y clc krs instrlttttcr]t()s (()r1 (ltre i'sta cltenta. cstuv() eD [ctras() c(r) tcspc(t() ll las rcfinntlaciones rtrc iurpriDti(r sin tcs.rr il su le()rr rlel incons< icnte. hsr no signif)clr cuc cl obltrtre n() hya c()nstitlri(l() unll l)re()cLlpci(')n en slr ()l)la. (1),r() l() p()clenr()s ver (Ln(l() discrte cl prolrlcrna clc llr cioblc inscrip(i)n Llnll rn lx c(xrcicn(ia l otra en el in-
ltrctitirin. en la crrlpl in(\)ns(icnte. cn cl srrpcrl-r incrr'rscicntc. l)('('stlt llnerat. cn ls (l()s ltimas cltrtlas <lc str vicl cn(()ntrlllt()s a lrr'trrl tr'rtlizentlo Lrnll c:rnrl)i() reclicltl t:n srr <rrr-tctpcirin clel psictrislt,,. 1rr',. luntlizrcIr lrn ms la (liferencia clt 1o inconscicnlt: con respcct() .r li
,r lrr
c()ns(ienle- pxr.l intcntr prnctr.rr en l (tzon tlc p()r'(lu llr c()lrruni!.r(in (le la interpreta( i(')n n() mo(lific.r el pacicntc (f'lerrcl, 1915b). ln(lcl)cn(lientcrrrente (e lll rcspuest:r (lue (ljerx al prolrlenu cle lu cklle ir-tscri-lcir-rn. all cs tlr encranclr la crcsti<n rlc cue /.rr.l-t tcrl)ciotas ctl el i conscclttc 4tle
tru dasdpat?cait porqrrc sa lts rclrdtlzcLt.t lt tcrlalizuckjt .1)ttsct'ula. 1,L\ iDtarpratacn nuttatut clc Stfachel, (19.1.1) cilcr-lci por [<;s culliics
ronLit,rcilr, rro vienrlo en atr.rl solantente l() sustr'il(k) 1L a,st1l sin() unit es tnr(trir (r)n t'csstatrcitts prop!,:i l)ul() t:rl rrrt sclt hltcc c ortr.)rcnsilrlc cltrr Lr Ix rsrrrlrr no r'arnlie rol el rcto lrtch< clc (lLlc (r(l1tt ls rcsislcncias clcl t'< , ( )n\( i( r)l( 1 llr rrrnt'iencia se ltrtrplie. Si c()n cst() se .rlcjl clel trrornenlri en <tre ,,st( nr.r rlr( ( l inc(xtscicntc sr-rkr clescallr ctncrger. nlrnifitsl:trsr:. 1 ruc cllr la ,,,rrr rrrr'i.r l.t rrrc sc lc <tona. lo (ltc parsrL al s()stcncf slrf)cr-al cl plolrlcre tle l.r r'rrrt rrir'rrt i;r (n llr crn<iencix. I;t rcsistcncill del inrrrnsr'ientr: (lLtc (.st.r (n lr,Ji, r,, ( \ i lr.r((rsc (()nscicntc, ro cs sr-rlo llr etrlrcci<-rn clr lo r<pritnickr. n<r r'\ l,r lr( r,/,r rrrt.rkstlt ahljo cl inc(n-iscicnlc- crllLI<l rrl la iucrz-r .rre ,l, s,lr' .rrrlr.r ll( t('l)( ntll le rasa clc lo rtltrintickr. N(), sr trut1r clc otra c<ncli(rr)n, (r( ( n l()\ t( nrin()s crrn <rte Frcrttl trlltll de encllrr cl proltletna es tirrrlrl.r(lil (r,rrt ) r orrrrrrlsir'rn (lc lcpctici(in < c<ru.viscosicLucl tle lt lilicl<,. l,as
h te(r-a clel tllrtnmienk) se reficrc: cl llcger a sl)c[ c()nscientcrrlcntc. cl cxpcricncilrr rn la ttLnsfi'rcncia rre la figrrra clel l)resente es cliferentc cle h clcl peslckr. cs acucllo (lLlr pl'()(luce cl crml)i(). L() enxrcional-tr:rnsferencial es el sorrttc pxl- (luc [.r iclc crnscicntt lrnglr tirer za. pclo cl cuftictcl tle ser c()nscc-nle c-s k cletisir. Si sr tcor (le l intc]' pretx( i(-)n mr.rttiv lrizc firltrrnl lie p()l-(lLre uni(') (l()s pilales ! l()s (lue ningun xnalist.l p()(l pemane(er insensillc: pepel transliruruclor clcl lltcel crnsciente k inconsciente y trl)i() en lrL trlnsfren( ia. es (le(ir, lu correieir.,n c()nsciente dc la transfi'renci:t inc()nscientc. Fll ilntasr:t clcJ plserlo st'clisipela si sc c()ntrustar.l cn l c()ncicnci.r c()n lx rcxli(lr(l clel Prescnte. I)()r tan), r'ort lr r i, rn r'oHnit iri rrt n r i, rn.rl r,,nst i<ltlt. l-a parecloja (le Ln1l teora <lel incrnsciente c()Dr() cleterinants Y unr c()nfianza en el rupel lr<xlificacl<r clcl crnccirlicnto c()nscienle l verbal es llecrcx(l()s por Frerrrl cn lo qrc .l
IJ-
I'RA'I'AMIEN'I'O
1U9
lfil"i
AVAN(:IiS I:N PSICOI'TJI{API PSI(JoANAI-I
I I(.A
\.1(l.r irl ('\lrcrn() por la escttela kleiniana. Nadie com() l()s particlati()s (l('l:r rrrisrrrr rrrsirron tant() nl.rsis en la imp()rtancill de la fantsa inc()nscientc. ('n l.r rrrr'lrr c iraliclacl cle las relaciones inconscientes con k)s ()hiet()s intern<s cs kr rlu( (lctcrnrinr las ansiechcles. las clefensas y k:ls sntonras. Per(). a pesar (l(' cllr r, llt'glrron l confiar cic-gemente en qle la ctrlunicaci<-rn verlal clel anlis
lr, irl in(rcllcntar el / .rgr n(lue hallsen clel " l/.rgLrl er)x)c ional,, se trll-l r:r tlt. rrrnr< irien) (()nsciente-. era lo qrre pr<xlrrra cl crnbio. l\lhs n. las rt(rl)r'({1r(i()oes lrrec<rniza<las IiLer'on sicrnpt.t cle rrnlr estrLtctttr:t l(igi(J .rpltL
lrrrll:rItc. plopi:ts clel p:r>ccsrr seclrnclrio: .l)orttre tir) c()sr.... enlonccs

\r(
tLste(l
It
nl(, v c(tx)
c(
)Dsecrencia.. ,. Traclucienclo al inc()nscicntc, sin erttltargo, st'
( ( )nciencialistx. centrada en l. inlerpretaci(')n culll(, ir)slrulcnk), se alzarn krs paiclarios cle la cscuela cle Chi(irg(). con stt tesis cle l:r lxrcr-icncia emrrional c()rc(tiva: lo rtre posibilitar:r cl canlir m sera el (\ nr( x'i,r) irnto sino el virir experiencis clifercntcs, ehora pronroviclas por el ;rrlrlisla. rLre c()ntnrrestllrltn las rDlrlas cxpcriencirs anteriores (Alexancler y l'rt'ntlr, l9i(r). Lx interpretlci(in n() p()clr (\)nstituir, por t.lnt(). cl rectls() ter:F l)( uli(().'li)(k)s rll)enr<s ctel tr:Lcas< <le esa pr()pLresta, pr()(lr(l() (le s\r\ f rr)pi 's , r'r'rr's. rli'ilcit te(-)li(()s. exLger.tci()ncs. pcrl) tDrl)in ([e Lrnu ir]stiluci(in analti(.r (lu('s(':rlarr'rg:tnrk trt cllo une prt>ltler)irt(' \,iili(111. auncue la respuest. chrla por Alexanrlcr Drcrc(icrt ,cpxr()sl'( r'() l() suplilri(i() nt> es eliuinaclo. cr.rn(lo c()nstilLryc ttn >roblema real. (luc l cscr-clrr rir Clricrrgo. F'crc-nczi, y clespus \\'jnni(rnt (1965. 19'i9). ^nt(s llili)l ( 1952. l96ll). Lac v sr.rs clisc(>lrlos (!'uncl:lci(in (l(l Ciu]]p() f'reuclian<, l()Jri l.can, l9(r(r. l9(r7-(rll: hurent. 19114: Milic, l9tl4), h()hLt (1977, 191J4). ( irr k r ( 1979. 1981 . 19tttt, 1993 ) y Th(nnri ( 1990) n<s pr'()p()nen lr<xlificnciones rlt Lr rosiciirn del anlist. cle su actitr,rcl. cle st tcnicr. Lln nlars allal (le ]a intL rl)r(11rci(-),r. Ln analistar rrtis silerncioso o. p()r el c()ntrxri() rtt:is ltclirrr, ttn analisl:r (lrc lrgl lrcto. () \ln rtnllista <1rtc ,rp()yc. qre cspe<ularice, <ue valorice .rl rrr:rlizirn<lo. o <1r,re clejc ttLe src siglt sL canlin(). rn xnxlist.r (lLe pr()vea un t slrlr('i() l)itr'11 pensr, qLc f)ernritx (lLre el clesec> etucr'j:t. tn xttxlistrt (ltre n() utiIr(1' lil i11(crl)rrl'.r( in crrlt() eler))ent() cxclrsi\() (l( (ltl)i(). rrr en:tlistlt tue no s| r)lrczc <rIr Doclelo irlcnlificrttr io o cre. al rer's. rcrntilrt Iu iclcalizacin r l;r irk'nlilicacirn quc c(rpcnse el clflcit, et(. Vxri.rnles c()nlrptcsts. .r ve ( ( \ ( l) la rrin()s polares. perr rue se rrnifican en cLlesti(rrirl el prrpel clc la inIlrI)r( Irr( i{')rr. Igrrahrentc lirsenfelcl (19ti7). evrlucitna nrl< > clcscle un kleinr.rnrsn) r,r1()(l()x(). cn sr trel)aj() p(isttlr() lrlerta srlre kts efL'ct()s negtivos
lrlrlrlu a la concienci. li1'ntc il est p()sicj(in
r)ra line. Ogden (1912). y l()s trxl)ajos lecientes (le ]Ueissner (1991) y de i\lyerson (1993), enfatizxn el Ltgar tlue la relaci(in tcrapttic! ocupa en el cambio sintc>ltal y cal"cter(il()gico. N< ser Io que clice el ;nalista lo rlecisivo sino kr qtte hace, incluso Llr qr-le hace c()n k) que clice' el sigrrificeckr clel vnculo qr-re estal>lece ma'ts lLlL:i,.lel ctnteniclll sem:inticcl cle st internret.rci' ltl ' Se poclran entender )(k)s est()s phntealllient()s c()lll() una l1I()'Iill( 't( i)n cle l.t tcnicl qtc c()ntrtrrcstrl lcs excesos (ie l.l interPrct:lci(in' (lLte pxli:t stls cleticit 1'1-tligr<ts, () (luc c()ns(n'ain(tola, sel capaz (lc in(renlcnr:lr stls P()tel-I cialirlarles. rlc enc()nlrt el ltt( llenlr ) ;<lecrtaclo, slicnclo esP(rlr Pllr.l entn (irrrla. para c()nsttuirlr. teniendo cn (Llcnta al analizanclt>, P()sil)ilitin(l(t (lue sel ste qLlien la firrmrtle () qtlc, P()r lo menlrs. c()llpx !t st c()n\lrrL' ( i(-'n l)er() se tr.rtx simPleucntc tle rtn prolllema cle la tcnica, (lc n() ser intrusiv'r, cle no rc:rctir el avasallamientrr qtte cl analizancll pttcliera Iullcr sttfi'iclt en st inflrncia. t n()s enc()nlr.uu()s ante elgo <le tlltlclro t]laytlr alcltnce'1 l]s rtna (u!'stia)n que se pltecle les(rvtl c()n la propttestit cle una posicitin lrisite clel lnalist. rtna especic tle actitLld tni\,ersill virlida para cttel<r.tier trlt'llnient()'/ O. cn realiclarl. n()s enficntrllll()s nte Ia necesichcl tlel tlesarr<lli (lc Llna te() tix del trxtalrient() ctte incorlotanckl c()n k)(k) rig()r cl papel qrle sr't'rc.. ticne cl inconsciene, clttc sienclr: c()nse(Llente con la Pliurcill (ltle 5e Ie ()t()rya :tc pl()p()ngl c<ltlro ptollleltla l:t cttcsti<l-t cle crinlr trt<clilicrLrlo. luctlr'jcnte' ii)rll (le inP()r ()tflr Pxrlt, (l\l( tillllP()c() puecle ser tncaraclQ blijlr \lnil nicll tlt't'ct en (grtililcin coult lcilblllrs cs ntitltiple. str claclo clte tcn'cnr'it'rn ctllrr (lel fii;rtir \'cz qLe tln inc()nsciente i(-)n Nl()(lfic( anteriotcs. r'uritukrs
olrjctivo clc <ual<luicr ctll.r (ltL' n() clttiell ctteclalsc cn lllcr() t.()ncjcnci.llism()
n()s alrarstra
1r
ls PtegLlntxs: et'rtrllr. con cr.t inslrLnlcnk)s, con la palallra, c<ln h cttaliclacl clc I relaci<in terapttica, crn l rc< ir->n (\X/achtel. 191J7)i'Y. s<lrre toclo. en rlu r.lirccci(rn. con tr.t nretas'l lgit:tles stxs para n()
.rctitu(I. con
i!)rp(r'tll qu tip() cle pcicntel NI<cliflcaci<-rn rlcl inconscic0te quc cn llgltnos csrs consistir':i cn c()ntrarrcstlrr algo existente per() (l(l(' cll ()tn)s tendr,l co[]() <llrjctivo el ct)ltttb]tir ! L|utr 4lgo qtrc tlttttcu .'rstki. Es lo t1r.te vim()s con cietto dctlle en cl ceptrt-
l() oteriol-y a lo <r,tc rlPLtntx (llrxnrtntc llxlint ( 1968) cttancto plrtntea Io <ue clcrtrlntin.ntrcv() ci)rlricnz()": t:n el Pr()rcs() ln'lti<rr. acletu:is <le ler':tt-lt:ttse la rtte itlgo existcnte etlrcrj:t- sc P()sil)ilit (ltle \r ( ('\lircptcsion -Perlllilir tttylt Ir tlr.te previalllc]tc ll() csl:ll)a l-inea qtte es rct()llla(lil lt'ilxlrs ltls auI()res (lLrc ven el proceso tctltprtlic() ((ll() en('alllinll(kr a sltrcrtr ltrrtelltl <1ue cngl<llun c(nl'to .(letcnci()nes cn el clesanrlll<' (SItkrr<w y Lirihnlltnn. l9tt0)
rlU( tr( rx i,ll('l)fc(llt l enr'icli en palcientes sevcraolcntc tra[n]Itiza(l()s. S()sl,( r( rlU( solo ( uxn(l() el Ptciente se siente xccpta(lo. su cnviclil clistninttye; r r s('.r. ( rrlr/ ttt liltt(l el utktlist.t pr<xluce un cambio e el ina()nscicntr (lLre
rgr:r l.r inl( rl)r'({rci()n. ror Drirs que sta pue<l;r scr ilprtl'entenlente .tdet'rrrrl:r t'n crrrrto tlr.:r'r'rr< irin clel estatlo euroci<nal (lcl llnlizand(). En Ia ntisrrr
y, p()r tanto, a proporcit>nar ill sLjct() l oportuniclacl cle ens\"l calllill( )s tlur nrtnca puckr imaginat'qrLe existieran. Y P()r calllin()s no nrx rcfcinos exclttsivamente lt nLtevas relckrnt-s cle olrjeto () a c()ndLctils en el nlttnclo extern< sino fimras de scntir y clc pcnsat.
!,:--':
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AVANCI]S EN PSICO'I'I]RAPIA PSICOANALI'I'ICA
FI'I'RA'I'A]\,f I}:N'I'O
i91
sLl reverso. la verclllrl estr
llis
r.A rN'r'riRpRDfct(iN PREsclNl)lBl-E'/
cir-n cle -rercl
cn cl l)x)villicnt( clel inconsciente y la conciencie es pLr'.r (lcfirrolr!
en I lisoriales sobt?
lt
bisterir.t-. o
i()n.
Si cl psirrranlilisis se ()ctpa clel estrdio del inc()nsciente. si pol lo ctte rrt:rllrnros tlc exponcr la tttoclificcil clc ste es in<lispensallle. se plxlra atllnl(,llAr cue kr ctte sttce(le en la concienci n() cllent' cue el psicoanelist;r rIlrc tlirigirsc al inconscicnte. La hip)tesis, c(r]l() ()cllrre c()n t()d() aldicxlisr)x), l)r'csente xtctivos. N() ()l)st:rntc, p(xlc'ln()s csgrilllir en c()ntra (l('eli'l serirs ()l)iL'ci()nes. La prituera surge <le la plopil experiencilt lnaltica qtte nrls llru(slr'1t (lLr{i el saltcr tlc la c<ncicncia. su a[rpliacitin. el levantlliento (le la rt rlcsir-rn. procluce itttportltntes nI()(liflcltciones. H!ctr cons(icntc la <ulpe in(r )r)s( ic!rtc, los clesets rttils(xltistlls. Ics clesets cttc sttlrticnclen los gllln<les li( illticn)s <le r.tn proyecl cle vich. cl gtre clel slciistrlo, l.s nef]aci()nt\ ()111-
nilxf('ntcs clc hs angttstias r cle l relrliclcl exteti< l-.ts cleti'l-lslts frentt':l Ios irrr.lLrlsos rt en c()ntra cle llt reetllclgtncia clt ls sitttltciones tretlntlititls -la listi (lLrc l)o(l[xm(s ltr'er scrlt inlerulinallle lrlar( p1l11l ttlrtchll gente la rlili lt n.i:r rntrc slllLt(l y entcnnecl:Lcl. entrc sufrilnient() xtl()z y Prlz interi()l, y Fln este rrrsilrilitlr lus srt)litnac it ncs y el crecilllient() cn t()(l()s l()s tcrrcn()s st rrtitlo. lrt ampliaciirn cle l con< ienci. ,v la interPrclci(in ctnrt rtn leclit tle ll, r:r'lrr r (rtlrr ((i)derch. 1990, 199: Iltcheg()yen. 191i3, 1986). no sirkr no pcr ilrr.rr st r'clcgltclas siuo qLle s{j trata clc pltlfitnclizar en llts razones pr>r lls , r.rl( ir('lr (l-xPlancl)e. 1992: SPentc. 19132). s( rilr ('st('llrgtutlent(). ltlsaclt en la pxrlrarla cficcia ter.tpa'tltice tle hltcer ()t()rgan r Irs.icrrlt l() in(()nsciente. lIx)ti\1) stlficiente P.tr1l (ltc sil{r-lirnI()s cn l()s cole asignr-l parel tttc l'reltcl rclevntc el tDistlllr rir J tslr.'()l)icii\'o clel clentr() lttgar tlestac:l(l() un la interpretacilin a rlt'l nri( nzr)s ltsicrtattt'rlisis, -v tr.rtrrri('rl()."rPer() cxistc ()tru rlz(in: si la conciencil est:i sltlxrrtlinlclrt l in({
srlrrcirin lacaniana. aclaptacirin. mallr le qLle nrcstl() cenk) cn l necesiclacl cle rnrclitlclr el inNos plcocupara-la c()nsciente. nrcstru crti(a rLl cr-r< iencialislno y al rclbltlismo. sitvieran par.l tener un ltrgal entrc lrs rlefe'ns(nes clc Lrnu (\)n(ep(i(-)n icleoltigica (lLrr tllnto dlr hlr cuslrlo Y siglre causanti<>, h clre sosticne <lrrc el objcr cle sstr.rclir clel psicoanr'tlisis rs s<ikr el inc(msciente, c()nr() si su rticLllac(in (\)n lx c(tncien(i:r no lrul>ier c()nstitui(l() une plcocuxtcirin clestle stts <rgenes \':t toclo lo largo cle la obtir de Freucl. I-os tut cltficnctcn cst tcsis sc trr](hillll (lLre pregunllrr. cn lricn rlc l: cohcrcncia y plr.l r(rper h clis()( ill( iLrr ts(rrt-Lclniclr. si estlin clisptrr::stos r'('r'tLlrt(iaLr. <rro anltlizancks r corttr:tnltlistlrs. en cl t utst clel h-iltnlient() propillllcntc cliclrr, r's tltcir cn el inttri<>r cle h scsir'rn ntcs ni clcsPtr('s-. e < Lrll<rricr- corrPr-ensi(in c()nscicnlc (le llls rtl()
)ns( i( nl( , rt1 misttto tienrpo es Ix nicll <tte pcrtnite al scr lrtttlleno a1gn gla
rlr
rL lilcltcl, la i1r.te lc oflecc la posillilitlacl clc no ser gLliacl() cicl{xlllente inc()nsciente ha hecho egtta. rl x srr irtcortscicnte. El llcionalislll() negaclor <lcl xlo t'l irtr< ior-ltlistlo qttt'afitltle trte 1a niclt l'ercle<l seran il pulsitin y el irr(rrs(i(nl( nr)s all)tenz c()l)l() gLje[() en el cltte no ftltan l'lrccs. s<ite lrxIr rrrr llts tc()rills cic le poslttoclerniclacl. qLle n()s xlicntlln 1t sltlllergirn<ls El r':r l( r:rlisDro Itctr-liant fLc tln intent() (le ll() s()lventrll' lllecliantc la sirllplificalion
((
csrrs literzes cue ()tg.inizan la cllclttcta llttltlna: rcc<ntx ilricnt() del in)lls( i( nt( . rlt' su porlcL. pero tatnllin cle h conciencia. Llt seguncl:r te<r clel
.rl),rrirl() l)si(lui(r). a pcsltl tle t()(las lxs lill'litxci()nes qlle se le ptteclan cnconIt.. ll()s l)rr11(( rrltly sllptli()l a Llnl te()la s()stenecl()ra (le un inc()nsciente y un.r r()llr icrrr'ill cn ()l)()si(i(-)n. Ptles stx ntls ctata en I clisyunfiva: () lll prilttcr'.t '',.nt r1 r( r.r cs l;t rlrrttlitlittl Y cl in(()l-lsciente l() pxt()la)gic()
-la
,,1
t,),,, tr, 1,, l ,\, ,, l',ii1 ( ,,1,, l')-e I\rirl. ,1,.,1., l')'r I tr',,1' l'rri'
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lr,(!]rln(ir(trr(l (l( lll inttrprclx.in en PsicorDlilisis. !rse C(xltr'h' l9()Jr l,rt)li r.hc. 1v)liril-(nnx. l9tll: \'leis\rrcr. l99lr
-no tlc ll <rnduct. rle LL lristoria rrconsirtricla en lu tlensfcr'(ni.r. .t Iivaci(tncs )(la intct1cnci()n cn linn clc aclrrracir'rn. csclarcciricn () iotcrPr({.r('i,,n. .l cualcuicr inlerc:rnll)io vcrblrl clirigir-lo 1l lu c()ncicncilr tlrl intc{<r'rtot. Nr sc clirrinara cstc re(lLrisito si se renLlircirrsr ll Ll inte{)r'ctlrciar rlrrcll ror cl enlt listl per() sc rccptlrsc <1rrt sc:r cl rr<rio analizunckr cl cue eccetlictir e una crrrnprensi<-rn cltre ) rtrisutr sc firrnrrrl cn t('ntlin()s c()uscientcs, rrtcs cl rroblrme no rrnsistr en cuii'n es el faenlc (lLle cntrnr'i:L la int( r-l)l-cla( i(rn sin(, cn cl hedx cle (lLe se tfarlil de une construccirin l)()r ) pllr llt concicll(i. Si no sc lticicra ltbncl<lno itl)s()lLlk) (le )(l()s l()s rc(tts()s (lLrc e<ltlernos (lc nl(n('i()n:l[. prsr cLe prcrrrnizlrrsc ctrr el psic<xrnlllisis ticnc trrnr 1)l)ie) (lc rstuclio ul inconscicntc. cn lil l)rlicticl clnica clel psic()lrnlilisis sc lc esI.rri.r (rkt ganckr rrn pupel significuti\'() a la rrnticnti. I)(n nlresll.lr l)1lrtr s()strncm()s. Ln crlrntlo sea hereja plrlr un ( iell() firnclame ntulismr rtrc a-rcle ul rrlt rlc l rlcscliliccir-n. tr.rc cl lsi<rranlisis no es s<-k !n.r tc(n.r (lel inc(rrscientr ni str obieto cle cstrrclio (s excllsivlllenlc stc. Se Irtteclcn rcpelir estlrs ilsc|erir( i()ncs. \' en cl rnsenso nrcisiznte enc()ntrrse a)oyo. pcro al psicoa nl'rlisis le intcresl trxir el psirr.risrlo. l pot ello es Lrn c.lnlp() clc inlcsligecirin :tlricfio e Il (()Irlpr-ensin (lcl inc()nscicntc, I)()r srl)uesk). Po|c1rrc irasta ('l c:rsi nacl sc sltlru. rclo, turnl>in lc intcrcsa no rtrcclc ni tlclc rcnunti-rr'.r ellr- cl rrn<ciDrien) rlcl ti n( i()n.u rricnk dc la rrrncicn,:i. tlc ls inflrc:-r cilLs ntutLllts cntrc csk)s (l()s sistcnras. el esllrclir clc cLr:ilcs srr les c<rclitirrcs lrejo llrs tr.rc clr(l seck-xorlr.rcc eli'ctos. C()n Llna c()nsectr('ncia clerivacla ett el pleno teraputic. neccsiclcl clc rn ckrlic nivcl clc inten enci<ir-lr sollc tl inc()nscicntc l solrrc h c()ncicncix. Si cl pi'nclLrlo cstlr\'() nru(lr) tiemp() (lelenirk del llttlo rlcl conciclrciu lisrr r l clel vetbelisrro, con l interl)rLt.rLi, 'n torno su cje. no sc tr'1rt.r lrhrr rlc innx rr, ilizrrrk r rlel lrr<l (le las inten(n(i()ncs sole el inc<xtsciente. lnen()s:rn clt rctr.rr-ir- e trn.real" rllctxsi(\) rclxci() lacanianu-. sin() (l(' pclmitir (lLre r-r:1nclchr crn el .cto anlllitic(), -l ursicirn Iraga su rccorrickr cntrc los rtiltiplcs lrrgares por krs cue pr.rerle v clelle circrr-
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,1, r,,,rrr'r.rel lrl)Lrs() (lc scnti(l() ()ue l1 intcrplelal( i(ilt (()nlle\lr \ 11 r)e(esi(llr(l ,1, r,, rlts:rloilu':rl px(ientc,-lc lu tosicion cle intrprcte rrivilrgiltlrr rlc sus ,r,'t'r.r\ l)r()([rcci(cs (Scll\\,xl)cr. 1990. 199]. l99ir Skrkrrrrl'. \'(xr()s, l9t7). l,'r{lrrr (Lrxn(l{) sc lrlLce. elk s<ilo pueclc linrentur le (rnnin(fenci.r rlel lnrlis I r :r ( I Pir(icl-tte pttccle str lttl.ltrl[rrlo por srrs csistcncils \'(]esc()s \,(lc es() ',,,.r1rt, tlrrtlrt-, cl ulrlislrr no sc Itrlla in)tnr u rliglos taret icirs l'r'r'r; si tocllr (stii tiln clxr().;<litcle lesic[.,<,1 trol>lcrrttr'/ I-.n tlue:run<1r.rt , .r((l)trL cn gencral. Ur-Ilt lez (ltc sr rcc())()(e cs icr'rrcnlt ctrc sc .ig.r tt'r \ ''0( l( ) (lLre si r:l anlistlr sc c()l()(ll en Lrnl p()si(i(')n :rclecl[rtllr. en llt 1(titt(l t(rL(.r ((c(t. cntr)cgs 1() (luc st(c(llL lenrlrri el cltrlctrr (lc Ltn pr(x(s() l1!lLr.ri. s(nrr({r(k) rl iLls I)t()f)irs \i(isitLt(lcs. r cl no sel:i lt:rsillt <lr llL :t. r.ls.r. iot ,l, t()f((,rl(). \'i(isilLl(lcs rlcl rlcs:Irolkr nlrltr'.rl <lel tr.rtanticnt() (luc scgtin Is , .r'trclrrs krrere Llistit'ttils li)nll1rs. <lescle cl rlcsltlicgrrc cle Lts tl-nslircnt r.ts lrrr rrrlt lfcri<les -rol l:t .nule tcni(1r lnlti(ir". llrsle llr 'rosibiliclecl lua t.l rrnltli,,.rrrrIr rlc, rctrlr:r c) cL,srrollo int(r,'Lt,l)i(lr) r[, trn .rzfl r t rrllrrlcr(), scl)ultii(l() l,,trr cl t:tlso sr'f;, sr,/ rcrclaclero (lLrc l r!t(n(,r k)(l() iLl l)()t(.n(i.l rrr lrlrliu rlls <ut clltrlt la ororlunirllrcl, irl n() intcrli'rirl(). l)lrir (lLrc iri txiranrla. Result.r liecucntc rrt l llctuali(l1r(l ((),-ltll)()ner ql sil(-l(i() l)r(nn()\'i(l() l)(n-(.ie as ( ()rient('s (lcl anlilisis lr llL ('titr.rLl (lc (lLrcll()s (luc intcri)r({itr). Iln etrliclrcl. los J)irrli(llrri()s <lel srlcoc<. (()|)() l()\ rlt, l;r intr.llrrr.llrr.irin. (r)r)plltcn ut) sul)t(,slr) a()LlssclLntiir,'r() ([,] lrrrr'r'r slrlr:rjc ill]]ilst(l() Dor'[rreLzlts l)(.liudi(i.tlcs. l)ilf lll ltttnos (lc[nso'cs (l( llr intcrpr( tarci(-)lt. si nrr(lit-]tr ellt lilrc.rtos ll l l)crs() nr (lc sus r'cprcsi(t(s. clc slrs rltlcr-rslts. t()(ls lits encrg1ls ('(rlsunli(lals sc Pot'trillirt ctt rtratr'(l)lr \ cl cllinr) a lir n()rr)rlrLIlt(l rttetlali:r ast'grrllrrl(). l)it[ I()s :rl)()g;(l()\ r.lr'l silr'rrt
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.rrLrlrtir';r trre cncuentm su rrrejor Dnnifest:lci(in sint()Itiitica cn le palaltr.a <rr| l;r r'urrl llos tllrcc clefinir.nos. ,psicoanalistas", en cltncle .anlistas, actta rlt, sostr-rr r[.] clcscr cle nrntener Ia ilLrsirin rLre n() c()nstnrillt()s sinr> que sc-rl<l 1-r< n( nr()s itl (l(scul)ict) lr exiscnte. -natiizxtlt()sl)t trr llr clue ac.l).ul()s r-lc lflrnlrr nos clcjera en el tisxr nivel cle gent, rrrlitlrr,.l rtrc sienrpre hentos (.resti()na(l(). y salrelxrs trt- no hay nin;un p.rr.r rligrrr:r t1rrt, l)Ltc(lt a\,nzl si n() tp()l.t c()n()cil]tient()s i)11fli(.tlltra-s. ya que !l rrnrr irltologie no st le sutcra (.()n (frl iclc()l()ga. sin() c(rt krs;r.,,itnces espe ( rli(\)s (lirc llr ntrcve con<.cpcit-rlt pcnnite. Llnll vrz (lLtc se hlt soslcni<to clue cl
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rr t l()1"i5). inclice clue mirs allh clc la seltntica. clel significa(l() cle la fiase. r l,' (lu('"qnt()nr" el pxciente es l est.r(l() el)x)cionl (lcl tcrxpcLtr ) .r clirr, rsiores tilles c()nl() llt vitalid:tcl. le intcnsicLrcl. lo que este xukn-clen()lrir.r l ort()rn(),,. Si ci pacicr-rte he tenicl< paclres cleslitalizaclrs hlv tn.Lgujc',, , rrr virl em()cion.ll: n() es qLlc l<>s afi,ctcs cstn reprinri(l()s. pe) se.in p()cler,,,,rs en el inc()nsciente. sin() qLlr sc lllllln:tlx)lt(os cn sL desarm()ll(). l)(nrrr.rr rtte cl tcrllpetrtll lc cxpliqrrc. 1l trlt\,s de rrtii r-r-c()nslrlcci(-)n, (lLr(j es es() 1,, r,. 1",r', plrs(l() n() sq xctivxr'.in los abo acks en su (lesa()ll(). S(-)l() l1r , llr()i'ionllichcl <lel tcrlpcrrta p()(lrli p()rtr llg() qLle v1r]:r nrars irllii (lcl vlrl()r ' rrrintitr cle las ralllrlrs. Srtbenros clc los r-icsgos dc irlponcr el pecicnte nLrestros este(lrs cntorLrrrr.rlts, rlc ls cltutclas tr.re clelenrrs tener al respc(to. cle l<>s excesos tlc ls I('( nicxs :rctiv:rs, tlel usr clel l)ll( ientc pil s:rtislltcer ncccsiclclcs elltccionles rltl tt'rlpeut:r. t()(l() k) cLrl conclujo a Ln1r xsccsis cn'locitnl pol. plrte de1 .rrirlist. ils(csis IIIs (lLre viilid.l. I)ex tarrbin salrcrrus rlel clrll-rctcl iatr<lg nicr cle rne ta,(ni(' Dr()n()c()r(le cn (lue l:r cnrocion:rlidcl (lrl :ln:ilist n() sc .rtl,.'r'Lta a kr (luc tl l)rciente rcqticrr. l'Lrcs (lc csk) sc irllt: Lrnr p(rs'iLi;/r r'r,{/tt)ull it,slntltl?tlltl lxn pllrtc clcl nalistlr en (lLrt stc n< selr nrrnocorclerlrrntr Itil)crcDt( )ci( )n:ll lrejo la coertacle cle la csponteneicllrcl. < Lryos cxcesos t()(l()s (\rr()('cll()s- ni lxnlp()(\) nr()n()(\n_(lcrlrcntr fro. sercno. nl(lLinar lgi(ir ([re iu\(n'e(e la intelectLriizlLcion. Asi c(nrx) la liguru ralentel es inclispens;rble ltra rtrc c) nio pecrrcrio pucrlu ir cliti,re ncinrlo (listink)s tip()s (le rrli'ctos, par cuc pueda l()lcr':rr fi,(l()s (r)nttx(li(torio, 1,}r[r clarles un nODr lrrc lt ks ntisurs, cl terlrpelrtl p()sil)ililxll (llre csto srce(llL si clulple lil Irn
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nxiiti,.r lrirrr'rr nrris licia la reiz. lcgl hasta los r'<lnflictos cle l()s (lLlc lurn naciclt l, '. srll()r:r: \' se sitve de Lr .'tgcsti(in plra rrorlificll cl clesenlce dc csos ,,lllli(l()s, (pg. rl0). .l-a pieze clccisiru rlel tralrajo sc cjccuta cuxnd() en I.l r, l.Lr irn crt el u('clicc. cn l!r tl llirsfercn('ilt,. se (rearn versionr.'s nLevrs de r,rrtl riejrr urtfliclo. \'ersi()ncs !'n las (lrr cl t,fetDlt (lLer'r'iir (()ltp()fiarsc .,,rrr Lr hiz< cn su tientl)() nrictl'ils LIIre Lrr)(). [arr]icn(l() toclrs llrs fircrzls .rrrrrrtir'.t:' clisponibles sc [elicrc l l:ts rlel pecicnte- Lo olrliglr a to -f'rcu<l .il.l). ,,i)cr< la nrtcr:t lrr<hit el t<)r-n() (le (.ste ol)icti\'() rrr.rr ot[t rle< isir-n, (])jg. ,s t'lcr'cl. crn el uurjlio clt la sugcstirin l11di({l. ul estr(li() I)s(lLi(,' r.rs .rll(): tl!rs(tr're c()l)l() (r)nilicl() 11(r'nlrl" (pi'ig -i1 r)..lstc tutnl>io cs J'rosibilit,rtlo l tlr cillrll)i() cn el to. <1rrc se c()ns!rt))lr llrjo la infltrcncilr cic llt sr.rrt( stiar r))(ii(i" (p.if.i. rl l). \lc hrrn prr'1rrntltrIr >ol tu cr] lJ tcr-rl)r.l 1rsiLi' .rrr:rlitr(ir 11() t()s scr!irll()5 (l( lx sLgcsti()rl (lir'c(lal, )'ir trtc:trlrttitirtl,'..1r.t< rrLrrslr.t inllucn(iit sc basrt csrr'tcilntcnle en LL t(tnsicr,jrlcix. r'.rle tlccir cn h sugrstia)n, (I)lig Ioti). ,lin cl psicoartlisis trl)xjxnx)s (()n liL tt.rsfcrcnci. risllll1... i\s se n()s lt.r(c rosilrl: satlrr rrorr.t hrl clel poclcl tle lli srrgc.tr,,n (l)iig. {11)...,\lx)ra csp(r() Irlrcrles cl:ue,:lo ir(lLrcll() cn lo (Lrirl nLlestr.r rrarttllt clc urlir':rl tctr l)('uti( :l nrentc la sttgcstirrn sr rlifclcnci rlc'l: nir-r p,,ri l,lc lrrlu Irt i('r([)r( llil\i]()ti(it. { f)iil.. -rI). -li)(l() (st() (lesl)Ls (l('tclrrr dt srrilrl:u'cn lu crnicr'nr'irr 2l: .Si cl er lernr littc <r.re lilrtrr'. lxrt.rLll rr>r lr:ttulle. t'l ((nltli(l() n(r'rn.rl (('l ls resistcl)(ias (re lc lrcrnos scriuleclo cn cl anlilisis. ne('csillr (lc inlr inrrulsirin potltrosrr rttc intlrvlr soltc ll rlecisirn tn cl scntickr (lesclt(l() ln)r n()s()tr-()s, el <rrc llerrr irl r('stl)le( irIl irnt r ) l)c l() (\)lllrirri() lrclrl succrkr trrc resolviera ,cpclir (l (l(s('j(e:ll]ler'ir)r \'!l('iirr alrcr'L['r]uc\1) e li r(]l)rr\i(in l() crre se
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13rr rlt
srt
norrrinrrtir "1. lcnic.r psicoanultica,. tsn 1. l'le,Lcl nos lultla cle hs 1,,. no tlcl \1) rcplesentaci(-)n sino rlcl yo firnci<-rn ,aplanclte, 1970), cs (lecir rk l corrjrrllo clc funcictncs a las qrrc agrupa ltajo est:r clenootinxci(inr percil)ir. rrr'orrltrr', :r.la er cir:rtals t cplesenttcirncs cle la c()nciencia nccliante la ccirin r[, lrs rlclct'rsus. clifcrenc.i:Lr percepcia)n cle pensantiento. clrptar signific.acio, rrcs r r rvencirn:rles crlectives, c()ntr()laI la clcscurga ptrlsional, ctc.,,,, l)icc: .U \1) (sfii (lcl)ilittd() por el conflicto intcriol.v n()s()tl.()s tcnent()s cuc u(.trrlir cn srr rtrilir, (:lrig. 173). para lo cual pl.()p()nc Ln urcclio: "Nlrestro saltcr dclrc lt'rrrr.rlilrr st n() stl)cr, clelte rletrlt,er .tl \r) (lel p(.iente cl irnpclio solxe jrr |isrliccioncs trcliclas cle l:r vicllL an|licu. l,ln cslc pxck) c(rtsisc l.l sitLl.r(l(ll1 : rlilicrr,. l)efir la crllltr>r:rcirn <lel taciente n() sc sosticnc en la (rcionlrlicllcl rl( lil t:lrc <uc le prrpone el lrnltlista: Itrs trenstercncils. la tositit.:L 1. la nejtillivi. it)lervienen crltr el lirctor clecisi\ o: ",Vlientrlls cs l)( )sitivx it()s pr-eslx l()s nl(.i()r(s scrvi(i()s... se c()n\'icnL'en cl genrtino rcs()fie (lrc prrlsione Ie r.ol:t lx)rr(i()n (lel l)uciente..., {p1ig. 175). Y. prt (lue n() (lLle(len clucls solrc el uso rlt, ltr ttilnsiercncia positivlr, cle la inllLcnc.ia rue i,stlr pt<xluce solrre la rirl.r rsiruice clel plrcicnte 1 clc su aytrde cn el trlttlnricnt(), rlice;.l,lr relac.irin tr:rsli r'rrcil cOnllcva. arlclllis. ()tl.lls (l{)s vcntuixs. Si cl l)11(.iente p()nc l lluit lrslrr r'n t l lrrglrr cle su plrcire (o cle st taclrc). le ()t()rlx txull)i,n el toclcr cuc rrr srrrt,r'tr-r cjercc sol>rc sr y(), I)Llrsl() (lLtc crik)s pr()gtnit(n.es hltn siclt r:l oli-
guir ( ultl(luicr lt()diflcacin terxpetic. l)or la importancilr de este clt{r,nclrer)t()s con Lln.t riel.tx ltrinL(.i()si(llcl,,. cn su clptrrlo Vl. el
<letet.cas clel
los lr]onrenk)s (lirlcticos contrrprest()s (lue en l se desarrollan cntre influil l.respetar la aut()n(mrx clel pacientc. cs p()rquc es (lon(lc po(lemos rcc()n()cer las llscs cle (listintas p()siciones y escuelas en clrxnk) a la tcnica llnlrlrica. El irprovcchlr qLle el paciente. por transferencia, <xorgue el enllista cl ltrgar cle sLr sllperya) (\nresp()n(le a l() (lue Str,tchey (1931i) clenomino sLpeni auxiliar. prinrer tiemp() (lue enc.ulinllr11 hacie la intelpretaci(in mut,rti\'. Posici(')n <le1 en:rlista cr.re es practicada. Lrn(lue nunc se rec()n()cid(), p()r' llLs cscucls clrv()s lliclll)r()s cjcrcen un (\)ntf()l l()tal s()l)re el parciente, ul)i clin(l()sc c(nr():irbitr<s clc lo qtre srLcecle en su inc()nsciente. al crxl leeran (r)nr() un n]:rpa llrier'. l-a posri:rlrrcltcitin c()rresp()n(le t llt exl)efien(i.l elI()ci()nxl c(xrectivil rle Alexanclcr <le la escuelu cle (ilticego y. n.is rctlxllncnte. 1l KohLt,v lils (listintas c()ricntcs Jror'l intluenciaclus. El elertar s<lrre no alro gar la inclcpcnclrncil (lcl plrcientc, ir kxk)s l()s qLle entirlizen la llstinencia clel lnalista. clescle los palticlarios cle un silcncir cxsi 1ll)s()hrk) hastlr krs analistas rrr<l Schu,'rrlrt-r ( 1990. 1995) (llrc. cn su ex(luisit() intent() (lc clcfcnclcr l cxistencil (le nrriltjPlt:s trn(l()s cm()ci()oillcs y visi()ncs cle l rceliclacl, col<;cn rl pucicntc lrs ccrca de llr vrrtld rle su inc()nsciente cuc lo crre Puclieta cstar el anlistl. sienclo el analistu rn espccic cle ltntroJx'rlogo cxtnrnjer() (lLrc (lel)e suspcntler strs prorios valores y visi(mes prr.r cntcn(lcr cl srnti(l() (le un cul
_vente cle
tt
(lue si no fircrt por los inlirrnra<lorcs se le es(xparx. l-il mcnL'i,',rr (lLc lr:t<e Freucl cle los pacicntcs que han pennanecirk en un estx(l() intuntil. lx reen(r)nlrlult()s cItto tirnrllllttcnkr (lc ls c()l'ficntes x(tuales (lue hablan cle trast()rn()s I)()r (lflcit (Killingnr(), 19119. 1995). Irl l)xsrric r))cnci()n1l(l() lnircstr-ir la cautela (le F[eLr(l flente 1ll inlen'enci()
tLl-x
rtrs fiel scgLriLl(nx
llxl)cr lr.ch()
',,r (r, l,ll.r I t \.[,,, I(lLlronttProrU\1)fi]n.i(-)n,\.srct rlpituto
solr ct sUt)rr\,,
nisrll(). y su cltutel. n() l))en()f, en n() (lciir ltl)lncl()nlrckr al pac iente r su pr-()l)iu sucflc. al p<rlct clt le rtsistrnci. r Iu c()url)ulsi()n a lu tcpctici(')D. I)er() seri tn trr()r crcer (lte sc lr'altx (lc csiltr cn cl ta'r'r)lin() r)te(li(). tle encrntral el rcrrililrrio entre iniluenciar y clejlr lil)rc :rl p.rcicntc. L() (lLrc plantcl l'reu(l es ()tl-n (()sl: Iencr cn cLrcnlll )es pccrrliaririarles <lel raciente y en firnci<in cie cll.ts. ) dal monanto lcl tt:aldmet o, hlccr rcccr el prs() (le la fir'rr <le interr,rncirin clr-l enalistu (le un() L ()tr-() l1r(l() dc cse par influenciat/ltttotrom. l)rr cllr cs tn (lccisi\1) (lcntr() (lc la cita el fregnrenl() en (lLre tlict "I.t ntclitlt rb ttfllcncLt (luc bd.)'u t.lt, cttttsit.lcrar ltgtintt est',ttit cleternrinx(l p()r e grado tk inhbci(ilt tlcl dcsurnilo qtrc hallc tn cl pacicte, ( ( ursiva nuestru ). Ils (le(ir'. (re el anlistl clctclruinar:i su fiult clr intervcnci(in, )'c()n tll() el grtckr tlc inilttcncia. cle:rcuercl< xl (as() pxictlitr y n() cn l)xsc r Lrn-l 11',\i cin (lue sc 1rl)lic1tl universllnente. Ra<lic h ll <use cle (lLe l"tcrd. clcspu('s <le ltltr <lescaltaclo clielcricl))cltte (lLre n()s c()n!ifiarnr()s lnernlenle en e(lLc(l(n-cs. \'uclvc lt arccpt:llcstc r(r. p()cis pginas clespr.rs: .Al ctmicnzt... ltac(,lturs quc se n()s trilnsllcrr l rrtrrirlerl cle str slrpcrl'ri, l<) lat{tntos .t aceptat la lr<hl en lrrno a crcla exigcncie clel clkr y il \:cn(el las rcsistcncias quc ilsi sc prclucen. Y al orisnr() tienlpo restal)lecemos r:l rrclcn clentro cle su yr pcs<ttisanck conteni
l{ f) (l()s
AVAN(:liS trN PSIC(rfEl{APIA PSt.()A
NA t_l',r'l(:^
lll- I RA'l'AIlIhNl()
201
:rsl)irr(i()nes (ire penetran clesrle k inconscicntc v clespejenclo el teuc' rr. P:rfil lir triticlt por rcconcltrccir-n il su (r'igen. Iln clilersls tirnci<tr sclvi nlos lll plrcicnlc crIO eukiclacl ] sLlstitut() clc los 1trtrgenitor'cs, c(lx) nltestf() \'(([((k)r. elerlrrDts krs procesos pscrricos (lentr() (lc stt to ltl niycl r,r'nrrrl, nrrrrllrxs rn prec()nscicntc lo clcr.cnick inc()ns(ients 1 lo reprilltick>, I tlt'r'st'nrorkr rcintegftrl]r()s al xr lo cue le es rrorio,, f19JBx, pi'ig. lS1. cut'tlu(sll'11).
tl(l d^).
rtrlcstr-it ).
sn t'erludcftt liladztl pracottsciattl? petls{tda" (P9. f i6J. cursi|x
sivll
rr x
listu rrrtitrrcl <le Irrer.<l rle icls
r' tlr.' sLrgesti(-)n
t vLcltirs cntfr iniltLcntir'. ctlucr, trsur cl rle la tnLnsterenci:t c(nll() instfllr)tcr]tr cle crltr,, r'rcs-
srrs enkrres-. es la ltllcja la rrrmplejiclecl clel problenra. Actitrrcl nrLry <lili:rr:ntc. p()r(frx p.lrtt, tlc urrrella ()trl en (lu(' sc rnistillca llr lclicllrcl (lcl pr(rccs() :trullir'o. cle-
xttrr lrt trsonltliclacl c[t'l J)ltcicr-ttc n() !(rn\'(rftlrn()s tjn
rrrc
li ntlitlnckse la iragen (le un nalistir slrpucstrlnlcnlc nertl'(). (lLc si-rlo rcveLrr'rr t'l jncrnscir:ntc () ()cLrllilr cl ltrglr: <trc sg hx llirnlx(l(), c,n l cscuela llr'rrnilu-r. dcl .nluer-),. 1 cr.rc cstar'a gllriullizlrn(l(). urn sLt rrescnr'ilt <rtc cl ,I sco r'ilctrlc. rlue el intrrnsr'ientc sc <lcsrlicgr.rc t' rrtxlrtzt'lt. \ct]t()s. cn clrnl lrirr.:r ttrr Irlctrl pfc()ctrprl(l() p()r (lr fcspLtst.is a krs rr'olrlcnr:rs ruc Ia terarirr :rnrrlitir'a i)lxnte1r. n() por oficccr rrne icleologe grLtx r l()s sentilljcnt()s (ic ,llrl( ]()nril (lLrc )d()s p()scelD(]s. l'()r {)l[r pare. no puecle r]rc1()s (lLc -rxrcltrt'ir crrriosicletl <rre e este altr.rr.r rlt l rrrn<r'irit'nt().rp()rtll(l() Jror llt lingiistice se puetle seg(iI s()stenien(l() rrrt l;r int crprctaci(')n act(l rol llr inlirlnracir- (lrc trllnsnlitc al pa,.'icntc s,. lrrr' srr inconsc irntc. es cle< ir' <trc un (,olrncilr(l() () Lln ( ()niLlnl( ) clc cnunciltcks rtrcrl:rn lt'ne'r cx( lusi\'ar nrrntc rrn vlrlor infonllirrr. tlcj:inckrsc tlc l:ttlr cl asl\'li) (rnrilti\1) -ll in<lLrc<iin 1t Llltlt cicrtil lrct ir-rn, clclrinclosc t()nr.lI l!(i(;n r'rr r'l sr'rtlitlo lunl)li() (le ()rirnlr llL l_lrntesa. el clcsco. l crrclrcllr en trnlr clirt',r'itir l)csclc ls tr:rl)!j()s dc llLlhler solre l firnciin .apclerivl" clel lcn gtlrjr', llrste.fecolrs()n (1),r lu fr( ia)n .(\)nxti\'.,. o cl tlrhlrjo clc lflin<*ski stllc Lt firnciol crcil(k)r (le vinc'ukrs clcl mensuje mlis ullli rlc su signili((k) lrrlirilo. rcsulrlt irnlrsilrle restringir ll interprctlcirin .L sLr \'itl()r :cfl,lcl'rcial. rut s t llo irttplic:t (lesa( r()ccr- n( ) Ln c()n( ept() (,n pl'ticulllt sin( ) t( )(l() Lln ( 1tnl ro rlt l <.rrnocinrient(). cl (le lil pnrguriticu clcl lcngLrajc (Nifl). 1995) \ cl cle Lr rttir'rr l:utrcion retdc (lLlc cs Iil (lLc (lcslllc:l Ri)ussill()n (199i): .Sin rnll).rl), junl() 1r csk)s rcf-istr()s clcl firrc ir nunr iento clcl lr>arato tlel lcngLrajc, ,rlr[r rrrr'rtisit'ntcnte (lcs( ri1()s. se eicr(e taDtl)ia-l] tnx linci(-)n rct(-)ric s() lr( l.r (uirl Ios rsicoanalislas st h'r rl()stru(l() rulis clisclrs. I1 hrnr'irn lclrri,.r ,llsigrrr li\ ittltt?t1cid inc(tscienl? que le prrs<xlia. el ritrr. la orgltni ,,.r, r(,n ( \tilisti(11 cle lu clist'rusivi<lurl cjcrccn srltrc cl lrrrclit<., (i)g. 1501. (r\r\.r nlr(slrir)i rrgrcgantkr: .l]l ePltl.itto clcl lrngr[tjc (lcvicn(,Lrn lrl):lIirt() (le ,r( ( r(,n .r lr,r\('s tlt'l lt'ngLrajc" {pig. l5i)3). .Sc 1:rttcrlr. cnton(es. trilt:lr l1rnlo (le llr .rr I, ,i ).rI,rI)lr (leslin(l() a h-.tnsmitir ltl olro un pensantieni(). uD ut(r\i lrllr'lrl(, l)srlrri(() ur lirntaLsnl... (()nr() (le un arct() (lc plxl)r qlc (!clliat l lttlrt's rld lttttltrtrlr, tt Dt)tiDtalto pt s()ital dircclatlt?1tlt, ".lescdtylr' .la to
Si l)ien R()lssiilon no se rclieLe exPlcilil[rcnte a le plllltllr:t (le] xnrlist. ;rono poche stc escupel ctln(i() se (lirige rll Pllciente a esll llrorieclacl uni r t'rsul tlcl lengtilic en lil c(tttrnic.tci(-)n htttrl:tnai' lls qrtc ac:lso t'rtentltl el <1ttc Irlrlu ts cl anltlista. por cl ltcclro clt- serlo. stt palaltte n() est'l atrlvesx(l.l l)()r \Ll inconscicr'ltr. pot stts pulsioncs. por sLr alectiri<lacl .tlll()l'()sil tl hrlstil, llor rrrs <lcseos!' llxslll \',irn()s a los psicoenllistes en ntltsttals instiltlci(n](.Irti(,F lttrltltics (iis( Lltitn(l() <trn Lrs coltg.rs (Ll(:\li,,llL\ l!1-,ri(.r\ lrllr-r Lr rnvcnccrn()s (le (llre nLlcstrlt lerge iirnnrtcirin. inclrticlt; cl anr-tlisis pcrsonal. n< nts lt herlro rcrcler neci clc kr ltuulno Y cle las r:tsior-tc clcl incolscicnte l'cr() \'sl sjlcncio rlcl lnulistlt? Nrtcvanrentc s( l)lt .L(l()lcci(l() tn ctl.tnt() ri sr.r conrprrnsir-rn cle l nrisrtt:t ingclttticlrtcl (ltrc (\)n l:l inletPrctllci( )n. Se lf) ll:l enlen(li(l() conro clcjar r.tn lttglr llere (lLt el p(i('nlt :rtttcllt tener la losillilirlari rle hlcer < ircttl:rt sLt cleseo, rrrro sc sttclt tlt'c ir: 'rtn tslltr'io Pxr Pcnslll" 5c hi rrpeti(l() cstr fiiruul c(t trlnl.r irrsislcn(i (ltl('n() se Itlt rcparltclo quc
peItL-nrcc a le utlis sitrtltlistlt (lr- t()(hs lxs leors tle llt (()tllLni(1t('i',n, PLlcs clcie clr lrrtl<> Lrn:t inll)()rtntc rtlcsli(-)n (lLlc r.tn psiuxttltlistlt estll 1r)ligx(lo.t I)ctsr: (lLrc cl silcncio provir:r'tc tle Ltn str. el lLnillisl. llllll-((k) tltttrllin por el inr-onscir'ntc. dc lockr trte cr.tantlo l() l)r.tclicll, Io llltce tn cicrt()s n]()nlent()s v n() cn r)tr-os. lrajo cierts fllntxss, con lo ct[tl .ll?.\'Lt estfu ?l 41ld|stcl tttgttb cl<'sigttilia.tctitt. P'.tt.\ scr llis ci:tIo: no es slo (lLle el l).1(icutc (l()tt tlc un scnticlo prrlictlar (lcs(lc strs frrt'ttrtsilts rLl silcnt'it rn r'cz ttte src hlt si(l) ?Dtiti) p()r sLplresl() (luc si- i)r'r() cu cl rrlntexllr intcrstll)ieti\'() en ruc Lrs interr'ar rl.)i( )s i,tcr)rrsai(]r-rlts ticrrerr ltrflllr. tl silcntio crtlo lncn..tjc r..rrgaclo tlc significucir-rn yil ()riclltx el t-etcplot en tlnlt tliLt<t ir-rn clclL. lln especial cuenclo el silencio sc cotlrl)nx con D)()lllcnt()s cle JlltilLllta cn el senti(lo c(\,en(i(rtal cltl I('nrirt. o con cl llnraclo ct() rlnillli(o. es clecir cuanclo el siler-rcio acltr.rie-re tuk)r (\cn.o tlc ut-LL secttenci tlc nlcnsaics clcl n:llista. cle igr.ral nranert <ttt el silcncio en nrtisic tiene un val()r tlitc'rente si srgLl( rl iln gran ecorrlc. 1r trrr Il1()lllcnk) clc tcrlsin (lrillll-lli(x o cs la interrttl<itin tle rtn
rrcl:rgio. Restrlla
nrfable cuc cl ttltr'inricnlt lltcniano. ctt,va iitnclatllentacit-rn firc Lr lingtislic cslructtrlist1l, no hltla visto tr.tc llt ntr< i<-rn sllLlssLlriana de zlr lcs Irr.rlrier pr()tegi(l() (le ( retI ttte el silencio es silnplctllentc algo a significer clcsdc el pa(ientc y n() (lLe eclcttiere stt \'11()r (ltnt[() clel sisteln (le urensljes dcl lnlisll. Es clccil. qtte lll)xn knn:l(l() el siltncilr c()lll() Lltl \rtLi(, :t llenlu pt- el pllcicnte v n() (\)tno ttn plt'no clc sigll ificltt il rncs inc()rls( ientes tuc cl anelista le rrtroltc i Pacierltc. I Illll rct()tli.l(l() el tllito clcl an:rlist:r t'tttro ltlr llcr,alkr 1L sL e\trcrll() con cl ttst rlcl siltnti< a()lll() l)lt(lil) (lt: (r)nsc
grrirlo.
l)()t nucsltar Pertc. tttisitltnxrs (lctenern()s cn ltlgrtnos espectos tle l:r intetrtetrcion cn lan) ila(i(-)n solrte cl pacicnle:
j{
)l
AVAN(lES UN PSICOI-ITRAPIA PSICOANALI
I(lA
IJI-'I'RA'I'AMIEN'1'O
203
L l.r interpretrci(-)n )i)o t'itLlc . pronesd: es alecir, c(nn().sc,/l/ccr'(ir.

r lrrt in.rliclr lrn cleseo clel .rnulistu y Lrnx solicitllcia)n prxlerosa a cue cl ena Iizrrnrkr rceccirnc (le cleterl)jna(lx o1nera: (ltte clcje de reprintir. cle estir l)l()rrrcrrclo errurcionltLrcnte. <lc negar. cle pr()yect.rr. clc lcpetir ciert() Pttra)n, (lu( llrrtisee tnt'rs lilrrcrente. (luc peDita qtrc stl clese() r'ircule. cttc cr.pcri rtl( nlc ('icrk)s sentiDlient() ,v n() (xr()s. (lue clij vncul()s l)rs xPr()piaclos, ruc .rlrrntlonc c()ndrcts n()ci\'as, etc. Trclo cll< bajo la rronrcsa iDrrlcita cle a)(irnziu rn esteckr mejor. rtlis iclel cttrklttir-la (l!re ser ste. y. solrrc totlo. e)
r ;r
ra c()nsecuencis nefltstsr an!.itlstiil. sLlfiilniento. enfcrllecilld' con(lsnlt lll()rrl () (lolof na[(isista. N() cxnll)ixt en la t]irecciin cleseecla crtecle en lll lllentc l:lajo el significa,:lo <le religro r)len.lz.llltc.
l)()r l() antcri()r tcsult cviclentc. segLin nLlest11) prlccer, qlle llt interrrctlt cirn ejelce Llnl p()(ler()sat prcsi<in stll>re el Pacicntc. efcto qtte va nlrtt ho nlis elll'r de llcer c()nscicnte l() inc()nscientc. Perl. si cs as. por ctt cs tn lrecLrcnte cn('()ntr.lr (lticnes (on t<fal lttenrt IL'c()nscicntc cleficnclen s\ tcnic l basuda en lx intcfPrctxci(it-1. o en cl silcn<i<. o en 1l Ilregltnta cttc -sca ()rientx il qtc cl )ltcicnte rlescttllra ttn:l verciecl o.cttc penite (lllc cl inc<ns
rrrrrr
rlcl analisr.
(Juc cl intcnt() clc seclu< t i<in n() sca gr()scr() o sexuI. n() clbe tlucles tue csl;rlrlctc clitelen< ias firn(l1r)rntalcs. Pero. cle cttal<uier t'nnc4. tocl<]) an:tlistlt rrl rrrLrncir Lrna interprctilci(-)n ticne Lrna expectaliva cn unu clircccitirl clelitri-
('\l)ccttivx (lue apare(e conl() Plenri() P()tencixl cuanckt le tcstucsta .rn:lizlrnck scl acctie con acltrlla. Incllsr el lrnillist cll,v() t()n() lle \t)z
(l:1,
clcl sea
t:rsi irrrersonel. clrrc hablc r'rrr si fitera Lln (11)nisla tlesapltsionltclo, lt) lracr:r-Ir rrsi. lrplre<er halrlenckr en nonrlxe cle la objetiviclacl, cte le cicntJ-r. 1 'r rr rt r lt' sttlrrcir' tnk) cLlrn(l() ltlgttien sc pr-cscntlL (()l)l() P()fial\'()z (lc la ticncntlc tlc lt ctt se.t ;unsil1,. r'l inlcllocut<)r. Il crcstia)n n() cs, p()r latnl(). si Lrn anliste scc[tce o n< \t,Dtl)t( sr(ltrca.l'pr'o,,rcf(,- sin() crinro k hrLcc. llL tlcscon<xer cue la intct I,r,t:rtir'r ('s un1 se([cci(-)n inrpicle cr.rt c] nrLlista sc li-tnule las preguntes: ,rrrc crrrrrirur cst()) invitn(l() r scguir') bajo tr-t'prtesa irltl)licita. sedLl(1()r, ri'. ii r rr n ( ( Do ret ril)Lci(-)n. saltrcl t' lricncstlr flsic< -rent1. expansitin clcl pllt i t r'. rlrsrrrinuc'ion r ahli< i<-rn clcl srtlinliento y la ltngr.rstia. aclartet itin e le reu lr(l.r(1. (i(r'(()s r'ncLrlos clt:seecks. krgr'os socieles y y()icos. etc.7r qrt fiDra tr)nl: nli in( il( i(-)n ) pr()l)rcsa. cu-tl es e'l lon() con (luc llt IirrrLtlo!'. rle ccrtez,r rrrt' rrnLrnr'il, a la m:tnerl tlrl tr'<>lcta. kr <tLe solrrevcntl. ,v quc tor clkr r fr grr scgttr'irlatli'. tle cotnpaero <r.re ilrrsionlt c()n segtif ttn (:lrlin() cn c(),tl lrr rrr. lucicnclo crc ir)p(tc nlats el pemrane(el jLnk)s qlrc hltti clcinclc se va? f. L.l inlerpretaci(-)n c(nr() ct.s/rior pot' nuis cuicleclos() qlre sclt cl enLlisl.r, t'l Irc'r'lro rLre clel flr.rjo dc c(n(lLrctlls que tl analizanclo va inrplicanckr con sU r.l:rto sckr'cione xut()nta'ttic:unentc aclrrclles (lLc r-c(ltiiefen scr camhiaclas. irrrrlit lr rrnu clesuprol.)lciirn rlc Ias nlistr]rs. utt ct-lica ilrrPl(itr l)(r' tltnt() tln ( i( rl() ll[l(l() rlc clrstigo. l)()r supLlesk) (ltre esk) pLre(le llegltr x grll(l()s e,\trc rrr, s r'ulrrtlo el ltnrtlista se lu()lesl crn el enlizndo a Ia nlLnert tle ttn paclrc ,rUrr.r l]rrrlrr. (luc sc fesientt porque el hijo/e no ltacc ecr.tello cr.rc ctlnsiclera Ir rrrr'rr l\'r'o rr< resrltlt nccestri() llcgar a estos niveles. 1:r ctte inclrtso cl ,u.rlrst,r ln rL rrrr lirlrr:rci<in reactiva pr(fl'si()nal no rtteclc impcclil rltrc rr,r'
r
(icntc h.tglt r'irctthr srs prtxlr.tt ciones. etc.- c()lll() llcttcl1a en qtle n() intcrvienc l1 sLrflcsti(ln. ttte cstli eietla cn los trltllltllieilt()s <ttc cllos cliligen' I'or tue pltla toclos rtt>stttros cier<e ttn prltltr (lc xtrxc( i(-)n lir'nlicllllc (ltle sc 1()s hlrblc clc ln:t relcitln rlc n() (l( nninllci(-)n, tlc tespckl por cl clcseo dcl sLrjeto. ya rtte cllo cst1l enrlliz1l(l() en cl Jlrofirnrlo nllclo tle tn t\pcli!r]!il (r( (r)ntrltffcsle cl tloltxso sentinritnt() (lc s(nllcti,llicnt() tLte ttxkr stliet{) lllL !ivicl< flcnte a stts plttltes en la inf:rncilt. ) \'ivil.i nte ll socic<lacl clttrnle cl res to tlt' sr.r vidlt. lls cltcir. cl lrotrrrt tLtt clespicrtlt lrr orlcsi<in 1 cl I)()(ltl. l)()r es(). slrlrctkrres clc l ftterz crte cl clcsttl (lc llLlk)n()n tient ('n ntlcslr() in('('nscicnlc, tlclents tst:lr ('r()l-rlttlttentc lertlts e l fltcrzlt tle secLtccicin -clc rtlrgrgic:r. <lirlrnro.- tlttt ptrccle prcscntilr cttltltr.tier contcp< i<in tlcl trete rl)ien) (ltrc lcvllntc csil llnclcllr llt itleltl 1'llos lrag:t cltcl crte kr <lt'scecltl se (Lrnll)lt. <ttc llasle s()sttnet (lLc 'lllestr l'cni( t'cslretlt el r:lcser cle nucslr, '\ l)ir i( nlL'\ l)irI.l ,l(l( (.1r, '(.1 ,\i. |rcrd cs scnsilic ctiltt< nclie cst rcsl)et() lt llt attt<ntna clcl (fr(), se l() sel:L (r)ntinllur(jntc lt srts cliscPrtlos crrlttrl gttlt llara cl ejc(icio clc stt prrl-
fcsi<in rlc xnulistrls. pcr'(). 1ll rllisnx) tienlP(). no clcsee cngltrttse l plantca qlte el tralanlicnto nall'tico. ltttl-t el lll.ls ntLltr(). se lt:tsa cn el lloclcr sr.tgestir"o cLlir tl'nsii'tencix. es clccir. el rixlcr <ttc cl nit ttilltt\'<i cn l infancill x l()s lrclrt[krs. l)eto lts <ottto cl I)()rler 1l1ril)Lli(l() a los peclrcs en l inlinl(i:l n() (]s el reslrltrlo excltsirrr clc l ntclttc inlntil. Yx rttc Ios xttlres se c()lo(an frente 1rl nio sn cl prqrel clc los tr.tc slLlrcrl 1'1>tteclen. (()n l() ct1ll srln cllos krs <ttc (rxnsnriten unrl Plinrerll trrncept'i<in tlt otrll-tilrltencilt. cle igr.tal nrllttcre el plt(icntc cs s(-)l() un fitc cn l1 (\)nsllllcci(ill clt llt iclcnticlacl ()IniPolsntc (lel
Lr., r.srrrrr ros rI r'trr st,fillre sl clesaprobacion, e '' ., ,1r 1, , , llrr r r )tt,tlnl( tl('. scr:i sensible.
h rlltc el anatizaxlo.
<1r,te n<r
i Lr
rrrIi'rI,Ir'Ll1 r()r ((rD() tlziL:ttlL: tntattazdl//,.
rrr.r r,rl,,r.r, r,,rr rrrl,lr, il.r r [. rrr:il cs I:t <rnclucta c()nvcnicnte y tleseable y cLtiil r, '. .,r( , |llrr r' ( rr'.r rn r,rrl)( ) s('r))llnti(r) en el trte lo n() c()nvenicntc c<nllcr'a-
tener la irtcnrrt-l(ir 'n
ltn:tliste. El ()il() t1l(1()l'll constittvc cl prtlio llllLlislrl. Illtcincllrsc rec(xlo(-er p()r'cl pxcientc <rrnxr lostcclor tlc ttn sllllet y tln P()(ltt Nltcl'a evitlt ncie clc iLrc cn la sittcit'rn anlllic cl pecitntc xP()rta sL cltp:lcitlecl parlt l:r tr':trlsteveccs aclivil \' Pr()nltc rcnr'ia pero cttt ltat ttn ()lr-() (lLlc (r)n\)lelllentll -a \:c- las cxp('(t:rtives tie ent'ttentrt urn ligttres t()(k)Pr()tcc1()ras. Aclanclo tlttt ll sttgcsti<in cstli c()nlilltl:llllclltt ptesett cn tlrcllr atllilisis' inclLso cr-t el nrcjor conclrtciclo. en e<Ltcl (lLlt: .lPllnlxsc c()ll1() nletil final, ll l (luc sc a(erc .tsintticllrnente alt:tnzalle jaurlis- rt la resoltrt iirn clc l -sin (lcl)c scl utiliz(l() Patra s()lazal-n()s c()n ('ste o() re(()n()cinlienk) trensti'rencie.
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Lr srl]r'slj(l1. l)Jrr .lnptttrn{)s cn e] l)c(ll() (e (lrc t()(l() iu)itlist. l1l prl(trr.l y (l( s( nt( (lctn()s rlc sLr nlrncio. cle su csruclit. I)()r lg() t()dx I:r crnli,rcncia 2tJ ( \ Ur inl(,nl() rlc I-rcrcl clc t,stelrler.er los lnrites (lc Ia sug(,stin en el lrta_ nri( nt() tliti(r) r'tlc clifereDciel.le cle lJ que se l(,tliz ru (.uitl(lLtict-(f.() tip()
ltrnt] \'\'Llncrlll)llicla(l (.(nlstjltyen I)Lrn(()s lt sct. lrni(k)s cn (.Ltet-r lir l)ilrir (\':llLlLr t,l r-eckr cle sugesti(-)n tt.xnsli,r( n(iil icltlizlr<l- (l.L- c()llt() .rl].r]isl:rs rros i)ca)iitir(nx)s?;l:s exil( il lt(a.it(. iir:rl cl rrs<l <rre hlrreDtos <lel () o(]- (,n lr]c Pr xI r' clt, ltt tlansti.renci iclctrlizcl cn Lrrl plcienle -psi(\iti(.() rlir tlt rrr:r crisis clc prirrico (lLtc L-lt cl (.als() (lc un J)xcicntc (lre ill llnilliz.r p.rta solLrr'ir.r-aicfl()s c()nflict()s restringi(l()s il sc(.t(.cs de srr pclsrtnali<llrcl. per<t (f('(r,,t sL ltJlllLlslial y krs usxr.tos f)t:i((i(()s (lc ilr I ir-llr sr l, t -t.cglrr r.trzonl_ lrlt lrcrrfe bien. irr<lrrso r)lcj()t (lLlc sL itnllislt?
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rl( l( r:rl)i.r Llr tsi ((r)ttal cs (lu('lit it].!li,rn(i es:r)rrleclit. rlcs nrr ltrla. l\'r(). (,sk) t()s lic\'ti Lll-Iat cric (lc pt.cgLtntlrs: ls (allil(.lel.lsti(.lls (lel J):tci(nte.
lc (lcl inlllislx tLl\1) (ltle scl leni(l() ('rl c[lent:l pllrll stlPcrllr tln 1//)l/l('' Esl() s(] (n ll:tcc lloxr.tc cn ltrl1r inslltnci clcfinc l:t tttesrir'rn c()ll1() si se tlxlilsc 'lc (ltlc lx es(lc (lcl (il)() intcntnck)nc'\ l)re(('nizll ploblente dc <sc nlistil V n() .rrt[L,r llt (llr( pcrtel]cce. Al ct;locllsc en ('1 in(li\i(ltl() lo ctlc tcnclra cltte sc:'
jnstnllr'lcnt()s ir'tleogatirin solrre llrs stl)Llestr)s (lc lx lc(i (1e I1L ctlrll \'l()s (les_ utilizd()s. se ll|1fcg( -ll grtlPl): cl pl(ll)ltlll (lLlc(l:l pl:lrlt('l(l() (\)tll() tlllll \ici(-)n p()1 1)1ie (lc cse xnlllisl dc l l)tl(nrl ta'cnic'l tle srt csctcl:t Lll anlllis tlt inclir,klLri st'r'ix cl clllpl)lt tlc n. ac'cr llicn l. clr'tc stl cs'Llel :ttlr,):t' l-a in.lli7lln(l() (s el tinitr ' tlrrr' tir-itsiD)ctl.it cscn(.il clc lrr sitrrcitilt itnltic:r -el ( n(. l)r()l)lcll)lrs. \i t-l() pr(rgr(,sll cs stl lrsln)nsill)ili(lacl-:t. rc-ltrlclrttc llll()l- 11_ grLlP() fitntc it Lln 1rc cl xnxlist ) stl gltlP() (lc l)eflcn('n(i: 'l es cl iJlstfici(ntt crr\ ( )s Prc( cl)l( )s ric crig( tl c()lll( ) itl,.'elizlLtlos. grLlp( ) (lLl(' lo lt'' cllta lt t t'tclit iti
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(.llirl(lLtier intr\'cn(i(-)n :tnxlii(.x ltatt (()lI() (,qujritlcnt(, 1l Ln resl() diLr_ n(,: r(lr(lr\'-1. ntr,iliztr. es (lll)t.(l (lrs(l( Jo J.rr.<ri() (lcl in(r)s(.icntc rlt.l luliz,rl,r. l\() lllrY tl<ts lLnlizntl()s (lLlc tcltl-{n cl lislll() in(tnt:i(.i(.0tc \., l)()t tltn l, ), lll Itllstnx interveD(i(')1r I)t()(lLcitii (litcrcnl(]s et!,(.t()s. I)rc(.cI. (1]t(r)Ccs. ,lrrl no r(r)(ld1t njngLin senli(lo Italtlll.r[,tip()s (lc intcn.rl)(.i(r]cs.utitliicxs.
,.rlt'r.rrlizlinrkrllrs. lrtsclrnrlrr r.,fi,r.lrs <tc I)f(xn()\rliitD Ln() r ()tr() tip() SiD en)_ l)irrg(, (\l(.xrgLrrcn) (lcsl)icltx s()sl)c(lls r.rrnrlo cs csgr.intitkr l)Lr.r () rr\1, s;' l( s r,li,ckrs illc( )t'tscientcs (lc nrcstrlls int(,rYcltL.i()ncs, no :r.r><.cclin<krsc tlc rrr.llrr'it lLtirlcnle (()] k) (lLtc ll(.e gl an:llizaD(k. l.l)()1.(lra,si cll(li ilnilli_ z.rrrltr licnc Ln in(()Dsciei)rc tlifi'rr:nte. l()s iinillisrirs. sin trlIrgo.;rr'(.1)Ilr,l)()s ( irl(.11()ris (luc re(t)rtn l:r t'rrr.Deliclcl \ lu l).1()l()gi.l clc cs:r inflnitrtl tlt na
)l(igic( )s (lLc i tllrilllit1.lD l)or. rrr no Itlrv rrna .olit (.( uelir xnlilic: ([lr r)() l)Ltl)]i(u(. srs (.its{)s r.linir.rs sin rue :rl lt.rl,l.rl cicl i)irlir.n(l() l< Ulricltrc d(nttr) (lc ciert()s I)urallslr()s l.calcgor.ilrs (lue l() (listin, )tu(.n (l(.()lt()s itniiznclos. st el ti-ro cle ne!ft)sis. el tiro tle rlclinslts, cl tip<r
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.1.',t," ai.'n,rr. r.'sl rtrisltlrtlrr sIl I)r()l)iil ltt'li( itl(li\itltl l)(rr) llllllci l()s [trr]tlrentos ttoticos clc [lt 1,:nit:t. Si crtctctrros sLl)crr cstc tstx(i() (lc c()s.ts l-cstll1ll intlis>cnsalrlc llregr'trl 1rr,'r,,, ,,,lra. krs ty'i'cltrs tslt ltcli//1/// (lLlt l)()s('ctl el-l t'l psi<ttisnlt' tltl :tnltlizl[r<l< <.lili'cnl(s tipl)5 (lc Lllcr\cI)(i(r]cs. lilrll() P()l stl (()tlttni(l()' )ot stt li' llt trlr xl-tlicllttl cle rill(ttlo (lLl. it trll\''-s tlt tlls tttlr lrlec cttlos llr:r- c(1r() -litrertos. r,,t a,rr,r.',ar"r, cl allsl) (lt !nll itcrl)lcl(i()t1 proti't-itllt rot el enlt r,,r"
t,tl .lcl lLnli,.rr,.k,. (lt('('slil rltstir,.tritt l)rrxltr(r.'tln rrlirio r.'rl Irrs rrnsic(lil(l(s (n (Lllttlt() lt |t'tlttcit 1c cr.rt, lt tIr[rinltn. trre. int.ltrso. l)f() t!te\cl] Un (1to1l)i(r litcirnarlL Iricn' tLckr rr,les rt,rltttr.Lttttclllc clll-llizx(l()s. Aprenfctrlcntt (lcpctlicnle. itlstgttt-ll solrre (lc li(lit(l -lll tlli Pcl-s( lra,,r,,lr,(' sLt(('(lc si s('lrirl (xl)lr(i(li(l \'(-l)'i('r)lll_ tlt' )( si tislllit l()s .l., r,,,pi" lll(rl(('. s()i)rt :Ll lnsltt I:t 1:rtlsicirln l(llll)uli((r, (,st]-r(lrl.rt cl(l\'ncul() lisllt I-u clt,s[rs clc lri I,icl:r't c idtnli(lx(les ()tr() (lLrc las (luc alltct'trlc, v itttcrPrctil l)()sici(lcs c[ algrti,.:tt (lt( se it(llltielcll cn cl ll(\() (ls el)lrcgl-\'rt(il)if Llnil itlrc{)lcl'l( ii)n n() ticn('n Lrn tl((1() (lLc \:l lllits ltlli clcl <rnttnitkr tie l:t lttisnlt \" (lLl('(s ustt)clL litnte t rcli)rztlotlr <lc llr Jlllfokrgrt r.lc l:t tlt'rcncltnt ill'1 SLll)(nlg'lrl]()s xllor <lLrc cl enltlistll sc (ll (tlcnl (le cst() \'sc l() (()lLni( l nltlizllnd() /.n() es UD,r taraci,ri.t n(f1tl)lc (lU(,cl (.(rttclti(l() clc llr intcllrtctltr'io1l l)llnte I)1lci:l tln (lLl(' l-l ('stlL(1Lll:l (l(l( ll:!s <le cll: sc 1rr',,.cs,r <lc lliitx)r iltt(nl()lllill l)cr(r ()l)rlcsl()!'Qtl'\1l 1t pl'((l()tlill1Lr' cl ('s(lxrecillli(llt( Ll rl'l'liti cl'e cottstliclc l() () (\ns(icnlc l lel)etiai(-)il en lll ( l tsfi'l cncilt. l)lli() la /''lcll\1)-(llr()ciontrl clel tit() ilr.,r,itr.ltl() rttc Iigia) l()cla la vi(lr tt(i()t ltt(tlilL.tt. tft tltisltl(t (, l(t sil/ llri()s (c tllitlll(1cr Illlil cstrll(lLlfl (l(' 1l':ls lrg()s trtc clcl enalizlrrr<l<r7;llltstlirli (lrptn(lcnci.t, s()s1cni(lJ cn l ilsilllctria clc l't sitr'tltciotr:tnliticlt' s< tlcclittle cl irlti.*r pcrirti. .1-(.s(r'er, l:L 1l.,tsi! rco( i11. itnilliZlLn(l() csil (lcl)('lr(lcncia PcIo btrj,, l' tisnl.r cstrLl(lLIti r.l(' rt'lrtcii'll (lc (lL_l)cl(lell(illj;\() (()l-tc cl leliglrl tic (()nvefirrs( (sil Prcsllrl(it lltll()11(nllill linlll (lr Llllx 1l:tr-oclie 1t:lr':t (('ntinltl'll
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n( s Ii(,ir(l lrrrsc:tllt ctal<llicl rcscluicio <rrc clielt ecccst lt sLt inc()nscientc. I)1t i i( nl(.s (st()s trltintrs c<l rn c<n<.icncie otglrnizlrcllt [gi(lilnrente (l(. llcu(.f(l() .rl rrrx'r'so scaltn(lri(). sr-rliclu en sr rro clcl letur;rje c<r erc.ionl 1 clt. l:rs re-
c()n al)n(l()nlLrla () scr c!]Lt() c()n ella. qLltstt.:lnl()s un r(,cicnte tral)xjo de.Jilllnez ( 1993 ), clisc(>Lrlo rlc la escrrel alerr:rrrr rlt.'llrrrn:i ! K.i(ltele (19J9, 1990). qLte e()n gran agucleza sc centrll en lrs t'fur'los (lc l inter'\enci()n nlirica. Se trlil cie Lln ll,tJlizan(l() (.i:)(l() p()r rr n lr (lr L. r )lr1ip()tcntc. invrs()r.. (lue tlrscn r-r la c()ncluct;l cle srr hijo. clescle l\'(lu('n{). ((nlx) si c()ntinLatl)entc tLtviel? (ltle \'cr c()n ell. hecicnclt rrna ,r)r)slill1](, l(rtura clel l)ensaDlicnk) dcl hijo r (le suprcstiLs intencionlliclcles rlrrr' lrr lr,ntlri:llt a()ru() (testin:ttllrit. 1, lror Un 1t:trlre tstltriz0ide t}u s( t.ttir1) .r rrrLr lrosicir'rn cle silccir ne li n)en(r-cr]trrrieclecl..Jil)tricz sc cnc()ntr(i t n lrr silt:tcior-l paru(kijicx cle <trc si interrrerultl. reprrciucia el r rrt'rkr <lcl lrnalizckr con llt Dreclrc orDnitotente (lue.slra, -c.tunckrlas tnot ir..tr rt rcs (l(l ()lr() I)('r() si pelnlxneca en silcrcir. cnk)n(.es repetit tirnl -lctLxn(l() lr, r - kr trrc cl peclre halia hcrl:,r. .r) (lre r)()s d(nllrs til (llle no se tr.rx ni cic l:r interprcti(.i(-)n ni r-lel silcn, io sino tlt, interrogentos en cllcllr r.:tsr ccr(.a (lc los clc<.trrs en el lnlLliztntlo. ,\sr, si n()s cn(r)ntl-alll()s xlttc Ln l)ll(ientc cle lrs <ltre sc srrclco <.1si[i<.irr-t.tlltrcr ltrlolitt. rrrn Dtrtlulicllrl pali't()jclc. (}( (\ I il L1llt!t)lc intclplsl.t r,rtl\l, r,rnt s or'rrlllls cn hs (r)n(lL(.tls cle lrs clcll'ts. :r>clantkt a j)llxllesis (lre n() se l)r(rxll)ir rk iirnclamentlr. (le c()ntl'1Lstll.trn la reeliclrcl, cLr:ln(lo el un:Lliste lc lrt( rl)r(,li llr t.tntesa in(()nscieDte t.nr sc relitl.c, l()s in(li(.x(l(rcs (.()n(r.tk)s .I l,r rr'rxlirr'tl. irro rrflrtr-z-a :lclts() !l)ll r.rc-ent.ilr r[- rlrre t,s pr)sil)lc l(1]cr u.) c,, \, ':rl illa( )r) scieitte rlcl otro (le tD:tDrrit inntc(li:rtat r intLtili\ir'/ I)or.rtrs rttc el .rr,rlisl;r k.rcrclc f:tntasis <rrc I'crcllrcler:uente cxistcu en l rente ck,l nlliz.rrrrIr, <trr.\os iuteqxcl( i( res n() letgiln cl nivr:l clc il.rctrlitllcl ck, las dcl plr ( r( rll('. su (stil() L's (lc Lln,t ( nnni[)( )ten('i.l sitttilr tr ltt ck,l tr.otirr pa<.r,.,ntr:. lirt (st(, til)() clc plrr'rcnlcs, sc\clllnleDtc perlrtrl)a(l()s, c) >roltletttlr r-s rIlrry rlrslinl() (llr(,cl rlre sc ltrcsentl con I()s pacientes neltr)tic()s, a<lutlios crr tui<\
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liplcs estnrcturac(rnes clrre el ?perto psqLic() prreclc eclcuirir, ccno clescle u1r .t planarllicnt( ) [ec[lcci()nist clc l:r psicoparlog:r. se prreclu pens!r cn una rrr<rhli<lacl Lniversll (lc inter-r'cnci(in xnrltic." Asi, ror ejeltplo. el silenci(). (Lro noclalirltl cie la escucha nalitj(a plr ir perDriticnchr cue e[rcrje el cle seo. no clcja rle prcsentar prrblemas si n() se Lrtiliz.l en situaci()nes muy clefini(ls. circunscritas. c()n (r)ietiv()s clr()s. y se clevr. cn canrl)i(). al carl'rctc-r cle Pre(cl)to qLrc ( r.tctcl'izrtL l:L lrtrene lrsicin clcl rtn:tlistr prirl ltplicel cn Il rlla\'()ri.r (le lrs tlisos. SirtDrr-t lr>s l)Jrcr'jr) cLri()s() cl sLpresl() lilcxnl.lnrr. un run: rlc sus ii rr rrlci< nes clc l terrir cle la ctl. (lc (lLle 'rtc el lvlslll Drienk) de la rncnte clel :rnxlizuncl() <ue inrplic(r la rele< irn con la rlr(lrc (rIrrip(fentc cle l:r rellcitln clr,rlrt. cuc se l)Lr(l() sosteer x le flLlltr en el cunrrli nri(n) dtj la firrtcir-rn l).lt(mlr ({Lc r()nt1'licra el xl)r.rz() lln)rtlr(), pxrr n() reprtir cs.r rcli(i()n (lLlll l)t()l)usicr'n rn unulista rrrc rrrn cl silcncio csclch analticu- slrpLlcst.rDrente penlljtirx (luc cnlergier cl cieseo -l v el ser clel uoalizanrl<. Nttcstrll plc.ttnt es si se pcnlllurc(e en silcnr i< licnle a cste nlizrutdo. no sc Il cleje xl)1tn(l()nar(l() tr I()5 Lkn]lrtisrll()s tle str nrcnte. lrl ckr
lIili() (le sus l),()l)ixs (r'ccnci;rs. cle sts 1;rntltsas. r.s clt'cir ck, llr rclrc r:':ni l)()IeDle ah()r lltbllnrk clcscle clcntro clt' i'1? hr-r rrt consistirrt la vercluclerr irrncir-rn .-ratelnlr, (lcl 1lnlrlisl. p(- Lslrr l:t tc llin()l()girl cle eslt escuclal ,.lin rrrll,,r'.r fept{iI tl silenci< <lcl paclrc (). l)(n !-l c()rt[lri{). rn intcrvrni.r(ti\':lrllcrtlr l)iil tesrrltrlr tlcl rIIitlir rle lr r)lltclre iDtrr)yc(la(l:l/ N() nrs lr clenr()sllir(l() cl rslmPit()s() 1rircrrs< <lt Ll lrr'rl ipsi( luitl-ilr cle (irxrprr )' I;ing. cL\'.
plrcienlc, n)istillcxd() rn sL expe icleolog:t cra exa(lirD)cnlc l nrisrlu -al parl (ulllrl(r-. (luc lil apareltc rientirt ror su filllliliil. bstrrllt darlc lilrcltecl Iilrc|lrr<i ot<gu<[r l)(n-tl (( rlx'Llt'.r etir sit]rl)lcr\r( nt( .rlrrrtkrno tlcl l)'.lriente l (lcslin{) dc sL l)llt()l()gi, tlc lrt crtqrtrlsron (lc repelici)n. (lc- ur) in(()nscicnle (llc n() cs l< r'elclarlelr ni lir salu(l sinr) (Llt en su gncsiri ller l rttr'ca clel
z,rrirrrr's t rrclrlrriclrlts cle ls nl( )tivx(.i( r1es in(lDscicntes. pxcientes !,rt (lLlic rrt'' r'slr'r-llrros cl Dtrrrcnkt clel llttsrrs, clcl sintonra, clel suctirt ctre n()s [)ermillr Ir('rrr'IlirI iI llliti,s tlc l t1)(it (lLlc t ((n)(.itlt(i: ()lrc(.t rt nckr ric llltfsia .r rr< r Lt llrjrlt. l\>r el (ir'lt-ri(). en cierk)s :ll.icntts serirttentr pcllLrrl)(l()s ,, t r rrlJluro l)sic(-)tico, la lrlla c<>nsistt cn el n() rstl l)le(.inrient cle l:r signili , .r( ion (r,n\ ( r'l( i()it:rl clel lcngLrajc r, clc los signrrs. en sLl Ls() irliosinc.r.rr,.r,. un ,'l ,, lrrrr i,, . l]irltt() <l< llLs lcvts sitlrlrilics <rrc perrtrilen (1r]tpxtti, l1l iDlcr,,r rl ' trr i, l.rr l. ( r) ( lu(, lrr splllllci(in ()l rc pr)ccs( ) l)rir)lri() \' sc(.Lln(litr.ro nr I tirn ( r,,r).r ( n s lrnt ion Drrnalizlrntr, cn (lur ltt l.rrera cle llt rcpresi<in. lcjos tlc r( nr'r rlll( lt.r.Urt,trsr'. li(,ltc (luc tasl[ a existir. l)(n.tnk). c()l] csk)s p.L(.i(l-I[(js l.r l.Ur'.r .rrr.rlrfr,.r l)r(.(l( scr l:t rtrisrttlr <itrt cr)n l()s netrtic()s2 l'rl t,ll, r,1sirIr.ut]()\ (lLtc ti)t() clcscle t-r clcsc()n()r'jl)tient() cle llis ruril
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rii\t;ur( i:r :rli'( tr\ J. (Jlrc [el)sc (lcscr))pei]ir' (iuri!tc lis prinr(.rs etirPils el r()l .r5rsnlr(l(). ('()l()(.1 :il lnalizxn(l() cn l.t posi(i(irt tlcl :tln<ltnaclo. (lesl)r()tefli(l() r. solr'tor:kr. (lc sLpuestallentc inaclecrL:ttlo c(nt lxs prcgtlntxs (lttc f()rnrtrl .rl rrn:rlisllr, rlarlo rue la no respLr(sta cle a'ste implicarl (ltc la Prsgunta n() (lc
l.r'i,r lr:rlx'r'sirkr firulclrt Cierl()s "il(t()s anlti(r)s" tlc la csctrcla luc:tnianl .n(fr('.\( lt'<i<:rt'lr l. l)Lrert:r r] pr(ienlc. cler ollintlt le rtl rfire:l tle l: scsir-rt'l, ,r st lr'inltr'r'trrttpe la sesion pr>r la rlrl:rlrr'lt "\':t(ll, en (lLc stlPtlcsf iltttente esl.tlr; inaurri('n(i() n() actat p()l l sirplrcst c(r]nr()cia)n tlttc procltt<irltn etr le p,rsicion sLrbjetivrr <lsl anilizxn(l() sino p()r(lLr(' lu lrrufrtl inrenencit-n. clc cer,r( t('r n('l.tn)cnle c()n(ltl( tistit. tleteruinl r.rte acttell ll)rcn(lat. nl((liilt)le cl l)ft' llrr,, r' cl c.rstig<l- (lu cs I() <rre nrl rlelt IIIIcr. St'iDtrrne. cnt()nccs. llr e,:csiclacl (lc I)tclllriltltrnl)s xrttc )(l() clls(): lx Ir'rr:r.el rslilodc intellenci(-)n (IsrllI. 1993: Kantr<$ itz, I992).cl til)() (l('\'1(tr lo rrrc irrJrriDrc el nalislr l t[iltr]uicnk). s()n sirrlilarcs:t Ll ()rg.ltlir.lLri-,n rL lr'rsiru rltl lrlizntlo. s()r) c()hcrcnl(s o (r)n1rlt(licl(r'j()s c()n l()s (r)icti\'()s ilu( \('csl)ca:ln [(anzirr. Ic (rnslllitcn (]( rl]isnl() ct'rtiigo clc signili<lt<l<rs <tte ('rg:rirJ su i).ll()l()gr o t:t(ilitan st lLtrsfi'tlta< krn'1 lltt cstc s(rlti(l(). cl cn,
)slct!( jn r'rro r[,fcnstr prcrlrlente fient!, l ngLsti. i la cu)p:r l>iliclacl o u lu pcrsecucir'rn quc illtplicn el luccr'\'<r.ralcuier cletiniri<in. Lln :tnlistx cuicl.tcloso. en el rllrj()r scntido clel trint, (lLc ntes (le,r(trar l() piun.1 tl'cs veces. (()n tn rr-rctltr:lrc gut()s() del (lue trrllc el ll)en()f aptt.tlrlIticnk). un
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xrntaneiclecl, tltrc no lllt,v (lLl( (r)t]tctril er'r()tl]s, (lLc no se rleltn c(rrr(.l' ties .1()s'1 ll)rat esc rLtlizlrck es ll.is illll)()rtante cl slrltcr o cl oo r'olt el ltlu:r'1 ll(coLtlcDrs tLrc I.reucl. lr(ltr sLIi p.r(icntes Ilisla,rjc.ls, cut- t,iran el prc cll( sin sltl>r'r r.k, la (()ne\i()') c(nt cl pitstt(l(). (lue rcl)etin y cttlll)tn en vez clc silrboliz;. ltstitL\1') Irt <<rnstrr'cir'tr't Ifst<ir'ic:l rtnr rlr tirtt rlc rcst.ll)lr(er unx (1)rltinui([x(l c11 l:t i(lcnticla(i <lr lrr pecicntc l,petntitrl trre prr (lictn sill)()lizar las expericncis <ue vivan en cl crc{)(). l)et(). cn (ntl)i(). en el .lkrrrlrrc clc los lollrs", clespus tlc Lln t-atanlienk) estencrk lr Io largo
<trc rltrlrrjo cl cxorl)i() ftrv enuntialle rtLe ll (('r'rrlioltr el t r':r tlrrt ticrt r cn ut l)illz(r lijo <ir,trrtrrs lxx()s rtrtsrs. () seil Lrrlx lc('i()n y n() (ln inlepretlrci<in, :tcci<-rtr <rrr lrrego ctrtr':i ltrger a lrn trabejo rle clib<ucion cn <rre la inle'rprct(i(in !uelVe.t k)tntr el pllpel ccntrxl. I'r,ro. se Prretlt pl-( )lt)( )ci( )nit r itrcslri(t1tr))cntc rl alctLl.tr p(n pafie clel analistlr'l;Qrri- plrsir fr)n l()s irnllirltD(l()s cn (l!rctcs l ttrtultir'r tcenrplaza al I)rnsllr'. cn llts lcr's< rIr lir.laclcs inrtlrlsirtts. PsitrlLilicas. () (1)n ten(leo(iar llI us() c()nrpLlsi\'() rlc r-Logas unte lo c<t ictos quc no ple(lcn cnlicntati, I;r rregunte crrr clclrt gLlirI nuu\llir\ iDt(r\Ln('tUne\ c\ f(,f t.lnt(). qU (fi'a h)s astnKtllratl/r\ cn rl (lr'li(fct'(lel lrlc rcnlc, ctl sLs l)ittl-()nes esralrlcs cle crlnrlLr,-1:r. licncrt i.rs jnlcr\'(,n(i()DCs. cl tilxr rit, r ncrr]o t, r'l r11:r(() lcr.ln(Lti(1) (l!lc l)r()rlLeve ('l .lnirlistx, cl crlrlr:nich 1 llr [irrrrur clc lrrs intcrprct:1. r, rr re., 1 crjruo se lllic'ulan csrcr lica lren fe c(nt lus .iltitctcristicus <lel at-rliz.rnrkrl Lsllls s()n lgLnas clc llls pregunlas (lLre c()tlricnz.ut lxilsc canlir() clentro cle Lrnir ltl'tcli (lc lrltl)irl() (luc n()s l)r(ae l)[()ltel((l(r'a ( Knlr()\\'itz, 191]91 Rr-ner. 1992). l1-.ls inle c')( ( tcs plrl t:s( irnlrlizio(Lr en rlrr'licrrllrr \itn L'n ll (lilccciirn cl!- krs cnrl)i(): (Ll(j sr (l(,st:n cstitnLtl.lr () (oltsoli(lxo la purlogi.L't Cu:'rl cs cl utlel< i(leDlifl('rifi() (lllc se cstli tiiecienrkr lrl ar.rlizunckr (on nLestra p()si(i(-)n cn I1 sitrr.rc i<'xt uneliticrr'1 il):lr1
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r|l)rIl(lu( ( n ('\ silulrci(-)n cn h terltpiili (tisclrten con el nalistx. xgrc(lcn, Pero .rlu( r'ir rr() lrccll ntll7 Se pttecle cLrrltr lr es()s enllizanclos s(ll<r cn h "nettr<r \is trirlsl(r('nci,. () sta tien(lc a (()nvcfiirse en l. tlcfelsa plir, ilegiacll fiente .r lrr lcrrlitltl? S()n lnlizxn(l()s cuc prolongltn stl trxtllricnk) no s<ilo por la r1r'rrlilir rtt iir crtc el r'nculo les propotcione sin() P()r(lLle lo tttilizrtl colll() tll() rirlr)!'iir \'(()rrrf(l1l xnte el vivil. As cr)')() 1a Iingiiistic lll()slr(-) l.r it))l)r,ltJn(i'l rlt' rlili rt Dcilrr el ex:rrttcn cle tn lexrt> rlc rrttrel cltte ticne c()t))() ()l)i(1() el nlxr ,,, ir)tI r'\tui1. clc igrLltl trtaner:t. (lte(la[ (-e]tri(l() en llts !itisitLlclcs r.le llt rc Lr, iorr .rrl:rliticlr. lr gresar rlc LL cnortllc irnp()atr(1(i:l riue rcvisle. >ttetlc hacer r'rtIr'tk'\,istl( (lLrc se lrt tlclrt crlttr](ler crt el c()ntcxt(r cle l:r li<l tl <lcl
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(ltlc n() s( ttlucc l rlili rt nt irr cntre trl)aj() en Ilt transfl'rencilt v en cl ltfitclt. l cttcstitin cle int( rl)rr'l:l('i(tes transfc'r'cncielcs 'a'l//.\ extl-iltl llnsti't cn< iltles. sino c<n ttn nllL_ It rltt rltlitl. llisicl srlrc tl conceJ-rttl isnrr tlc trxnsfcltncix' st sttcle llrtl>lltr rl( lr:u\\li'rLDcil pala refcrilse al r'ntLlt c<n el nalistrt. las flnttrs,r..1rtc tic nr'ri r \1,.'(()nr() ccntr(). sin rcPlrlrt cn rttc cl ttso clel rrrnc'cpto llt'rtliltno cle lr.llr\lr'r'(r](irr cn slr senti(k) llll)Pll J)t]rllttlIl.,,tr.r .ll)ri,\llll.lLi,,l).5i trnslir, )r',.r ( l,Di(-r c\ IllllDtcncr telltr'ilin cr Iits tigtrlts 1L( tt.lL\ (1)l)l() st s( lr.ll.lse ,I l.rs t r r-r'sentlrci( )nes inlcrrllrs t['1 ltnltiizltnclr Iorjatllts lot'tl irltecir.tr-go <le Lr r,',rlrrl.r<i rrrslrcllt t, la fllntrlsiil. l(tlltll(l() ('l Ill( ierltc cn llt scsion estri hltlrln([) (l( su l)rcj:r. cle sr.rs anrigos. rlc sLts cotttJ)lter<is clt trallrtio (n Pl(stnti.i tk l rurrrlistrr. es <1tte arttellas figlttes rcltlesentarl. tn(Ll)iettllnl(nte xi 1ln:llislx. o crr vcr<lcl. eI anllizanclc cstii lenicn(l() r(illiplcs r'ncrlts ltrLnsfcrtnciales (n ('s( l)r((is() nl(nttent(). sicncl() el lnlistlt ttnti clc cllts' (ixr t'l rlalistli sc t sl.rlrlt r't' sictDpre. sin clue llltvlt un ttgrtncltt clcl prtx eso nxl1ic() cn (ltl( esk) rr() sLrr'trllr. urtl transfi'rtrlcil. perlr cl)lt cs rltttc clc rtna c()nstclrci)n (lc transIr'ri r(iirs sirllrlfiines qLre pirri Lr rslirllttl psc1tri,:a tlcl rnrllizill(l() litllen rr'srr (ltr.rkLr:r:r' nrcncir-rn rlel rrnrliziltt(l() ('D cl trattxtl)iclll() cs trilnslgrcnciil frr() rl() l)(,r(lLle sr.'eilcrlt :t lrr rct'srrtt:t r.lcl nltlistlr sirl() P()l(ltle e<,.rclkrs <lc l,,s rtr. lrrrlrla (xul)an Lrn lugul cn su rcli(lit(l l)si(ltricx 1(tttxl, lLlgilr Ittllr(:l(l() (lllltrltl< cl anli ror Ir rr'<lPitls clcsc()s. tcnr()rcs, e\[)crirt-](iils <lcl peslttlo zrrrrk,ltlrlllr <lt r.rn pcrsot-tltjc <le stt rirlt. atctLtlll () Pasx(111, cst() n() cs exlt.l lr,rrslcrt n< irrl f:l xntlisl pLrt(lc csl:tr ()ctrPlrnckr. cr'l cst lll{)llIcn). el lLrgar tltl lr'rr,rr tl ,.'l cuel cl xnxlizn(l() lrallulxt tle los plttllcs. () l1l P()si(i(in (lc rrn,, rlt l,,' prrrlrcs con <r.rien sc ali;tlrrt tn lll criticrl ltl (fr(). I)crr) si el allxlistl , rlr.r ( \r)\ lrrgrrrr's cs. precisllnttnle. l)()r(lLlt ttt l scs(-)n csliin Prcsentcs en Lr r,.rlr,l.r,l rsrrrrit:r <lcl '.inrLlizirn(l(). (\)tr lilnl introtlltttti:t a(l)() c] lln:llistll. l,',,'tr",ltr,rs,,ll.rj(s. l,'t(Lrrrit()s en IUr rrlisr() itlgcnrto. rttc l)(,((' lirll( tlLle r,'r ,r,rr r'l ,,n(( l)(o tlt r'celitllrl l)si(l(i(i. (t.n(k) (fc(',))()s (lllt lll -rlt('1 ,,rll,,rr'.r rl, l .r.rlrslir ('s si('rrlllrc lli.is ir11l)()rtilrlle ctte llt tlt'lrls otros t<rtson:ll( ,,,r\(.r,l,rs r r L lrrnJlizrtncltr (11 sLl [el:rl(). l,x l)regLttltit lt fi,ttltLllllrn()s ts
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sicn'tprr: poblaria cle persrnajc's. I)()r(lLc se sostLl\'() que le curaciirn erx sin(-)niru) cle curcirin cle h neurosis cle trunsferencia. y cltrc l.l trlnsfrencir scrl equivlrlente lll \'n(Lk) ('()n cl lnlist:1, ent()nccs o() lrulx mlis rcorecli() (lre inlcntxr Ii)[zxr el nateril (lel rnalizlndo. leerlo srenrprc bajo ur-lt clevc cLryo rcstltrdo tinal cucclltbe aseglrreckr clesptrs clt rrn rto<eso clesc<rliflccIr tcr-(lcr('i()s(): ei enlizrtnclo sc r'fi'ra tl anelistr. li r'ctri(lueci(in a la iigrrrr rlcl :r'rrrlistl (lcl lel.t() del rnilli zit(l(), l ctri(ltlcci(-)rr (Ir( lr$).srr rrl)()g('() cn llr a'l){x er'l (luc sc r)ll).r el r'eLr),lrniticst() <ltl:tn:Lliznck \'se rccrlll)lr1l l):r ri k rs prrsonajcs PoI le ligur':r clel nalista. ('()nsrr\'.in(l()s('krs vtrhrs <ue errr-cs.rlr:rrt llts ltccirltes qLre trlrnscrni[all ent[c a<tri'lLos. signilic<i lle\'er el crtcrrr Ia tcsis rle cl)nfLnclir lil ttensfcr:nr'ilt crt lx s(si()n crl c'l vincukr con el unliste. I-x (lcsrlrcsttrlt (le estrt xdilrd l)iz() clrtc los;ro:rlistlrs cr.re no xxlar-t l)llrti('il)!r <le ell:t se sinticrn en iulta 1'tr.rvieren (llrc jrstiflcr cn r!lz()ncs plli(1ics (lc cli(a(ia cl Lrs() (lc intcr pletci()nes.exIr:rtr':n-clrcnci1rles,. es <lecir no Icfi,jcls lri nlistr. El crnsul t(ni().rnltic() sirrlrl)rc tienc ntrclx)s l)rr's(tnij('s. r.le rrroclo (lLrc n() sc 1)r!tc(le Ilabajal cxclr.rsivlr rt)( nt( (n ('l r'ncult clt cLr: crr cl lrrlistu.
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I lrs xnrtli(1)s: I)lcie!lles (ltc xl lrgr.lvitrsc cflrn c()1tsi(lcr(l()s (\r]t() nccesit(l()s <lc Ltn rrhzluttirnt() (lel Ilirtltlllinl(). cs rlecir. clr tt[is r.rn!.]t'r.r. L:urcnt:tlltnttr'tlr. llrs t,sr'tcl:rs enliticlrs s(r) re:t(iis ir lentl gn ('ucntx rl L(') ((l)t() clc (rrlIrir)(lirlrirln. ts (l(](ir'..r pl:nkirrse (l('D]il('ril r'larlr l explr'it:r l)l(t (lLr (ls()s sri crllixl(rc kr tinir'o ttrc l{).ll !s lr((,ttulrr rl [tsgo clc clt[ir' tcr () lll c()n(li('i(nl rlttolrrgic] ctLrI. l,s irttr'n't n< ioncs (llrc pLrc(lcn s(r ll(lccLra(lxs Plu-x un tip() (lc xnillizun(l(). y (lLlr (1)nsli(\r\'('n cl lck firerte cle un (scuela. s()n llls (lLrc il(triln ixll'()goicxnlentc I).[ ()tr()s cs()s. Sin crnl)aLrg(). n() c()11()ccllt()s (le ningtrnlr csclrtl:t rl1lili(ir (ltr(j lige rtrc rt srr rIl()(lcl(). c()n sLs re('Llrs()s t'cnic()s. a (ielll)s pllcicntcs n() l() Ptc(lcn l(r1r. Sitr.r('iin l)d\'l legiacla uclrrclla clt llr <1ue prccierx (lLre g()zris( r)r()s l()s psi(()anllist.l5: mir:,l tr-as (lLc naclie rlc rtos cllrlll)()s sc lt r.rr'tttlrril (lLlc un tcr-llputr(.r n() tuvierx cfct()s sr_r'rtncllrirs inclcscecks y c(ntlrlrin(li(irci()1res irp()r11ln1c\. lis DUestms scriitn rlc iDcliclri<n Lll-li\ctsal \ src])tl)r(' lrcnr'ilci()sals. I)(]]lilsill(l()
cltrs< srrsrcr'ltoso. l-as rlz()ncs <lr csllr rer'<llrrlcr rcl)rrsia)o rlel r'rn<ePlo clc (()rttrllittdicit cir-rn xrcciel:r lrlrcrlt'crt lr (l()s (iralenes cliler'cr-ltcs (l( (lLlsLsr en prinrcr'lr.rg:tr'.
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,.rtLt t'scutll irLteclcn scr u,.crtucllrs pr igrrrl, tlllci,.lltlrr y l-r.iltcrrnln cle Itl(.i( lllllr. l9lJ9) se irlone ll tlrrelr rle rrntt cr.tlrlLr.i<ln <.r.iticlr cr ..1 l)l1ln() tc(i lrr,r \ c'tt el rle ll J:lr':i<riclr tlinica cle ls ilttcf\'(n(i()nes postulec[Ls (.()n1() terirlx uliclrs 1.or hs diicrcntcs c()rricntrs dentl'r <lel psicoanitlisis. til tr.oltlenre ('s (lr('Lrn.i vcz (lLe Ln lLnlistl se ha tirrntaclo (lentr() (lc rnlt escurle. ltl ntis llr() li(nlpo cluc eckuiere lralri]iclacl en el Lls() rle krs inslnllllcIllos 1crlrpUtic()s (lr(,ir(lua,llll le p'cr:. su tlltll (lc cepacitacirin cn la epli<.e<.i<-rn tlc krs recurr,r. rlt lrrs ()trlrs ('s(LelJs llrt'r, tlrre vLelva trnlr \,()tlil vcz I kr <rte s:tl.)t,. iclu .,r r urtrrlo l nrlch clel ttlricnlr le ttrcsrrl (llt( t()(l() \,a l)irit l)L'(.. Asi. , rr r,l r.r(, clc :rlgr.tnos f):rci!ntes sc|cl:ntritt. rk.t|iittickrs. (t)n trl).rlr.t (1,ni(r ''rrrl(llr,l I)ac\"ll(ntc1 a()11 [x)cars o casi ningrrnlr :rsor'ilrt i-rn. sit] tclll) (l( sLer,,'. r,rn Plrfincl insiltistll(ci()n s(r)rr slt pr.ol)(, rrn(lintirnt() l clesrsperln,/,r (l( (l( les trrses pLreclan cenrlril', el arc()st!ltl()s en cl r-lir,:in ).cslrlr.u l) l\ r.trrcntr'lls irs()ciaci()nes l)aru que xpalez(' cl ltlltct.iltl rcvclx(l(n.. lr nicr (lrr(, l)r(\lucc. sesi(n trts scsi()n. cs qur: cl scntintiento cle clesesrc[rnza. de lr:rr:so v tle cLrlpabilitlrrrl sc prolirntlicc. lnlc lit jntp()ten(.iu y (les(,\l)(,r...lr)n ,lt l tcrrrr'rrtlr. ste. >,rr,r (1)ntJ,-r'eslar str protio s(,ntilnient() tlt- fnrclrso t.tlc , rrJl).r. c(il)e l()(i:r.\ lis sssi()cs st l)ltcitt)l(.t,src11tr-trio (lUc cst rr(,)t. srr) r.rlrr'r x rr'<rti' tcntlri.t trr< cstltr'k;. )' ('uitn(l() c:,t(, n() sLtcc(le finxliT1lrll I),,r.lpcl.rr .r l.r rr.rlsi<-rr't (le lllucrtc. ll lx recci(in tcrxl)ultc ncgalivx, lrl llir$rrlLll5rll() ,,.r1 <[sr'o lxrstil rlc haccrlc lrxcslrf. (J. cn n() I)t)cals ()caLsi()nes. ittril)uif el
lr:tL'rrso rr sL incapac iclacl rcrsonlrl, sLtPonien(l() (luc cs p(n-(lLr no eplic.ere sul( r(.nl(,|t(.nle bien i trrticlt (le sLl cscuclll. \' (ltc ()ll-() teallpe\tat. c()n D1.ls c.lrrrt rrlrrrl
n ,l,l i( ( )-l)r'( )lsi()nales. cs (lccir. a ll ncccsirllrl clc t.adl est.uela clc sentr su lrr'.tctrr')ilt sup(rtien(l() rrre srr sislcntl es !tni\ersitl. el linicr> rlicIr. :rsegt r'.rrrrL,l sus ttien)l)r'()s (luc n() tjtl,tcn Jirrr.rtr rc,r.llrzlrt:l ningrn l)llriul.tt(. nl .tttrPlif su cnfixue. ni :rrrenrlcr cle lxs ()tl.ls ($rri(ntc,\. En scgLln(l() r( ntn(), I rt'lrr'i<lrio c<-t l().tnIcri()r. l (lcsc()n()cinriento <le ll crnstellLc.ir)11 (\nrlplc.r tk' lrrrlor-cs qLc intcl \ i(,nen cn h :rsicognesis. trrntplt'jitlacl rrre or.igina los srlrtiPos cletr-o cle los grencles cuaclrcs clnicos 1.<tre rccluicrc <lc lu or.cuesl.r, r,,r) (l(. rlircr.,': ri,,. {lr inl(t\'(.r't('l(,D(.\ l)ll(k) (lLc no c,\istc roL cl ntontento uni l((r-x cetez c[' rcs()l\'(rl' kxl()s los ,lrolrletllrs, v (luc ingLl ol'lre cs ltornogi,nu ni trcltrs las lrrprrcsts r-lc
l(ni(l()s. Tan int(resntc resulta el firnrllrentar p(n (lLr rn tip() (le inlsl\cn r irin I tnt rnrxle]r r.le lr.itxrllicnt() ftrnci<ltn cn cierk)s r'st>s colto clesenlr:t rilr p()r (lLr fliclsn rr s()n p;rt(-)g( n()s en ()tr()s. Itrlrenflrl)l(' lcnte. no porlerttos scr (lernlLsixd()s ofrirltists resPr(t() it l:ls
lrosilrili<llrclcs cle <rre los lu-lrlistas clcjtnrrs sin gran estircrz() (ic ser mon()(rn-(le:' \ (llrc cit(l irltcll cnai(in nlcstfa set inlcrr()ga(ht cn cuarnt() x su t)'lra. st c()nIrni(k). slrs cta'(t()s en nrltiplcs nivclcs. \'(lre n()s l)lanteenr()s rlift--r'entcs jn-
len'r'flci<res llcrnti!'!s. s()llcs.rn(l() renlxias. (r)ntallin(licllci(res de ('al(l1l ttnll v rrtcrrros. al fin.rl. pol lrtLrclh rue prrlcciem ser h mr-rs uciccurrla. Al estllr cn(> lclos cn escucllrs. u ()p()nern()s a esr'rrrllrs. n()s cpc()ntrrnl()s ct lil Dlisnrx siturt ci<-rn clr;rtrrcl rrrt llrlrlenclo rrn solr irlir sr lc riclicsc rtrc sc cli:-igrcsc rr .u interl<r'trrr'Ir.r<rcn<k ,.rso cltl iriir:nr:t <trc rrlis tirrrrr'ttcri:r I:r trrrrtni,.ltion N<r sr tlit s(;l() (kr il(('ptllr lrt rrrn<cfrcit'rtt <l<'<1r.te ltal intc'crt(-i( )n('\ lnrli,rr'\ qLr(' (frils sin() tlc rrxlet tencr l1l pr'rictic ('r1 el Lrs() c()narek) (lc url llrttl)li() repeft(r li() (le intccrl(i()ncs xrsilrles. Nlicntrlrs cslo r1() srlce(la. (\)rr() t(xl()s n(rs resis(inl()s rL suiai(lrn()s rn nucstr-() nr(isisnr(). hlrlrlli unl tenclencilt rit(i()ntlizarr .(rD() rirtLr(l (l(, l)rrczlr lo rr.rc en rerrlitlrl es ignolirnc ia t prrlrreza (le reclrsos. ALrn(lLr tiu))l)in sl psic()lniilisis \ ll hisl()ria lccienle n()s nrLrcstllln (l!re lil re presi(-)n n() cs l()(k)t.)(xlcr()sx ni ( l s( )rl1('l ir))icnt( ) ctcrrt().
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trre [,l,,cl]a si csrh er'x ci cils(). l-o rrre Ie resulta irnxns:rl>1t,. rn su t r r..rlrtl (lc nlxntencr lil i(lerliza(.i(in, es rr.rc lrrrrrllo cLrc flrlllr cs rl r>rlcl<t l'r l,rlrLgitrl clr sr (scrrcl \'l()s instn)l))rnt()s ti,(.Di(r)s (lLtc lc J>rr,pr.,tttrrrr.r r': rI r,r. (lu(. r]i cl rlle)r tentpeLrtlt clc l:r rtlistllr rlttcnrli.r resr.rlt:rckrs frrr,rr.rl,lr.s si s( nlil'ttr(.llc clctr(ro cls irs lrnites rigickrs cle:r<ulla. llr.rrr, rr r.I uitlr rrlgtrnos cjcrlrpkrs pure elrr.(lr el telltx (le ls r.rrntrincli (.r(r,rr(!(lr( x,,lILr l[.g.Lr'.1 tencl cLla](llier iDtcl.\,en(.iu lnlticu. incluso la rlr,'r()n,'tr,,,.r .llizt rrlrrs s(,rit lterrillientar pr>clCrosa CIe trlnsiitttDtj,lt p,r ',rlr\.r. l!,r(l(. l,r,rr(' rros lt]lL'rcslt es nt()str:ll qtc n() lustil (lLe los segtrickrres ,I rrr rr,i 1,, rt l,l.rrltllt l:ts \.(,r]tltjits tjel t:risDto \: (.()nsigncn los xit()s ol)-
I)os cle krs exirurrs lrisicos clc Irr ti'r'nicrr niiti(.r \'(luc iunt() l an,tlisis clc llr 1r':tnsli'('nr ill _\ .rl us() (lc l inl(l)rctll(i(')n s( Drlis li('( ucntelrentc in \'(x'(l()s l)irri tljfi'r'nciurll cle crLrkrtieI ol[a finr)] (lc l)si(r)leIil)ir s()n lil ts()tilcir-rn lilrrr'(l-r'(r(1. l()o0. 191J. 1()13) \'li r(grcsi()n. l-ir l)rinr(r' c\ enrnL'i.rcle lrajo [.r firnnrr tlr.rc ic ('()r']()(c trrro ltglu lirntlnrent:tl: sc in\ itl l paciente. en el c()rlIir'lt7() nlisrt() (lcl tlltt:utti( nt(), il (lLlc (liga t()(l() 1() (lLtr Plsa P(r'sLl nlente sin ccrtstrlit <lc ningr.rne clltsc. sin tc-ne[ cn ctlenta si lltc(le s(jf ofcnsi\1). inl)r()pill(l() pal[ ls (()n|en(i()ncs s()cilrlts o si le ltarcce n() revcstir illt l)()rlurlcilr () (irrs(cI de sentido ([]ret(I. l9j8lr). I-lt iclea tr.te sustcnt:l estrt prcs (rilxi(-)n es (luc si cl plr(ienlc hrtlL rlc este nlllncrl. si ttnre le org-rniz.rri,,n hrrlritrrl clcl rliscirrso rcitnal r socilrl si sLspen(le 1()(l() iLi(-i() r'lrlttir'o al fJtrjo ilc srts l)('nslll))icnk)s ] scnl inri('nt( )s. s('clel Lrnil r'()ntlir'itilr nrl'ts trtvtlt lrle rar:r I.r crtletgen(ill (lc lltntllsi.ts pr<(r)ns(icntes \'. aspc( rallltt(nt(. (le re)os dcl in<rrns<icrte repriorickr (lLc sef.in (xlltu(l()s I)r)r el unrrlisl (lentro (le cs(luetis rlc significat ion rlcs,:rnoci<krs pltl el plcirnt(. l lsch ( l99j ). ( r'r un cxcelentc l[cLll() (le revisi<in rlcl ten]x. puntr (lue tl fintLrlltciirn rle la usocicirin lil)re cs c()hcrcnte con la rrimel.lt teora (lel xparlt) ps(lui(\), c()n()ci(h crrnro rrinrera tripice. cn (luc sc esperxl)i tcncr un ar(ccs() l inc()Dsciente. l()s contcnirlos reprimi(l()s. sin lrnlizlr las clefens:rs:
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l.rr :rrrrcllo rr kr ruc el c()nteni(l() nt.lniflestu) all(lir:t p( sintlttliz.ci,,n, n,,r Oorisi()n. l){)r rest() fngn)cntllli(), por clefintaci(rn en general. flna vez (lcs r rlricr'l() Pr t,l irnllist l() rcp|itDiclo le era ccmunicacl<) al pxciente rnedintc l,l ir)l( rl)r'('tirci()r Cci clice lJusch c()n ir()nt .cl pllciente ltsocilt. el analista irl( rl)r({1r,. cs (lccir tr:lnsnlite c()n()citnienk) s()l)re el inc()nscicntet () sea. p?sa l)t)t t'u( ltt! (le las resistencilts. l.() (luc l)lrc('c (lejrse de luclo con l (()nccpci)n cle la asrriltci<in lil>rc. lrrl r ()rrrr st sLrclc tratnsntitir. s()n (l()s lteclt()s rclxci()nt(l()s entle s: l) (lLte p()r nrirs (lu('s( lc l)i(lil ill pcicnte qLle xs()cic cle tl nranel. jallis lo ruccle hacer \.r (lr( s(, kr irtrpiclen slts l-csisten( ias l)rec()nscientes e inc()nscientes nric (k), \ (,r'giicnz:r, crlpa. ec. ; ) srlo el nrilisis cle las clefi,nses,v clc las enilusliirs (l((' p()nen en rnlrcllu a atlr.rerlllis rcsulle cepaz clc ltrir cl c|rin< tl rrrtrrscicnte. Al respect(). llrrsch hce n(ft (luc la fitrrLlci<in cl'isir..u cle la ,srxirttioll lilrre <rrrresponclc, il pesar quc sc sig:l [ec(nlrcncllrntkr c<ttr cx l)r'si(ilr (lc lu luena ti,cnicu llctLill. ir un pcr()(l() ntcri()r x la segunrl:r tripice. rrr()rll(,ll() ('t) qLc y no st-rl< i0tctesn las tirntasas inc()nscicntcs stn(). tI]tlrir'n. llrs lir'rllts in(\)nscientes (lc ll)ilntener es()s c()ntcni(l()s en estaclo rle rr'rrt sion; o sca. Las clefnslts. l1r'tilnt(). si r:l lotrr rlc olrserrat.itin cs el plu r (,v) /o/rl(l( tts()('illt le sccrcrt< ilr cn (luc sc cntrclltzan rcst()s (lr (.()ntcni(l()s rlPrirritLrs con ks ol>stculrs a llL clllcrgen(.i.t (lc a,sk)s cn)nccs cl pa( r( nl( (slii sicl)l)t-c cn ustciacin liltrc. y tro trrctle clejlrr (le cstxrl(), yll (lLe ru: silt rrcios. rt:li(encias. clcfi nlr< ione s s()n pilrte escncirl clel fhir sor.iti ro lil rrili<i< (le l()s ()l)sliicll()s u lu enrcrgcncilr clc lus fitntasas inr()ns.l(tl t(s. irl (slllr est()s (r)staicltl()s t tltfi,nss pr(]s(]ntes en el p(tr.cso nrisn clc ,rsrx i:r. t,s insetaraltle clel lna'rlisis cle csus Ilrntsus ((ln\. 19136).
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ellas, :r crirno sus clese()s se vinculan a las angustias. )''stxs t hs clefensas ltal>itualcs quc Lrtiliz. caxn() ests (leiensxs. a sLl !ez, pr()lrLlcven rngusti.r\. (t! i () sea. ls seclencias que orglnizn sLl l)siqLlisnx) l c()r't() plz() Ll in rnecliatez clel pr()ceso unxltic(). lninLrt() luinuto- y ar l)lz() Dr:is -en largo -krs gr.rn(lcs movillicnt()s (le su vicl.. (lrc H) pcicntcs Lltilizan Ix xs()cia(i(in iilrre ctDro resistenci a rc(r)r)()c'er cl senticlo nrlrs gl()l).l (lrc ticnc kr cuc vltn rcllrtan(lo. Son caPaces cle clccir ([re tienen rrbi:r. ttre estlin usustacts. rue se le ocurrir-r clctenninaclo pen san)ienk). per() k) (lLlc rc(ll?zn. ar(ti\'rmcnlc, cs scllr c()nclusi()nes s()l)re lit lellrcirin ctre tiene t(x[() ello crn el pl()ces() lrnaltic(). con vincrllr cs()s stjntimicnl()s y pcnsanlicnt()s c()n llrs s,ct,1cl.s ciel rnislln). Ilsta ttrex (ttecla rt cargo <lel,,la rnLista. S( pxcienles (luc rsln clc la rcgrr:sirin l l 1rs()cici(in li lrr conr< cletenses: es cl,'lu:nulistu cuicn rlebc irr.rplrrse rlcl llniilisis. l illaitcl' (lc Itclrcs <rtc s( I)lt(cn carS() clc firncitrres tltte clclriet'an teliTrlt sts hi)s. L() (lue rttLestftr. rtLre\'1rllcnte. qte la regresirn. qtre talnta iorl)i'rr.rn!ill l)()scc paral rccLrpcr:u xspc(l()s clcl pecicntt (luc irn (luc(llr(l() scl)ultr(l()s l)j() tirnaciones cxrlrctcr(r(-)gicas (lciensi\'as ( t]lint, 1952. 1963r winri(r)tt. I965. l9U9), n() 1.)r.retlr tstirnlLllrfsc irrcstri(t:rnrcnlc, (\)n1() Lrnr rspecie clc plna<ea Lni\'crsll. \'csk) n() s()iltltcntc cn ltrltrclkrs cs()s cn l()s (lLre h tcgresi<-rn es ia firr;t frc< trente clc firncirLr - <icrr<s cr.rclros sevct()s () llsitrrticLrr sln(, cn l()s Dr()mcnk)s esrec fi<rrs ck:l unlisis cn (llrc csti-l l scr'icio clc le rcsis tcn(i l)lj() I tirnra cle \iliz:.r'l.t.fit,qtn(nttct;n (lc lrr exrclicr-tcia pare ncr tartal rl signiticuckr clc lo cuc cstii trlt ns( u rricn(l( ). I;t <rrt llsir-n. ((),r lespr('t() a krs lrres cliltlitticos .tsocuckiJt libre/dttk).ut(ilisis. l')<)t rn lx(l(). )' rt,qrL'sititt/pxryrL'skilt, pot cl ()tr-(). cs (lLrc n() sc pLlc(lc scr-1rlizr'lpr'a)r-l )iigun() (l('('s()s (L[rtr() trnrin()s. F]s tlrrerr clel anallistx. er lir-l<irn clcl l)llcicntc V clcl rDrnrcnto tlel anr'ilisis. rluclar u <uc el peciente circulc. cn (a(l1r nl(),lent(). pot a<rtclllt cle cslts rosibilirlatlcs cttc'sca trt.ir5 (()nveniente p:rra su (re(iurienl{) pL-r's(mxl. l- ils()cix('i()n iilrc es s<ilo tn prtn)(r ltl(),Ilrnt() <lc :r<r.rclkr (lue l)rrsegLlinr()s en llinl() tllin() Pllm nLcstr()s pe cicntcs: cl clcsnrllo rlc la < lpaciclucl pxra cl luro.rnrilisis (lLrc lc pcnuitc c()nr plenclcl krs nn)\'inlient()s 1Lfcti\'()s (lLrc (lctcrnrin:ln su vi(l:t. l)e igual tlanera. la tcgrr:sit-xt cs Lrn instflrnrent() lllirl re(()nrctlllse c()n l() cxcltricl< clc str crncicr-lcilt )'l() 1ll)()ftar(l() crr sLr rlcsllr-ollr. rele lr.rego lrlcllnzr rlileles mals c-ler':rtks dc f Lrnci( 11r nlicrtt( ), y n() lLlg() cn si r)risrlr(). (i)n rcspcct() :r le caPaciclacl tlc rttrxtnlilisis. cs (lrcir. (lc c:t1:rtrtt la firttt[t clt qlre en el psi(ltisnr() sc vxn srrcc(lcn(l() l()s csl(i()s crt)()ci()n1tlt\ \'cr,rtl() un()s I)[(nlluevcn lt ()tr()s. iLlltk) llls rlLT()lles clinlirric:ts (l(] es()s nl()\'imicnl()s. n() h:ry txrex en el lr-t ricnk) rr.rc le l)ucda sLl)err en irrlrrtancil. l)c>r ello n() lllre(le <ucdur linritaclt 1l scl Ln sinrl)lc I)r()(lir({r) eslx)ntrineo clel anitlisis. () un! cspccic clc i<lcntilicaci(m final clel pecicntc c()n Lrnll lrctivid.l(i qlrr el 1lnlistx (lcscD)prx plll-l ([lIllntc t()(l() cl trxtxn]iento. Lrsurunclo esa firnci<-rn la nrancrl clc ecr.relkrs prtdlcs <lttc n)lrntirnen cn l inm.r(lurcz.r sts Iri-
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r(r11' .ol<; rl() P(r!(k,. Nrr cltn tlrtcl:rs cle (lle en nl(.l()\ r.itrr()s isr c\ \., I.<r ()r'(l:ln(lo. Ilr tit tle Freuclr .AlgLn()s neLlr(itic()s htn penuxne(.icl<t r:rn infuntilts
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,, Jl,I I.i re:ir.cr<io <rrc irrrlrilt tcnea. l)lrtc'tlc] tr'ltt:tien& I cs (lLe tlsIc(l Plle(l:l it cllinckrsc cuent (le (lua'es l() rLre le irnpicle 1)()(ler tiLn(i()niu cle Llrl:l mllner t]tais esp()ntaitrlt. s!l)cr p()r (lrta' ct1ln(k) sc le ()ctrlre tlnir i(lex () tln selltj_ r))i(,-rl() tirn(lc i uprrlxrl() ([c sLr pcnsill]'ricr)to () (lcixr (lc s('ntirl(. \o clc <luda clr (lLe es( ti nrui:ciin posec<ttLtcas lirttitrLcit.r'tcs: llt ptincrrr. (lLrc sr clirige a lx c()ncitnci:r. a lu ra< icnaliclatl (lcl plr(iente pi(lin(l()le .llg() (lLrt sitl)(,rI()s scrli olslc tlizrtckr l)()I str inc(rscicnle, rol las trir'lsfelcn r'irts. xrr-l:t r'c'gt'c-sion. l,t scgtrrtcllt. (l(te (ie\JticIr(lc L lttr<x rl.lsr'rr l<lr'rn tlr llt e lltt irn clel I)cirole c( )nsig() n)isnr(). l)t11) ( rccrtl()s (ltle. it P(salr dc -slrs \' (ffas inrlertl'cci<nes. ()t()r'g un! trlferL al racienle- clue pc]-r)ite iicill cl pr)ccs() terirD( l rlicr) s(r)rs lu bltsc tlc teJ:s r)iis expli('itx(llr\ \' c lrtras tlrtt' lirl tttrtlltrle sinl I-.1(.nler]te rLrt tliga l<r ([rc Pirslr I)(n-su r)t(ntc. Sicntil lln l)le(cdcnte l).trx alg(r (lLrc n()s parecc illrp( )r'tirrtcr cn ca([r ctpl (lcl irlirr']Ii('nt() cl lln.llist (lel)c fi)rnrrrllt l<s ()l)ieti\()s r))l-ls gcnr'lrlts clt'cst rcrorIr As ct] (ctcrnrinlr(l() nl() lcn(r) l)()(lr.i Ilcglrl lr <lt,cillt :ti plrr'iente: .Ar.'lrltlttrs clc r'cr cil<r (\( ('Pi\{, clir tlc str ill:Lnci lc nlxr(r-). (t)lt(r lc hizo scntit trre eta rcligt-oso ( \lx)nersc llnle l()s (l('nr:is. ((irr() lc (r(() tn:l ( lcsc( )nll1t n zil sol.)rc llts intcncioncs clt la ((')nl() ll1lri I)r()tcg('rsr' lc(e'silr'r lrkxlttcltr I() (Llc ctllil. l'ls tlull l)Ltenll l-lL r-)tc. \' lllLrcstr'll (l( (r'rD() i() (lu('lc stterliir en ( i('r't() rll()rtlcnto tlc sr r'itl:t cletertllinit )o trre sienlc lror. su firnttt tlc rccci()nf. Vitle l;t rena ttattiLr (le \(r rt)is f:rnlililtles. tcrrplrs clc ((')Dr() s( Protc.lc (lc rcntrf rirn.. \( (n, ,1, , Li ,n (r.fcLl tltisni() \' et(..-. (), (.lt {)tr() nt()nl(,nfu): "l,rr<iill, ,s \ (,r ('(i ti ,-l).lrciir..rlllig,'\. crli)cz(i lt(fsc. l)Lrs(r ten(lcn( i()sintcnle lrfgunrcr-ltos xrl-lt egr'erlilsc, clc igr.rel IrIrneIlr (irc (\rirn(l() elgtrien sc cn()jr c()n r)trll pels()n.r picr(le ol)ictivirl:r.l r lorkr Ir rtre sc lc ()(LrIr-L_ gs n(.qirli\(). (-()n lll llnlicLrtl (lc l.tslilllarr. Es trn lrrrcn eicrttrkr rlc r'orrro Ltsttcl sc tt-illx:l Llstc(l tlli\tu(). c(')ill() sc felit( i( )nit (()n Lrsl(,(l. (!iDt() fc((i()n cLenrir se litrsl[r un ust(](|. L() (lLlc lretlc setr'irle pata ir r irnrkr rrrc no srilr tierc Ltnlr rcl:r(ir)n c()n l()s (lcltrlis sin() (ltrc llt,rrl)ia'n lat licn(, c(rt rrs(c(l nrisrrl(). l_lsto:tlrr',.'el c:trtlnt [)ilt.t ir rcvisr1(l(r llLs nrtt<llls lirt' o)-ls (le rellr(i()nltrsc (()n ustc(l" (). tnrl)i!t: .Hellt()s vist() (()!ll() (re\rr (llt(- )rr tc1r intcn(i(')n clc rfi'nclcrl,.: crnr l() (luc le clst'rt. tlc cltrtinurlc. tr.tc csa tirrl:r tlc t'tDe lr.'lt:rci; tlese'lr sc,llil-sc l()lllnt(nle i't(lcpen(li('n1c. n() rccesititr n:rcla cle lrrs (lerrrals. scril int!-resnte (lue.rlx)r1r (luc tcllrinu la scsion puclicr-al esllir lllcfta \' tlcs<tlrlir lrllis cjerllpl()s <lc 1() nlistlr en l()s enctcntr()s qtle \lrvi tenicnLl() c()n ()lIis PcIs()trirs,. No rtos c:tlrc cltrrllr qtrc ltl\l(h()s rliilistats crtrsitlerat.in c(rs fi)r'ntuici()_ ncs c()lrl() peclag(')gi( 1rs. c()lr() in(k)(1riiIntes. Pel(), l)()f nLlcstr l)1ltte. enfcn
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rl pxciente clel)(, t()tnlll. rn rol rctirr en cl prrcest cle su crtrsci()n, ti<nrro (lc lt scsi(in rleirc enrrielr.se colr un lalrt.aft>r.io cn 11" ,r.,_ r(,(1)n()zcil. gt.ltcias la tt.:tnsf'crcncta ctn el nltlist, pittr()ncs cle " senti rlrir'lrl()s v c()n(luct(. pcr.t) (lre plt(l p()tcnr.jtr esc,rr,r,rra,.rt,, es )c(c\.lr.l() rlrr ( l l)il( icnle no clelegLre en cl unliste el sostcnctltasta h trrxilur scsi<jn cl re_ , rrcrrlo clc lo vivick> 1, conrpr.encli<lo, sino tlue clebe scr estinrulck p:r.a (ltre r'l lttlc'r';t]r cnfrc srsi(),r ! scsi(')n (1ttji)c signrjrr un pclr)ck tle !rr<>lntilisis. (.)(( s('l)il1tl()5 (lLe las tftrnsli,rcnci:rs. la hostil y llt ltrtxros, c()ntinLllult(,ntc rs l r l ) ( ( r' l-ri r lirites x l. parte ,a< i.nlrl (rel pacientc. cue n. rrlisfu c(m r;s inv()(,r( i(rl(s \' Ls <lcscos clt <Lr<, cl f)ll(icntc (.()ixl)()re (.()n c1 pr()(cs() lrrlaLIti(t), rrrt llrs rcsislencills v l()s (ltsc()s pr.ofirnclos s()n ltx)l(r- clel-rnisrnr. t()(l() (,ll() n() irut(),'i7.t lt il)ao(l(t1lt.(litL cn l()(l() lll(ll(,ni{) l::\,tt trnir gtra. rrr-t >rrr.tkr clc r('l)irr(). LnliL ttt.i<nlrli<lcl (lrc c()!liriix cl txrceso. l l)r(,guntlt (lLtc (lLtisiul._ rts linlrrllrr lts:rn:tlistlrs (lur cslrintcn cl argum.,rt,,.i. qu"'.1 cleseo in, Lr,,rs(i('11,. los Ieltorcs r I:ts esisfcnr.its riCl t:rt.icr.ttc Illr<.cn intitil <.rlrlcJuic,r. ,r x l:rr ron lr lrr rizrrt.<.s: ilc.ls() es() no cs r..ilitlo tltnltin tata ellos. (.()tll() llt-ll, lrstlrsTt siI] (lt)l)ilrg(), l)i(,nsiln (lLlt su tc() it (.()ns(.icnle y, I.lrcionlrl s(r)re lir t(_ nlr'lr r.: fctrlr (lu(, t(l]in ()ri(.n11n(k) sLl (.slr (,r.1 [it scsi(jn itnllili(.1, :(rstlc ] n( n (lll(. I)('sc :r quc sU (.(tr1tlf:tsfi,renci estli :iic1)1l)fc prcscntc. rl trncrl
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r,iuros ilg() Lluc plrrc(.c lnrl)r)rt.ln
lislnls, 1lr(r r(rve rr es(in(li-.lL)clo (ltle fire (lescrbiefi(). Qlre el paciente n() ret()[re l1r sesin antci()r pLrede scr un li)co:r ilen(ler (L!1ln(l() cs lu lira plevalente (lLre utiliza Prll escin(llr cxpcliunri.rsNr.rev<r cjcrplo cle ltrs peligr< tlel luissa; litin' \'(lc Lir.l ((nrtlrrcnsi'ln c,llri rrcl<ia cle ll lsociaci(;n lil)lc Y clc I atencior iil)rsrncnte ll()tnte. Arltr crlr.qnrL u':l ar'llrrtcir-inr tn cl c!s() (lc.ic r)s pcien(cs n.lI(isi5tlrs. sLr lcchlrz() ar la tlepenrlencilr. x lx rcgrrsi()n v lr alccptir'le ral.tlrra cltl anltlista. trrlo ello r,ivickr r.ruo lrumilluci<--l y s( nutl ilt)ien ). huce crte st-lo rluie rlln alul()irn:Llizlllsr. L,l aLt()iri:ilisrr a{)r)]Plsirr) i)ltr (luc (}l{) r){) ('nJll influcnrirr silt'e clks. en cslos (ls() r:s pettt tle lh petologia. v la posibilicl:tcl (lc quc ilceplcn le clel>r'ndcnr'irr Lrn.r)Iin() llcia cl (anll)i() l)et-<. sel\1r cn es tls sitLlil(i()es. hel otra perkrgir ('olll)lcorcntri rot cl Iaclo (lel nxlistll, 1>rorlrrclo tlllnl)ia,n (le srs n!ustills: cl plcten(lrr (lue i()(1o (()n(xiorienl() I)ror cng:r rlc i']. trrsitk'rrrlr rLrc los rlcsct tl irtrientos rlel I)lt( icr'tle (lL'ntro \, csl)ecitLncnle, lucl,lr clt'llt scsi()n s()r1 cxlrrc:i()n (lc tfxnsie l'encilMeg1rtl\':r, de (lue sul)rcstanrentc n() t()lcril la p()sici(in (lcPlcsi\'il. v (lLrl ctllcsn Lrn ittlr (l!rr cnr'illi()s() .rnillistl. 5irr Ilcgltr l cstos c$l!rlr()s. (rccrll()s (ir(- cl ccl)iz():t cstimulirr xl pcicnte irl lluk)nillisis ticne (luc vtt cott r-tsiecletlcs (lcl xllxlista lr -)crclcr ltl l)lr(i(nle \i r'stt P()stc illrl(r(rllll, () 1l scntir l))cn()s( ill)ilcl() c] lr (isisl))() si st clelcgli () (()rlrllirfie l.t (ltre lLn:tliticlt [,()s xn:tlistrrs s()trl(r]i \ensilrlcs en cplr lx rDsic(lx(l tle scl>urucion (lcl l).rcicntc. pcro p()l [lz()ncs tlcfi'rrsiTus n() l)()s(cr)r()s igLr.rl sr:nsilrilirllrt! frtlntc nu!'strlr rursierl:tcl cle rcrclcrlc. Ansicrlacles cle pt'r'<litle )' iursic(Ll(lcs Irlrcisists (luc (xpcr-irltentlt nr()s l()s nlistits v rrrc ittt-)iclcn lt;tr'crst r'xr'csit'lts ilLtsit>rcs solrre clue ttn I)r()PLlcsl qrlc ll)iLr((( r()rno I<igicrt -(lilc (l I):l('icn(c s( il(rllr.ltrli(c ! s:tlgi cle la scsirin c()lr Llna llllr cxrlicita- cncllerrtrc e($ v o() scll lalPi(llrnlente (rest i( '): (Lr luio cl :rrgtrttrtnlo r'licl<> clc trrc el rtnlilisis ttr cs lrt'rlll,,l.ii.t. -u' gLnIc)t() qtre cr'tr'lt u llt Lcrt-t'si<-rrt ()tr() r1l r1 )nilli(nl ( ): (lllc cl Psic(rxnaiiisis n() ('s m()n()p()lio tlcl sabcr l)or plll'tc tlcl nlistu ni (luc s()]() (lcntr() (lt: Ll sssi(')n iirrli(ir tcn(lrii lug:rr cl crtrDlri() | su (rrrs()li(l1r.iir. I'il <rre un.r cicrt lx.r(tic.L hegl trrc se ((rllien(r tl r.ilisis con nllr)'[x)c.rs c\l)li(lr( i()nes ar.ctcl rlt ru ('s l() (llc cllIir(lctizlL sLr I)t()(l(). srts r>bjetivos y el
sesi<in. el isl:ullient() cntre lus
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l)t()( es( ) (lrc ( I )rc\'('n(lrii. lilllitlilrck )st :t itrclicltl lti l).1('icrlt( ('l clllin( ) clcl <lir a'tn, clanckr lxr strlrtrcst() qLc sltl)r cle crt sc tr.tl () clt crre kr iri clest'rtlrricnckr lrt'
llr r'rhl clc'l :risnro, r'rt1tj:r lrne irleologu. \'n() l)r'rcislrr(ntc lrt:ejol llr clcl tnelista cuc se c(rtsi(lcrl x si lllisrt)() ((nll() l ni(\) (lue l)ur(lc (\)n()(er llacilt <L<-ncle se clirigc el 1:lroccso, .Larlcs s(m Lrs tcts intcttttctlils y lils finxles. Stts urnsccr<'c i:ts ,r<r cl rrlr(so tl< er<irLrl )() p:r'tc (lcl tnlistr y Lr inf:rntiliz;r cin clel pacicntc. uclerrirs tlt'l hecto no rlcsplcciulrle cle ctrc cuut'tcl<) <\hle Ln-t cleuucstrt crrls<l roz. l (iel nlistil, lul nlis ricsgo (lL eqLrir'(xrse
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CAPTULO V
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AGRESIV.IDAD: VARIT\NTES Y ESPECIFICIDAD DE T-AS INTERVENCION ES TERAPUTTCES
Llt rtgrcsivicllrcl cs ttnlt clt les rlirtcnsiones Dlav()lrs cn Lr tcora y en l:t psi trrlat<lkrgi Jlsi<oanrrliti<e. (irlrrlrkr sc (xlurrinlt. gcit(.rrlllcnt(,se lta(c (les(lc l:t P(:rsl)eclivlt cltlolrjclo crrc srrlir los lrlu<ucs (l(] ur (tr(), cnlirtizin(l()sc sU trUicter rlcstr-ur{ivo. l)clo rltr('succ(lc si cn vcz rle r.stx p()si(.i(-)D dc iclcntifir.rr,.rrin r.rrn el olrjtr se n.rlizrl l :rgrc:iricl:rrl clrs<k'kr cuc signilic.e :r:rre <l slri({(). (lc crl1ilcs sr l:rs lll()tivlrcionl.s (lLrc l:l it( tivuo. clt llt lilncionalirllrcl tuc ( urlrplea l-lsta cliftlcnci clc conr-rlr.rrtler la trgresivitl.rcl cltsclc la tosr<.irin tlel olrjct<r etaclicl<: rr clcsrlc llt <lt l :rt:i(':lr'llc (1)r(lr(c: ,.rrntlusiont,s tlitr,[c]les. l,()ri irrt()l-cs (lu(,rclorlrrn Lr l)rrspccli\'1r clc .lrcgrrntlrr-sr tu significa llr,rgrcsrrr rLrcl raru cl sujr,t() lllln r.isto cn .rrr.rilla trntr lirnlr (l(. intcnllu- sLll)crtr Ltn ()l)s lii( lrk) (lt( \(' { )l)1)r r srrs r)rtesitl:rrk,s ( l\leiss)(.r. l9l.ir). tlll li_ttl clc :lion 1.rr trn ()l)ick) ilttolr-rgirr r, rlt lt|otcge ll Ltn s,r'('n ptlig[o:rrttcnirz:ttlo cn sr-r irtttgrirlacl (A1\\'(x)(l \'Skrkr'os'. l95i: lltrlint. l9()jt fltirl)iliul. 1952: l'rxtagv. J')()Jr K(r)u, I()-1, lr)7] llrrckrlrlr. l1)Slr St()l()r()w. l9lJ.ir Slrlororv. l9t17r finni( ( xl. l()()5). I)csrlc cs(l l)()sici()lt. lx :rgtesir,icl:tcl o() es in ltcrentclucnte l)at()l ltrrrt v srikr cLriln(lo cl rrc,:lro tiltLn<lntt.o ci olrjctrr significativo s()n inlrdc r r,rtkrr lk'gr lr il(l(uiril lirl ( irlice[- l lnu rosicir-rn tlifi-rcntr cs lir (l( l()s.rLt()res rrrc elutizln cl <:rliicler innft) \'(lcsll-Ll(Iivo tlc le ugrr:siviclt(l (trcu(I. 1920;
es ('xr)tiltxl Lllt (.icftr) r]LiIteI() (lc r'orttlicirtlcs (lLlc s()n cl).r.cs (ir cti\'lll llr lrgresir irlacl y \'t:r cul r:s sr. rclacirn ,,)r k)s (lilrrcntrs sistcnrs ni( )( ivr( i( )n:t lcs (iu( cli[ig(n la i(.ti!i(L(l psi(lri(:i. C) scr. cLsconstnri-l:r (xteg(r'il (le ltglesivicltcl. vicnclo <1rr(,es kt rrrc hav de cornn ( rt llrs (lislir]ls clLuss (lLle la rrortrrvcn y (llt,(lc (liti,rrntc. !. cslte(.i.lln]ctltc, ,,,rr L ;J.ltrit it)ltrl sixc P:rrr llrrslill:rrcJ blil:rnce rlel (li.spJ:r( cJ )lJcer (lelttr) ,l, los rr-xIrlos rnsen,i ir-n. scrrsttl scrtrlri. rr:ucisiste. c((.- (luc en sr -:rulrx cl ,rrIkLll1(i(-)r1 (.()nlin.lll) rsitr.risrtro Sc tlitltl. l)()r ttt(t. tlc cnlir.:rr. Ilr .rglcsrr r rl.rrl rlesclc tl r[,lo rth rtr-trutusfitldc)l!l <1lt: ltcruos rrtkr>tlrtkr conto rttilt tltr:t llr c<rrprcnsir'rn (le l l)si(1)l).lt()l()gi y li psic()terapiil :rsicoanllitice.'*
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sirr r cl cle lu ltLrttilllrciirn nalcisistx. () (un(l() Lln sLljek) siente culpu y se tor n irgrrsi\1). t<clo CIIo nos oblig profrncliz:rr nLr(sl[ intctr( )glci)n. ])()r ur ll(l(). cst()s cjeDrplr>s .rl)rntlrlxn llr t('sis gcncl.tl rlc rrrr culrlcttier tirrnra {l( sllrirIIirnfo. sel el nlis cercn() u lo fisico < r'l llls rlrrrrrter-tte sinrbli( r). lcli\' lrr lrgresir irllrrl (lcl suiel(). per() rll.tticr)rn sil r('sl)()lr(lcr la cLes t()r (l(l l)()r(lu'tlc ellrr. Espctirrluletc cL[rn.l() l;t rtgresirirlltrl n() prcst] ninr1n.r ilili(l.r(1, crrnro s I< lli cn tl (:ts() (lel I)reLLr(l()r' lrDl)ri(Dt(,. sin(, ,trr.r'r.rprrnclc rletelrinrrr'iones pLrrlult('rtt('sirrrll-rlir':ts. P.rr usl()\ !-rs()s. sl
sirrrr['rrrtntc l)llu1t(lrLtllt()s cl rar sufiirtricnro:tgrcsi\i(l(l a lr; rtt.rr.r qrtc lI grrrirrrllos es.L e\l.rl]lc(cl Lr-t:t c()l'rclirci(in enlre (l(): (()n(lici()nes. lll()str'1n,Ir rrrt rrnlt, l:LgresividrLcl. sif+rc 1l ()tl.a. cl stiinlr(nl(). [)cIo .ctr:il es la rlzr'rD r()l llr ctral ll trgresir iclll(l c(nttrltrrcsta cl slrflirtt ie rrlo. l)()n91[]l()s p()r r'lrso r'l rle rttLllltlczil oarcisislal .Acaso la ilgr'rsivi(llL(l cs nret.l (lcscr-l{il pLlsir rlrl o se trele de algo tnsl (.tiln(l() el sujel() tiene rn lntisiar () Lrnal c()n(hr(1ir rgr'csivlt. a'stx (s (aplil(lir (lcntr() rle sts sistclrras cle sinificecioncs: c()nten] l)li n(l( ) su Pr-r '11r.l rl.ir(sir itl:rtl rrclclr.ricrt ur').1 (icltl iclcntiducl: p()r ejenlpl(). soy >rxleloso 1' no cll])il, sol r'l rrrc lltr(r) )' r')() cl irllcll(l(). () sex (llre si l;r rrglcsrr ir.lurl I)reclc. cn el scr lunr:rno. consritrtir Llr nr()\in'ticnt() clcfcnsivrr cn (()nlr'lr tltl srrliintiento psrrrrr. rlt lrr lrurill:reiri:l n:rr'isist:. (lt: l()s scnlir))icntr)s rI: crlPr o rlc lrrs f'tntirsiir5 (l( s(f rctscgr.ri<lo cs l)()r(lue nre(liltlrtc clLl cl stlict() krglir reestIr.rctrr{aI l.l r( l)r( s('rl.r( ianr cle s v rlcl ()tl-(). I)ctengiinr( )rr( )s crl c:rtc llslx'c) (lefensiv() y r( ('sll.lr( lur'r1(c <le llr r'erresentacir-)n (lcl stjck) (ltre cs (.rl)z (l( tcncr la arglesir irItrl.
ellos rlttielen" y. con c)lo. l;t ecrcirin grcsivicla(l igrrul a pr>cler, lgresiviclacl igr.rel e leaiiz.rci<in (le (lcsc()s. El agrcsivo es repcsena(lo coro prxlerrlso, flltrte. Expeliencilr ctre actnrite Lrn cier) r'efLe[z() c(r1 ()[it cr] llt crtal cun<l<r rl nir estr enojackr llora, patalea. ar1l1, n-rLrcl(lc-. el lcsultlclo -pr-otcste, srtele ser qlte taDrbin consigttc inflLrir en el nlLncl9 aclul) pxlru tealizlLl sr.r cleseo. I-e eglesivicleci clcja asi <lc scr siltple (iescarg: y:l(l(lLliere Lln signiflca(l() ei que se xpelll c(r() inst[lnlenk) l]Igic() (nnnip()tcntc cl(la \,cz <1r.re se cle se p()seer trna iclentichcl dc p()tentc.'lcncrDrs (lc cstat n)ner1l un cncaclenl mient() siln)lic(): cleseo cle llgo. necesiclacl pxr.r sentir que cse desei) se rexlizl-ii cle una irlcntirlrt<] (lc scl p()tente/p()(ler()so, y. para rlcanztt la ilusi<in (le (lue se tiene eslr i(lcnti(lir(l: f.lntasas y concltrctus agresivas (lu(,p()rtan s()lrte s cl significaclo cle potencia. IJst r,er c<-r-r'l< Lrn ni() asLnre coll (r(r't.r.llIilici()si(l(l llt i<lentidtl cle cnojurkr r.ircula por la cesu crro si lelntc-ntc lo cstt\ icr'il. () c(n))() irlgLllcn rllt trn golpe (D ]x nltsx grit!n(l() "en cst csi nLtnr-u nris..."..rolrc (lLc constitu\c rrn gcskr. rlcl (Utl cl l)r()pi() sUjct() es tDll)ia'n olservlrcl<r. (le Lrn slrpuest() p,.;<lel crre cn rcli(llr(l no l)()scc, l):rrll c()ns(lr
la egresiviclad es !1lptl(h p()r cl sLljck) c(nrx) imlicio clc rl<lminio s<;ltrc l<s ()tr()s y, cspecirLrlcnte. (le (luc sLl (lese() se !a a lealizar. A su vez, cuntk el poclcl solrrc l()s ()tr()s y la c:Lp:rciclacl r:rllr letrlizar los rropios cleseos sc inscrilrc cn cl sistelull nurcisist (lc vaklciones. lir repre sentxci(-)n clel sujeto c(mr() gresi\1) y p()(ler()s() sirve punl lrinclrle ln iclentitlacl cleselthr .S()y filertc. no clbil. l<s <lenrs nre ticDc'n qre rlrcclecer. ncr sienrkr yo el (lLle sc s()nett: slls (lesc()s. P()r tanto. so)' \'ali()s(. L.t Jgre\i\ i
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rlecl lta perrniticlo selir al sujcto clc la crnclicin clc sufrilticnto ncisist. de verse c()m() imp()lente. cll.lil. inrlrpez cle realizr'sLs clesers. s(neti(l() a fi rrras cle las (luc depe)(le, nr> r'lirso. e inve(ir la silulcirin. l)e este trtockr, Lr rtgrcsivirlacl. rccstnr(trri l iclettiLl.rtl ctcl rtrjct,, \ l.t tlrl r)lr,, Ertc cs cl pa rcl tlc- lrr agresivirl;rtl cr)D\tt lslnntutl() sintblico p.nu leltct'(1r unu tL'pt'(s(,lltat. (j t dcl slt.l?tr) (lue ( ()nsirlLt ir.i el ce lrllecleckrr' cicl < ull ex.tnrinlLreuos lus rlistintas conrlicior'rcs (lu( :r(tivun lu uglesiviclacl.
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sc reprcs!,nlc c(rll() ntis.p(xlel()s() (), inc[so. quc invie].ta l:t fcpre_ \( ntrr( i(lt de (luifi .s el ! tenazir(l() !,(luin el lll)enl7.l;tc El t(xt() xgrcst!.(). ('\l)l(rsi\1) (()n qLle ltlgtnrs pets()n:ts t(ttnn l sLs seres cetciln()s cuan(l() est;,ln ls\t1l(l()s ant(] cicrtiLs sitLci()nes clc trl)aj(). revisi()n n]clica. -entre\.islal _, (,ntvirtrn(|, ,\c (lc nsNegLicl()s en l)rrs( tllci(-)n ante rnt auclienci-1. et( (le srrcs que pue(lcn scr ()l)iet() (le crticJs p,r. p.,.".r.r)." .ulx rsl'gtti(l(r'es. I'rl('\l.llll('nls in\Jtr.l(.( llr). .l (r'nj\tirUrrs(.ejlUs ltrrrllror a,t l,r*,i,..(\lrn insil tislctlrs tn llrs rlelljs, ciet)plrir(-rn eJ r.rtl tlctcnsirr, (l< l.r rglesivi(l(l
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t['srlt'tl': Jttg:rr v l,tj. firrt::tr cLre n. se >rreclen pre..ise,., e, t,,t,.:,,rr!, ti.,r_ ro r<xlri ilregintusr esr peligL<,.orrx) pr()\,inicn(l() (le trn:r figlrr.l exrclna <rrc
l<s sistemas bi<>kigir:o. cit:l nit en el tr:rnce tlL s;ljl rlcl ecLtiiiltrio (ire sL est.tn(.iil en el |ientre ascrrrrln 0..rctcl. 192(r). ,, l.trt go. r'uando t:l sistclt sirnl<ilico cIine cl fir ni.irn; uicn ps(lui(r). (.il(a rt z rrr,.,tl sLict() c.iex rrrc- le f:tltrr c) lrire. o clrre prrerle ltt.irse. () si(.nt.l rlrrr. \tt rrr('rrl( l() ie (tl)e(l((.e y.se ter.ilrlr c\(rili(). aicn() it si nlisn() _ilgLl\tt:ls (l( lr.llrlrntaci(in, l)()t cielt)l)l()-. en loclos eskrs cls()s lc (l(n)linaftl un scnti_ r)r(.nl() (lc lteligro clur: n<> puecle ultic:rr.. y crrc p() esit llisl]la rzrln hr.ti clilr'il cruklrricr acci(-)n en(.n1in:l(l:t a enfl-enirl<. Ili()n ( 1962) .1..r,g,-r,, ,.,r,ru, ''l(rr(r'sin n(nrtl)re" i conclir.iones IIu), l) tuiti\,1ls (lc tet(n.en ctre cl peljgr<r nr r,s jlcliyi<luliz;(l( ) l)espLs (lc cst(, nt(ent() en cuc, c,J pelign, ltrcr:lrza
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.ur( n.lzlrs a la integricla(l psquica. cle angLstils cle fiagntentrrci<in (lu(' s(' \ \( rl (()lI() amenzlls que el sricto nc> tltecle lrlicar en lls (arlrslls. l)()slrr'(n. nr('ntc. (Llncl() se cstfuctura un clelilio l)cnec!t()fi() s(] ti(luiere un sLnli nlir'nt() (lc It)a)'()l c()nlr(r: cl ()tr() es cl strprresto causxnt(] (lrl t)rxleslllr' )' l'(llgr(). tientc xi (uxl escxpllr () t(-r pelnlitcn sriir (le h situ:r,.irin clc irtt. lxfcr'r(i.L )t1. llste Jr'or'rso en d()s tiel)rp()s. el primer de xnglrstia l)nlrLr(l()rlr e ill)p(fentizante 1' el segr.rnclo (lc .lngustix hente x Lln ()l)ie() atrcxnt( ulri<alle, lo v('m()s tuml)in en ciefixs persondichcles <1ue sr srrelen clasificur' .tf,t< hnlL,tlitp. Sienten. prirnero. un rn.arsti.r quc viven c()mo dc r'urLsiL jr)t(ri()r. (i{j rl) el tel.r()r cle (lrc pu(lier:r crece sin lmites. I.a recci)n (ie agrcsrricl:rcl rtrt- strelen nt;nifi'strr lr ({)nlint)l(j(-)n (-()n I()s qrte Ie rr>clean -torlrr l('s nr()[cstll- es Lrr inten) (l(' ligar le :rngrrstiu il rn personlrie p(][ el cLll scnlirse nrlrltfttt(k)s. Lxs 1(rflustiaLs petsecu)r'is ltparecc-n en eit()s casos c()l() rlcftnsl: el ()l)jct() pas l sef l supucsta caus (lc una al]lenaza qu< p,(\'i. Dlente clir incleterminlt<I r v (llre cleilrl)ll, p()r tant(). nl sLtjeto en un estacl() (l(' xal inrlcli'nsin. Tenrlrlntos (l('rslrr nritc,'il qlle (icrts ,-ll.aLlsti?s rrtranoiclcs son pr()\t r'clrts por<lue el strjer. detensivlul)(nte. (()nstl\\'c inLU]inrri.urlente xl ()l)ict() cn irllrcn(c pr'lr rilllir (lc \ln cstlr(l(, (le intlcti'nsir-n. ' Pcrl), iLlnt() a este tip() (l(' run+stiils piurn()icles cti\'(11s (lefensivarrlcnte existen ()tr()s (los subtjp()s: 11) el sentirient() (le ser anrcnz1l(l() por el ol)jek) cor'csponcle u Lrn c(lig() l)li' sico l>ujo cl culrl cl suicl() se cst[rctLrra) >o[ iclcntificlci<in (1)n p(lres quc l( prrscnlr(),i los ol')jctos ((),))() tcntcs L r lsir-n pr:tnoirlc cs una cualitllrrl cle l:r cstru<t.r clc su ntr<kr reirresentarionul: /2) cl r)lun(k) circrndrnte (l(' objels atu<e realnrentc ll suiet(),-r \'!r() se trlLtl cle tne rncll f:lntsa (lel sL!jetr. itttnque stc coclifi<Lre l() extcrnr) en filnci(in (lr slr oluncl() intern(). Volvien<l< ahont a l:rs xngustias (lc Lrk)c()nsen cir-rn cn general, strs sc clcsencl<lenrn sienlpre (lre las neccsirltrles bk>lrigicas. libirlinales () cle mlln teninricnt() clcl sentitlrienlo <ic intcgrirlircl psi(iuic sr vc:n relrl () irnJHin.rn.r_t rllcnle arnr(nitzil(l() l-lt glr,si, iclltcl (lrc slrgc rrlo rlcfcns llDle lars lrngus-
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ti;ls (l(.Lt(x\)nscr'\'acia)n es capaz, a su vez, cle incrementarlas. En pane. por

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I l() r())i sc v(] al (r)jet() ! itltagen y senteianzl clel srrjert, anilraclo tantl)in (le irlcl]( i(ntes Ix>stiies 1, <lispuesto a la \.enganza. I)ero, aclenrjrs. p()r otfa calts. llt r::.s .bscr.,,clo en ptcientcs clue cle ni.s xsistier()n ,r sit.,lci()nes (le vi()_ Iclrci:r f:ruiliar. en hs cue c()ntenlpll)an, clescle un trrunclo infunti[ <le pecrre nc'z c inclefensi<in, las cares de ks a<llrltos en conflict(), sLs anlcnJz,rs ),gli l()s. (uxn(l() nO stts golpes. cue c:trllt vez qlte estn sltsta(l()s y se kr-n1rn irgrcsivos, lll percepci(-)n cle su pr<tpil agresividacl sensacitnes clrre en el -ls xgresivx( u('r-l)o sc ntanifiest.ln, la captaci<in cle su intenci<nliclacl lcs .r(.ti \': l1l silLiente estnrctUlll asocitiva inc<nsciente: agrcsiviclari pt-()pi.t=surljs rcle nclose - egresiviclacl clel (fr(). v, p(n.tilnk), peligr() pr()veniente (lcl ()tr(): r. s rlct ir'. angtrstie persecutoi.ia.
l rruunisnl( (le iclentiflcaci(in pr()),ectiva, en el qLle insistierr M. Klein
,l, scl l;r c'usa cle la <rrncltcte inficku (luc cs justilicll(l c()nl() rcsl)u( slir st I'rcslirlcnlc lcgtin 11 1() qte el ()l)jet() helra hech< prcvillrllctlc. lltjo t l t's
'.(
r.rtl() (,rr()ci()n1ll cle Llr lglcsiviclacl sc \'L construyencl() l.l reprcscnt(i()n (l(l t)lr() (\)nl() crLlpable, lrrsc:inclcse t()(l()s los argumenlos (lenigrl( ,ri, 's (lur'
rst(
ntcn esa intc-nci( )nalicla(1.
$,ttlastvu)Al) Y NAR(-lstsM()
F'uc K()hut ( 1971. 1972, I9u0. l9Ji) cl lrukr'(ltLe Drs ha insisti(l() en ($n' .itler:Lr Ia egrcsivichcl c(rll() (lesencaclenxch pl)r [.rs ungrstis nllrcisistlrs. Sr (r)n('gpl() cie.alria nacisist c()l)x) r'csl)trtstrl cle rtn sc'flc1tte se sientc ll)cl1l rir(lo en sr inleg dl(1, (lLrc l-csl)()n(lc (le esr rlraner'.r unte lts iltllls clnpriti( s (l('l ()l)ieto, sigDific(-) un pr()llrcs() en relci<in rl i'nlasis en la agresivitlrtrl (r)Irx) Dx)ti!':r(11 rxchrsivaDrente por la pulsi<in, pclrlliticnclo la cles,.riP,.r,r (lcl c()ntcxk) intcrsrl)jcti\1) en (lue cicrl egrcsivirlecl eparccc. Con kt<kr, lrt |t,leci<-rn sectrencirLl cntrr liustrcia)1) nrrcisist.r y xglesivi(lacl. entre full1l (l(l ()l)ict() (lci self y agresivi(Lr(I. no cx>litlt p()r s ruisnrL h t'azrin intetna clc Iu r rrricir'r-l entc l()s cl()s estlr(l()s. En c:uItl)i(). si l)cnsl1l()s en tnltin()s (l('r('('strtctLrr( i(-)n (lc llrs cl)tcscnt;r( i( )nes ve r()s rrre ll egrcs 'iclacl nfcisislit l)rlnrite (f(ngr rn iclcntirlcl xl sujck): l es cl iniustlmentc tl-ta(lo p()r un objeto tuc n{) lcc()n()('c sis rlllit()si n() es (lte l no Valge sin() qle cl ()lr() rs injusto, n() rr(on()(e slrs nlrit()s. hl xlll(lLc ll (r)iet() penrile, gtacias it lrt (lcnigrilci(-)n l (lLle sc l,: s<ructe. (lcstilLirlc clcl ltrglrr clc jLtez plivilegirr<l<r (llrc pr-cvirncnlr p()sci sc sicnlc ofen(lid() p()r (fr() si no hx ul)i(rr -na(lic .l() en Llste el roclcr rlc scr tl <ttc (lrtcrDrinx su vele-. I)< ellt, la lti: n' cisisr.r es Lrn intrnto (lc deshltccr lrt l)()sici(-)n (luc el otro liene asignacLr. Iis rrn jrricio rle inrpugnlci(-)n aL jLrcz, (fr'() (lLrc jtzglr xl sui('t() ) lc lu he<ht sct-
A nlrcstr() nxclo <le vc, l.l ltp(n.tancil _v la fiectrcncia crrn cuc lus an gustils (e uk)c( )nsen cj(in (lcsenc.r(len.rn agrcsivicl:rrl justifica t1ue. cornt: li,))crx ap)xintaci<in. cacl vcz (lue n()s enc()ntrellt()s ante llntltsrs () t()n_ (hrcls gresivlls. nos tirLuulenros la pregrrnte: iqr, cs Io <ue esusta lrl suje to7. no cleslizhnckrn()s aLlknrtic.tntcntr p(n. la sencla cle atilruil. lr l rivaliclacl. rr Lr cnvirli. a ks celcs, l nlrcilisnr(), cl s(,r ill c.trsa rle a<uillls.
SriNr r MIENT()s D cur.pAlllt_tDAr)
I)aclo <1ue l()s sentintient()s cle crrlpalrilirl:Ltl pntrlLrcen srrfl.iltie,nto cl sujcl() se sicnte criticaclo por el supcrvri o cn peligro por la posiltle vcrlgrrnza (l('l (fr() llnte la in-accitin c(uetidlt-.-1 pueclen ctiver r.tna egresiviclacl <rre l()lllat c()nt() l)lxnc() Va seil xl sujct() () l (fr() tn pos cle alterat h rcrrescnta_ t irn <lc arulxs: auk)criti(.itrse par lecupertr Un sentin]ient() (le I.rnclcl, r criti(irr itl ol)iet() pla ll()stl.r (lLle ,ste es el inaclecrracl< y tlesprcnclersc as rlel sr',rtinliqnk) cle < tr lplbiliclacl. Cuan<l< la agresiviclecl tienc al pr)pio sUjet() (()r))() sLr clestinltario castigirnckrle p()r lll inft.lccin en la que crcc irllr:r in_ t rrll,ickr tr nx[al- . rtre(liante llt aLk)xgresi(in se generil Ltn senlinri('rlt()-nteso<luis de que s!- p()scc la iclentrrl.rl ,.lc -rlgtrirn lrLren, El L:t\rig() al)irrece (r n() l(,slinl()nio cle quc se rcltruelra la lirntasa r concluctil cue es c..clifi<.:rcle rr)() inliil(1()ra. fll sujet() se iclentifica crn el supen. cllstigrn(lo !r rn (rtlr) rl, l r rrl st rlisoci: .Yo so1,cl 1. r-cptrelt. no el cuc (.()ntcti(i la l-;rlta,. Ustlr (s(i\i(nl l)(,llric rescatlrrsc al sujcto clc l iclcnticlrl cle ntlo: holr l es el rrrc tritit.r l:r:ction o la i:rntesa c()nsiclela(l infiackrre. con kr rlr.re pasa a \1 ntir (.Un s(t rlili,rente <lc e<lrcl cuc hizo lo inaclecrack. ( rr.rrrir l:r itgrcsivi(L(l se clirige en c()ntrll cle ()tr()s. l()s cLrales (lefensivanr( nt(.\( ,r( srr r[, lo ltisnto rlc lcueilo cle cLrc cl sujeto se siente crrlpahlc. o
tir inlc'rir ) lrverg( )nzr(l( ).

l!1. Klein cr-rsitlcr(r
-r l,rr,r rl ,fr(,lx)r
l.r jnlrx(\x-)n qUr
Crinl)erg 96l)
(icn(nnin(-) rLrlp pcrsr(u()u.r.
crlritli:L (()rr() Lui fitcntc l>lisicu clc le agrcsiviclacl, el.a (le natrlralez (\mstitLrci()nrl. Lrnidlr(l lltinrx dc lLni-llisis, n() (lesentrrri(i sL cstr-LrctLn-1r y su clcpcnrlenc ia clel narcisisnro y cle lus \icisitLl(les tlc ('stc (Kk'in. 1957). Lir l)regrnli e IiIrrrlr, v 1r interp()lr en cl clcsr'olk klcir-lir'r(). csr cn (lLr('c()nsiste el clisplecc| pr'()pi() (lc 11L cnvicli.ti'I)igxnr()s (lLre sc triltil l)1-tsi(I)entc <le <lispllr'er rr:lr(isist, tlc' clol<rcrsrr enti llrient() cle intl'r'i< idacl, de sc] rlcn()s (lLlc x(lucl o rtrr.tella ctte setll () n,)\ecrr-t lrlgo rlrrc le lra<e supcrior'l sr,('l(). I-() (lrc l)()sec el ()lr() \'(luc es cnviclia(k) es l() (lue (()nviec ill (fr() en srrrerior al sLlie). I)(n tunro. ro cs cl objeto cn viclirrrlo 1< <lrre cstli en jr.rcgo c()lll() clclr)t:nt() (lecisi\'() siil() las iclcnticlacles clcl sLr)er v el ()tr(). l,() (llrc sc c()llU):u1r cs lx \'lx (lel sujcto ctn l clr: un (fr() y. c(nll() cn k)(l1t c()Dtpxra( i(in. k cle< isil'o n() es l() (lrc cll(l elcrttentl, (5 (r) si 1isn11) sino LL clilcrclrcilr. I;r cnviililr srlrge x partir cle lu clcsvekuci,',n Prtrr.r clel sLrjeto (l!rc. en sLr cncuerttl-() c()n Ltu (fl'() tl cLtirl sLp()ne pte,uici()sltnl(',rl('
per()
ill creer-cuc rulla
I
llti
Av^Nr_l:s riN pslcorr:RprA psco^NALr.lLA
LA A(,R
liStV )Al)
ll,)
tl:ttl de h au>estirna (lel sricr(). Al rcspcch). RosenfelJ ifSvl,, k') la posi(in r>llcial cie Klein en J lc\ir (le (lltu.." n.."..r.rrr-re,ll1rr siste_ ,lriri(lrllente. p.lcicnte l enriclia. en el lilrrc escrit() l ta,rrrino cle s, vida clcstca clLre la enviclia no se ellt<ra urccliante t, l"tarlr.a,r.j,-rn, .lLre l veccs t.st() rcsllltx trtrt)ttic(). y (luc: (.icrt()s piLcientes stlatnentc lcs (lisrninLlve la
rccrr gntte las escueltrs xnilliticls rot. las riue rtn artt,,a ir",len.cicntc la crrrcicnte kleinianlt se a.er(.1 :r KollLt, plrr cprien l:r nar.cisizaci<irr xrr pane (lel te..pc_Lrta es la crndici<rr rara ra eliir,,raciirn cre rr rrrri:r n,,,..]i.i.,". n.rrt_ r cnencliblc la r.:rztin por Ll qLl(, la insistenciir p()l prte tlcl en cuc tl paciente re(on()zc sLl cn!i(lir puL,cl.l sel. tiLrniatizante: ter.eperrt ,i s'e sLrnta e lil gtlicn (lue !'a se siente inferior, y cue porello ent.i<li. r.u-r anlrlista rue lc )lLestre qLe. aclems. es envi(li()s(). lo que sc proclLtce es rn rcfr.zlrntjentr
r)()Li(las
s1lx,ri()r. va t teDinr I)()r enc()ntrrle el rasgo o p()srsi(in que testiDoniara clc csu slrperior.iclad. Ircr ell< en ll enviclia el'punrir cle pxlrk]r;s
Ia pecarie_ fu. represen_
crrritli cr.r:rml< se sienten :Prccjr(l()s pirr.el analist:r: aa al"air aar"n.ll,.r,-.-t." r('stjlulc cl scntilllie'nr() (ic \ lii. l)iu.i(k)ias cle las rellrcioncs
nO sicrnpre
,l,
r
Ltxuttlisis I)(n.txnt(). h.r),(l()s vriantes rle l cLrslr cle ia :rgresiviclecl cn la str.rt ror t,tlpic.u: riraliclcl sec.uncl:rr.ia lri clesc< por el objcto y r.ivaliclacl pri_
rrr,rrr.t
c)lentar. l-a otra glan fiente clc egr.csir irlrrcl clesc.it cl:,rsir.ll:tcnte cn lu literatrra lrsir.r>rrnaltica s()n I()s (.cl()s y lu r.ir:tlrcllcl eclpic:r. Es lrr lllrsc ficrrrlilrne pltr.u ,ril..rr l. .(Hriar\r(l.,Ll. r.rr.r r,r1lq. x,,z.rr,i,l ,,lrit,r,, t[.] .1,,.c,, \.tt(.n(.(l(. (l(]s(lltlut.lz-lr clcl rlr,:tl ( ,,r1 t,)!l(). cs) l.eqUier.e Lnlt nrtiz:lca)n. lir l.ivlrlirlltcl cn lu situacirin.triengLrlar etl(ri<lr cs s<-rki porque u<ltrell,,<luci sc dc,sca t,s t l olrjeto sexual (), tantl)ilt, (.()n1\, ()tr.r tusiltrLclatl, p,,..u. 1,, rluc se clesea c' la tosici<in clcl tivll. su \.:tlu, \Lr Itrg.rr..,r.i1 l..i11,. i.l.,Iicla.l. cl. l" "1, ttltl le posesi<-rn clcl oltjer cs s(il() rnil rr,,clra cie <ue.".trp..i,r."l .,,._ l()1 lEs ri\,illida(i, scgLn(l() ticllp(). quc se ()riginlr p<tcluc se sicntc al otr<r ( ( )l)() ()l)str-rcLrl() p:rra poseer ;rl oltjekr, sienclo cl prirer tientro el rlese,< clel r)l)i(,t()7 {) es rireliclld (\)n rl sclcjantc p,,,." ,r.a,pu c) ILrgl'rr rnit.o cle scr s,r.r-i.r'lrl ()tr(). sicn(l(r cl {)l)icl() s()l() scctnclariurente catcc.tizatl. p.rrrrc st'lir ]t r.ltr- poseerilr lrcLri'ltllr (.()t e qrc sc rivlliz:ti, l_,ra..,ta,rr a,, rrrc se le (l(lilJ iir n()r,i:l o ei noVlrr trl atrtigrt o a la antigl c()n qLlicn se rirlrlizlt, en tllrnrlt, llr tecer pcrs()nir n() inttrrrt.t. .r t.rl punk,.lrr" r,,t.r r.er,lu( sc lll c()n \i1](l( l)icr(le signifit acir'rn. D(lestl..ln l.r intr,,rt,rnr[r.t" t., r,r.,li.lcl c,rn.l \( nr(iir)t(,. Lrcan (19:+u)serrl<i esta agresiviclarl I,rivalicl:r<l intrnsecx en lll rr,l.r.ir'D r.rn el serrrejrntc en l.r tesis IV clc sLr tralrajo t.u u.qnsiiiclad psl
.l(, sentimiento cle inaclccuacir)n. cle inferir.idari.
.,,n
1,,
.r.,,,i 1,,-"nuiclia se in_
:rLccletkrl rle 25 uios (pc nrxnitestil)1 rn s(trilnicn&) clescilacLrr >r strs l ttaici<nalt c()n (fr olLlj(,r. Sll ()rrr , iccirin delirirnte c(r tl que lc c(n)unic(') it slr hiiu que el pache tcnr.r (lr-r llroicr. y 1()(l()s i()s irrgun)cn)s p:lrt c()nvencefllr (le quc en realidalcl n(, rr.l .tit r, strltalan intr-r< tursos. Ye clesespcrackr, el rrliclt le <>fiece un pnrcl) (lu(. r ()nsiclerl scraL c()n( lLryente: le rroponc tcncr rlt itijo c()n el .lrgult)en ) "si \', , luvicra (fr rttrrjct, no (lrcrril tener un hi) c()ntig(r,. A lo que ella resJ'xrrk.
r'l()s pal()l()gi(():i. r'reycncl<r que el lturi(l()
, r.r lriPcrsort:rl ('Lr:rncto se enviclia l() q!re el ()tr'() p()scc lcclrt. r,iIrIIrr.LrtI, r, 1,,,rrr s,'.r I-..It'r ir trn.r r it.rlr(lr(l tlrl ,tru. P<r,r nr.r.rll.r ric rIiIr.r',,rr, r.u .r I r ,.rrr itlirr (()nr() l)ipers()nal y a k)s celos c(lr() tril)ers()nal, lo <rrc nos r:rr',. ,, ,lrni(lrmente interesantc cs stt olsenaciin de ctte los ccl()s pu('(l(,n s(.f rrr,r rIli'nsa en col]tla cle la enr,'iclia. rnl font (lc lDxntenerlx cn(ul)i(.rtit. I'r( s nricntras los cl5 p.sq1.n iustificarse, ricionaliznclol<s c<o rrrrtlrr tl{ .r,n()r. la envirlilr. t'n cal]lbic. result.l rruch() Dtils reptrclialtle plil cUitl ,lrr( r sujet(). lls l() (lte rttclinros rrtstatar en [n cits() clnicr. Sr't]lltal)a cle tnlr rrrllr
etr
,,.,k
!lu
lr,r
l. lrrr lt. .r,n
r,,rr(r'iIi.rn ,lll(. .(-(lEl(.r.,rllt],.,..r .l ,i,,ell;rr L s Lr I)r.rr,ll(,ntr.(,tl

r srr ,i.r'r_ir, rlr)rr)ia'D sc
,,r, r1r la iclentifi<.aci<in crn til rr irle1. ntr<lali_
l.il uLrjer (luc(l; cnrhrzecl \'l( 1lnrncil lt la )tiju rtre cuanckr nazca el lrt.r ntrno el pltrlte lrrs rlr llrncllrlu l l()s lles. El nltt:itkr se angusti! \.sc t[,tli (il rl la rr'lLrjct ! il str ct)l)lrarlr). (ltarn(lr) licnc lrrglrr el plfio. se qLre(lir (r) (l (r:rlL() (lc lil clinicil il(r)rlrl)llln(krir (li:r t'no<lre. Al tcr'cer (liu, r'iene un luriii liut dc l rr visitrtllcs 1'l)liiln l l:r catteri.r (lc l <lni<lL e comer algo-'lalrl:rrr Llnt h()ra y. (tllrn(lr) \,u(,lvcn. a Ie nrrrjcr'sc le <r'Lrrre (lue ltat siclo Llnt lll.lnrrt l <lcl t:trtriljar'(lLrien. en tornpliciclecl c()n sLl nlllri(k). le otorg.l .r str unr (.()xl-t(llt Prat crl(()ntrarsc (\)n lll llrnxnte. Ce[(rtipiat prctictl)ente irrc(lU('li lle. c<n trtnrict) psic()an!ltic() inclivic[ll de estx ntujer no dent.tsi.l(l( ) c)ii)s(). en cl<nclc Io (llrc l))lis l)lc llmri la atencir'rn I()s vi en !nu lrlir -yo rrr placer tle el en el t(lrc ltl rlrirlo en la exhil)icia)n clc srs v :ril PrLrcja(cl()s c(rlx) uni slrl)t(star prtrclra cle slr nr)r. A(leDrs (lc ser una fcnl rlt t(11Lr1lr itl otrr. solrtt t()(l() p()r'(lLlc tntrc l()s \lrlrn'L,s clel rrlrickr estalrr Irr lir[' lJchcl, trre sc (()nliiri cn 1. (lr.rc sc lc \jcn ((rll() Lr ser clrpaz cie proveer rlt, tl-ljcicla<l rr los rlcruris. F.sf nlujcr a kr rlut tcltcliu clil. prccisJntente, u hir(erl(, scntir k)(l() kr trxrflrr-io: (luc a,l !'r:r incepez rlc tcn(rlll l ell contentt. I-()s ltll cucs cle la rttrrjc. cr:rn (r)ntiou()s. n() solnrcnfc ntc lx Itijit sin() ante ll t.lt )i liu clc i'1. llt tr.tc tlrrtalra <le cont,er<cr cuc cl supucstenrrntc l)ucn hij() \, lruen hermano erl un hipcrit1l. QLri' es lo <uc'1'o ptrde detccllr 1l kr llgo clc tnuchlts sesi()nes con estil parcja en rttc cl rkrlol lacerantc <le la mujet >rocluca rn intens() cleseo r[
Qu( KIL'in llJ)L ,r r\t slruirnin prtc(lipi(r pr(,' D(, h,r\ unl tcr(c|1t l)rrs()nl .v q(. l,). lir(unirr()s .rrrsli()n. rLrc st rLrtdu hulrlar rl,: prcctlirrr,, Ir(s (.\isr( LLn tercer clerctr) ,l lxn). (lue I)r)rL.i \.r ir)i,rii,r.rr iLLk crr lu Irr hc rrrr, rlrUr() (lc l.r nr:r(lrrse 1)trsl rlrk, .r(lr)jlrr.,xl,).r)l)ir.r..trul,rsrLrr'IrcLliricocr (,rn,) n)i,rin)(, rri.rnrU1.ir. ]\1rj,r prrsr iln lr):Llt rD(In()s f' los lx..rrri,Ln,N l(,: drtlntn estrucrr.ll:rIllcnrc
,Ltc claclo tlue Irt ritnsa
lrntlonut quiere clejulle un hijo en contpensur
rr',rr
_5
ri'ltricicr rci\r\lil (,n (lu(.rr)lt t(.r((,r.1 l)ers()nar n() estti l)Iesentc. Crtnsicltr<j qLrcl llt en!iclia
Kk
r'.
rqiirir)
anir sirrlai(in rrc
rI
IJo
AV{N( r S t-N prc()r.ljRAptA pstc()AN^l.au(_A l1 r() ll)()r (llr(l
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:rvr(lilrlll;,(JLe la uluier l(lri.:ll)r profitncllrnentc al nlafj(o. qLle lc consicie rir): un llol)llxe exitos() ) alguien lltej()r que ellt. ll()sec(l()l (l; ntav()res l)i ril()s intclcctLl.llcs y, fisicaltente. mrcho ln.is xtra(.riir cue ella mill., l,or..i._ lris d( su (el()s. l() qLe existir c-la enviclia cle l;rs cLraliclacies (lLc le lnril)ui.i ), lrostilirlcl heirr l por.ser:rlglrjc-t tilll lua(l() p()r cllx l por krs tltrs Bs rlet ir'. un:r cr<lcble irrugen cie si risn:.r .luc :Llp(si.rnie;tc ..u.c.cria tlc irlg<; (lLlc.sr Posccf! el otro. l)er.<.t.rckin clisrrsionacl:r t()(hs lLces. pLl(s s( ttt lu cle rrn:r tujct. lltrcti\..r t inteligcnte. L()s cclos n() cr:ln p()r pr()yecci(in cle clcseos cle inflcielirlecl _ni cn l le_ Ieria clc patcje ni rlc lo que pLr(e c()nversaf con el nllista (le cstil r))ujcr sc xrrccu sq un nt(fi\'() rclevi)tL,-. Surgln, segn lutle cntenclerlos. rle r.:r lirrs ficntes En pr.imer lrrglr. rlntirelra a st nlrirk \. 1)t.()).(ct:tl):l cD lits (le_ rris nrrrjcl:s lir r)tjsltrt iciclllzllcior-r <rre tll-r seutill: t;)(iits ;sfi.iln (lest,in(l() xrs<,t,r'l<r. A<lcnrtis. Jtr.O1.cr- f.r ltrr en sr lttickt (.1 cnlt l1t( )t. lll icnt( ) t]() 5c\uill ( tllrt scnritt I)(n'utujercs (lLlc enclLr.nat el 1,o icl<,trl <ue elllr scntiu n() scr.lUe Sc (r)rl1ll(r_till)iL cle igrrel nranera <ue llL >ers<tnlt <Lrt, inslrtisli,clte (lc (.ictl() r.lsg() ,.ir: s lltistlle \'irc tuifttncir rsc ilspeck) en krcla ltt,t.sona (lrc \.11 enc(rttrllu(l(), tr rn vi11 it'nrlole t-n cl plru)rlr() (lur ]ua sr (r)sel.\ i(.i(ltr. R,,rg,r,,," pr>tlri ser un iltril)rt() iirii(r) alttrftr, trsr>. fi.lru cle l Drrriz. pekr,, i,,,,,g.n clcl rtrc,rl)() () I)r)si(i(it soc.ial, o r.ullirLlrl intcle(.tuitl. lllsl.e() sistcnt.itico rlrrc (lclcr rrlirr:l (ftr('cLtiLn(k) enrl-c tn culrl<tricr. ILrgltr.rtiltlito lo rtittrer.o <tr<, ltlrr.:i scr.ti rrn:r r'.irirttr letision cle l()s l)tcscntcs lrejo cl pur.intrtr.ri.n .l ,.,,i1 lt <lUclc_ el tl:tlcisisttt<. []nx |eZ (lLle en(Ltent(l le personl (1)n (,1 atrjl)Lk) icltltliz:trlc tir.;r :l su Preiir y pr()vcctir en stx cl urisnx) senti,ni(.nkr trre cJIa licne s()l)rc cl l('r('tr() (itc cncamxra slr t itlc1, c(nt l() (luc pasit sentir c(,1().s clel >rtstrrt l() intcra,s cle srr perejtr t.r cl lrr rir,:rl asi <.rrstr.uirk>.-,,C<nclir.ir-. Ir)litl,lent.. irllr-ill)si(rrrclr (rtre st c(nllr)ri(. r.t cr heclr. rrc cLre en cse sitr'rti.n t'irclsrr tr:rl. ri;rcIr (lte ll pcfs{)l c.clrrsl nli..t lrl.llr ter.rc|rl . ittlc la rttil.1t<l.r tlc ltr t.rt< jlt solrrr (,ste,lr. c()n lo trr:rl sr lc r.rntjI.lt:L (luc su p.laejr tllil.a ;tl l:r ,.i\1. tLl c.rs() (c h plrricnte, lO entcrior t<,r.rrritirilr (lar rrnll c\l)li(ilcin . .Vol!icncl< rI llr c:trs por le cr.ral su plltcjr est].ill rnxll();it(l() <lt rLne tetr.era tlson:t.
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1a convicci<in <lc <re l l engarLli1 Est. rnuicr slr unr l)( rs()ril finclaruente clcsci>nfilcla, <iLre llegr e cleer cLlc un d()cunlcnt() olicirrl rrrt. lt' rr s(nl.Lr(ln f-:ilso. y en cuyu t-nlsificacirn halrra participacl() ur] in)l)()rllrrl(' cla l)r( lurt'i<atir>. T<clts ks cslitcr'zos parrll c()nvcncerle de ttre no cr:r s tr)l)(,zirl)il , ()n su Er)li)e( iniulienft). ena(tt)artxl() sierplc un mzn (lue aLvalirr su i(l(rt rL l: tilsillt:cir. l)or (r. p:rrle, l:r l:r:ili cle L l)rcicrlc l)ire(. l:rlric;n t'rtt l):rfiir esle (rsl1() pltol(-)gi(() flo Llrlu ()p()rtuni(LLcl en <ue cl nurirkr, <ltscsrt.r'rr ,ll l'rl l<s <elos. resuclvc ria jrtr':rl pas lle (nigeir (lt ritr rnujer t'rrrr cr -alnlros tlinicros- (uun(]() le clrcntir u los paclrcs cle llt niujcr la sjtuaci<in cicscsrcr<l;r (n (lLrc vi\'cn 1 ]os celos qLc' ilk)nllentlrn a sL esP()s, cl paL(lre pr:icti(lrlctl(' sin k)urlrr ('-) cuent stls argLrnreDt()s lc rcsp()ndir-) r'csl)e(t() a los cekrsr .l'or algrr Ilr cle scr'". lljrincltse con srt lrijtr en la conliccir'rn (lelirote. CcIrs r (lrriLlj (lrc cn ('stil nrujcr tenirt sI r)rigcD !-n un trst()r'nr) t).1,'('l sistil, rrl Lltar rrofr.rncle lrltcr.rcirr't (ic su lLt()cstiltlx. trre le har'r'a ver c()nl() su l)tri(' txrlt() l su p:rreia crrro l Jrlestrnll r-ir':rl. l'cr() el aspect() cligno rlt :ll('n( i(-)n (\rr)sistll en (lLrt cstlt nLrjer- cra citl)ltz cle srntir conscienter)l(,nt(' sus
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virDrs .csir'rn clc satcr'isr.,r,rn.k, L, "air,,,f,i"l ,ir,,ll*"'.i"r."ri, ig,,,,t ..,,,,,i,, t('r. Ag.esilidx(l tluc el nrrrnili,starsc, .l>r.iarnentr n,, Irri,, i,, i.,,ri,l,i, . f, sjcllrrl cle rtr.lomil sino c( rtx ) .r eslion:urriento ^*..,tlcsplaz",i,, ir,,l,, ,r,",r,,rlr.au,.
rtr..rgtt_siri,l,rrl I: lrr.lr,s |ist,,.l,tivilt..(. (,n nrt(-\tr,,\ lr.t(.trnt(.\ n Lrest.1 pscuir.rr. o cn krs c.lrsc>s cLre trr.prcscncrir
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su tixittrr \j()lcncilt. l,it 'ira,"',rrn lltstilicLLcl clc los a<krlesc.rntcs cn el lr6glrr.-.rrlL,.',:,, *, li.'.a, kxl. cl ttltn(l()'-. crrt ticncle: s(,r rnkrn(li(|l (le.,l" ,,, ,rr,r,i.l,la.,nuli,i,., t,, ,.ir.,, ,.,,n,1., c\pr(.\r,,,r rlt. l:r cx,rtc,.tuci<r,,.. i,.',1 ,,,",,,. "r,,,,]l:l:1.],:,1:il,: (,,: Uc. cs[r (r rnttgLt..1(.tr rt],
trcl(luier.e
tlcl lltcicntc sin() J)(_(lLe es() r(,ilntent(, cstli srccclicnckr. I)c[r: L.s sr)l).( t()(l() (] I ;r,l rlcsctlrci:r ckrncit cs.r,,Uaal.,rr.f",, <Lrc nrr ll.ttltlLrlttos clr.fi,nsive sin() :trt()lllir.lltlltivl,
Lt r(.\t\t(. (t.l tlt,l .ln,lli.t, ,1,,.,',,n.,,,.,r,.,,n ,, l(nr,rp,,rl)irf(.(lL,ulr,i.//.rl,.n.rz.rrl,rrl<_,r.l.,.., ,,1,i,,.,, ,., ,,.,,,;.:.,r;,,1:,; pf()yccci(ll
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.rlt,t'sivitlilcl sriclic;t la bstLteclu cle plecer cs l() qte (('lstittyr lrr ftrcrzlt ttrc l;r rrrrrulsl. por lo quc tiencle a pcrclurar, 1l ser unl ruoclaliclacl cir[a(l('r( )l( )r.ti( ir rtrc va nrs all;' cle ks l))()ment()s ptlntuales (pre irctivan la rrgresiviclarl tlt' Itnsiva (llltm. 1991: Levin. 1990r Sacks. l9!)lr St()l()r()w. 1975). I-in:tlgLroos trr que c(r)enz(i siencJr> LInr :rgre.siviclirrl rlefensir lt ejt'rtrikr. r.r'lr 'os, Lr nr'cisizucitln .',,rr,r rlcltncletc rle un progenitor lgresivo puecle stLflir la-pol scgundo tiernp<>. IJna lcz c()nvcfii(la en fiente cic placer, ll agrcsil'itlrrl sr' rlesencltc['n no por Ia prescncia clel srtlrimiento sino p<x la huell rtrrt's,..r <lc un: ti)rll cle plecel qLre sc cleselr reen(1rtlrrr. Aru resrt)ta inclisrcrsrrlrlt' agcsiviclacl clrrnr cleftnsu- y la crrcli no crnfunrlir entre (lusa inicill -la ci(-)n que rranticne activo el eslalxin final. el goce sclico. Esta gresiviclltrl siclica crii rn lasg() irrp()finte sn una Pacientc (lut l)r(' sental)11 Lrn ntrcisisrll() ()nrllip()tere c()r't)(r cr rltp()ncn!- iritp()rtantc cle srt r'r'
*'n.rlitl.rrl
l:r
r'orr rcsrltaclo clcl rlescnctrt,nrr r t sicr,cl r.re.ie,rrc .," ,- ,,;;;;;r;';';.?J;:i:l <Ir str crntrll. () (lLle Irz<n"s rt.,.rrist:,.
)i;l .rrI(rrl(,\.1(l(ils\i(.n't,\ rl( \t)ltr,C.ln trr.lrlr., l,,r "il.'l:i::::t.11;'"i l,.trlf,.\. (n ,.rr. l[rst.r l.r r,rz rlr r.l, ,' l<s l':-rctt- rlt,.rri.rri, , irt,r.rt r.., rr.rcc ce,,,r ,i;i";;;;,,.;,; i:, ;,:ll,li:'::,:ll1::,ll
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sanlc qLc clcltr hace-r". !-fe erentclnente aparecan en sts sesiones relitl()s rlel rlectl sriclico rrrr- ()l)tenr ill hrcer suiir (listinlr)s penonajes Por c'jcrl I)l(). en LrnJ ocrrsi<in fire invifx(ia l unl <rtttirin cn cs clc rlnos amigr,s y <rr Lrn nl()lncnt() clatlo slrci lt cohr irn un lenlll (lue sxl)ill <1tre era ntt1, clesagratlr irle pa(r Lrno cle l()s pat.ticipllntcs. Mc c()nt(i c(in() intr()([ri() en la c<>nvcrslrt'i, rr rrlgo ruc srrha trrc ponclrr rrnsilsr ul Pcrs(nrxjL'rn ( uesti(in, v ctt< t[ rrr ullLnerlr nlu]' rtr:rltlc. lt:tst;r xltrcnlenentc (xri(]r'il. il)!t !'rrtirn<lizlnckr srllr[t' llt crrestion, al tietnpo (llle ver:r cll() le rltLlt pelsorlt "sc ret(r-ct sin poclcl lrrce nucla,. Flsta p(i('ntc relat<'r. tallin con orgullo, u-rrro en unx ()por-tLlni(lir(1, en <csir--: cle rrr-r >crtreo ir((i(lentc (lc triinsit() cn <lre cl rrlro ccrltc ttrtrIr (txna(l(). .nlc.lcer(lu suprrtl ll n(r rill t lc tnrret:t tlccir': tlrri Listima, no vr l tencf el c()che lrltstlr (lentr() clt rtrin<c clis, no sc l)re()((rpe rtrc rni segltr'o lr
p.r{a to(l()!,,. Enllttizt> c<inxr el otro crncltclor cltetlri clesarmatkr. n<> puclicrrrkr relcci()nirr r.lr:lick ltl t(m() 1lr))ist()s() tlrrc elllr crtttkrlrlrlr y a l:t soluci<in crrt' lt' pr'()p()nix. (lcstlt(iu)(l(). con pl:tccr. <tte.sc ilra ilrtricr'tckr cacllt vcz otns n!'rf i(, s() p()l(lue v() lc rlc<ia tluc iba r tenel cue clcjar el c<rlc en c'l tallcr'". El plertr' conscicnle cn p(rl<rger cl sr.riinricnto clcl (fr() er:r rcpcti(l() en clifcrentes til)()s
cir-( unstrncis. l'ln cstx pr(icnte pLr(lir)r()s c()nstirtir sr.r irlcntillcacirin crr t'l slrclisrlrr cle unlr rrr:rdlr crre tlrrr'1Lnte su int:lnci se lrll:i c:r ra c fc lizrLclo por el lrt-
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cixr clc rcsponclcr r'on r-lelilrcracla v ostent()s.r incliterencia cacla vez clue ell:r lloralr. l;r raclre. rn ess ci ttrnstlnci:rs. olrtena pla<cl en r)()strar rl k)(la lll f:rnrililr trrc rcrnr:rnct lr inrp:rsiblc ante cl II:rnto o l;rs pe{ic ioncs cle los tlcnlis.
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r.rt llr trl.i[r,sivrclt]rl <lefctrsivlt. sttr sc , rlt:tntienc e_tclLtsit.ltenlc en lrr trlirLr (n rlu(. Ix.rsisli el srfrijrn.,r.,,;,;.,.1.i',:;,i'n.,,,.*" "",,,
Ht'<:rsts er't qtre la agfc:ii\ iclar(l nr se cliligc trni(illrnte en c()ntl:l (l('llrs pe()nlls sin() en ehci<'rn con clrllcrier especr dc la realiclecl qrre implicLrc rrl gr-r grrckr (lc lirnitir(in al dcsco ricl srict(). Si xlguirn prrecle leaccionur rrgr',.'
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H-t'rrrr-r, lcr, rrnen,,lr,J.li. clr< peIitc (istinguil, cstus d()s D)()(lilli(l.rclcs <lc ne rl rrr (:rso ,i,.,rur,,r;,,;;;;.; .:i..;.,,;,1?'r.rrler -negacirin h<stil-. la <tistii, el
tlluz< lxstil por. lrnti(.xrix corrro ^:n ffustrantc, ilgesi!a. lrl)itr.i. Lir ()tra: cl \.(.nrirni(nr,) (xnnip. rr..nrc !l< qre nrda .l*,,g;.;,.i. p;..i. ,,,.r,rr,r" ,,, ...u,, cn qUc I.l rrrljtl-rrl cs sUntrcl.. I ;.r) s,je() <.c, ;rre,,is, ;;;,.,lillllii'l]li"X,',1:i.Il,;:,.:.;,]],i
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' c(nn() h, ,sril ), .r.rre.il_ -lrumna clc ne]ativisluo, rlc cchazrr cie, s()(r.rri(in n< se escLrcrra ,,, ,
.renre txrstilichcl
rrcDll),). r crnt[r e] triinsit(), () c()ntr hs rrril regulaciones (,1)lrr_ r,llr\ (..,1\.\ n,.1{118..,r.,,,*1,.r. .,,l,ra a.,..r"" lus cclcli<.iones h tirnrra <le vncLl,r qLc ,. ,r', r ., irr.i .r ,,il,,"rr,r. ur" t,, ('r:'n -rntir qr( r(,.to er.r .r1rur.rri, 1,,. p.,,i,;..,,;.i li;,;,;..;r' i,r_ irpfl:rnt(. rcpresent;tDte cle l .ealidacl exlen).. si 1,, 11Lr. pr,r.,nir
:.lrJl,.n:.: rrlr l,r rir.!.r s{^.t.tl Dln,r)E (.\.
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las eslnctlrxs ne!r()flsi()la)gicas s()n ltctiva(hs () (lesarlivrtclas ror l;rs h ('sciirci( ) ncs. es clccir clcsde k> psquico, ptcs cllo se etatitu trr I:r r rtcs rr()n (le c)or() lll psic()terpia. actuantlo soi't las rcprescnlacir tncs t'n rtrt t l
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fit.lr"lf.- i,ly1. est() sig_ llili\. qt( rt,,t-\lst(Un.pr.rlsi,,g.,.1,,.,c,,,,,,,*,r;.n.'11,rr.,,,*i.,..rn,.,n_ lc: l)ilfiiI (le lat inlcstigci( )Des c\1rttl\,ts (lt( tlll() lit te()nl tlnattjst clc lil :t.tcsir irl:rcl (()nr() lu rccri\.1 s.n rrrrriciLrr p.Lr.i.rlc" ,;,,;,,;;. l\:g r-..:, l.n lt'cr,,. r).r.( ,u,, l,.r).. p,r:rl,ilirl.r.l .f,. ,,,,iir,,,:'ii ;,'l;",.. 199J. .,,g,=,ir irl.rr I rlt, ,r.n(r.r (l(.li.r)\i\..r ... rinrr,....,,,,,til,l.,;,,, '.1,;:X::.,,,,,,, .:. .ri.; i,"ll.',li.l ,,,,, ,lrjiiLl.rtl
r lr.rl,.ll,,s rlc -rfHLrrllcntar, la agrcsiviclatl es clivaclu cacl:r \.ez \c \ir.nr( (.,r pt.lign.,. si .,,rr,, t. r tni,..r ,, ,., .., i,f.r,i., \rr\.(. I.),rr; )rlr(',, .rPunt.rt.rr -r un \L,r'-[ucn.r z.rtft r (KolrLt. l9]1. i97rr
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rorrnaltica en cruntr) a si 11 pulsi(in es bbkigica e innxtx o. por el r.r,ntr'.rrr,,. , l lcsultackr cle Ix il)l)lilniici(-)n cn el srjct() cle l] ptrlsin r.lel tlrr hurrtnrl. Nos rcsulta clificil x.lscril)irn()s a un cle csus ckrs r<rsiciones, l pesrtr cle tc(()lr(xl'r Irs firnclamentos cle las razones invrraclas. por lo clue n()s sentir)x)s rnris rt r..t rlr l icle: frer(lianlr clr <rre lrr pulsirin estl'r.cn el llile cntre lo s<rilico v Ir Psruico. rr <rrnclicir'rn tlc nr crnsiclerarllr en urt Irrgar cle extrrtcritoriuli([l(l ('rl Ire esttrs ckrs clrrlinios, sint ctburcalttkt.t lurtl<>s. cct)o puente <ue krs rrrl' (Frcrrrl, 1915c). EI con<epr fl'crcliano dc pLrlsir-rn. clel qtte tockrs krs l(l()r'(s h.tn sealaclo su cortrrlejiclu<l l oscilltcioncs en cL1nt() al papcl <le lo lriofogi r'o t lo ps<lticr, ienrlt s esa Irattmleze lrilr<nte (lc articulxcion entrc l() l)i( ) logico -v k r rcprescnlil( i( )nxl-a fi'cti\1 ). e,rtrc l( ) p ( )po (ltl sLliet() ) l() qt( ('l ( f r( ) ir(tivl () inlllilntll )' a()nstfll\'e. l)()f (fl:l prtc, c-crnl()s (lLtc eslil c()ncel)('i rt ( Il qrre lo biok':gico _v lo Lclrt'scntacional sc afiicttlln cs la <1r-re va rccibiencl r urr r \() crecicnle rt tl-vs rlc krs l:rrllazgos Dirs re(icntcs cn el catttpo clc lls ttct r,,\ i(n( i.\ K:rn(h l, lgtJii L(l,llx, 'x,r. \lr,,r( ly'ri 5,,LI\. I.loi,, ' l)er() (luc l alectivi(Ll(l tenga un sLlsttalk) r-reLlr()l)i( )l<'rgico poscc <rrnsr' crrencias clicionults respccto a ciertas tcsis fletclians. Estu(li()s rc(i(ll(s ieor,len rp()ta(r I):st.anle c! i(lctr( i:r <lc rrrc llts c-Dlor'irnrs licnen, pr l() (' n()s, d()s cir'(Lrik)sr unr, rclacirn:rclo rrn la c<r'teza prclr()ntrl en que cl sillni flcll(l() mris () nren()s c(nrlplci() (lc tnl cxpericncilt es cl clue cletennin. rtr.r rcspuest. eurr.irnrl roclu):tclu, g:rltucllt, lltir rtn ciertr llrlclo tle contlol lll (fr-() circui). cn clur la amg<lala celclrrel intelvenclrie (l).lm.lsio, 199+r Klul clcl \'<frrs. 1995: Lel)rLrx. 199.i). cs :rctivxd() por sertlcs tlagrnentrri-r. -.,,r' ejcrr>lo, l;r vistx (lc sn.r.lrt:, un s<nick>, ttn tono cle voz. Ltn rrriclo- tttr rl<' sencaclenaln Lt(nllrttl(artleltte intensir\ rcat((i()ncs ettrcirraies sin nr<tlttlrt cir-rn. vexlarlcrs clescergas cxplosivas. Es intelesllnic trrmpr<>l>ar qtte lu n,-tt rrfisir>krg;r r(cienlc ()t()rfllr si base ticntfi.rt lr unr intLrici(in lreuclitn: rllra
nr<:<taliclecl <le tirncionun'lit'r'rto,
el
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<1ue l<:s
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pericnci:rs, f)agruentos signill( xntes. son los lue pr()\1).1rn esla(l()s :rtccti\'()s. \ertltlelos c()tt()(ir(ti()s cn <trc l!rste rrtt'clos cxtr'r'icncilts. clos olrjclos. trr'lglln Ltlt clerllcnr cn c()rtt(rn par:t <ttc le r(al((i(ir1 ('rtl(x'i()nltl que pt',,r,,.,'
t"'"
i:t 'tgrcsir-icliLtl rtscgr'racl:t
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(lcspertl(kr llor cl otro cl efi'clo plra l)cra clel httrrrr -rec<tlcrros <lel cigarrillo. prescnte en l'rerrcl l,crrrclntlo lo,:lo cl rr rplejo :tfectivo cle lrt
Ln() sea rc-l:rrir-rn eot ()tK)s tiuu(l()rcs- el patlc y cl scrl()r K. I'()l-(,tra l)lrne, lo int<r(r.r te cs (lLre el firgDrento siniticrnte <r.rc pueclc clcspertlr un es(rckr enl(,(i()n:rl pLrcrle ser rrn significunte corralr ll pcrcep( i(-)n cle pltlpitaciones. un (sti(l( ) clc ltctivtci<n neL r( )\'rgetrrti\'al, Llit liger() scrltitllienr cl< ntteo < cle <lt's<rxrI
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AVAN( LS I,N PSICo'I IJRAPA PSI( OANAI,iI
IC
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dinaci)n nlental, ante los (.r:les el sLljeto. sintinclose eD peligr(), reacclonarii con Ltna repuesta agtesiva no Dl<clulacl.-*
Ctrto tsr TNSCRITA LA tNTtiNCtoNAl_lD^D A(jRFstvA }:N EI, IN(,ONS(-IN rI]i)
rr,r l.r lrirsquecia clel objer con el quc se ejecuta. La fantasltLiticu es tlt,l lir r "srr lririls prlx pr(r).u s trli prxler,. sienclo el .strfrinls, rrna./iil'irittlt ubut.t. ult (h \t\ llue se expuudc l:tcict lts iititas uu".tcioles dL'stt 'ctlizttt uill. lll c[.srr , k lttccr mal, cr.ralqt-tiera qLrc se sLr citlrsa v sll (lesenar(lentntc. se lrlttl rr.i ,..n
(ltre s()sticnen en el inc()nscirnte esc deseo cle n.(er nul. s( tr-lt.lriit r(lls.r Ll( Lnt lr<ra Iuoclienclo. ciesg:tn.enclo, cle un itn() con heces <ue alxrgan, de Lrn pene cLrc g<llpc:r y pe*i,,ti. clt un peclr<r cluc vlt:t. c<ruro lo supuso M. Kleint .\(,s (D(rrrr.rrir;t()s .rjlc Ll D()dcr (lc rnl ptrlsitin p:rrcirrl r>rai, anal. genitrrl,,lrrc r-lesrlc cl in,.irnsrcntc 'js p,..)laoLl() sostencla tirkr el t'cliflci<) rlc l intcncirnl liclaci agresivl? _ Erlpecemos por lo cue n()s cnse la clni<.a, qLrc nrn(lLre n() tenga el cx rircter cle ver<lecl xuk)cvi(lenle no rlejl cle pt.,rr..,.rn,r" clc unu r.ientaci<ln solre
vlrya astlnienclo, ell() n()s p()ne en el cxntinr) de interrlgrn()s acerca (lc cl.i_
tr at de Lln nt()\.ilnient.) qLte ticn(le ltt( il alg(). nl()viIien() cstxl)le (lurnrc Un (rrrl(, I)(1rrxl(,. p(,r t.t\ rrrrt,, qrrr.slr sr,.r. prt.(n( lt. r[. l.rs \,llfi.rnter riUc
La intencionalidl(l lt<stil tiene sr existencia en el psi(luisnt() en truin()s cle rcpr csentucioncs cleflniclas, y si el ttrtrino intcncionuliirrcl alrrcle, a <rrc se
lc. w,n lur rcnrc\(nt.ri()ne\
cl rasajc a) l(t() (ic Ia fr nt.sltri
lu clire<ci<-rn cn qLlr !.an les <rsus. En cl rsi<ritico 1.en Ia tirria

tir e
lrgrtsiri
t.riliftr.rr. en <lLrc
Lrs
rrlrl. clc su inrpLrniciacl, clcl clesc<: . N() p(xhs llguitntllI ni inrperli.nrclo,. Jircl<> kr c ual va rll()sttiln(k) <r.r<'el cleseo cle h:ccr.n.l {St,,ll(.r, 1()J+) (letcl,ll]0.r quc el rll((lio (rlrl)l(11(k) in(resc olen()s rrre cl lrn rtr.t.[rrtl'r rlLi( \rc c\.1 , rrLii..i,,;l c
hrrr' sLrfi.ir lxrn.(es.
.
cirin clel prr>ceso secLndl() t()s tendl.itn rUe clar un rr,,y,r.raa".,, a acllrll:rs En el casr clel s:'tdict. \,(,r))()s qLte lcrrrxl _sol>re estt, clescns nttcs.lr llrglrolentitci(in- srr fint clr egresirn a acrrella <ue sea lu nris ickinea .lare rlc'struir lo que tesult:r vlrlioso p:ra el rxr<,, srr lrcllc,za, sr. auaap,r, au ,,,urr,lrru. str inteligcnci:r. o unlr plr uccir'tn tsti(.1 crre clesltacc lrnt,rrenf< trnt. llr rrlir;cl.l descspcr';(la cle sl t..c,1ck. []l g()(.c n() r-lcrcnrlc e:-t cslc cs() (ic Lnl z()nu (lei cLlcllx) clel siicli<rr Di (le ()tra espcL.fir.lr cn le t,c.rira. sino dc Ia illr
r)r(i(-)n
r)Iv()res nttestrs (le ensxit))ient() cot.t el olrjeto n() rcvisfcn la ftrn_n cle rclerlr r cle ahogarlo con n)rteli.r te(.ai r cle orinark. Situlcirn n<xablc para cue.sti()nar la (nnniprescnci (le cicl.k)s tip(,s cle f:lntasits incrtscicntcs u krs (\raies se les.rtribLrye el srl\rrc.ct.u t()(lx ill.{rcsi(in. stltre xlo si sc tlenr,rn (Lterttr que lil r-lptLtr <rn llr lcljrlrrtl rn lrtls c( )nd i(.i( )l.t(,s 1,con la Lg.rnrz:r-
clt,j;r lr st
nt:is:rl clescLl)icrl().
ntcrjorida(l c()n res>ecto a los lterlios erupleacl<>s. Si hrry unrr l.rsc lc :tgresividacl ()ru), anal, genihl n() es p(n un cualiclacl intrinsec:r tlc Lts ntis ,ll:rs. sin() p()lllre crenclo el nio clesex llaccr mal fntasea p()cler reliz:rrl() <'rlr rrrrrello crre est a su clisposicirin culto eleDtcnb t1lpl?settcioll , v p(n(lL(' (,1 \utfinriento clel <rre riene l prin(ipi() (ficiu es cl de la Dlateritli(l.rcl <lcl rur.rrr.,. I)clo rtpirlunrentc cl niixr peqrrco clesr'trl>rc rrre luy rfras fitas tk,sLlrio)icnt() tenil)lc: cl cle la l-rlt clc untor cuanck> ste sc anhel. tl cle la ItLi lllrci-n. I)or eso cu;rn(k) \'riclve h rrraclrc clespus tle una separlcit-rn, unlr forrlr liecrrente de gresi(in cs v(rvcr le clhczn, segLrir juglrnckr coluo si el (fr() n( ) c\istiera. Es lo <r,re rrtclc vcl en Lrn p-lcient< L.lr.rt, rni(, ', tU)1, ntLrti\rx) al)s()lu l() \ (lcs( ( )n( )ciuien ) (lcl (Xr() ct:L Lln:r l-esi)\rcsl 1(r soio clcfensirt f)iuit trllllll (l(, (lcsa(tcctnr sLr l)(rDlr clel clolor. sin(), y espe( iil lr))enle, Ln \'cngnza pt)[ lr) rtlntl<ros del ()l)jel() (le m()r, sL csp()s.r. .Slrfre I() (lue yo sufi, u <rjo p, rr , y ' v diente por ciicn{e,. lr'ntlls cue olleccn la l'cr-ttaja (le (lejar en clalo cuc r.l prt)l)lct)) n() se rc(lLcc sel cuesti(in cle la z()nil trrn ctte cl 1rlresor pr()clu((, lir aglesi<-rn ni tunlp().() (le il(uclh solrre llr <r.re rcr':ret'r cl clu<r. "Sufre l <lr.rr, ro srrfi", y uriis cspeci:rlnlctt(,,srfre cn k, clle nlis te rluel.,. lirnluls rlrs tIlctlts clc lu intcncionaliclacl I](rstil lrtictrlalrles e) cl inc()nscientc cue. al cltlru l)ic u lil expresi(in final rlLrc r(l()ptar.iD. (r)l()clln l)ilj{) su (l(ntrini() tilnto cl ins trLrlrento agres()r corp<.lrrl () n()- c()t))() e arrrcll<; qlte cn el (fr() s(.rir -zonlt el (entro (lel utaqrc. I1)l kr crre Lr intencion h<stil clebc de estur inscrita clr r,l inconsciente lrajo lirrnr:L ck: trn <lesco geni'ri<rr <tte lrrrscer-r, n() inlll()r <n (l((. c()n(lici()nes. plrir rcilizarse. l- r'r rnsccrcncirr. lr Ls Ilnes r.lel trrl'lajo con lrr agrcsiviclacl inc(nrsciente dulente cl l-tamiento. es clue Ll llrntasiu bajo llt ctrc cstti inscrit n() puc(lc sel .r!,velll(l:r" l p?cicntc en t,ntrin()s cle lrna titmta rcs tlingi(h (le agresi(itr. creynclosc <ue p()r trltrse (le lrlo profirntlo tenclra cuc
r
urr rclen cle
fcvestir
(lcl.lr(isistr,
cle sLr p<xier <lc lracer
lor(ler, csrtrpir-..rflitr, el(.-. Irr cl crrtlllttirr. Ir nrts >:ofirnclo es un cl!,sc<> tue, <lel>ickr l (lue cstan)()s rrlrliglrckrs l c())rnicitrl() :l piciente en t,rrnintrs tlcl lengtrljt convcn< ioni. strnrillt. llun(lue s(ii() sea lrn:r rrlr{,xint.ci(-)rr l() origin:rl clel inc()nscienle, Ias lirs <ler .st-il.lis,. "t( rckrL-efils (l(' (k)l()l''. (e har- ll()l,lr,,.vera'tl (l()l()t cn tu caril". ctc.
rnrxllicl:trl lrajo la
cLr.rl
el lactnte ltlrlilr funtscrtlo
ll
.rgrrri,,rr
't,e
p()sihl(,xpr((ri, .()n nLrcv()s iirnr[or(]nl(]s l1L irp(1irnh dirrcrrri, .,rrc xfi.(r,, c r.te,, t,.,,rr,,,1,. \r:rti(rrlikxnr. \. (\t)(\.i]lrrcnc. el (()(i,pt() (l(,pt|lsllnr qu(';*.u" "1,rri.,.,, .,,,r-f"."pr,,,.r)n
r'i:r
-s.
ck
()1,(1rx)5 (tr)e cn estc nr(rn(nl{) cs L,r sLrie r['p11))*rsrrs i]c.Lti-nrrs,
ltpl t, c, r,rl,s
pAri
r4
r'r.RAptA r)r' r
t).\(
rrr'rttr tril
I)li l-A A(;RllSvrl)AD
llN* lV()DAI-lDADlS Y (:ONDI(ll()NF-5 QUH l- A(lTlVAN
c[
",",p.
l:r.rrsicrIr<l
r (l( \r rcl:(](-)n,,rr
I
dtl
t()
cstn.r.rorcnr! p:r(tur(o. virse ((x,s(.\ a,lick 1l(
)il
(listinci(in enlrl. Lnll agresi\ i(lllcl bsiclrrtr(:nlc cleltnsive \' l.ln:t rgr(,'i\ I sritlic cn l)us(il (lc ph(er n()s pennitc lcluntrrrrnos en lls ilrplicactrrls
J l0
AVAN(]IiS IJN PSI(-OTIiRAPIA PSICOANALI'I'I(]A
LA A(;RI]SIVIDAt)
2rl
(lr( ticne pxra el tratrrliento unr desconstruc( i(in de lx categofi.r cle la agresiviclecl. esJ)ecificanclo sulrtipos y ntotivaciones (lre la activan. l\,lientras en la rrgrcsiviclacl tlefnsiva Ia tel?pia tench con'to objetivo flnclantental el trl)a jlrl solrre las angustias que la pronrueven cle alrcnza .l Ia L-sentintient(rs l( )c( )nsen acia)n y a la integri(lad dcl .sz#. sentiitrientos cle culprbiliclacl, cle suIrinricnto nxrcisistlr, de ahogo ps<uico-. en el c.ls() dc la agresiviclacl srclica, cn camlk>. el ol)stcLl() a la mocliflcaciitn es cl goce rlue la sostiene. Pr>r ello, ll l):rcientc le resulta n:rs (lifcil rentnciar a esa nr<xlaliclacl tle lrgrcsiviclecl. illirntl.:ls n() Ir.lyu ()tra fonla <le placer <r-re puecla corlpetil crn el cleivaclt tlel slclisllro, o hasu qrrc cse placer nr se transfirne en (lisplccr plrrr (fr:r rerte ciel sujer --<lisplacer que pr()!iene clel superyir. r cle la iclentiflcaci<in (()n el suliilrient() clel ()tr(), o cle lr ltilcllt cle un objeto cle altor qtrc lo reprrrelu, nrirada c()n la qre el sujeto te nina iclentificirnckrse- n() se l)n tlnari. Si la interpretaci<in clel stclisnto prrecle rnoclificar il stc n() es p( lx vcrclacl rtre encerria jams la verclacl puecle c()rnpetir p()l-s sola crntra cl placer- sino porque en el vnculc r:le la tnrnsferenciir 1' lr ncflcios clel ptxler sugestivo cle la tnsferen< ial- se cl<ta -;clesgraci:rs al saclisrrxr cle rfras sigr-tilicaciones qr.le .xrrLtinan, el pllcer que lo sostena. v polcue se inclicrrrr para el sujeto otras \'1rs para el placer en las clre se logra encarriiar la -c()rlvcrtirse "lrrtenr pa ser a(ept!lcl()- es (le illcxnce intit(l() y n()s c()l()ca slcnlnrc tln cl canrino n() exent() (le riesg()s cle Ie aclaptlcir-rn al ()l)ict() cxtcm(). En cillrlrio es cle alcance rry()l cl tralrajar en p()s (le l elllorecirin clel nlrcisisnxr cn sr clrllcter clc estackr cle clesligarniento rle le ir-lentitlcucitin c<n el sufli llicntt clcl <rtr<r, cle mptrrra <'li\ itttust!bj?lt'i.1l anlociouul que ha qr-rr-clatkr trnvcrticla exclusivalnentc en un c()n()( intient() .s(r)re, lll intersul)jetivitlrrcl. Al respecto, Saclc cr un expeft() cn el cutocitltiento s<lre los estacks t rtto<ionales clel <trr. al igual crre sLtccdr c()n ciertas pers()nalidrrles que sc tlt DODinan psicoprticas. pero sin qre es()s cstacl()s sean senti(l()s c(nu() pt()c(nl() pr<tpio kr quc cl ()tr() rios. 5r-rlo la iclentificacia)n entocional sit ntc- xrsibilitar,r qlle cl goce sclico-senfir encuentre un (lique. I)ara ell() sc re(li('rc (lue el paciente cnclrentre a un terllpeLta cue, sin < ulpaltilizarle, ptres r'so t's lo clttc no suele soponltr, lc rcrrttite .tcercalse al estackt etn<ri<tal clc! rtr() suliicnte, a sentirl() c(nt)() pr()pi(). (i-)ln() sc'l()gru esk) no se puerle firrrrrrrllrr rrro Lrna receta. cleckr clrre clelxr:i ser encontracla en cltch cas(). per() lo rrrc si lr.,strlt:r inclispenseltle es que cl tcrlpcrtl sci).r qle el catinr <lc'la irI rlilir rcion cm()ci()nal es cl (lecisi\-() y n() la cles( ripcia)n de las lazones por l,rs rrrt r'l sui({() xgrede. pucs xnte stxs el g()ce s(lico ltxcc clue el paciente rcslxrrrl:r '5i. (,s (ictt(). per() ltr nre car.rsa rlacer". t.)rrisicr.r t.lL.ltrlilicr la illp()rtanci.L (le la i(lcntificaci(in con el srfrin)ien t(, rlt l <:thr rrrrr() r'lcrnentr central en cl tlranclrno clel goce s<lic<> con el
.rrsr r rlt tl] l):l( i(,nlc (.n ( Lly() tftlt.ltnienk) lx interpretacin cle las motivacirnes lrtis<ttecl:r cle ste. Per) que el sujeto lrblrnclone el goce siiclirrr pr-ptesirin clel strrtry<-r o por una cle las f<trlus (lel xtrx)r clc tansfrencia cn
rle su ccnclLrcta n() pennitln ningn progreso. El paciente rlbia intcle(.lullncnte (lue- hacia sufiir, que es() (-stal)a nul descle la pe$pectiva cle las crr,en ciones s<>cialesl llegti tanrltin a sal)er que sa era su fbnla cle sentirse sul.rc rior. <ue agretla cacla vez que estaba frtrstlcl< narcissticlntente, cue kuaba .rl ()tl'o conro instRllrenk) paftl asentar su superioricl:r<I. Su inteligencia le l)errlritx captlr r.ipi(lxluente las interprettci()nes qrre iitan lxrnienclo al clesclr licrto hs rrolivxci()nes de sU crnducta. !l tal pLnt() que Ltna vez conccicl< el c<icligo cle st analista tenia placer en aclelanturse clicienclt: "S, ya se qr-re es p()r tal c()s". Lll tratallient() trlnscrffia sin cuc el goce sr'rclico fuera m<>clificackr y si continuaba crncurrienckt cr p()r uns lx)lesfias cle c rs;r psicosotD:iticlL (lue sLl nrclicr. al cue respetaba. lc hxl)i:i insistick) qrLe sriJo la psicoterapix po(tria stlucionaL.'li)(lo trxnscrlrre xs llxstll qLe un (le tiene Lln suc() en cue hay rrn nir l ctrc enciemn en una irabitacirin l pesar cle que ll<tra clesc<nsclaclaltente. tsllo le hace recrclar algo <ltrr- no haba mcnci<nack nLtr-lc: c<-ll<. el plclre tena plxcer en hultillarlc clelante <le sus antigos -krs clel paclre-. lurlinclrse cle l para ,l()strar sL ingenio. Yo trltt de que n() rl)anclonase esa vivencia, que la tecLease ccn rck el sentimient() qtre la imprcgnalra, y enk)nces si rucio ltaccr Lne iclentificaci<in cnt()cional con los per sonajes lctualcs a los rlue s()ntett a su sa<lisuxr. srrlrerponienclo su ser sLtr-iente c<n l()s sentirtrienk)s cle krs clerns. Bl lrta)ient() r'ino a institui en l algo qrLe llrl)a taltlckr cn su vi(la: un nracle o Ln >ache cue sientcn que el ()tr() siente y sc ideltt/ic.Ut cut as? salti tetrto. kr quc posil>ilitlr qtre el suiet() sc identifiqre con estl firrtra rle l.ivir la intcr.sultjetir,.irlacl. Sin esta organi zaci<-rn intl;rpscluica cle l:r intcrsrrltjetivi(la(l t()(lx interpletaci(in analtica cs mer-a clescripci<-rn intelectul clue no moviliza nacla en cl paciente. Lo tue el Paciente l(rgr(i en cl tratirntienk) n() eftl, en senti(k) estrict(), iclentifiLJrsc c()n el otr() sin() iclentiflca al ()tro c()r-tsi!.l() nrisllt(). c()n el ser srrfiicnte infantil has ta cse r))ontenk) reprimiclo. Pero la lrr'csiviclacl clel grrce sirclico no clelr hacern<s percler cle vista que. en cLrank) e frecuencia. es cle rnayor intp()nncia l:l gresivi(a(l crmo clefensa ante situaciones clel prcsente dominarls por las angustias pc$ccut()rias o de il Lto( ( )nsen.lcia)n. l\'l()tivaciones mltiples (le le eresivirlecl qre cuestionan el crcer rrcnocr-tlercnte (lue sicrnpre pol delnis cle stl se encuentran la rivaliclacl, la enviclie o los cel<s. Estx c()nccpci(in c()nclLlce n() s(i().1 clejar.de laclo la ealx)rci(-)n psrluicr cle las angustias tue itnprrlsan le agresivir:lacl, sin(] que ln tcnsifica esLs an{rstilts pLtes el terpelta se c()n\.ierte en un nLtev() acusa(k)rpelsegrri<k>1, rl'rs alli cle sr luena actitu(I. t()n() cle \.()z y cLidaclo. Al sujeto, enfientack> un analista (lrnisciente que le clenuncilr c(n11() aresiv(), le queclan p()cas ()pci()nes: () se s(nlete lnxs()(iListicantentc o, parl tlefnr-lerse clel ahog<r psquico, l uelve ln()\,ilizil[ lglcsi\ idlci. con k crel se entra en un crculo en cue anrlxrs lnieml)los rle la pareja teraputicu retiletzxn sus concepei<rnes y c()n([rct.ls. l)e igrral t'nanera. entcn(lcr nt()n()co(len]ente li agrcsividacl c(nn() rcspuesta del sujek) a las fllas clel otrjeto clel .scf hcc correr e] riesgo cle clc-
)12
AvAN(,liS llN PS(:OTLRAPIA PSI(iOANAl,'l lCA
sxlen(ler el !{()cc s1i(lic(). [:r ri"aliclacl nxrcisista y la enviclia ej<t)l-v,tse, Prrr pkr. cl ceso clcl sc<-K. en el ca|tr.tl< s()l)re triLstoloos clepreii\'()s. 'l rabajo sr>l)l.c le agrcsir iclacl qrc (lel)e recoD()ccr, p()r tant(), las lrritlrlples tlcteninacirnes cue la rrontr.revcn. y (lue lterle paslr p()r (listint()s rt't()lcnk)s en su elalxracicin; cntre (Xl()s POr:
CAPTULO
I'I
PSICOTERAPIA DE LOS TBASTORNOS NARCISISTAS
l. F-l reconocinrier t( ) l)()r I)a c (lcl srrjeto rle is iirnns rlc igresividi(i eni rrbiertas que no son accptaclas p()r sll concienci. Aqu es cL>nrlc la interprct:L(ia)n, por ejemrlo, clc l i(lentitl(!l(i(in pr()yecti\':r en que el (ftr) pasa a ser visk) c(mr() irglesiv() () la negaci<-rn (l( qrc lil crnclucta clel sliett) se.r r8r(si\.
cn(uentrun su nrejor urlicltcirin. Scri el nivel cn <ue un anllist.t. <liglttnos cle ()ricntaci(iD kleinianr. e]( Lrcntra Lrnil prlicticx parr lu cual cstil l)rcPara(k). N() Lrr(lesc el p( iente c()nsignatLr rl.rs .r'Ites el clrso clel siiclic() c(xrscientc
S!B'npos DE '-RsTotN()s N^l{(.tsrsi
As
lre(
(I()
<rrc n() sa)l()

Ser ilgfcsi\'().
-re( sino qte g()z c()n reprcscnt:rrse sl)e cle su agrcsil'iclecl
2. lll rcc( nr( )cimicn(( ) (lc lxs.()n(liai()ncs (lLrc cr\ el suic) lrnlcce(len fic()li-n\n nilr(r\r\1.1, uenlcrtlenlc it stls f'ltntsilts 1' contirtctes allresi\s -nric(k), et(.-. L:s el tip() dc in :.rnlinrienk)s clc culpu. aurenazlts sL espllcio psqttic(), tervenci()ncs s<lrc la secttcncil .ngLrslix en cl rr,.'sente,/ agresiviclacl defensir:r" tuc' Kohr.rt enf-lrtiz conur eie (lel rlll)ili() terl)Lrtico cr.tn<k [:t ugresivi<Lttl rxrrre cl linrcr pir'r(). K()htI insistc (n tue el iixo tlc ia intcrrrctltl ron trL, c. t l :rn:ilisis r.lel signilicatkr clr las ttntasirts in(()ns(i(')lcs hostilcs. siI]o ctte cl rt t it'nte JlLccllr carptar Lrn! scctrcncia (ltre tflLnscLlrc cr-i cl rresentc: tr'atlllln (llle tllr Ir.rgar a egresiviclacl. M;is c-specficrrrrente. la fnll:r entpr'ttice clcl ()l)jet() cxt(r' 111 11111 cI tliltlu'llirrt), l irrll:r <lcl :rnlistlr- f)r[:t (lr resPtlcstil (lc(\t -q-1 cLr u ls 'rt'r. r'sitlecles cr)n)( i()nlcs (lel sujcl() (K(r)r1. 1971, 19i.r ).
Arlicanclo at l()s tr-:lstr)rn()s nLrcisistxs cl nr(xlrl() tlc e|ti< rLrci<in tlc rrrt P()ncnles quc llcltx)s t<tt:t(l() c()lll() IrLlnt() (l(' l)llrti(l.l Prlrx el cleslnrlk; rl,. rlIIr rsi,.rIrIrrIrgiu nrrxltll l,nsf()rnrJcl], n()s lcn(irctttr)s qte interr, 'rl,r t erca rlc crlil es e] clell)n) clislintirrr (ltc llemtit(' c()nstnrirl()s c()llt() (irt(' goria rsicr lpa rl<igit e r cules s(xr Is c()nfigLrrlL( iorcs (llre resultan cle lu rrr
l'ero lucer c()nscicntc le egresivi<l:tcl inc(nrs(iente () la c()n(li(i(in (lue l:l irltc(e(le y l! rlcscncaclenrL, a k) rnlis l1 trte prreclc c<ncltcir es J Ln rllcl(,r rtr.t (r(i() l)()r Prl1(] (lel suj((() clc lu exte |i< izltci(in (le sll'.(gresivid,t.l. lt ttnu c<tl('n( i()n ([c Ilr nrism, a (]uc lcc()n()zL': rrte tgrcrlc. \'cr (lue esl() ic1l-e1l c()n_ s('(Lrrn(ias negxtivs purr a a'l y t'l oltjcr. N() es tatea nacla clesprecialtlc y oj:rlli sicrlc lo logrscnros, ylr (lue prr:r alguniLs pcls()nali(lacies agrcrir',, ttt l)(llsi\1ls (()ns(iltr,ve Lln [)r()8r-cs() irrll)()rt:lnte. C()n t()cl() hav tlllll lilllilllci(in lt (\1. irl)r{)\irnl(i()n al plolrlera: si lu ltgrt sividrttl (s ctivadl rrtrte el srtjctrr \r' si(,rl('D)cnzaclt clc tna Ll ()t(t rtlllncrll, stilo cn l rncciicla cn (lle se (n r'.rlt cstrr corclicit-n cle tirntkr sc harir clesapltcccr l c(nrpulsivi(llt(l !l la llgre sirirLrtl. I\r'tllo cl vcrrlllrle< trxl)lri():rnxltic() (\)nsiste en Lrnil nI( )(lifi( aci(')n ,lt'l irrr,()l]sr i(nl( (lel sllje). mtriificrttrn trte atecrc x la rePresen(llci(in (lc si rrrirrrro r'r rro llr rlc lrlgrrien crt pcllgr(), si c(l() (rn c.ll))lx) (le ir [epres(Dli ( ron (l( l (tr(, r'rrrro rotlcroso y nrcnatzrLntc. rtx>cliflcaci(ln (ltl inL()nsLilrte (lu( l(:ll)lrl()s r.lt :rl-cl cn el crptLl() nteri()r.
tiaul.r( i(in (lc csc nLi(lc() l:-rsitr crn ()as (lincnsi()nes, rr>r cjentplo con lrt llglcsivi(lll(i () crrn llr firnlLr (()n (lLc s( utili/ll lll ()l)jc) ta11r rOntper-tslLr cl srrllinticntr r:rrr'isistlr () ('(l l()s tiiti'rentcs r)le('.Lnisnr()s cle rleli'ns I-o csptritirrr clcl n:rcisisnr<r. en l (lni(.r,-" cs cl Jl.s/r,// .l( \.,1ttifc cioltcs o persl)(1' tires clescle las culrles st (ngllniz:r lx (.rl)tirci(-)n tlc crnkrricr activirLrrl, pcnsanien)- scntirnien). () tip() (lc \ilr(Lll(): t()(l() r's viviclt cn trmin()s (l(' r'lrlorecir't (lcl suict(r. <lc str rrlriclL<i<'rn tlcntr-< c['tri]ir (\c'.rl-.r (r)r\]p'JrJtiv (k' \'irtuclcs o rlelcr'tos, r-lc sttrc-r'i()riclarl inlri<itllttl Lr)rt rcspr'clr) ill()cl(l()r irieles r a pcrs(riljcs (l(l enk)-n() (lLl( l()s en(ltnllrr'lLn. l)ltr iltrsttal l< n teri()r, si Ilr pcrs()nil se (nll'nlr. l cliti'r'entirr tle lo rluc scria la captaci<-;n <lcstlc un rr<liq() tiil)ic() en (luc sc tcnrc lx nrLert('- lr rlcsrlc Lrn cocligo pur':rnoiclc crr rtrt, sc l)icnslr r.ttc:rlgr.ticr-r l)rr)\'(x() lir t'nfrrnrcclltcl. LrIrn(l() pre(l() l)inlr el c(-)(lig() nlllcisisllr Io rtrc sc si(nte cs inleri()ai(la(l Ix)r lencr un cr(r p() (lue cs c()nsi(lrril(l() trrro clbil () enlrn1ir(). l)c llhi l velgiicnzil ,v sl ()(tlltllltticDl() rrtc ltlgrrnes pers()r-[r li<lrt rles nllr(isistlls I]iL<en <lc sLs atec(i() n!s. pues llrs riren <rrnro si lcs col<ltsc ltnte lr)s ()i()s clr los cLertt:is ,. , r ttr,
LI( fi'(1Lr()sis.
l)tscle lrr retspecti,,lr rlcl sistcrn clc signili<;rrirrcs nxrcisist.ls. hastx ls scnsltci()ncs o titnr'iiles c()rl)(lcs s()n t()tr]l(llls t inrlicltcl<res cie la v:t li:r r infriolitl:rrl c['l sLrjttrr: si sicn(e ll() rrrccle ur,t'tronzersc pLres ()tr genIr pose<'r'rr. sLr pLre\tl nr( ntc, r'\rl ielDl)!'r.11Lrr;.1 corlr<,r'lrl rut (iLc(iir ('.ltrgr,n.r rlrr vktlttir:tcntt'(\rtt() sl)('r'i()r. l)r_ ts< sr strc]c rlctil c()n ()rgLll().y() n() sicr-lt() fr-io,. 1 cl no elrligarsc l):lsil:i scr cxltilrick. l)t: lnclu sinrilar. si el r'<r
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i5isrn,,
(rr Ir (lirn t)LL(\
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l.r nr(1irt)\j( ( )lorr:r (lcl rir(
jsi'I ,
frr
AVAN(,IJS
I]N PSI(]O'I'IJRAPIA PSICONAI-I'I'ICA
PSICOIIlRAPIA DIr l,OS l-RASlORN()S NARCISIS'l'AS
15
(lig() nlrtisisl.l cloltinlr, cuanclo se pesta t,vu(h a alfaLlien el centro (le la vir,c'lr-iu nr se ltlla en qu le pasa al otro sino en lo neit()rio <le ser el que t slri uvuclanclo. lnctus<>, cuanclo el srrjeto se c()nD)rcve por el srfi.iIiento (lcl (fr'(), se autoc()ntentpla c()nnt()vin(l()se, c()nstituycnd() esto pira l rrn incli cuck rle vela p()r tener tal tip() de eot()ciones.sl Es aut<ev:rlu:rci<-rn, quc eclipsa cu?lqUier ()tra pcrspectiva <iescle le cual cl sujeto se lellrcion c()nsig() llisltx) y con el mrrnclo. srikr es el ncleo crttrn tle l<])s trest()rnos nxrcisistats mientrls (lte l:rs vaiantes la Ltk)es-que con ()tras li u est umentada () disruinui(l.l y. esl)ecialDente. el intcrjLrego <lirrcnsiones ejerrrpkr, la lgresiviciacl ser lo que cletenlinc la firnlr <uc asurrrillt -pol el cuaclr<t lsicopatolrigico. As. unx pct.s()na c()n rt trast()rno n.lr( isista cn la r,'rilnte l)xja autocstit'l'I.r. si siDttrltnealltentr cs xgrcsi\..r. pJr.l sulir clel sLtrilliento narcisistx p()(lr,r tac1r a lcs cleulis y clefenclerse ltc rliuntc l clescaliflcacit-rn cle stos; < si la tenclencia tirea l cle <lirigir la agresiviclacl solrre s misrna que scu la carrsa <rre origin(i esl.l ten -cualquiel.a clencia-. la insetisfuccirin nar(.isista prrlr clar lugar a vcrclarlclas orgias ric seclisIrro clel supery, ceblincl<>se cn l:rs presllnts insrrficicncias cle la qr-re rtrkriccera la persona. []ai:t aLlt()cstinta ,v altt()()di() que se reulirlentar.in re(.l)r()c.rmente. Perc si el (lesccns() cle la Ltk)estillla. en vez (le tfiiculrse con l:r agrc'si'iclacl, firrrtrasc parte cle rrnt personaliclcl c<n firertcs c(nnp()nentcs lilrirlinales, c(r pre(lontini() clel lrnxr's<lre cl rrli<. porlr:'i rlesear tirsi<narsc t on alguien a qlrien icleelizlf y, lx)r pxrticip.lcin cle la valoracir-n que hce tlcl otro. reeqtrilil>rar su nlrcisisll<. O Jtoclr, eluplean(l() lus ltil limras cle scclucci(n. intcntaI recil)iI del ()tr() un l)l() cle allrr cuyo signiticaclo serr .yo ctento par l/ella: pot ttnto, s()y !li()s(),,. Si el rast<rno nalcisista c()existiera con tn ncleo fiiltico. gcneraclo por intrns()s nljeclos inf:rntiles antc flgurls ate.()rizantes, el srrjet() lxrclrr lrej,,r.rl rlcfcnsivarlente la autoestinra fisioninclose con rrna figura aut<rritaril a le crre se s(xreter e iclealizxr. y cle la clLre esrera valorizacitn a la vez cue 1tr<r l('(ci(-)n a tlavs dc (f()rg!rr. x carulti<>, pleitcsia; (), sintindosc inferir.rr y.rrcn()riz(lo, lenunciar.i a tock tlcseo o tlerecho. s(rletinal()se rnascxrrsticarrrntc a figuras expkltacloras; o. si la lxrja aut()estima se c(ll)inllse c()n Lln trrrligo paranoicle, pr< ucto <le padres ctre hicielon sentir al ent()rn() c()nt() iul(nilzrrnte y lll.lli,volo. antc el sr-frirniento nacisista, el suieto tencle:l atri lrLi st intllicirlcl a los at:rqucs clc l<s <lem:is, quienes sLlpLestalllente n() lc srr
l:l
lrrinclaran acuello que necesitara para sentirse hien; o, crlbiniLcla la lrri:r ituk)estila con firertes tenclencias pulsionales sexuales, ei sentiulienk) r'r( )nl co cle insatisf)cci(n (lel sujeto consig() mismo ser:i capaz de (letcnnin.rr r.ur.l
bsquecla c()mpulsiva (le aventuras sexLrales pra a(lqLirir Ln scntilnicnt() (l(' placer qLrc saqrc (lel malestar necisiste. P()r tank), resulta inclispensuble cuanclo se ulica a una persona c()l)() afectacla por un trast()rn() n.rrcisistx especiflcar. adcms. si la varinte es l:r cle baja autoestirna <> la clc meg;tl, ,ruJ n r.l, .l\r (,or1rr, !,)n clrr r'tror crcligos o pcrspcctiv.ls tlcscle llts qLc se cpt ll rnun(i() se rtic!la frbicos. -crcligos paranoitles. ctlpa l)ilizx ntes. etc.-. C(iclig()s q!e (()nstitLyen el nivel imaginario, las fntasas (lue ()rgxniz:rn la represetacirn (lel suiet() y del mund(), pcr() que s<ilo sr>n una p:le (le lx personaliclacl y qLrc est,ln articLla(los c()n crncliciones estrtrctrrrales (lLre vxn ms all (lel c()nteni(lo telrtico dc a(lucllo rtte proceslt el psituisrtto. C()n(licioncs estnctrrllles tlles como la mayor o llcnol ten(lencie a le clisgregaci<in. a la regresirn. a la irrupciitn clel pr<r ccs() primari() en la (()n(iencia. al trso cle cierk)s nlecnist)tos cle clefenst,:l conrpletarniento tle Ia estrtrctrrra psquica mercc(l a ls finciones q!e c!nrple el (r)jck). ctc. En este senti(k). Ln persone poclrh tener Lln trastorn() nrcisistl nivel clel cr-rcligo. cle la problerntic'u cle la qr.re se ()cupa su nlentel fr,rncioner (litrentes nivcles estncttrrrles -neulr-tico, l)()r(lerline, p.ic(itico- Lle a(relcl() a h ten(lencia x la pr(li(l o nt rlc Ia scperlcin entlq pr()ces() primari() y secr.rnclai<>. a l pr(li(llr rlel scntickr cle relidacl, a ks lnecanisnl()s cle (lis()(ici(in, al recmpLrz() clel pensamic-nlo por fbrnlr.i Irlirnitivxs (le replescntlci(in c(nl() lu llucint( i(-n, a ll confirsirin entre sujct() y objet<ll. a fonnas ml'is prinlitivxs () lr,ls e\'()luci()nu(las cle organizacin rle los
fii(\rlitr cnrre s enrir(l() cn co,Dl)inx.(! l]l (rl(ligr) pxrlrn()idc hl((.que r()d r(m([r(tx (lcl{trosel \'ist c(nn() r)tu]in, r,rr'rril.r.,rrlt.Ix)sl. I)cligr()sx represenrrirr&)5t ul suie) r()nx) rshnd() cn pelign). t_()(enrill ,.' l.r .rrrl , r,,r) rrrr sr )ruct s(rr.t el () rlc suputsros (tus(!)s h()sriles. El ((ligo fl)ico c(nlltirr( (,)n(lt':r.rx,(l(.(.1 hc(h(, d(] (lLE el sui(j() sc sicntx en pelisrc pero no,1r(csrl.Un(nrr ((rx) (,trrsr! Lr(.tr i,r (l( UD xtxqlrt exrrri()-. pucs plc(lc renrersc ni t)11.r en el .Lrtrp() () uni cn l( Irl( (l;r(l ( (nrx, 1 l (.rrr( (!. sin (tu! hir\,:r rr ibu( ln d(j inren(i()nllli(lxd.
ll.I \(rri(1,)
l)ii(t isnn)lirnfii)nxl)al()(l(l(nnini()(lesis!:s(lrsi!nifl(..r(i.rlcs()cdit()s(tuc()r(
ir l() (lLre prr)ce. (ri(lig()s (tle sc pUcdcn
rr,\,[,IslIrt(,lrlx)
fect()s, etc. En la liter.rtrrra srlrre cl ten[r sc c()nsi(lerlln trst()n-l()s narcisistas tant() l()s cas()s cn cr.rc llt uk)cstilnx estal lrnlentada de gfan-sentinrient()s cliosiclacl, cle ser elguic'n excrpci()nrl mcrtce(l()r (lc un trato especial p(n' pette cle los clenrs- cotr- o acuelkrs otr()s en qLle cl sujct() se siente pr()funclamente inferior, avcrgonzx(l(), insegLlr() en culrlquief actividacl que enprendI. Ests cks conclicionqs corresponclcn. pol un luclo, a las clesclipci()nes cr-tc clc las personaliciacies narcisist.rs hacen el DSM-IV (Ameri can l)syclliatric Ass()ciati()n. 199.i) v Kernberg ( 1975), c()n el nfsis en k)s scntimient()s cle granclezl ,v exCepcionlli<l;rcl, <lcsplccio por krs clems. falta cle erpata y (le capt:rcin clc ls ncccsiclacles clel rtrt, rivaliclacl, envi(lia, xgresividx(l (lcstrLrcti\' ante la men()r flla cle recrnociutienr, clifictrltacl para clepencler. etc. Y. p()l'el ()tr(), a las ricscrirciones (le K()hut (1971, 1977.'1979, 19U0. 198.i) \' l psicol()gir del .s, en cuc sc clestacan Ia clifictltacl o fracasr en el n)lntcninliento <le ll Llt()cstimu, con trn protirnclo sentirnient() cle inferi<'iclucl. tcnclencia a la clepenclencia cle figuras de las
recil)ir acL'Diucirn () c()n las cules intentar firsi<narsc. y dificult(l en rrantenel un .sc# c()hesiv() (Ge(l(). 1981. 1993; G<kllelg, 1991; (llcl.
cLalles
216
AVANC)iS IiN P\I(,o'I IiRAPIA P5CoANAI,TICA
pst(:()'r -l{APIA
l)li l.()s l
RAS
IORNOS NAlt(-lSlS
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l)erg y Stcprnsky, l9l.ti l.ichtenl)crg. l91.r, l9ti(). 1992; StrIor.r, 191i0, 191J7). I)os tltkrlog:rs. p()r tllnk). ntuy <liter<.ntcs: la cr:rcterizacla por Itipern:rrcisizacir-rn, inclrtso por Lln seltirient() bisic< tic nt'gekrr:renia, y. eD c()nlrup()sicia)n, l()s craclros en (luc L) ccntral cs el <tficit dc nxr( isizlcin. Al rcspe(l(). crrcnl()s nccc.s:lli() I)(er cr tcle cle jrricio crre ll rlilcrenLi.r cntr< quelkrs sttjetos qte ticnen tnx l)aj aut()('stirlra I los cue ortcstiln iru()f-.tn cilt, solcvalortcion l,desprclio pot los clcnriis c()l)sisle tnicat))cn[(, en tnal clifeenci nivcl cle la c<nciencie y cue urbos c(nnp.r(irrn Lrn ri:'nl() s(ntinri(]nl() (lc infclirrirlcl itr(( )ns( icltc, ciel cral Ia arr()gu)ci1r c I)ipenxlolizxcia)n (\)os.ientc serix sier)rpre sinrl)lcnrentc unl clefL'os. Hay sujetos con una bipt t'turcisizttt.tt prtutriu: r'legiclrs Jrr>r' sus >arLes c()r))() (lj()srs, i(lentill tlrclos clcsclc los coruicnzrls clc st vitla cr:rt pa<ltcs n tcga l(irlta n( )s (lut v()l(1r ro s,lrLc srs lrij()s su pr()pi() s!-ntinriento rlc gnrncliosiclacl v cxcc-x it-taliclltcl. Si l clcnrrllinittn<s prirnatilt es pera tlcstacar <(le n() resutll (lc un (r)l)pcrscirjn c['li rrsir lt ,-lcl >sirttisnrrr fr'(l)Iu.l l.Lrol.rtistt(rs n.u('rsrsl.rs srno cle un i(cntillc( i(-)n pritueria a lrt gr:rntliosiclacl clt krs raclrcs y'a llt inr:tgcn tttc los l)l(lrcs uvier(r (lcl stlicl() Qrrc haylrn teni(l() ll:rLlIlls nlrraisistirs, (luc cn (ic ten)rin(k)s r))()lcnt()s cle I vi<l:t sc hlty'an scntitlo inti'ri<rcs sLrs pa(lres r) il ()trs fig\rirs (lcl cnl()rn(), (L( lnlr csl() sr roriliza un rllr'gal( )r)r:l nit dcli'Dsiva, n<r signilice (lue cst nrcgll l( )nlrr r n() sril l'.t tcqctiruciiu (k rrlgo rrrc v:t firrul> el n[(lc() ])ris :lrrlrrnrlo y prc(l()n)in:lrlc <lt l:t J:rrsonlr lirlarl. l.as implicar'ior'tcs pr'it rl tlirttlicrtk) (lc (listinguir entrc un rneglrkr|Itnlt rlirrluia r tir- clef-:nsiv s()D iDrl)()flllnrrs. Ils rliic,r'cntc ruc er'ttr llr rrcscncia clt: lrrr([{l]cir. ( nr)nii)( )lcncii 1'clcsr':tlifitlrrion rlc ks rlcnlis, el tc-.lpcutr ()riclrlc il i)tcicte it l])trst.rr sis sen ir )i(-ll ( )s r.lc inti'ititl.tl. l()s t :LlD)ltisD r( )s il(Irlll(:, c inflrntiles cr,rc sLpucstxrncnlr lLrlrrlrn i|rpulslrck) l creaci(')n <le l;r rlelinsrr mr4ulr]rlur',r (lur si (rsi(lcr (luc l )egl()rnrr r[iDreria. l:ls crl)cclitiVxs (l( rec()n()cj1)ritnft) y :clrnirci<-n sin lliles, lls l,)II)i( i()nes granclirses. son llrs (lre arcilf()n a()nlinilr) aleilr-id(>- ls r'rrtlicirnrs (lLrc c(r\'ic cn las Drrnir.rs -y Inltas cle grrrtificlrci<in nurcisista cn traL).ili(ils. I)clrirkr la n() gfltill(ilci(in (le llts cxpectrtlivits tl,: llr rrrtgrt lL tltniI prilrtrii, (\l( til)() cle ltetsr'tlrlitlltrl nrtlci-
2. Dlictl [)rn rio de l': rcsz:dc1t 1k) ct)n1petsulo: son rt<tt'l'llrrs r'' ts" ya scil p()r(ltte sLs peclres nrl la t'specr.tleriz:trrn I)()siti\'lllll(ll1c ( t fn )l qLre nlls ,r,. sLts faclr", n() Porlr1)n tlne ill)gcll rllloizlcl cle s crn la tlrl t'l lil'r 't
rr clel hiiorr ir)rpi(li(i:r rruliera itlentiticar'ie, o P()r(l\re la rivalicltl ccliPicl ''sli () p(nqLlc tl cltl.'r ie iclentitlcacir-rn c.n Ia il)]lrgtn l.al,rizutla cle l.s pltthcs. s<cial ubicr- itl suiek) c()nx) interior. l p<lr r.lnlt con<ticir-rn fisice lr pstttitlt tl< l srict() (ue le hizt scntise interior clescle stl tclr)prunlt iniancilt por cualtttit' n o l crrrbinrci<-,n cle rclas cstls con(lici()nes el sliet() n() lu ptxliclo < ' rtts ttir ltllt itgcn r':tlorizllcl (lc si Il)isl1l(), 1, rtcictrlits. ha sicl<l incapltz clt- trll rcnser cstc <li'ficit. J. Sriet()s aon h P(r) ruc i..i zatL it st'citttlr].it (()111)?lsatorLl' tltfcnsir';t' fientc lr triLrlllls Ilrll-aisist:ts irtlrntilcs.
(irrenros tlrtt cst.ts (illcg().ls dc hpertktcisizltc itt pri ntora hilx'rttttr cisiz.tci11 s(Lttttd(tt'4 a()n4)dlsuk)rit \ Ll['/i(il l'|'t ttult le ttttrcsizt''titt tt" .1')lt!)!ts(td() Pernlitcn ('ntcn(l.r el rrlr<rti'clt'l:t loli'lttica cntrc Kernl)( rg I' Ios particlalirrs tlc lrt psirrrltlgie clel -s'l soll c )e pstiopetologia <ie lts ttrtslot o()s nrcisistlls. A(I.'nlats (le lls clilctcnci:ts solrrc el tltll<"1 <le le llgresivicllrcl t'
enLrtizrr.lrr >or h.trlllrerg- r' cl clt'] rlt'ficit la prlsic iot-t tlt' (li (lue s(' ()licllllll <lc'ntxr cls ll psit ologlt clcl -st'17: Pafie (l(' l1 Kolrut v los \cfgetr(i entre csllls tlos ctrtrientcs fcsi(lc, i l-ltcslr() itlici() en qt( 5( Ii(l)_ cl,- lt Lrniverslrlizar las conclttsitincs <lttnitllts l) ir (lc clos p<llll;rcioncs clifr:r'cntes clc l)ci{jltL-s. l':l rctrlit() tollttl trtc hetnlrcrg lcI)(lrill cn lllentc I)llrll ('ltltctctizar,,1 ta".urrt,,, tlarcisistlt sci .'l rlc:tlgttit'n <ltt lot tto poclcr lolt
cl urnllicrr
r:rr llr clepen clenr. ilt. Pot cnritlill. a(:,nslfllVe clc'itsilltlc:ltt tn entill)i(lll() y (l(' cl,. grancliosichrl (ltlc ,ll:lntienc nrcrcctl lrl iltll(lrlt (lc los olrjers intern()s )t itI tsLtlt cotttpct s:tttklltrtl las ligrrras crlcrn.rs. F.s clecir. l]tptrttrtctsiz.lLitt ((xl en c()nll:l :tgrcsir,idll(l p|oclircr tleL cttl-licto tlrtt lrt enviclilt l)l-()lllLrc|e. alal ,rlr"t,, Inlcrn() \'errcrnr lln tenrlrio, cl lrast()lt)() nxrcisista rtte K()lrttt p()sce (()r() reti'rcrlrc (s tl <ttt'cotreslonclc ) tln ''li(il l-itndrio 'lc tttt1isiztckitt l[) ct)t.4)a15(ltlt). t()n iDl(]t]l(rs. erttlrue sicnt-)rc lltllicios clc trrtlpcns:tci( )n.
X,llis trilr;L r)rcn( i( r3l)x )s lll inll)r )I1llll( iil tlc esltclia Ll rlltictl:l(i(in clc iglc siriclucl Y l:rs tcn(len(.jlrs lilticlinlrlts c{m Ll pl ( )l)letn.iti( x nllrcisista. [)r:stlc'nrtts (lc csl:ls tIl llespc(ti\1 rcsttire it:11>osilric tlcilcnclcr l.t itttllrrrnta (ltlg (il(lil Llrl I aLtlLn(l() t:int() (lircnsioncs ticnc s()l)rc i<s lrustornos nx-(isistils, 'tLt!'u\tilll'l cstl'I (lcsccr't(ii(lil ., 11lrr exisrc Llnil llil)L'rltltrcisirll(i')n Prjlltllri:L' l_ln esl(' ltim() ciLso. el preclotrtinio clc llt a1te'sil rclltcl () (le l.ls tcndencirs alll()ross lcDcta ti,rs lir,,s tutr\ (lil(rcnles (11' Pcrs(,)il li(li Ll{js nirrcisi\lsi lt pct'srtrltltnl
ofl-r-rclicllt y Ircdr-le. I;L n)cgxl(nr]nia prinrrriu I)rc(c(lc xl lf'.lur)it, cs s[] (()D(li(l()l) (le ('xislencix. Ii] (]it()s r'lts()5. cl trlrbajo l!r.llr(lrIlLr, r)r ' c()nsistc ell hactl ver 1l sulct() (lLc ('n cl in((nscicntc sc srentc inlcrior sinr l<r c()ntrrtri(r: p(r'c(rsi([r:I1-sr s!llx'ri(-. I)( (r'erl (rc st'lc tlcl>en rl'(tr](,Lrrrt(n1()s espc('ixlcs y (pre eslii (lcslinil(l() l Ilr gkrrirr, cr.r:u'ttlr nda <lc cskr tcLfrc carle r'lir,'tli,r rltrir'nt ('lr It,rllr,.rli7.lnfr'l\.lf.l \rr Il.r'r l\l\rlr, 'litrartkr en c( si(sr( i(-)r k rrnltrio, crrernos irtil (listinguil'. p()r l() rnc
sist l)sa a scnlirse
r'los.
(r'e
s tr rrtli< irntsr
L t\\ti l)il)ci'ld|ciszcri Jfittrt: itlcntificlrclos li la g[rrtli()siclacl ltrcntrtl ),/() 1r la irllgen grxn(li()s.l ber l:t ctltl lc vicrrn sus tigutas signifi( f(i\'s.
S\ri(l(rs
alcisislu d.'sttttct.t \ l'.\ p.'rsott.tlid .l ltatt1'sisl.t /l/:'/'/i//ll llllll)lls c()l1rPr Iicnckr llt cualitiacl L[- l]il)trnirrcisiilci(il Vcrlt()s csttls tIrs liros Rtscntkl (196{. 19tt7) clcnotttinti 1kffcss]tto destfitclit\) al cltte ptesttr l.n (ls,lrs P('rs()l-ltli(llltl(s tttr rrr enricli:t 1 r'ivelicl;rcl t'tc;ttl lrl tlit't l tlttt'
2+u
AVANCES IJN PSICO'I'ERAPIA PSICOANAI,]'ICA
PSICO'I'IJRAPIA DIJ LOS 1'RAS'T'ORNOS NAI{(]ISISl'AS
f
pt'uutu'ttt
r()
rle inspirur.
(leseiln destuir. l,a ntegalomana se sostiene en el sentriento cle ornnipo_ tencia destructiv.t. en l.ts f,nr:rss <le que se prrecle hrrzar al <>bjet me_ cliante las aDrenazas y agresi()nes, o cle <1ue pueclen prescinclir totalntente cle se. tss el caso clel paciente K. el cLre nos referimos en el caprLrlo solre l<s trast()rnos cleplesi.r'os: eclmiltr a rn clictlckr que tenix aterrcrizaclo al mrrnclo ante la posibiliclacl (le que contilse c()n anran)enk) nucle.rr; p.lelcn [e (]ue se s<llazala c<n l tantasa cle <uc l poclra ir ltacicnclo expl<far lrrltl:as en sucesiyas ciu(ia.l(:s ltasta (luc los paises poclerosos ta,r r.r,,n q,,. s()meterse a las c()ncliciones cue les intponclra. p(r.tant(), pare estc paciente la glancli<tsiclacl n() se lcanzll)a l tril!s (le hacerse antar por el (r)jek) sin() [recliante el sentir rrre se lc respctelu l).li() el terror (lue su pocler.eria .apaz
Ln el cas<r cle lt pt,ottttlirleul utcsstq libiclinl en ctml)i(). n()s enc()n_ [ranx)s ante Ln suict() expansivo crre engkrlta a ks clernls en su luegaloruana. qrte ios quiere incorporar a sr cil.clit() cle eclmiacl<cs, que si n() l(., (()nslgrtr los clejlr cle laclo lero sir lrtacarlcs. psxn(l() ltusce rtrs chliraclc.es. Lll ejentplo sera el clel rers<>naje que r)rganizt tjestxs. invitanclt a srs ul))lg()r5. (1)n_ vifiinclose cn el centr() (le la reuni<in. espcranclo clue los clc-nlis <rnpanan sus lrromas y sL phcer cle vivir, tenin<krles cn crrcnte s(rlc cn la rncclicla ctre en, cajen tlentro tle strs nccesirlacles ncisists. pcro (lejn(k) el (r)iek) clt: exlsttr u() ltien esas necesid:rcles est:in stisfi,chls () s()n puestlls en ()tlrs pers()ns () llle_ ts. P()(lrin l.lstittar. inclLls() d:r:r severtntentc. pcrr pol clcsancicin y xtr le fiLrstrrciirn rue prrcluccn en cl ()l),d() tras halerle ilrriionarkr y hecho purtc.ipc de su gruncliosiclacl, aun<1uc n() p()scen la intencirnaliclacl agicsiva. el pla<.er clc hace srfiir. el satlisnrr dc lt petsotutlitltttl tt.ttrsstt cl?sr;tctira.
l':t- uAr.ANClt NARCIssr^: por.(i()No D!_ r,utiRZAS
l una Iripc|rrrrI isizacin priD)a a. En el p ruer cas(). cuancl< lo ctre clorline es una representacirn clesvlrlo princo'o de tutrcisizuct(i,-, l! pefsona se clcprirnr. lizacl clel sL'll -di'/icit l)()r n() ser ( ()ll() los clelljts: <>lserva toclos y strfre p()[ sentime m:is fclt. tlis lonta, 1l)en()s hirbil, etc. En clDrl)i(). cu.ln(lo hir_v (lesccns() cle la aurstiIr ((nrx) resLllta(lo (le cxprct.rti\'.rs plrtolcigicdmente altas, la persona s< srcrrtt. nllll p(r-scl-c(nl() l()s clenlis. lo que part su c<clificacin n,rcisist,l p.tsil :l otolglrlc le imagcn rle mecliocre, \'. (lue esncr.r \E[ sulreri,rr. exccpeionll. l'ln (xras pefi()nas I<; crrc conclucc cspccill)rcntc .rl (lescens() cle la autr cstirrri es lt scvcricllcl clc l crnciencie crli(x. A su vez, l)aj() cl()s vJriJnt(s.
\(lu nos encontranlos nte \n colapso naocisisa sectut.lano
(
-hipernarcisizdcin l)( r() (lue. sirnult,rneamcnte , Ie inocularon metas tan anl)ici()ss. tlln lxn lir( (e posibilichdes, rrr tle sus luego. I.raga lo cue haga, qLedarii p()r (lrl)iri() (l(' lirs cxpectxtivxs 1rea.rl(inranas, con el consiguientc sentimient() cle f[(lrs(,.
r() suiet() al que consicierar()n un geni()
l <rrnciencia crtic- es ceytlz cle gensrr Ln clesltalancc cle la arrtrestirna. r|rnrlo origen. cllnd() pred(n)rina Lrno cle elkrs. u tn sulrtip<> particuhr. con su (r)nsigLlicnte lllx)rclaic lerxpa,Ltico especific<t. Its clifrente qLe rlguicn tt]n_ rrr rrntr rolrre.trk)estinla porclue tlcscle;:lerueo le hicieron sentir clue crt rn( irl)i2, l(nll(). fe<t printao de arcisizalciri_. que el ceso de aqucl -di'ficit
ril lis()l\i,)(tr(.e((lilgr;rnllesunit
(1.
En el cliagrama 6, que (.()nstitL\'e un rlesarrolk a pafiir clel nrocfclo pllrn_ tcrtckr prrr !'eurl en lil .l,o .t' al alb 1192J). se in(lic:ln kls elentenros tur inrcr._ vicnen en el clescenso (le lit art()estiuta.", Caclr lno cle los sectr.es _rcprescnt,cia)n cles"al.rizcla clel .rzl. elevadas a,rrici.nes e iclcares. severiclecr clc
1. L pers()na no tolcra ningn apartilnient() (on respect() a los i(lexlcs y lnrbi<iones, a llls n(nrras )'\'al()rcs l)ajo l<>s que jrrzglr slr c()nducta. Respe(1() rt los icleales, n()nllas. \,rl()res, y l))l)icioncs. en s nrislxr poclrn se elevackrs () n(). inclus() p()dr,tn c()rresp()ntle a los lel<res rrorDeclilrs p:lf sLl cttltLtrl1. pcro lo ccntttl cs la no aceptacirn cle conclicirnes atenLltntcs que perntiticran justillcxr quc el suict() n() ul(ln(e lo cLre fijan es<s ir:lcales. En este cus() lit c titucl es ()ptesta a l.l (lc un jttcz l.lcnrrrkr cue sal>e clel c<icligo rror'nus e icleales- per() cri c(nllprcnsi\1) crn lus linritacirnes huntanas -hs y tienr. t rr cucnta justificaci()ncs pale el aprtlrnrien) clc'la <rncllcta c()n respeck) 1t lils que el cdigo prescril)e. El sLick) (\)n estl nrrlalirllL<l <lc concicncia critic s(.\rera posee !nns reglas quc prcscribcn cr-mr se clrMn (lc crmplir las reglas: nunca es aceptable el apfixnriento rle las nisnlts reglas s()n para culrplirlas".,cnx) sc te ()cu-l-c tlrl c()s... nr!-ntir, nr, \er-.l.rs !l<nr( rs,,, n,, (uiclar sienl prc al ()tl'(). n() c()lttP()rtalte c()nt() unll pers()na (le licn lt hace, etc.,-- P(n' ser i(leales cerc.r dc ctinrr se cleltn plicar l()s irlelcs te apartariis (lc ell()s,- clll)e clenrrinarkrs nret.ri(leales. Corresponcle-,nrnca a las personaliclarles (lue rgi(lanlente jtrzgltn. e s ltisn'tos y a los clerns. bajo normas e icleles sin nlltizaci()nes: si sc cunrplen ( ()n ell()s sc aceptan a si risnr<s () lceptan a l()s
L,slr(k)s
l,,.r:rsltclkrxl rn qlre lirs..leg()ris srritn: x) t1lt"\tktckit lL,lsetJ.b) nntbick))cs t' lth\' \'t t' . oni .t'trr. rtdicn&) cspc(iii.ir,.c pu.r cucr*xr trc elr.s sicrxrcsr.nrrcn :r
rlr xl,
,,r
u[i;rnrL. _pirrir cl (rs() (lc ]x u)esti,ltx drsnrirrUid_
(ll (t(
s(,
in(u(1)trih iruIrent:r!lirs ().lisrrrinUi(lirs.
()tr()si pcl() si n<. reclrazan. 2. Suiet()s plcn()s (le h()stili(lx(l c()ntrl si misDx)s. (lue sc aut(xf)seryan c(rn el nrisnr< ens:lD)icnk) cluc p<rha tcner lgLicn ([le ()cliancl() a otr pers() n le l)tsclse sus (lcfi,ct()s. En est()s cas()s la intencirntliclltcl lrgresiva es previa. presicle. organiza y rolclel al prcccso de auk)evuhlr( i(in. fll cleseo rlt agrcclir hace (luc cl jricil) est deci(li(l() (lc ilnteln.ln(): se elcvat.lin ks idealcs ) nretas () se lel)lrjal h rcplcsenteci<in cle s rtistllo tant() c(]]o sea necesario pall llegar a ll con< lusir-n nriis negativa posiltle. lttrscirnckrse los argtrment()s qLre la jr.rstifi<tren. fis ntLr1, <lifi,rente cle la categoriL imteri()r, en (lLc l:l
2io
AvAN( riS ):N pSl(.()l.l:RAptA pSI( O^NAl,i.t(_A
PSICOttaRAPtA DE I_O
',
lAS',t
()RN()S NARCtStSlAS
jt
sicr)tc l)icD rt-rnsiga DrisDre 1 sr'rl<> sc rechltz:t ctrnrir sr c,r,lt,ct" () atril)ul()s \( Lli\t-rnLr.rn (lc .rc.lL,,, tLrc cJ iclcll fija. En clt)tl)i(). .r,"nct,, lr, sevedclci clc rJ .i'n(r(n(r.r rriti. r\t.i Ll-r.l.r p<.cl Utxrclio, n() h.rt,Ln nt(nlcnk) (le l).rz p()rque Ia intcncionali<lutl egrcsir - rir.nc rlrL.ltlitl,, tle.rnr(nt-rn,, qLt.. el sLrjcr cs incle<rlckr t. lttc-e<.ecl<lr (le rc(.lliLz(). Si ltic-r i;rs tres irelrs l)enci()l.tJ(lits (lLte intcrlienen cn rl I)rlitn(.c Drrci_ sista pLteclcD rlar origen x sLl)tip()s rlifeencilclrs cle clescenso clr l! uut()es_ tlrrrr, sj hg, r n(, Ll!,1\ prl.Llc!-se clc Viste tr.re se h.atl (le Lln tri.ingul() (le lLrcrz.r\, en rl,rntl.. ,.,r.,,,.,.,,, lin:rl tlcpencic. por un larlo, <lcl peso rclrrtiro clt clcllL uno rle sus t.rrrporlcnlcs \.. p()r el ilr, clc Ie ru.tjrrllci<ln eruc clltts. lin lrltrnos r.lts<s. rrrnlltryr iits tres (lit)tensi()nes cn l:r Dtisntil (lira ci(-)n .rn rrnr re'prest,ntacir n rresr,r.rizacra crc s risnr<. eit'arrlLs -,lgLlicn nrlici.ncs \'Ltn.r (.()nci(,t1cilt (.rticll:e'er:r, inclLrs. crn,",..,tal,,,,r,r,,g,...sir iclltcl-. nlient(ts (lLlc clt ()trirs (1)ltii.!.lr11tci()n(s un:L al" 1,,. al,,ncn,,i,,na.'
>rrcrle sen ir pitrlt (.()ntl)r,r.lslu.
se\erida(l (lc l.t c()nciL-ncia criica c()nsiste en l1r int()lerlnci (lei i(leal. pues en estl lrint:l c()n(li(.i(in pcrsonl
ia
tl aptrtmienk) .i .unift.,..,rn el icleal sc
gu.r:lcrackrs ir-lelcs < (:rl)c(.tllti\..rs no intlic.a cle por s rrrc, lc.riescnrb<xuc ol)ligat()rilrrlcntc en ei (lrs(ens() (lc lrr urt()es1il l,rxl.i'cl.,.se,lrr grrncles re,r_ lizxci(xtcs. inclus< firnll.,st.ts pl.t(. <le srr t.icl (lc fitntlls:t clitrr.ne. srrn:rn rk con llt gl()till U (fllls llt(lxs n.Lr(.isi\l:rs f)cr(). lll ntisll\) ficrrr,-,i .,,,
rrrtrriirlos. I)e rnencra sirtrihr, alguien p()(ll,ii tcncI Llr]x lrajtr repr escntlr<.ion rle s nrisrtt(). n() crecrsc ni inteligcnfc ni agre<.i:rtkr flsi(.r(,nte. per() si st nlll.il (1,i] (.1
t
tn<l: cic ilrs rrr:ts. Asi, (lltc itiguict tgn
a,rrai", rilr <ltic n() rs sc\'(,r'. .loclrl c.onlivir.a,,,,s,,,,lera,r" sin cxigirsc (,1
riri(r. si in(\)l'p()11) ut)x (.()Dci(,t-l(.i: (Titiail t()icrlrnte rLrc- jirslilir.u l;rs prttirrs Ii illrci()nes ctt filn(.iart rlc sr Itisrr.ia. ,la que sientprc en(.Llcnt[], ], "tanurntas si sLs:Lllll)ici()ncs e i(l(,,l('s r) \()11 clrv!(l()s, a,, eLtt.esti,ta .,<xl'i \('r tltcr'c1rrr algrritn <rrn Lr:t lrLrclrl inregen r-lc "nt,rr-raa" s Dtisllto pef() c()n ntet_l\ \. ((rrt(irn(ial (fiti(l taln r.lcslllccliclls (lu( l)() l()gl.l ll:Lntcoer c.sl inrlgu,t ..rl,,ti zltcllr. l-, rac'Uc[,e e r,r irlrncil,,- (lLrL, cs (lifercntc el descensr> ,la irt ,t,,t,raal, l))il lcslrltntc cle, ttl-r testrrrno [)]-iulri() cn la tctresentlrcin clcl .s:cl.ck, ltrLtel ifr-{) (lrc sc origine en llr crrelclecl clt L c<ncienr.itr crtica.
, t,.' rlel supervi:r srrjcro sintincktse nack () tccraza(l() p( lrclLtc l)r( )\.(\ -el 11 el ()l)iet() e\(erno i tirn ltajo llr ttrul se l]liril x sj lrisjlx>- siltr) l)(.(l\tr. l,rrcrlc rl<diflcar la represcntacirn (lel srjeto o actlrar c(n)t() sr insllnr'r.l ( llr (:r. I'll c(mcL'pl() (le Strachcy (19J4) clel analistr uctunclo c()rrx) srpcr\.,r\l lr.u-scala, prccisallentc. <rie cl objel externo es el rue tonta.r su c:rrgo l:r ltI(i(-)n crtic, rasanclo a seI acloptuclos ror el sujeto krs jtricios <lcl oltjckr r.s Ir'r'n() col)r() si hrern Irs l)r()pios. f:stil iclct (le un srrper(r truxilill y.r estil)it ( \l)trrstlr en llt concepcioD cle f'rcucl sol>re la rel;eir'>r'r entre los ((rrp()nenl(\ tlr.: la rrrasa v srr lcler. En eJ tnrlrajo Psicologa dL, ltrs nauts .' ctttlisis dal tt ( l()21), cLl:ln(l() an n< hulr lrcuaclo l:r expresirin supely<i y Lltiliz.ll)lt put.ir tlcsignltr lt ste l:t c-xpresirin icleal <lel vo, F'reirl senul:t cue l<rs seguiclores <k.l lirlcl hn trlrrlrkr en slc sr tclcel tlel 1,o. lo crc tlrntlrin srceclc con el e':rrnr()r:l([()/ crrt'clelegl en cl oirjeto de luu(-hs finc irnes clue ltlitituallcnlt. rclllizir sLr sLrperJ(i La existencilr cle un sr.r-rcly<-r c()lr)cll(i() cn lt figurll extel-n en Ia qur.sc rlclegan ftrociortc:. o tlt tltr sttpcrvri proyt,rt.rtl() eD cl rrtl() ])lltii n() It(.(,I\(. rrttgo cle la crr)pa o responsaltiliclacl qrre las citicus clcl srrperyri conllcr;rien, ll poclemos encontrrr en los suietos cn (luicnes el superyr s se h:r constitui(l() (()l))() estructltr intr:lpst'(luic. I)ct() htL! pelsonxs en quienes cl srlf)er"/(-). (lLlc re(llriere I):u- sLl estfu(tUrilai(in <lc rn lenkr v nacta garantiz:rrlo prtl<esrr. 'r() lllcnz.. ror llrs rrzrrncs (luc sen, it tcner lil caricteristj(ir (lc Lrna estrLr(11ra (lel psi(lrisnr() o lr tlisxrnc:-(lcl estxtLts v 1-rcler que cn (xr-() sLrict() s posee. El supelyr lta ruerilclo en lo cue se Ila rlenrmintrcLr rst:r(l() preestnrctLrra l, cs cler. ir. n() intc ri( iz:lci(-)n <lc ls nonniLs e iclealts: r, no lI1l sicl< ciLtc('tizit(l() cor lihickr icletliz:rntc (Kr)lLlf. !)71). Ln cs)s cils()\. Iu figura crtcln;r (lcsenrpcnx Ln pap('l rscnciil en (()ntintar sienclo la crrt. gL-nera fcl)l'csentitcirnes rlel sLjet() y en cjercel l:rs firnci<ncs clel rLrpery,, provrer clc icle:Llcs y n<trres. ),tlctrar c()l)t() fincirn crtica que couparu en qLr ntccliclu [l reprcscntil( i(')n clel s<,/sc apelta <le lils (lLe fijtLn estos iclcI
l.r (
les 1' norlts.
lr
r
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rt^.AN(.t. NAR(_sts.r-A tN l.RApseur(r) t. su u:.<;itil
ll(r( ( l srl)(ry() ). l r(l)rrscnt.rci()t rL.l ),o. ljstl (ljt))cnsi(it.t intr.;r>srrrriclr rk.l ,rtirsrsrro r'r l:r rlrrr., lrlros crrsiclelcl() en cl :lpirta(k) ilnte ()r (le(licilck) l ('\irDin:ll ( l ttirrl]grrlr (lc I:t iluk)cstltltu Sin enrltaigo. el ()l)iet() excrno lnner vrtrrt,r[ rr.rrr.rrr rlu.isitlr en gl ])alan(c nllr.cisistx \.r,,r rr-r1,, c,,,tt,r,,,,,r,,.,,,
(
l.:r olrlrr llcrrr:lilrna centrlt sLt rstLr(li()
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K()hut hc cl auk <trC C()n nta)/()r'insistcn(ia t, especificacirin (lescril)i(; c(jrno cl ()l)jct() cLre llanrri objeto clcl-sc/l curnpl las tirncioncs cle espcr.ullrizci<-rn tl sui(t() y de scr rnx inugo parcntal irlealizLcllr c<t -lchnirat i<lcntiiicalse y gozxr (le es.r i<lc:tliz< in.'r P.la K()ltul lil cLlul cl suiel() Irclia ( 1971. 19;1. 1979), ests fncirnes rlrre r'orcsponr.lcn Pt im.tril))ente al (r') jct() extcrno sr)n lLlego itfcri()rizx(l.ls I)(n el sLljct(), runsli rrti ncl<se en es, tI.tlclLras intrilpsquiclrs. io cur: si-lo srrrcrle en l1l nte(li(lx cn qrc hly.ln cxi\tickr condicioncs (ls "fiustrilci(in (r'ltinrl,. Lis (le(ir, (lrc la il-rrstt:rci<in c<n cl
()r(,v() hullunrlr rlc (r)tek, (l(l y,l y hL(g(). prLlr cn|[izrr qLL(, cste ()l)jelo rr:r pirr (lel scl I LUnrpli:r luciures (tLrc (l \1,4'() p(,(lir rclllzll p(, si rnisnn). Uni, Ir(](,s prLrlnxs\ f)rs(; x llrrlrrl() rrlDl,c/ ((r)t(){lfl r/ (tLr(,l.rml)ic'n,rir snk)(l:r([rci&).(,r, ll.
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AVANCIJS HN PSI(]O1'IJRAPIA PSI(,OAN I'rICA
pst(-o1[ltAPl^ l)li l.os l RA'r()RNO
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l5J
s//s.lLkin()lr()s" cn la psicologa cognitiva cle Aar<n Ileck (1913J), al r:rr "s( )rneli(k) il un ()tr() (l()11)inante, I )lil/.i .s(nllcti(lr)s il U0il rlrlir (kn]linilnt, er) Aliei ( 1978), v al par .lrnsiosantcnte a>egackrs, ,(,rs/-r .c()r))pu lsjv.lllente aL, I(x ()nfla(l()s, de l]owlhy (vasc Parkes. lggj) I_a ir.ll)()ltan(.il (le l()s trl)xios r.lc lll-.t |uclic-.r en qu! ( r'reill(.i( )nen ris clintcnsirnes cie lu persorLriiclacl. lir .(l('l)enclicnte ,/ lnacltica,. por rrn laclo. y lx intr()vectivu / itLlt()crti(.a,. p()r (.1 ()tro, c()n: ar) (l()s tip() rle clcPresi<-rn; lr) (k)s tip(rs cle c.ontlir.irnes r a<rrn t('(in)ient()s cue <lesencaclenan la cieprcsion: c) (l()s l.lt()(lli(l:lcles clc tl.tir_ tricnkr. cucla unr cle elllrs lts elcc.tiva p:lr.l sr c(n-resp()nclicntc sulrtiyro <le
(
()l)i('t() (,xtcrn() hrya sicl< gracltral n() lnasila pues en la meclicla en que el I sUl('k) sc r':r clesilusionlnclo clel olie externr> prrecle lr for))anClo, p()c().1 xrrrr, Lts hrn<ir>nes crrc ste cultrpie. En kls cas<s (le trlsf()rn()s nJrcisistits rrrc Kollrt cles<riite, ai haber. tallaclo la ,internaliz:rcirin ransnrrracl<tra,. el \ujetl) ( ()ntin clepenclienclo clel oirjcto externo. clel (re cspera oltener vaLlrti<-n, sea a tavs cle recil)ir clrniruci(in P()r p.rrte de ste o cle firsi<na s('C()n S!r Vitl:1. IJIII. p()r sr pafie. (listingrc d()s liP()s cll actcr()lgic( )s i prtr un leclo krs .rlcrenclicntes, o.anaclticts" (lue s()stiencn su rk)cstin)a en base ai oltjetcr (\tcrn(): \'. p()r (.l ()tr(,. kts .intr.<tycctir.<ts" () "aLlt()crtic()s", pltrlt rtrienes kr (luc crL-nta es el jr.ricr cue lirrrnulan sol)re s lnis0l()s (lesde sLt sLpet),() (ltlutt, 19"1r lllart 1'llehrencls. l917: Illarr y Homann. 1992: lllrrr. 1982i tlllrrr Y Zr[off. ]9921. ED tn intcreslntc cstrdi() c()D-tpitmti\() llliltt (lcstlcit t (()inciclencit al respec.tr> entre (liferentcs escuelits y.(lt()les ll.rtt v Mr()u (l.rs. Itr,r2r A.. lr nrri.rrirlrrLl .rt.r. Iltr..,r. ,, ,lep<n.ircnrt-. .,.rts irrtr.,,vr,.ri\1)S, () " U I()CritiC( )S,, C()rrcsp()n(lerat l) pltr rlc ()pucst()s.s()ci()tr(ll)i(.(r5. (l_
lelllcj()ne intcrPer rrt'sirn no es tlna Pfdi(la .ln]oros o tln conflict() en laii s()l-Illl(js sin() ll flh en l ealizacirn clel .scff. en el scntjllrienl() cle cltllinitr de p()der c()ntr()l[ P.lle rlcanzar las llletas. en cl sentiluient() cle autonoma,v su vicll. Lll pr()t()tip() serx et Pels()n.lie qtlc ha si(to llaurtto aclictt ill tril)ai()' qtre rLtecle r-:t ser alectck> P()r l Pertt[l)rci(-)n rle su vincrlo r.lc prl'<1't pt:r' ' <ltrc ic clcprimc si n() consiguc lleglr a poseet la P()sicia)n ec<>nilltcrt 'r prr' tesionul qr.re (r)ns(it!r!1i llt uetl cl<rrinantc (le stl vi(l. Rcspecto al tratalllienk). lllatt s()stiene c1r.tc llrs clos tipos cle cleprtsirin rc([riercn y stn sensilrles: (lifefentes firltlts clc tr.ltl)lient()' En las clepresioDes nrclitit s --{lcpcD(lcnci frcnre ll olljctlr t\lern()-. el itP()vo y el vn cul() tcrapa'rtic() citliclt srl esenciales Prrll l Pxcienle. qtlien lllcir)rJ, l !'eces espectircularlllcntc. en cl nrt'c<l cle tlnl trJ-Isfrencix p()siti\''l' S()n las -,,,.r,. p,r, h trnsfercncill, En cillul)io, Prx l:ts (ltpresi()nes '-le Ias personaliclarlei qLtc tlcpcn(lrn (le sLl stlpelJ (i, el epoyo clcl terllpcuta o clel Ile<lio cir (Lrn(Llnte n() se tiene en (Llcotl Y. tfecllrntclllentc. sc (lescxrt' "Si ttstccl llle c()ll()ciem c()ll() tlle c()n()z((r" es cl ent))ient() cle tirntlo crLc Ies hace irlrper,re.rl)lesi't l.ls intervenck)nes tcrilpa'tlticxs (lc llp()y()' Nliis xn. on pcictes paftt quitnts tl '.Ii)()y() tctilPLlti(() les llrtce sentir llttrlilllttlos prtes'll
lener vltlorizucllt la er.rtonorna, le no clepenclen<ia. el necesilal del tratmient() se c(nvierte en ttn litllrl [ljls Entn en riyxli(lrtd c()n el teraPetlta tln vil()r altiIlrcnlc icl:lr)tres lu aulociefinition tle si V el lt rttogrrbierntI cs (lLliza(l(). l'ln est()s p.t( ientes s(')l() el ltnilisis tlcl strpcryli y clc sus cxP!'(tJti(lc r;lrs cx:tge'raclas. llsi c(nll() l:r:tccptlcirin (le llts Iilnitaci()nes, s()n capilces
-rroclrrcir ltlguna urtclifit'ltt itin.
clcrrc-si<in.
l;rs
frrrci<-n
\in(LLl() (r)o el ()l)iek). hltrln
personaliciacles clepenclientcs < narlticas. parll quienes la s.ltjs v gratiflcaci(-)n s()n senficlas c()ll() pr()\.enien(k exclusivanrents (lcl
rtrr solrrrvcncirlr en css ctttriit.i<nes c.stlta L.:lracterizacla prr. sel)l
trr-t cuarlro rlepr.csivo cuanck> pierclen c) o)>je l() (lc nt()l lltuertc. scplraci(in-, cuadr() al (luc lllxtl llaltil -al>ancl<no. (hl)tlls(in ut.tcltict, inspir:-rnckrse cn Spitz ( 1946). Il clepresir-rn itr]llclti(.1 in ienl( )s
rlt. solctl<1. <le incleftnsi<in. cle r-lcbiliclcl. teri('ndo el sujeto necesiclacl <le s(.nlirsc llnl:tclo. rle estr en (\)tltitct() [sic(). tlc ser <.tticlr<lo, clttlclr. lrli rr'rrtlrrk r' rrotegitlo pr>r cl oltjeto clc urtlrtr. I)urante el tratDlientt. Irscn
t l r'rrfrrtlo c()n el terlrpeut.t. presentlln(l() [Ltcrtes unf]rstis por Ia separar'ir lr.
f
aclnrite (lLe sus clcscliPcjones <le ks dos stl)tiP()s clc <lepresirin t' ' rrespellden lt otorlitlirilttlt's lrollrrts 1't1ttc es lxrsilllc cn((xllrilr fi-tlr's Iltixtas' y histlt r.tt-l gr.t(licntc qtlc se cxticnLlc x l() lxrg() (l('tln c()ntintl() qtte vl descle las clepresioncs unrtcltices a las clepresitlnes intr()vectivas. P()r nLlestra pilrte, una pfobletrrilica qtc n()s Pllr(cc illlclt:ll)lu c5 icl;lrt c(it)l() se Jlti(Llan anl.' bas ilirttcnsicrncs tlc I:t pcrsonalicla,-1. llt te:lclencil a h clepentlencir lrllorosr con rcsPect():ll (r)ic) ! l tct-tciencirt a clepcnclet cle la <riti<a cleL supery)' Alglnxs pers{rrils quc en generul fitnci<nl c()n :lrr()gan(iil' atlt()sLflcic)cia v <lespreocttpaci<-rn Por el (r)iet(). cLliln(l() les litll cl slrsti'n cle st't lr'rpi'r 'tpcl.v(i v sc sienlcn t]]xl P()r tlt'l ti'xclls() cn el l()gr(r clt lrs 0l1:tiLs () 'tllll)ici()ne' pue(len enklces buscrr al olljcto. intcntanclo Ln \'n(ul() regresiv() en cl qur e.l arn< ciel ()l)icf() u(te (()t1() xnt(l(f() <lel stttet1<-r. Ett css conrliciones se
Illtt
\ r.l rrtrrio. 1..\ alLl)l1'sin llt.oJtctir'.t s: pr<lclrrcir.ia cuanclo le Percone \r( nlr'(l (,rrrr il(inz. is realizlL<.iones. lt)etas y alnl)ici()ncs <rrc str str.rry<i le r'\,r:( s(,n lx.rs(r)its c(l)pctiti\ : s. perlccci(n jstlrs. eslbrzaclas, prech trinantlt r
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Otfils pcrs()ns. p()[ cl c()nt.rtli(). ctand() les tllla lo ctre hasta ese ux menr lurliu siclo el <tbieto r-xtcrn(, (\)lll() sLstent() (lel n.llcisisnx). se v(lth'en lrt< i:r si r'l'tisl'tls. recltltzln ;t] ()l)ielt/. I'c kr').ln llrr.galntc\. tc n'tl'cisizan clescie
su pr.(rpi() sttPcry cn l)se it ll)ostlilrse que s()n n1.is valiosos <tte el (')ie() al ([la'px:irln il lcchazJr:Icti\llrllent(. Es lo tltte K()tlLlt (19][) (len()lllrn]'Icl)(' vilizrclt-rn clel .rcl gllrncliost. es clccit al)cliLcin (lefensivx a tn 't# grandi()-
r()(. )t( rlx,t's(),tltcs n() cLentrn llnk) (r)lll() lcx l<tgros en el trxhali() r) t r l:r' rrrr,t.s rtrt,st lllrn it))pLtest(). PO ell<. l:r ctnclicitin qu(- precipila Ia (ic-
x r rti( ;r, t l surcryr-t sc-vcro. lcs scntirnientrs cle culpa. cle infer-iol.iclacl. Las
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-.r 1','',r..,,n",^,i.,,,,;;;li;ili;lff:ll,llil,:,.:j,lll:,,:lil:fllll;,1:l
,rr,l,,;i;, ,,;:;,i,,1, ." ,,.,,r.r,. cn el psi(rLisr))r) r()\,inrienr()s.r.r.n.,r,,.,..r;;;;..;;,,r,,;'.i.",Jr,,.,,,. .,rr_ l'iresr.rr1r. En (r().'i 2r)x)s ral(r!.r)r.r.. ,,rnil ir;,;, i;;,,,;i ,Jri*ri.r,, ".n I" rtcesiclcl <le tlift.encia et-rt.(,llecanistll{)s cle clefensl. .,.r'ai ,arrri,r.f,iria,, t r,igur',,r rlc l-t r.rgs,,, ). (lefnsas .,,,r,;,,..i,...;;i;; ;_,,"'',1111.".,.rr,," ,. ',r..,.,i;,,1 rl..fcn\. \,,n rrrrirl.rcirs r.lcl nsi1i51 o",i.",;- ,,
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:t *, ,,, ..'r-'i:t:; N,,;' ,,,.,'; :,,::.:;l'' g,",,ri,o,.r,.r;., ,;,,;,;:::;:::;':l:;.il,'::,:i.ifj]I,::,:fi:,:,L]l;l:
la .urrl rccilir ii,.\\r)n\lg'' "ai.,,.i,rrr.-,, s(-,,ir (rL,( p.,.ri.,1'.' cr.:re ,Jl::i.i:]ij:I;:IflI,:.i:,::i,::,.ili1.,1:.,1:]Ti j'r rr.<l.rr',.lcl .Ul, lr, ni, (.\.t,,lnl(.1r(nr(;rl,, qrs ra11.cn (,,n(lr.nt..(1.) l.t \u tO(,'n\Cicntc s(.tr.(l\.1 Ln.l tt.l ttc-ntci(;. vrLl()riz't(la cle s tuist,. prtst
l.l (,,lrr'.rr_(st.lr' (.t .ululticll,, n-rrr .:rr.<.rssric.nrenre rnsirrisfa,clr()
r\r\rrr a\, n'l'tictrt!l'r, ,,,.._,_:,,.:i .^.rlgrrien l"': se sicnre ,,.lll)l)l'i,.i:1. Inr\nl' Iruetlc lrrt't:r rtllrr tl{ttra tle
\,r tlej:r clc r-esLrltill s()rpren(lcntr quc sc sigll s( )stcnier'r(l( ) ruc en cl irr,,ns(ientc n() existc (r)ntr1l(liccin \. (llrc. l lllistD() tielllp(). sc c()nsidL-rc (lUC l.lc escncil rlc ['stc ts cl c(n))l)lejo clc F)rlillr reprinlid(). cs clecir Ln-l Ls lrLrrrr[ rrticLrlir(llr ris olosicii] (l)tlc el srjet() ] cl rivtl, (le (lesc()s hostilcs v (l('t(rl1()r(s a lrt r ct'tglrrtzlt (lcl ()tl(). Si cn el irrqnscientc n() t:xistierll c()rttr-il (li.(i(-)n rIi (qltnirci(ln Iirgitr, t'n cl EcliPo r. Lisirrr rlcl ver<'rn, p()l cienrpl(), L stc rrclria clceer 11 lllx(hc v r'r() tenrlra lror (lLr (lcs(]llr l elitninacir-n tlcl ltrlrc clt, le rsccni I)Lr(,s t:n sr in()ns(i('lrte cl trtc cl yraclc l)()sc h lla(lr(, nr) cr)trlrf1I cn c()ltlr(li((i(-)n rrrrr rtrc i'l tltlrin selt str tltr<>. I- rivlitllrLl ('slllr l)lrs(l:l (rt (,1 sul)Lest() () (ll 1rl(()rtscicnte (tnl (l l)il(irc -(ltlc:(il( l)ue(lr () \tr.- scr-'l ir]c\ist('nlc. lglxln(nle. (lLrc sr l('ngiin clcscos lrostiles hatirr tl rtrlrc no tenclre (luc l.arncr:rr cull)lL I)ues n() er)tr'ltfiit cn c( )nl rr(liccia)n c(rl l()s tlcscos ltnrrrsos lrlrri (,ste ni (r't t1()nllirs (lLc sc cstltfiln infringienckr. l)trrlr) (lcl r))isltx) ()r(len (lc (()s1ts. no rr>clria hbcr rrrfliclr inar)ts(iente enlrc (l ,.1<.co I llr lrrr)tibi,.ion siiJrr'r-rtritrr ilLes (l (t)rtlli(t() lc(lLri(rc que cl i)riltcr) ('sle cn c(tIrll([i('( i,'rl1 l llr s(g(ln(llr. (). l).rr.l l)()n(]r (fr() cictlpl(), si xli]() n() ('()r'ltIillfcstlsc ()t111 (1)slr crr cl il(()ns(ientc scli-r insosttnille'tenser qrre fIt'rt lc lt llt cttllra irr)n5(icrtlc cxislicrlr itc(csi(llt(l intrrnscientc (lc clslig() pllrar;rli vi;rl.'lamp()c() lr rrrqr.rslirr ck'ri,r'rlicla lcr-trlri:r ltrgal cn cl in,. rnsciente. ni I.r llr)gLl.\ti! (ie (irst:rLir. 1lr rlrrr'ist:r c\illq cl r'c(()()(iI]lir,ll() (le rl()s csti(l()s (r) oposici<in: tl llilitrr r t,l ceslr.k,.
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tcni(lo un prrrlrc rut, lc- lrLrlillulrlr. hacinrlrlc scntir (lur sril rl n() (.1)Dtl)1ll.tiil llr itrug(_n gt.-l r)!li(.,s.r lr.tjr, la rLrJ el pacl|c sc rlc._ , rrl'r'r .r .r .r\r)r,,. I l l,,rrlr.,. lr.rrIr]r.r. ,i. ,,,,. :,i., ] 1,,"i,,i',r..,i ,1"',,,,, ,,,, ,,,,, r( t)(,,,n1( en rl .rn-rllsi. .j., r,t tr.t<.nr, nltr(.isistil cle le terson:rlirlerl, tn el st nticlo clc lr.crnberg _rtgr csir. irlu rl. .n, i,ti,,. a.nig,r,,i_ lii'i.r'.i",",,.. ,.p, r.;r('ir)n('s r)egllan:rnas-. Nri pilci( .ue se rt,,rrir"i"ntiti.,,,r,,".irn.t p,,,t." ,rllr(.s()a titn[() en sL us() clc llt clt,nigr..r,-,, l).lr.l :()5t(-ncl.su.rLtr_,r_stirntr _rr rl(s r.r'tn Yistos (.()tIt() i(li()txs_ c(rlI() L,I l.ls !.\l)((.tiltivirs gltnclios:ts t, ltr n( r:.r, i,,rr,',,'til\f(.t'tre,l.i.r rr..rli,l.rLl., ,.,,,.t 1,1.,,,.., ,,,,,.,;'. l;;;,;.:i,,',,,,,,ii,.,',
,_.._.r,. 1r,,,rr,, (lrc l()nt() y
l)sl(r)'fl.;RAptA l)E t-()s rRAsr()RN(,s NARCtstsl As
r i \,,,1, l\' rtrrllr ilrl rli.r-r.ur.r ,t(. prns(Jrr{)s (lu(,n)ds lxs:tn(nrxjil:i () llrs (11srs (j(, pil ,,,,,,,r.,t,,tx,r,\,, 11,rr11.,,rrt,,.r.,1,.1,,i,,.,,,"o,,,1,,";;,.,,;,:.;,;:.d.',;;:,,,,..,,,.,,,,, ,1, ,,r,,' rrt" \,J, .,rqr\,-n.,...,,r,,r.r..cnir.i.,nosdc..lpx .S{itorl irn:itisis (tc lir 5(,(.,(1r ,, ,,,] t)r(i(1)r( t)rr.scnr L,n rirx) (tr1(!rrin:r(lo (1. ,,,,g,i.,,,, ., r,,.g,,,,tr,,r.""'.1, .,*,",,," : i,t,,
lin el capitult> J .l,o reprinriclo, kr no constituirl<> y la clesactiyletirn scet()rial clel inc()nsciente,* exalllinnl()s cino jlrnto a k)s trask)rn()s p()r c()nflict() existcn otr()s (lte han sirlo rlenrxninacl<>s pol clficit. Esta c](r)lc clintensit-n cle
l,,iII:',, :;,1 l:l ],:l;;.
ilil:1" ',')('"tts
p,
(,r(rr t.g,;n,,,, r",,r'rir,,.:i,;n-.r.,i, p"u,i,,gi",,
la patologa ha encontrtck en el tlatartriento de los
trastcln<s
narcisistas sus c(n lcsponclientes ()dentaci()nes. P<tr Lrn laclct, se hallan arr,rc-llos itut()rcs (lle coul< ios kleinianos (Rosenfekl, 196.1, 1965) o Kernberg (1975.
l(){)
AvAN(,trs ltN pst(jo,t.lrRAptA pslr:rNalt.r_
PSI(l(trllR^pt Dti
I_()s
RAs-t
oRN()s N,\RCIsIs'l'^s
2(r
lrr rclrrci<-n crrn el tcrapcrrta 1,con l:rs figtrras significatir rrs clel fat.ient,-,. l,a glir(li()sicli(l es enten(lj(l1l (-()rn() rn intcnt() (lef.ensiv() (lr (1)ntrx;rcstxr
l<lcr;r l.lle
it,t, ir>s klcinirrs, Kernl>crg r la psicologilr tlel l tr:rtan irs trst()rn()s nlrcisists cl)n)() lo h:r|,1.n r.,,n (Ll.ll(lL|ler(,tr.-t p-lt,rlr)gt.t: Itecer.rrtns_ ( i('rle l() inconscicnte. nonel.xl clescllrieto l<is <leseos lrgtcslvrs. la dvuli<ltrrl ctlllica () pfecclpica, ()l)scl-\,.rn(k) c<imo ess conflicrs sc desenvuelYen cn
tc Is>c<
t
rk't,sl:r
il)l('r) et.( i(-)n siste[rirtica cle estos uspect()s. con las cliterencias clcl cas(). t.,m_ l psic()l()gia clel y. oirenner, 19rJ2) sL'centru en el c()nflict(). en lx lr)r lrivltlellti:t. r-n los clese()s hostiles el cir1ir1er clefensiyr> alal I ,i,,,ai"irrr,r.
l()l"i()) lr)'l!n el nfrsis cn el papel cle la ugresitin, cte I c:rviclir, (lc l()s lt._ rrrts:rl ()lrjclo. en el crnflicto intnlpsi(lUi(.() c intc,rpersr )e l. consjcicl.:nck> t st tlt irtl cnc(rr clestle cl (\)trtienz() lu trxnsfcrencit negerit a. ll lt()stilidt(t n() ir('( l)ll(l1r I)o- la c<ncienci. lls expcctxtiviLs grancliosas. rl<, ello ruccliante h
,l( rste(l Dre cuent.r porqrrt' le clele cle hlber clcjaclo rrn lirnckr cle lngLrstiir rrt( ('trxlquicr sitLllrcirn en rue elguien prrclieru verle unlr luitlr. Es cttl]rt si sr lllrl)i('r hecll() Ia (lete)linil( i(in cle nLncll uris lrr()strr () lrceptl-Un errol,l)r'lltro clel cuid(lo que clel)eln()s tcner (()n l<.rs pacientes ntLrcisistas parlt n()
r(1rLll))atizrles, en caso cle qtrc considerenx)s til sealar lx irlentificreion pr, " tiva. LniL fil'mrriacir-n p()(lr, c()nsisti[ en: .No le rueclne. ih( l nt. y aclc\((
l)i(lr)
O.",
LrIlr.rr.(
\'\er u\l((l cl ,lur (rili\.r
rlc Ia strpvriorirlrrcl ilcl rirl eclpico r> crltr> recJtrzo rlc l.t rnt r lt.rl,lt. (lin(n( i(.n(.t-l rlt,l , rl,it,l, (l()n t()(l(), estc tip() (lc l)xcicntes l.c(lti(.re (iue clurantc cl lrtlrDlen) s( l(ogiln en cltentt ciertas lter uliarirlacles. l\.un lclo, nt r.alr tlrrcll cle cltre I)r('s('ntn u recltazo a llr clepenclencia 1.a ie rcgrcsi<in. (lLte s()n scnti(llls trttto ltLtrillntes. c()n l() (.Lrill lLlcl)un x(.ti\.;llcnta ain..,rnr.,, ,1" l, p"aa",r..i,r,, (l( l()s isl)cct()s lrsitivos clcl Iritt:uuj(,,ttr) v clcl n:rlistl. l.ll rrnlilisis tie sr riva ir,l.rrl r .L;.{rcsrr rtl.r<l r<.rrlrr trn p:rso insosl:rvalrle pcr(), l rnisonr tiemp(). l:ls in l( ll'f( l.rt r n(,\ (lr( li(,nl.: t,.(r. t(,ntt,nirll) r,n sr.rrtitl.rr {i ltr) nlt(.\.ll\ t)u .l\ nirr(isisl.ls. P< elk, a veccs result neccsilti() enftrtizar priero ls c.rncli<.ir
rcl-ptaci<-rn
.:
,
l1t i,t_
En e[ r'lrs< (le (lue la pcrs()nlidx(l nrrrcifiista se hayu otiginaclo en unx hil)elnarcisizuci(-)n prirneria, restrltaclo cle un vncrrlo privilegiackt c()n Ltn pr() tcnit()r n:lrcisista <ue cspccr.rll[izabrr rr obligabe e trna firsiin c()n r\Lr nr.'pilt rrnegcn r'ancliosa:.Clarri. cs.r situirci(in en ruc- (le rnarlrt <; cl p:rclre) le halrllba l rstetl rn lx jntinri(Lr(1. citicnclo .. (el <tro pxrgc.nilor). no porll ruen()s (luc ser Piccrltcr'rr prl Ln niri(). hacinrkrle senfir rrr!y irnpo|t:tnte. Allcra esfe(r (]l nrism() triLt() privilegie(l() p()r pllrte rle las pelsonas con las (lrre se cn(Llc1-1t11r...,.
LxAvF\
r Ri lr( r, r)r. r A r )Rtt.\'r'A( tN

LT
'ni NI { (,Ht I tA\

N
A:
tNI)t( A(lloNl;s,
MIT^(.( )NliS \', (,ON-l R^t
DIC^CION
t:S
se cxi.]c ltucho:r si ltisltr.,. tut,re sjenf.. nrrrr, oltliglrclr rr txrtlltr rrsir'i()nes inlprnfittcs. it n,) tcnL.t t)r)i.artn.r (l(l)ilr(l.t(1. (l(. .", 1.:l ()l)je, li\'() cs (lLrc puecl.ln detc(t:lr ltr cxigenci:t (lc un sLpcry,(-) crrc no lcs cla tr.cgriu. litr ut't, scgunclo l))(nllen) sc l>trccle tlirbltj:rI c<iDto esa exigcn<.i intcfnlt in(.i(lc rtt"rr clilicultal rcciltir a1r.r<Lt c irtrpulsl la drrligrcin cl.l ,rlr"r, .Clxtr). sl tenrr rtrtc'sirlarlt,s cs senticl() c(rr() Lnlr cleliliclacl. el necesitar (l;l rrat:l,rient() () (lc rrri t's vilirl (\rlto senti$c iferi<.. AIu.:r (.[c() entende. p(r. (lu necesita l)rs( ru y r(,t)):rc.alr nlis eff(.es..."..' (lrt.tnck cl ntrcisisnl() (lestru(ti\'() cs tn clcfens en C()nt[l (lc expc cn_ ( i;rs lrrrLrll.itic.rs ser.Lrr-r<l a def.ensir,:r_, ptrecle set. ritiI -hiper.n:tr.<.isizacirin nr()sll-irr (,1 tcDt(r- reexpericncillr ess sitUitci()nes: .l\,[e pxrcce i;rp()rtllnte es()
.llesi<-rn
Dcs intrapsrlricas antes (]re las intcrpersoneles, pc.ejentpl<t: ",l,cngo
t['(luc
inr
tii.rr(
l:\r'r l')'rrulx(i('),. ((nr)r) rrr(rL1esig.rn. rirn(,).n cirri(rrr csq.c..iritr,. c.sr r'ur<.:rr.rr.s ilnt()\ r t)re(L!rriIl.rs cs )tn(luc n()s h(nxrs rrIrIl)prctr{) J.r riblig:rcrr.rn rie, \( ir,, rf.r I,ll(l(r(rir(ttlcrk^l(,.irn.rltrrirsrcnu t()5.rpr(,t(r:rrn()scr.(rirllr(t(lip()silnli(txd.t( ,lr, l,,J,,,1(.(.r, n1,s \cilr (rntr( irrgL.nrros si cxponerrros (r;rno rrxblia,n(N. ru,,.,,i*.r,,A" q,,..f r','rr( rr.r!, ((,rrr() rrrc (tc tri(c\ visi( nr.i\quctx(lirri((nidirnxvqu(loqLcle (t(cirD()\ x rrr('\ll, )\ t).r( .rt( \ sr I .( Lrr, (i(t .(nDicnzo (t( lu in(,^cn.i(irr riene p()r iinlrti(t:rd
\R.llr.r rrrr
sr
l'ln un ()ricntxci(')n terxpLlticx llluy diterente con lespc(t() a Ia kleini:rntr, la cle Kelnlxr y e le <lc la psicologe cle l yo se encuentlan aquell()s ut( )res cuc tonsiclertn cue:rl lrrrlrersc {)liginu(l() ll petokrgl en la firlla tlel olr' t() extern() ct stisf:l(er lcgitinlrs rtetesitl;r(lss nlrrcisisllls. el centro cle l: i tcrven(i(ir1 lcrxl)Lrticlt cielrc ser Il cout-rr-c.rsk'rn clltl:iti<a y It s.rtisflcci(-)n (k. csts necesicllcle-s btst ltt t tk ) el pacisnte pue(|1 ir k)r:ln(l( ) x su ca[g() las f r rt ci()nes (le s()stn (lel nlrcisism() y clc r.rn sll cohesivo <ue ruruple, r'ic.rri.r pr()\'is() aDrente. cl tcrupeuta (Golclberg y Stepanskv. 198:1 K()hut, 1971. 1917. 19,-9. l9l(), 19Ui: Sternsky v Goltll)crq. 19il.1r lirlpin. 19t13). Perr rr.spc(t() ir eslc punto. lr:r1 tlrrc lxrcer n(fJl (lt! lll llalirlo llnl rlcfilnlacirin tlt, la olrre tlc K()hut. en pxrte (lel)i(lil ks c\cesos (le xlgun(,s rlc sus segtrirhr les ttte teclujeron sLls intcfYcn(i()nes a irrt:r cspccrrlariz.l( ii')n (lel plciente (,ll pemritir su firsirin con rI tet.lrpcLrtlr iclcllizlckr, con k> clrrc poco se diferen( irr1t cste t)() (le tlatanlicnt() (lc rn psi(()tcrapil cle lp<ivo- En rcalidacl cl nr()clel() lerputico cle Kobtt es llrLrch() D)ats urlttizcl() y ill)ir'(a l()s:igu,enres
ru
c(n)lPoDcnlcs:
s.
lr:rl,t:r
n( ) (tr
\dL,
(rfr,fie
(t(' l $r)()(tesdeel interj. (ic sl| pr1)pi
derr un rlirnir cn que ct pir,

\i|cn.r:r
l Lrn \'ncul() teruPutico clc intcnso upoy() cu()ci()n:l[. rn cue el terapeuta eslecularizlr ) sc plesta c(nu() ()l)jet() idellizlclo c<n el ctal el pacientc prtecla firsionane. Este es Lln c()mp()nente n() interprettiv(). no se bLls(:l hacer trnscjcnte l() inc()nsciente sino <1r.rc cl pilciente se sieDta ceptado. citl-
)t,)
AV^N(ilis t.iN pstco,t-ltRApt^ pslco^N^t_TI(_A

PSICO'I'IJRAPIA DIi I-OS'IIlASTORNOS NARCISISl'AS
263
rr.rrk r,rr srrs unsic<l:rcles nalcisisLls, legitintacl<r en sLts cleseos. \,1 nr:is alli tl<l fultlirry4 (le winnic()tt (vinnic()rr, 196r, 19at), ; riene simili_ Irrrlr.s.t.on. l: -s()srncrirucl renpurica (le llalinr (.1g52, 1;68; y:-..,,.r't'" .*p..t.,].i"
, r'si<lcles narcisistas. la que ()rigina ta tijacirin lo n< satisttcht ( rrl()nces p()r emerger. l() qle ocrlrre lraj<:l fonlas patolgicas.
que pugna
cxhibicionistlrs, que cr:ln decLl(l:rs p"au i., (lul)r cv()lutiv.t, teme r.11,e exp()ncrse a igual tl.aunl.ltisnto si clcspliega (,s.rs nccesi(lxcles en el tratantien, P(rr trnt(), lJ pre(rrLtp.lLi()n ,-lel tetapeutlr tro sc lr:rlh en <ue el s,/lgrancli,,srr...r r..,rplr'z.rck, p',,l..t i,, A. ..,,ti1,,a si,)() cn rJLre puerl:r e.rergcr dc l.r reprerirln .,i,,,.r.h, ..r. h., .,'.t,,.u .t..ti,_r,r.
r ri<' cse clinl em()ci()nll, llnlirsxs flrxn(li()sas parlr leducill.t., tstrt..i nt.is ia,.r".".lrr'"n .=,yr(l.Lr rl pu_ ci(.ntc 1l qLle clisminuyan sus resi\ten(.l.ls cn contrt .le la .-nrergcncia ctei .sel. ,tr.r)(li(,s) l. rlc. lrjsrt. (.s quc cl pJ(i(ntc. fr(\tr:11i,,,, i,,-,ii,n,.,.,..n.u.
t)r'( r's(Jil(es
t ir.,ltc sc consrlicle en sr itLtoestiDli al sentjrse
trr.r, ilitl)ltr y rn()stftrr su entusi.rslll() \.iL(lnllrJti()n .,n,a ln r,.,.ri , ,r'aonclucta clel l)il( i('trte. pcnllitir (1ue el pacientc le iclr.rlite \ln p(rncr.ll ai"ra,,l.,t,r.rt, all_ nrt'nsi<jn ni lll()strarla c()r)lo Lna (lefensa, tod() a"n t" tn"li.tr,ai
crrtrx'irn:rl c()rrectivu rlc Alexencler (l94(r). Fll tenpeutir
p,ra*i .g",
pr". a.,,,r'i.ia,,flr:rcl<. l)en_ cl rerpcLrrx. .,., .]., .1. ;,"4;;-cl'e rnalizur las
'a,ra,..ap,,nati"rr,a
.ta qtre el pr_
2. Interpretaciones en el senticlo clsico de hacer ccnsciente k inc<ns) Dr()sr.lr Is escisi{)ncs -p()r eierplo. entrc un .s,// grirn(li()s() y si riult:inea vergiicnza c()nscicnte-. .ltn r al elemcnto cle expcriencia em<rcional .()rrrctiva. K()h1rt (lestaca la imp<>rtancia (le la intcrpretaci)n tnto en la trnsIcrencia con el lepeutx c(ll() c()n lrs personajes significati\ ()s (lcl paciente. I)clo;cuil es tll contenj(l() tc))irticr) (lc ess intelpret.ci()nes? L() (lue Kr)l)rt inlentrl es (lue sLl pxciente Ir:.\ Lt sccucllcid ent|e ciertxs frusrltcknes n:tr'tisistes y las concluctus y f.lntasas que le siguen. Asi, por ejempkr. si el pxciente l(k)ptu unr aclitucl arrogante, se asla. t()lna un lrlre prov()cativ(). usa un lengrlrje lrt>stil () rcl)u c.r(l() plrm uclcrririr r1n senfillricDk) cle supcrioriclecl, lo qtre h:tce Kohut es < ientarle h:rcil el cxlmen cle <1ui' es lo quc prececli() -r csJ .reDroviliz1lci(n clcl .scf granclioso,. N() va interpretxr la rcemcrgencia cie lir
r'i(',)ls
grxncli()sid(l en tnDin()s rle rivaliclad o cle agresiviclacl sino c()D() una f()mu por lu cual el srrjef> intentlr salil de unx situacirin trnrulitic. Ccntrar la tenci()n dcl paciente cn la exl)eriencil ell'l()ci()nll cle flustracion que le pr((lujo cierk) c()lncntario clcl nalist, o str silencir. () lr n() c()lrplensicin cle su necesi(lu(l em()ci()nxl. Fll paciente es llc'r'aclt lt h (pta(i(-)n cle sus nccesirhcles
nalrcisistas n() rcc()n()ci(l1rs.
l':lt.l K()lt.t, h
( 0(usiasnt()
cle *. ,,,tr,.,"lr,,.i,,'f,r*,:,r., ..,,f,.,", y th s:tr'<lkr rlelas capaciclurlcs clel p.r!lentc. El *y'/gr.rrnrlioso ctreclitria (.(() cl :rlilcnlo. () el jlnpuls() ltci la l)ijs,/urckr
tnsnltta(k)m"_ I)(n ()tra prte, ntecliunte las .inlcre nciones selectivas" el anlista jnenta rltrt't'l scl f.irl ntli< so se !llvil intcgr:rnckr en el yr cle a.rliata.l. .a. ai.-air. ,. urI
hacer c()nsciente l() inc()ns( icnte tuecla sulxrr<linackr clllrntr l.renu icnto lll (r)jetiv() ltisit c]e lrrr.isizaru I fr'lr, ,,r, r,,lr, r,r"ri"i". L(ltarncat st,.o en el nc()uscict (, .r trrvcs rl< ,,r, ,.,na.,1i, ,l.o l" rt,"narrrt, tlllir rcpresent!ci)n de s c(rn() \lli)s(,..1(ent.lch), lrgrtinr() cn sus cleseos. I)( rtr() de este pft)ces() (le nxrcisizlrcia)n. tes ;neyitaltles tulil,. .le .rn.r,rti" p,r. lrrtc <lcl lrnulistl. y srr tlistosicir-rn :r rctrnor.erllrs .xpliclra,n.n-t:"nr" pr_ ct ,lll.-. <lcrr rnrin:r n,.1, , (lrre (sjre sc clesilusione .t"i g,-r,Aurt,,,.n,", l,ll ,).net:r 1, n. trJLr,.l-iticu, (r( clerilLrsi(n rrrc le lcr,titir "n,,ii.i,, ir asentncl.sc en strs rr-orios vlk>rcs, en la valiclez cle sLr juicio cr.tlcr>. De a",, nr,*". las linci< nts (lrc el lrnnlistil cur).rplc clLrrrnlce rlt l prr )c.eso ,ar" p.;a,ii..,, .,.,ri, lr,.,r_ lr J'((rr((lirs p(x. cl p:rcienrc, pn>ces. rrl rtre Kirtrrrt <ren,r,.iJ "inte.rrriz,r.i,in
<lel. I rrrta
lil
y vitali(la(I.
represi<'rn <lel .scl f.{ranclirs<t
prlr"
"t
au.,r,,.ta,,n,. t,,.nt" al"
Crrnclo se rcpasan k:s l)ist()rirles clnic()s. t:Lnt() (lc K()hLt coDlo de sLrs rliscipLrk>s, restltu cltrc que n() interpretan lts nrec:rnisnxs cle clefensa e l lD:tncr dc los alistas rlc rtras escrclus. La prc()cupacif-)n tcritputi( t't() 5E rlilige l <tre cl plt<icnle pLrc(lll ver'Ll lrgresir.'iciud. () Ia iclcntitlclrci(-)o p)yec-
ti\' (le tal o cu:rl aspeck:
rrrr < r'r:rliz:rncl. l.s clesc.i intiniiles

\trenr,r\ !litrrn
('
I,s clLre l)crntitan slttisflrcer aspirxciones nxrcisistxs. Lits in_ s(lectivxs c()nsistiran cn ll.trrl.rr Jl pJ( icntc , ,.,r, a"a,rn,r_ Uu._ , rlrr1,, l.. li,r)rt.l(i,,nr: (lrri, l.r r(,.tlr(l.r(l rltn(,n(. .; ,,,. r-f.r".r, ^. i:, pr,,.r,.,. .r l. trlitLr (, (r.c no cs fiLrstracr. rrarissti.r,r.ri. i.r. r'.*iri, l" n.."ri.t".r ,.,rrfrlsir.r,lt. lrLr.\(rr i.r espel ul.trizirci<in o h tirsirjn.,,n.,i,,iri.,,,,
ll: ]; .:l l:': r,.llr\r.\.f(r.\,r] li

r
'\ tle grrtncliosicl:rtl ,1u.
..,i,f"..l,r" n"..,r",r. rr,,_ "," n,, ,t .rr',-i rs plovecrs
\ ( tlr i( )n('s
r.r
\rl'U( \t,, t).t\t(1, ci treLrcluno: es la fl.ustr:rcitn,
i.f""lir"_
"n.rta
a,,r,, cle las nc_
<k- s. ni crirno intentl (lesplcn(lerse clc los sentirniertos cle cLrlpx flente al ol)jei(). sin< en cillo logtar <ltre el pciente sostcnga el nxrcisis,))o cle trn scl clelri)itatlo. l)ltra lts k<>hutir-ros Lrna ilclivicla(l tcrPuti(x ()rirnla(il rr (lLrc cl px(ientc vc:l (rinr() pr())'(cfx, nicgl rr clisocia crirclua a ste en la r)isrna situllci()n cle clescllitlcacitin cr.re vivi<-r en la inflnci:r: antrs 1<>s peclrcs le hicierrn sentir (lre no erur l>ucno o cilp.rzl hora, el nlrlista le hax s('tir ctrc cs detl'ctrrr>so en (rr)t() a Lln srpuestu) critelio (le salutl nrcnt:il (lre (onsistir. (n renel. l1 firt:rlcza rlc cnentr s rcali<lacl ps quiclr sin negal () Pr()ye(tlrr. En cste lLspect() cltelr()s qre sul)ravtn c()rre(Il)rente el cur':icter traulntiznte (Frc tienen cicrt.rs xctitr(les ta,cnicas (lLc hxcen senlir rl p.rcicnte <1tre ocrrltl r clefiua c()ntinLlullente. l-ils inter\cDCr()ncs ln:lticas <lel tipo .Pelo. fcsc ustc<l l(c" Irxlo c) 1>elr>,<tel cririrzo-, o hs (lcl tip().rste(l no dcsell (l.use -s{r)[( cuentl cle (Fe...". alrn cuan<kr psciltn <lecir elg() que es cierto en unr (limensi(in, p()seen, cn Lrn senticl() ms gklb:rl. el carlic tc-r cle vercl'.rlen cleslcgiti[raci(-)n rlcl pacicnte. Si esto es realizacl> sisteDrtic:rrrcnte p()r el ]n:llistr, !,1 p:lcirntc sier'Dpre cs u)ic(lo c()r() el que estit hl<ienclo irlgo incleculr(t(). Por ell<r lu valiclez cle Lna interpret.rcin no viene chcla por el hecho cle clccir trna verchd solrre rna fi>rra cle firn-
261
AvANLlis EN psco.riR^pt^ pscor..rc
PS!(:()l-liRAP!Al)ti-OS',t',RAS',tORN()SNARCISISIAS
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ro.cnpinic.rar. N,,.r,,,"-'rii.),'.'1,,:t;',::i,':,;l:'i,,.':,,;l:.H;:.:lll,:1,",,
c()lr'r() pr()),ect.r. c(inx) se rLl()cng.r!l nrc(lixnte r,,
nt'rs
cionaD)ient() <le1 paciente sin() qrre ciel)e ser juzgacla. tarDltin, pclr_el efecto -pu..f.'r._,1'..arip,,rr_rar_r,a que pr<xluce en sr psiquisuro I_". int.rp..r.,ci, rn -,rl.rivos c()ffecta per() patognica <les<le cl prrni, ,f. ,i,,., .f.- l,,r clel trta rtiento si n() tiene en ctcnti Ii
,ri..i,^,,iirr.ii,-l" pero nacla difcil quc acertlr s(r)rc ( tt nccesita lrara seguil un pr()ces() cie crcci nrienk) erlr()(.i()n,l
ntcrn,. rr.r sus tlesc.s usr.esirs sLr ,.ivaliclcl. K,,1r..,, i;';;;i;..]:, :r;rr,, i"p.,r.r,in .n ' lr tL.rns[grcn..rnrc.rlg,r.r,. lu hech. .ri;;";;,'ir..,...,",,..r Jn:rrisri,. Dc c\r. ,)rrncrr l.r r'rnsfec1 "l "lrl.,;; , .; ;;;,il;,i,, ;,;,ri,, ,,tg,, l(r'rrinJ(h' cn <J r.1j1.1.. rrre st.. i111r[.,i, r...r._ el nr.rir.Hr,rrtrr..1..,.,^y,,,,,,.,j"._;i.,.1, ,r,,.f,"',,,,,,i,.,,',,', ..',;,r,,,'i'i]:;,:i,:;,1::;,T;,, lrt'un.ro:rlrrr.r n(,(tt1,,fre t) rnrrclrr.r en.,l pr,r.e.,, t.,i, rt,.11,..t,,,,1,,,1,^, C, Llhcrg ( lr)L,l srnttriza,
La ciileencia cle Krhtl (r)n Lln analisl cla,rsic< crinsisil en qlle )rcntra esle ve la cnrirlr.t: ciel picicnlc c()r))l) rnoti|adlt
rr.rllsnrilxn !l sus plcientes c()rrcspondicra a lir ycrclacl de l<l quc pasara en el r r, i )ns( icnte clc st<ts. t'unci<nrrl>:rn comc lccres clel inc()nscicnte, :.in rep:l r.r iluc eran plocluctores clc incr>nscicnte."" l,r> sorprenclente es <1uc clurrnlc r rrl( ) lielnp() se crgYerat qtte ll inlcrpr(t.tri('n.letLr.l pi,r sL (r,ntcnicl() r))itDilr('\lo y tx) 1-l<rr'<tirno blclt. qtti,.lanliLltd rlotct, rl paciente.",
,
lir lx tcni(x kolrutiana, hs interpr etaci( )ncs tansiclcnciules se cntrelxzln ,l] rccrnstLucciones rle la inflncilr clcl paciente en que se intenta que re( u-
pr sLir-l,rnUicts
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fl.r :l t,\1, rrn.r In<., (l(. in\(sti:
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s, .tin.i,r,,.... ;;;;. ;;,rrl;::;,1; ;:,.,.ra ), re,c,1,:., ,;:,:,:]:rL.n(,,,\ c\pcr .t,,,!. ,, i,t",,ti;,,,,;;, ,;,;,ru:,.r,n.,. sexr,,lcs. () :::;l: ., r.r (rr,)gi( fr.r-r.r fr,(.^( it.r\(.tf.r\ l.r (l(,l,ri,sri)n Il,, l.r nUt.r.-r l.rll.r ,,1 rlt r, r r t Lr.// rlcl enr.rln.rr Ii, l x )r el,n.lltst-r Ils Ln utr.ik) cle K<lrLrt el h:rl)sr (rr()cl(k)
ner al (lcscrl)i(.r() Ias secrren.i;r
;i .=*.,,.i.:,lii'ii,i'J;[:1,:l.J'[il.1ff::.,.,,11;liX,;;l
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,, r't el recLrerclo el'l'urkrnel cle lrcuellas experienciis ( ()n el ( )l)jeto-del-.\?f par( ntirl que fr-clrn trtmticlts parir su nrcisisr)r(). FlspecixL)rcnte, que el prr , ntc rirccle ver los rirsg<ls rrttol<igicrrs cle sus ra<lres, sus linritirciones y c(}rrr(, !.rlLrlon en el rL<rceso clc nrcisizuci<-n nrr'rtfal. Krhut clest:rc la angustin (luc \i( n(e cl paciente al clesculrrir lu pat()l()gr clc Los Paclrcs y stt lesistencir .r c0) lr:rrc ursc en str cxpkrucirin. pero no sillo por culpll () pcrsecrci(in sino porrluc .rl(\1ir su scntirlri!-rlr clc i<lcnticltl <uc <lepenclt,. en lttenr nrsclicla, tlc la icluntilir't'ir'rn c()n csirs ligrrts. l'll pllci(ntc, rnjclt u llrs vivenciirs clc lt>s >ltcll(s. r r nr pl'tien(l( ) su visin (leI llrr.rn<to y la <r.rc tenan solrrc 1, sienclo l<l <r.rr. cllr lc <lijcron rtrc era, r'uanclo crrestiona a sus laclres sicntc qrre tockr se tarrr lrlta. clue n() sal)c ([rin r-s f'l r srrs p(lres. l'xr:L K()htrt csta leactivaci<in tlt'
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l.r nrii-.I. .,rfr.. .i i.,,...r, r' ,, n" tit a,, I(.rirl)(.ul.l..l,,l ,1i,1,., ,rti..rir,,,1,.'ar..,'_'f ,,,
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l...rrgr.rstils clc tlcsintegrci(-)n/l[rgl)rcnt.lci(in v cle Prclicla (lcl sentiicnl() (l(' trlrurcncia rlcl sr,/ r'cttricre (luc cn cs()s r))())('lt()s el prrcicntc se apoyc cn Ir lrnstercncia, in<lui<llt llt icle:tlizucl:r. claclo cue si sc intentxse clesrontarlu Iltt.' (liilnte sr anlisiri irl}Jxclirir lu turc tlc inclivicltrrcirin c<>n resl)eck) a los paclR.s, turca jerircuictn rentc uls irlP()rtante pare el racicnte.* Se rucclc trrsiclcrer y kr t(:'slg cs srlo una esqltcma qttc no tk'lrt, \clsg (\)rII() r'1irkr en str sr'(ucD(i- ir Lrn Irittiricnt() ()ricnti(l() bajo llr rtrrr tlltliclucl kolttrtiurn (\)nl() sLrce(lcn(l() cn ctltl)ls: rrincro. instulaci<in cltl r:r (ientc cn Lna trllnsiercn(ix especularizltntc <l iclealizad:, un preckninio,.L'
s( (i(scnrrr(h (lc cs(udiur y (lc p(mer al (lc\1rl'trI trc l:rs rlisrrnt,r' li,rnr:s (lc rnrLr(tcn-)tt qc l)re(()nrr(i iieDc s(,ln( (l t).r(i(nr(. (se( lllr(.nt( (?;n() Br<(l(1) rl(( l.r . l:\ il(trrlcs (5lru(1rr\ (lr pcrs()D:rldr I y ( r.1 rlrt: psrcorttolt'ricrt. :,Lr dcs(ln t)(r (l xn:ilisis (ic ll lI,rnslcrcnci v l.r ((nrirtrrnslcrcrt.r.r -'. xn siI)plcnrente k) rrrrxgirr:rrx). sitrl)rc (lcrrigr:rd()- r,rpi(li(-) que sc prclluntse. p( ci(nt,l(,. qu (rrrse(ucn(irs prxlie tcner prra tlD pr.irnlr.()rr l(r(lenci xl s(nDe(rnienn) ) al nrrs(tuis nto rre el llnllistu intcmrnru la sesin I su nxl rrl)iln,) rl(l)r( es.ansi{in. -lx s- l.ir rner'cicll)plili('irci(iD (lc Dir 0 (rr li)mrr (l( uncn(ler el pr()((\,) irnliti('o cstil (i.xlir p, (k,\ litx)s (lr sut)ur',si(rres: r:r. cn (tu( \c cxrn)r)r (tu (1,) o lriTi) rl p(icnlrr lx (rrr rn (tu| ie pruslir igu:rl rl(n.i,n ir k) ([c lri,,o (l xnirlistu v rr rrr<r :rr <<rrhrtte. ru )n() utdiv(), d(.. lr(' (lcn llxl)cr.(nlril)(k) l:fl:r (llrc esc l)ir(ient( cn pxrli(u[rr rcccknre (lc(iel1 nuncm. 5rl,(llr(,s quc es(( rip() (le rnxlsis (le h intulrc.i(lr p;rcienlc rnxlis(r (lescn(rden nlu(ln rnsic(lx(l nirr.isis' rr cn rl supcn'isrcl() \' tensn')n en (l supen is(n pcr) no vsrn)s ()(r1t lx)sibilirlacl rle cntcnrlct lo rrr I).r:r cn urr rnarlisi\ (\a,isir cl irpa'n(lnr, irl lin:rl dcl lilx) .l n gu piu1l lx t,l1sentx(in (l( r)irrrli:rl
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o r, i.., r,.,,.," .i. i'li'iirr!l"lil:l.l.ii..].:i: Il[li.,,:.X il ^ r, rle Skrl.r..*.\.s. i992. l99s) ^,-',;l grLrl)(, ( lgti(). 1987). Nlicntrrs clrre, cliisir.:r .rcnre. tu pre( )(.rr):rci(-)n dcr .rnarrsr. tr.,it.,r,,, ;;;r".il';11;.iil1. .re inr.._ "" .,, l,r.t,r i.nt.. , u\,) ,{,nr(ni(t,, rrr.r.r ,.rr.n, t'icntt.s rlel pa(iente y sLrs l(,canistx)s ;, i,".;;;'; i_ irr.,.],,,. ,",,r._ clc clefensiL. af.*,f.,'."i,, fin.,, a Irt'rs:rrrit.rr,, 1,, qrr st inr(.nr, r,l,\_rv.rf , .' .,,,;, i; ;..rr;,;),i,,),,i. ,., ,,.,,,,,.r , ,,,'iLrrri,s rtc r-rt,,r y t.r .rt(1 ri\r(t.L(l ,lLr.,r(.!ir.,l)l<,renr(.(1,n[(.\.r 11,.,.]1,.11,., su r rt( r\'(,r( ir)r ticnen Ln elctt< clue ex...l. c,rn nrrrchrr.,i a.,ln,.i"iar,, . .l.r,l ,ft rrr,.r.r ,rl tlrst Lrl,icrlr, tlrl ',.I.i.r.r,r'. r,.i,,rrr',. ,,,.-.:,,1.'i,',,irt;,'l;:::l:;:.t:lilt;:I. l).lt i( r)l( .rlg( rrrt r:r nlis ailli clel .rrntcnicl, s<rn:intico <le io qrc clicc, fut, rr.: irr(.. (l(.s(.,{l.rrlir.,rsr l. (.ec}}().s lr.,r., 1.,, ,r-,;rl;;"'.a)'i,,,,..Ii'illl" ...".," tr't.rrt r l\t trlt.irr. r.r. (,t(.^t)l(). esraban pr.,,l"ir,,ir" '#q.iLr"qu.I,, qr.
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N() (lilcrenci:lt entre l()s l)](ientes a krs <rr( llr tt'olia clc la cure 1'la l)clti,rtrltcs y a los tue, cn clttbir. lcs resullirr.r iiltr()gi'nicrl. A lcsr rlc (lrr esi() ftrcLr re'trtrcitI> inicielr:tente por' lrolrLrt rlcl "lrrrlrrc tr.i.aic(,. c(l lrsrnr()s r]t(isrstus clc <lticit, y -ltltbkr rlcl .lxrmlre cLrlPalrlc". cu\a Jret()logu es lx (lcl c()nfli(l(, I la crrlPe . ecLrilrentkr qrre'str cnfixrrc se lrlit:rra l) rc\ r lrntenr( Dt( :rl priDrc:-o. siD crubarg<r ('\isti(i ( r'r( i('nlclIIrrr (c crI K()llLr( 1'cn srrs segttitkrrcs rtn tcnrlcn<il e olr'idersc clc les firnnulrr<irnes cLtttl<slrs (lue reslringen llrs olrsena-iones. cles
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frirs pr!s()n1ts. qLe p()l tcr))or.,l)xja' le ,riracli ---tn senticl() literul y tnetafiiriI rue la clirige hacia 1. que elk le lleva una clescalificacirn cle s nris-
r(lccuil(irntcntc. Yo, ror cl (()ntriLr-i(). rrre ti-nro l:r inegen <lc ltlgLricn inteli gcnte. scri(), tr':tlrejatl.r. (llt( .U.(il se he poclicl. r.cr ltej..trit p(,rsl)(.(.ti\ l (li lclcntt clt' la cue lc in<xLrkr s\l l)il(lr(,. inlign clt,si rur: se clcteri<rtr rrun ures rrl llrs fltl)lrs cn llr lcttlirlrl (lU(, ()(:tsir)Dln slts I(rn()res cn l:s [c]ltaj(.)(.s inlcr r.r-s.nlrL,s. ,\Jt plltntc() si ltr clcltr lral)itjitr. l)r(,(.isir))cnte. csa lr rr tr rlrst.: lilica ( i()n, part rrrc rrrccla enrcrgcr (lc la rcptcsirin la il.ratgen valodzr-le rlc si <uc. segrin rrtv crrrnprcnclicnclo cl csr. h:r siclo. y cs c()ntintralucntc, r(,llril)i(la tllo rlcfens:r firnte llr ngllstix peeclt()riit (lenilfa part n() pt()l1x)vctllt ita tlc un ()l)jclo l)11ln()ic(, 11.t'ci\i(t.-. t]nl -\c Jxrsilriliclacl sc,ra, en(<tccs, in tcntlu-csl)c( LtlllriTll-.r 1.. llt()stllllt(l()lc los t:rsgos vitli()sl)s (lue l no trrr,<lc ver .le si ntistrr. Sin ct))l)rg(). (l isl)ccfr) rLrt rlt,:csirlt;r lttlis eviclclle tn lr lr;ursfi'rcnci:r cr'rigr, cn la rclrrt.irln trrn l. rrr.rjcr'cr cl r,ncrl< c(rt (l lr)teri(rltnulistx es l irlcelizltcit clrl (r)ic (._\tLrm,,. l-.\t.l us Lr lrnt-r en l-r iiLe nte crlt_ ' lt:trcr a p<<o clc inicilclo cl h.:rt:uiento: qtrc puerl:r ir vicnrkr los cieli,ctrs ciel objeto icleaiizackr. \v. se nlLrestr:l (lcs(()n(etll(l(). (.st:i (lcnrsi(k) lr(.()storll)rarlr>.e dirigir l:r tttira<l soltre si -ror ticclo ttrirr. los cleli,ctos clel oltje>,, clcfienclc los tnritos (lel ()l)jct() t\iern() y reulir.ttt:t rrre cn r.cali<lucl el <leli.c_ ($rso cs (,1 \ r r rlijo Lrn.r le <lc cr rnirontlr(irln, s1.icDrlo rlc Ies p:rrurkrjus tlurc iorl)li(il: l(,rliN,,. r't,itclltritt,.ttc y L,n (listint()s c()ntext()s refer.iLi,,s .r DrL y 1,
r';t tr.rc le Pr)t(,gicl. plt(,s o() tcniil ni l.crson.L li<l.rcl ni vill(.e\ rlrnt s:rlir.:r<lc l;tllr.'r'r Lt !irlrt. l..s recuerrrrs inr:rnlilcs sr lrs rrr ,n ni() rrL,rr()rzir(r() I)(ntrrt ltrlrr,,t;rr:rr-roic(). llnrc cl (.ull l nll(lr.e tllnll)in sc s(nItcfit. El r'nrul< (lue est.rl)lc(.c ar)nntig() es ei (lc ltn s(,r supucstlu)rentr del(,(, Iu()so qLtL'lc tclatlr a lrlguicn. :r (luicn tetnc c icletrliza, toclo kr rrre i,l no l:tr.c
l()s 20 aos y sc rarr<i u,rr r.sici,ln trabeanckr rlrr,rrcnte, e'r cstillirn(l() a krs hijos con unt corre rlrre <rriguhr cletr:is (c It prelt:r. F.l parlrt c.onsici<ltl)ll. y as sc Lr rrlrnifestalra. ctre ,. no clelrere csucli:rr sin. <icclicarse . an (1rrg() brr<x a'rti<rr cn l (rnrinistril(.i()n
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fi) rclur que lrace rle su iln:ilisis:lntcri()r sugicre cl <le itlgLlien (luc sc s()
f)l)li-
rrr() \' 1l una cxageraci(in de las strJ\restas vinu.k's cle str n'rr.rjer, clesu anteriol .rrrlislu \'<le tn. Lc pregunto si n() hy rasg(),s en m. claclo que l tillnhin pue rl,.'rrbsrn':r \'silclu c( )nclltsi( )n.-s. cue 1e pillczcrn in1(leculcks. C<trl rtttrclrs rlrrrllts clicc rrrc pensri ulti scric (le c()sas (k'lli (ltriictef per() quc se (la cuentir (llrc s()n Puras inrxginlci()nes cle 1, ctrc nrc rt l)uye a r)) coss rue son clc r1l. Lc (()ntes) quc rtrecle ser petr) (lLle lo cur rttits teror le procluce es crte () sea ilt)llginllci()nes sin() (luc c()rrc-sp()n(lan x (lelct()s reales tlri(r\. PUc\ \i l)cnslrs( rs ten(lla (lre cntl':rr en (()ntlict() c(.nrni8(). Enk)nces se, lnima y altrrle a <krs o tres ttsgos nros ctrt'le 1l:treccn in:rdecuacks. Y() inte-nitntente c()n tLrtrclrr.t't l y'clc rrlgLrn.r rlrrnrtl, sin exl)licitirrlc rrti pcnsllnrien). le rcsporr tl, r Ltrc i-l si cs caplrz cl( r cr is clcfcttos. Nr le rligo, io que estaril (ientr() d( llr ta'L)'ri(;r riis (llsica:,Qtrc rrstccl .si/fcquc s()n (lcfect()s, sino quc "l s es c:r l)z.le P(nitirsc vcr nris clcfeckrs", kr rue sin pr()nllnciafllre sol)rc \Lr juiaii, clt- realirlrttl nrc l)crnlitc algo ctte ort p.irc(e inrp()mante: n() dcscalifirltl r(xr) rirra pr<tycccir-rn l()s iuici()s cn (pe (apta rsl-{os ina(lecurclos cl<'l objeto. lil rrrlilisis <uecle estrl)lcci(k) s, (()rn() un rellci<rn en tue l se mir.r x s rnis nr() l)cro tlrhin a rl, us c()rn() vo lc nrir<r ('l y u rn. Por l]ri piLe l))e pllrr l(a) rl ,iesg() tlt l rlinitllrrl c( )nlriilrlt nsfi'-!-ncil l. cs rltcir'. lencr !na crrnc[rcl (lrc r)e ()lr)r'guc Ln ill)irg(,1) lrin rLis itlclizlcllt soy cI rue tolero qrrc rtti r.r.ientc nr) re icleli<r. lis (lr(ir. utiliz.rr il nri l)ir(iente pr[a narcisizlrn]Ic l lrir r's clc rr srpuestlr Ir()ncsti(lcl intelc(tu1ll. No se kr cligo pcl() est()y:ll(11i rnte (,st('liesg() (le llrrrcccr rrlra iclclizcir-n lx)r pafie rlc l en r,n nivtl rr:is rrotirn<kr Jlor cl hcclro cle ircitllrlc l (lLre ve.l <letect<rs cn rn. lll resLrlr:tcl< clc esta lncu tctrpa'rticir es <rrc cl paciente se tonl cJ(lil \,( Z
t]tals lrscrti$) ($l]llligo. Y() rne pltgunt(). itlt(nir rn \'(l,z itlt p:trii c()ilrp.r'tr r r,ll a'l t:st.r Ilrr:(x tpci<ir-r. si r> sc cstal s(n))cticD(l() ir l() (c sc !n clesc() r)ti(,. ll entjc,r(lc las pararlojas ir:rJ>)icecles cn situirci(in cle clesicleuliz:rii, rn r'r'r, tener una clisrtrsirn itr Dte c()nll lt lxnk) c()n c()D([rct.ts cxlernas
l!
-puc(lL' l)oltnt( c()n su mujer la ctrc le se:rllr sus rlrsg()s ptdgicos; (liseut( ('(nl sr iell' nlilntcnicn(l() su ()pini(in c()ntrlui.r resPeck) Lrn Pr()yect()--, (\nn() c(xr cl cst(l() cle urayor tr:ln(lili(lxd (lre ('upiczr l experimentar, qe se llt:i (lc un (rrnl)i() rc1.
al.D tu se clilcrcr-tci eslc Iil)() dc trrtxr))icn) qLe n() prc'(\,nll-.1x):r
su xpli(1r(i()n unive'rsul sino ctte kr rcstringirnt)s-(lel :r cas()s cle estc tip()- (l(' otro <lrrc lrr.rbiera trxnscurrid() bajo la orientci<in clel an:iiisis (lcl c(mtli(t()? I)escle l:L perspcctiva clcl conflicto, sc lrul>iern lrrscacl< l<>s irnpulsos y tk' sc()s grcsiv()s (lel pxcisnt('. se hrrliera vist() el terrcr com() resultr(l() (lc lll proyeccLon tle csa agresivi<llrcl, sc [rubier enf:ttizx(k) Ia rivli<l:tcl e(lipicll (r)n e[ pltdrc, l<x (lese()s inccstr()s()s. ei <lcse< (lc ()cupirr stt lttgar v krs tr'nr,,r'r's
I)or li rcsl)Iresta veng?livil cle stc. se hulir-,ra examinatlc
clilr respccto
rir
lirlrl.
lrt t r
ill nelistll, ls rentncias nas()(luistas por ctrlpa
-c()nlli(-l()
( nlr('
272
^vANctis
iN pstcol.tiR^ptA pstcoANAt,i,l.tCA
Pslco'tERAPI Di I-()S tRAS',tORNOS NAR(-ISISIAS
ftt
de clclcnsa p()l.tlrnk), rcultl,licnkr inaclccuack-, refirerza Il clesval<riz:r cirn clcl paciente c inrpicle ctrc obscve l ()l)jet() eal, (lre yca quc raDtl)i,rl posce linritecioncs y clef-ectos. El anlistl, al queclar trbic:rd< en cl lrrgar.clel qLle sLrpucstal)tcnte no incitlc cn el pntccso, clel que sr-rlo es pentllla cle trans_ fccncis o garante de la vsrclllcl, eclcuierc rrne cliltensiitn cL figLrrir nr:is ellri clel bien y rlcl nlrl, sirlilar a la clel paclte c()rn() llllt() als<>lrrt< de la i(lcnti(l.t(l y cI l:r v-rlrtlt,z ,, nr, ((,1 nrr illl(..
I)()r (fra pxlle, n() se t[tt.l clc tluc cl n.llista tengt rnll ac.titrrtl rle cstc<.rrllrrizar iti pacicnte. hac.inch>le scntil.r,alios<t, o cle cuc pen:rita llr lirsir->n clc,l 1lt cientc (r)n str figLrla idealizacla. Fll p[()ces() re<uicre <lc elgo cue cxt.cck, Lrna actitld tolelilnte, scil st.r silcnci()s o expresltcllr prtr la rilaltr,r c(rllPrcnsl!u. Rcsulta imlispcnsaltle ctre cl pxciente v.ly.t cotnprenrlic-nchr cl senti(l() clel pr()_ ceso aneltic.r, hacia clrimle aprrntun las intcrvcn<.ioncs clcl enalislu, pala p<xlcr ser artfl(e (lel ntislu() y p:lr:l <trc se trrecla col<ctr cn unlr p()sici(-)n nlcn()s ast rtrica scr k)teltrlcnle sil)r,lri(.1t er crrnkr itl pocler rer.o, .lor lo Dre n()s, no -nunc tn alsimtricil-. l)c ()tra ntirnerlr, cl .xtcientc su.a ntrstrarto ntrcvlr_ r)ente unl posicir-rn clc pasivirlacl y soluetirtricnt( ). l,<.elll une lcz crrc d ilnalistx tiene un iclea lcerct rlc crr lc pxs.t ul l)ilcicnte, <le las tlrr.c.rs ru.- trc ne por clellrnte para poclcr cantbitrr su crtnrrulsiirn rt la repetici<in. rle los tlts lculos clue se opQnclr:in a elk. c'ccnrrs til {(nt las ntatiztci()n(,s rc(lLrcn_ clas pan clcla c.ls() prticulul.- (.(rllpxfiit. con cl paciente eslx ()l.icntitci()n gcneml clel tmtnticn&). Qtrc el plan terrp,Lltic() no puerla ser jlrnl.is tlclinickr dc ttna ntanera rgicla, que a nrcciicla cue progres:l un anlisis ,r.,,g,,n ,,"r",r,rr, <latos ins<tspechltclos cUe ol>ligan a tr.te cl lrnlLlista sig:r el ptccso y,<uc n,, tre le dc intp<>ncrle sLt cur-s<t, elkr n() signica <Lre no hayan lncas J.xrr.t.iales. pe_ (llrc()s trallt()s en cl t.atDin< xnltic() (lLc n() teng:ln un senti(l() y unlls l))ctars tttc ptteclen clefinirse.f /, cr-),) ct'ttt'tintiL,ut() tlL,h(, pt u\t( ![)Lt ]. rl ptrci(,lt(,. Nuesttu perspectivt 1(.nic.l tlt:ts genL,rrl. y rnuy espccficanlcnte prl iL(lLtc_ llas rclsonas con tcnclenci.t al s()llctiotient() nls(xrrisilr y a la pesivitiacl. t,s iuc Lr xlsi< i<in (lel pacicnte en cl tratamient< clelt c<nsistir en u; entcllrzr.ri(..1() rlt tlrrs prtresos: p<tr un larl<t srntcrsi<-n cn vivir lu cxpcriencie unaltic, ctl rrsr i:rr t'lsi srrspenclicncl. la rcflexirin critic.. l)()r el .t*r, un ernergcr tlel aLrt._ nr;llis() (l(, Ilt vivenci.l trllnsfqlencill y cntcn(lcr no stilo el rrxnentr r,ivirlo, el
r-leseos y el superyr-r-, se le hrlrieran scalaclo al paciente los DlecAntsnl()s cle clcfens pait n() entertrse cle estrs conflictrs. Iiste ntisis cn ver al ra_ ciente c()ln() i icitckr cle prcresos illtJtttlsecl<>s p.r strs descs()s ll]cestL()s()s p(n tnk), clcse<s inaclecuck)s t p()r srl rivrliclacl y lgrcsivi(la(l _p()r tant(), actit,d(js y senti'nicnt()s inclccuacl<s-, clcfirracl.s p.r srrs t,ecanisrn.s
I,\Plcitackj
cieles
dl paciete de l.t ltrca cle lrabajtt
ctst cle rW., acletttts cle trabaiar ejcllplos c()ncrct()s. vi\'(I1 y con ciarr lepc'rcusirn clnoci()nl de su soutetimienkr en l:r rt'l;r'irit conlnig(). c(n su nlrtjer y en el trxl)a), le explicit, ya en un nivel nr-is gtne
Volvienclo l
ral. <Ite lo (lue estitl)allx)s trallajanckr en ese m()mento cle sr anlisis errtn tlos speck)s: p()r un lattr. que l pucliera captar el ptrlcr relativ(), mcn()r (lur l() cue i'l inltginaba, clue los clistintos Pers()najes puclieran tener sobre 1, rtr s()naics (luc tatnlin k necesitrl)rln a 1. kr quc les ol-rligalla a tomar en cLcll tlr kr <1Lre i'l clcscalta- l'tclcr telltilo clc est()s Pcrsonljes claramente clitercntt <lel rorler ltlrs<luto tlc su par-lre en la inflncll. Le destaqtl que a l lt' rcsttltlrla clificil (larse (ucntlL que le lltril)tll a I()s ()tros el poseer nlipe' tllris 't,, clcrosos y tluc por ello se retifll) dcl jLrego, clncklles le parricla p<lr ganrtcl:t. I)(r'cl ()tr() lclo. cn estc caso llte <rei attt<rizacl< a plantear, taml)in exPl(itanrente. (lLre s<-rto si l ptxle vcr las lilrlitci()nes nlas y las cle ltls clelns. l lutrxbsen'cir-rn cle sts liurittciones n() tcn(l el carcte cle se inferioli zlrnte. Con est() trat dc contraffc-str lo qtte es ttn efecttl cle l estrLctura (l('l r'ncuk analticr: cl pxcit:nte se lrtrt()ol>scrvl y tle'scttllre f:tllrls iente a ttn x't's()nll,c (lue n() cs ptcsk) en tela cle jti(i(). lx)l'lo <tlt sc pLtecle llegar a llrr clucir un clcct< cle inttriorizlci<in, qtle en cs)s casos es claratnent< iiltr()le nic(). nris lh clc las intcnci()nes clcl terapcuta. l)c ah la inpofiancix (l('
cept.r (luc cl nalistu sea ctltjeto clc exanten P(n prte clcl pacientc y no st cntien(la que lus c<nclrtsiones crre olrticnc son Pr(xlLlct() exclltsiv< cle tlisl<l sirncs transterencillcs sino (ltlc t.lrlll)in pr.leclen clerival clel sentid<> cle tr":rli (llr([. t]n ()tr()s trrnin<s, cn el tr.ttrtntient() tlxlo clclt estlLl' s()llletido a exal)l('r) por prte clel paciente: el prtcientc y el analista. lo rttt clice aqul y lo ttlt' :tflmr stc. Y() le pregunt, cn Ins cle trn ()casi(in: 'Qtt' litnitaciones o <lcfectts Ic ve estl visi(-)n (lLle y() tcng() tle lo <1ttc;t ttstecl lc rasa'/'.
La explicitucir-)n al plcicnte cle
cuncl<
h lncl
clc
tubajo
clc tu es lt sc estit lrtts-
dcscrlil-r luxlitltut rcqIrjere crutcl. Srilo pueclc tttilizarse ccno ge nerlizxci(-)n clcspr.ts tlc qtte sc hayan trellrriaclo ejetrtpl<>s concretos en qttc cl pirciente viYcncie cl rsPccto en ( Lestin. lan cs() contrari() se colre el riesg<r clc flv<re<er l1l intelecturtliz.lcia)n. en es-rccial con krs pacicntes en qtrienc'
qste rlrsg() cs clestucx(l(). l)et() inclLls() c()n esl()s Pacienlcs sc pltecle exPlicitxr l:L linea clc trxl)xi(): pl ecislll)lente. stt tcn(lenciit e rceurplazar el sentil p<lr cl
discurtir k-rgicanrente. cl h:llar cn gcncral en vez cle vivir las expcrientilts

elt)( )ci()narles c()ncretlts, etc. Salre[xs c]e las ol)jeci<>nes <uc se rtteclen esgril))ir en <rrntra de explicitar al I:rrciente le lnea clc trabaio: petlutl)ari la espontanciclacl <le la regresin, t-avrrcceri llt intele< ttrlizxci(in, penrtitiril k)s cLcsli()nlllrlient()s P()r pafte de Px-
s(r)li(l() (l(. lit lltnt:lsil y llt contlucta particu]ar clre cstn cn esc lll()llent() (1] jrrtgo. sirlr. tirnl)in y esenciahlrente, ctrirl cs la tarca qrc se esth relrlizlnclo. (ict'rrl(rs <rrr.(.ste tiltit)x) llspccto n< Ia .cciltick sLficiente atcnci(-)n.
cicntes p:rrunoiclcs. Cuesti()ncs qt-tc clcllen scr teni(las cn cuenta y sopeslttllts en (r.l1r cso per() qtte no invali(lltn llt itnpolltncia qtle tiene qtle el P?cielll(' c(nnpilrtx (jl conocirrient() tle hs lnces (ltlc orientan cl tratal)lienl() en (ll(lil
)7t
an() (lc sLls tt.lnx)s.
AV^Nclis liN pst(.().t.tiRAptA pslc()ANAI_II(:A
r llr inttn.cncir)D clc un tcr(.r1.( ) r,ir(.u lrJ srrjeto tle; l:r ,iu,,f e,n ruc rstri l,nr(,li(k) r Il "trlrr f-rilica,. no J.cp.tcn_ (lt!, ",l,iaOn el silcncio equilltla,,l-p,,.1,a. ,,," \( sttslrir( clc slrs |esltonsaltilitl:L<lcr l)c i;ull rrrancr.t. LLrc nrr tcnglrr cn crrcn Lt \( ri. ( tr,lu(,(l (1rrtr.rlrit..r.r,rr[, l.r:r.si,,D _l.r 11.,,,,".1,,.....in_i,,,, ,.n r rrr. r'l :rrr:rlista <lecicle carh vez cu:inkr clute rc*rlla, .,-.i- ff"nrr.i,l ,,r",i "r.u, r(r),,, inll)li(.itt lr Ia,naclre fli<.a, qLre estxl)lece lt l.v r .u rririi.i,,
sr L
ttnu rclicllcl ItJeja, srr))elr(1. .l (!r(.itiirn.lllric;t(,('f.,1 ',:...,f,.i.,, 1r.,.:i,r,".,,r.,r] .::l(rrr (i ,rn, , JlxL (,n qrre rl(,1, )r rr.r r,.r,,,,,.. f , i ,',,"'i,,.. .,,.,n ,.1 :sr.\l\ ' ,\, (l.lcli rlue t:ll]tp, c(, h.r1 r.Lzr-rrr pera excltrir tlrre ptrecla srr<.crler l<t ltisnxr prr.e kr que el analistu sev..,'l I)()r't.rnl(). ni ,,n 1,,i.i.ni.'.,,u,, iir-,r..i,_,r r..;, irs()ciilr prra qLc ei analista inrerpr.L{c crcscre la posit.ic-rn .-t,'*,.rr,, ,i un rurtiist silencirsr> que altamlonlt ;rl pllcicntc ,, f,r. i.al ,ra,r. irr,,rf;gi,.,r, ir,. ,.q q c. l r)rr\r\11i\., ttt.t p,r.,cnrr..r t.,,',,ti,t., ) (u,,(.\rr l :i1,,,1:,,.:.\. : l*:":l, \irt l(, rlllr ir l),\.1 \ n(.(1.\ttll En ,,lrr,lrl.].r.J)r.,rr \rNleni(J,,,llt(.rl .t.tlt\t. sil.rtti<so (leiu:rl pircicntc lilrr.:tcl<,.r I.r.,,,,,put.,.,n.t. 1.,;.;;;"'l:,;. ., ,1,,. ... )itir r)ril veccs. tlentr. clcl xnarlisis ) t.cr.r el._ .1, . *_,.iirri.i.r'ri ,,,r,n.1,, in_ t('rn() parte ilrp(xtntc crel crar es cr criscurs. clc r.s pecrres tBlcifi,)lirr. 199.i) \. rk:,r rlt,s.r'trn,r prrrrrtl,j.r ,lut. l,,..rn.rli.l.r.,l,,, .1r.,i.;,,;';;;"' .,1';;,;,,1;^. rlt l r.rrllc c[lt 1.,,'1...r, Ltn (()rrc er] cl cliscurs< p",, rfOli..r .fJ-f" ,i,,,,1,.. ,,,.
ilflente-s acli\'()s <le Io <ue les pas:t, clue paru evitar r Lrtool)sc,-vlrrse cenr,-.lo lil irtencin en el ol) jet() c] trirniiento, .n rl.'ro -([rrnte '.i.ll c1.,c rltrcla "l ",r"fi.i .rtr.rhtu cl r.inci.rio rle far,rrrccer.l .....,,,,.n ,rtricro cx :l::.:,:.i:::111, r('rnr,. tJl a,r))r) si gs.1r59.lle cn aqrrr_ilos pxcienlcs (ir(. (\r))() \)1., sc sr ll(tt'n olx:i()qllisticalnrcntc ).clirigcn sU (l.iticl en c(ntttit (le s nrisux)s. 'rentc a l() (lLle (lLlrtnte rnrclt, , tient, r l ,,i.f,, l.,n -,frr,r,, .i., p,,,1.. .l"l ,,,t"lr.:t. clc r t1.,.-ron Ll( un inl.lgrn.tn(, irl I).t(i(.nt(.. un.l ([. .t: .,',1,,.,,,n... I.rI.,, ,in I'tt:st.ls h.l .rclr, I. ,-lcl rn.rlLsrrr silenci<tsr.' l,"r nrs,rtr,r.-n,r-a. ir,u,, Aa ,lua .i .r).lli\(.1 r(,nrrnar( ,l r rfj<r r.r.rr r isiOD .rl,prrL icntr r n, , ,t.., ,,. f., u.,*p..,.,,r,, , \ iyil tcnieftl() sc pr()presta c()llr ) l.ll. es .1.,-ir., str t, tJrt:tent. ',,-nr' nr,,n"r,t ,,, ai,, rcr
1,,r,,,,1,.,,i,,...;,.;,;.,,;,. rs,i1i.,, rrr ls pr,r., n.rli.L,.[., Ll1.p..,,.n,..;,,f.,1t,i... " l-.n ('u.nt,) l,rs frlrrit-nl('q o.rr.ln,n(l(,\.,r,rr(..ll,,r,1r..(;,1,.ln \t(, tl1t(,(.rl (,1 (fr,' .rs lirll.rr. rrryrr prrt,,l,,gr:r r(...i(l(.(.n f.,'r'f,fi.,,fr.l.i',.,", .,.,,,,,ir,t,,r.,r,
,r,r. J.r rtgrri,,n e, .,,;t,, p.rnr .tet pr,,,.r.,,,,rn.,1,r..,,.r,nn.,1,,,,,..n,,,un,, :l:.1 lln ltn (.n st )j\r)1r,. l-.1 regrt,sir,n rlt.l,c.sr.,.,ptirrr,r .lltrrrs rlrc \l((111,(.n l,,.t "r,j.,,r r.}.{,,J.,,1.,..in,,,., lr.rLi(1)tr,\ \c\rr.lncnt(.
serrnles sino que pasa a ser rlgrr
Miis.lLin. si.el l).Lciente sal)e (lL cs l() quc sc l)Ls(..1 pLtc (e. cnk)n(.es, 1rux)l)senar sus f.:rnt:rsas y concltrct,ts lirer. clJ lr,a.ra"urr"., a,rn kr ctral cl anilisis no sc lrdLce a l<_, qrrc transcurre
CAPTI]LO
vII
lll
iue .rcrlnpar
ail.,o,r,.l ,a,,r'p,rau. fr,r,,"

._f
,ir,,.i.t n".,..'..
IÂ MODTFICACIN TERAPUTTCA DEL SUPERY
Despu(,s de h.lt)cr plesent(l(), cn capttrk>s irececlcntes. krs firncllmentos cle una fer.,ri cle l curt (lLle lengir en cuenlx le csrcc ifi< iclacl cle sts intcnencioncs en frnti<in <le L estntcrrrr cle person:rliclircl \'r'l() s()l:lr)tnte rle ks sn-
kras () (lc c.rtel() as nosol<iiicas fenrmnicls, (lsse:ln()s llx)sttxr l lplicci)n de lx mlsnr en relir(i(in un:r sul)estrLl(trrrl clel psiqrtismo, la clel
strperyr. Estructrrra cuya p:ttologa sr encuentta cn llL l)1lse cle cu.r(h'os mtty clivcrsos: cietas deplesi()nes. cjert()s cri(lros persecut()rios cn que se proyecta en figrrras extcrns las rue se pxsr a ter))tr. cj('rtrs ()l)sesi()nes y rituales o fi>bias qLre sr>n clefensas irntc l()s lenl()rcs qrre etlui'l infirncle. cierras .rnorexir:) en qrre Irs r]r.nd.k)- nacisist:s () pr()l)il)ici()nes l crrlprt illpi(len Iu iraesta. Irl nilsis <uc lttcemcs:rl crrl<rc'lu cl imtin().(iert()r',:lntcs (le (atch rrno <le es k)s cul(l()s es pI, sellhr (luc en n() )ck)s l()s <rsos sc clcle br.ts,.'lrt str .rcogncsis en Lna plrt()l()ga clel superl(r. Pelo en aqtrelkrs sulrtipos cle clepresia)n, ()l)sesiones. fi)l)is, 1ln(n('xias, (uc si son expresirin rlc Penurbucioncs clel sr-rpery, la nrtclificaci<in cle i'slc cs conclici<in prur la clesaparici<in cle los snt()I]-ras. Desclc cst perspcctiv. cl .trper1,, cs ltrnsl(]nLrtic,) r-r rllits ll clel ten! de lx ctrlrr, h vcrticnzir. el scltir)ricn&r tlc infi-rir>riclerl- l' transc:rtesc circulsclil)e a Lrn:r l)rt)l()ga (lc ls (lescritxs p()r la f{orial n()s()l(igic()
-n() psiquiatrie clsice.')" Estr al)r()xirncia)n a
priic(ferxpia, la clelimitcin (lc c(rrp()nentes estructrrrllles:r moclificar <'n cste cas() cl sttl:cryr ((nx) un() cle ellos-, est:r llcce una tlifclencia c()n l()s iDtcnk)s clc ctisc cstrlrtegis cle r';tnrbir> teraprttic() parr los crrrclros psit orrtol<igicos crrlrr enticlucles gI>l>lrlcs. Corncr expusirrr()s lntcs, n(, (rc(rtl()s (J((' htyt trtut psi((fc(rpi clc las derrrrr,rrrcs o (lc h listelia r <le las olrscsi<ncs < cle lus lrx)rexiirs sino unl oftlllastttclt dc itcrt'(tckks cliri,qicltts tt los c()tltpotcitts qtt? rerabt'on. c ccldo cdso,
esos cLaclrcs. A rrxlo cle intrrxluccit-n
I rnr.clificacir-n lcprtica clcl supcryri, parti-
renos cle un ejcnrplo qr.re nos sen,ir para cIrl;r: rle cielto refi'renle clnico
q) Prr(,dc c$. cirpi(rl() cs LLn:r !(rsi(ln rxxlifitxdx \ 10$lirL(Lr dc k) quc erl)urinxx rn oln) trirlx) ( lllcr(lruLu. 1995).
I
)7 (t
AvANctis liN pstco,l.liRApIA pslcoANAI_.t.tcA

r,A MODU:tcA(it()N
lliRApliuTr(:A )tit_ suptiRt'()
cincc.
la terlrizaciitn que hater-l<s sol>re la misma. flna pacicnte relata que el cla an_ tedor se le ocurri .cle pronto, cn este aspecto- <1ue ilta a compnr -insiste un cleterminaclo ol>jeto cle precio nluy elevaclo, que entr(-) n Ln comvr.cio y averigu(-) kxlo lr referente a 1, que casi estuv(.) a prnto cle ltacel kr qtre en tantas ()casiones le srcecli(, que era incrlrrir en grundes compras que hrcgcr terrninaba sin p<xler pagar. Nle <lice estr c()n t()n() cle fasticlki eviclente. p;ira concllrir su descripcia)n con la aiirnacirn .por.<1u caraj() lne teng() qle lt)c_ ter en est.ts crsas7,, lcflrinckse a colltprar ()l)jet()s (lue cstn fiteru cle, su al_
',r\lir sin() en poner al clesculiefi< al sLjet() cle la enLnciaci(-)n <rrt. lrrlrlrr, -tl , l,ltt. Pltcluce enuncia(l()s-, suiet() cle la enunciacirn que ve clcsrr'olllrotkr
se va satisf-acienclo cl s:rclisllo rlt. altil con clrc ltrrntrrrtirr t.l l( rrrin() caj(), el gesk) cle fasticlio, la firetza, especiahnente en lu lnx.it, (lr(.
'.rr srrrcry(1. Por es< le pregunt si poclia captar Ie
ur
vincrrlr cle
trlio consigo ntislro en que
,rrso al clecirlo, ia rabia quc tenl c()ntra ella en ese precis() nt(rlrenl(). Ant(. ,'\lils preguntirs, la paciente. sin entencler toclava hacia acla)n(le al)Ut'tl(), s(.
Ante cste nl.tteri.ll, !lparte (le sUs conn()taciones tansferencilcs. cltr.en cliferentes posibiliclacles cle courprensi(in y (le interycn(.i(in. l,a prinrer.r. que el analista, linclose c()n el suprest() yo clc realiclacl cle lu pacicnte. hiciera hincepi en cue ahora s puclo n() repetir la vieja hisrria cL-- ciejarsc llev:rr por
exan)inrr hs razrnes ltir>gr:'ificas y actLalcs que pr(nlucven un clese,r <1ue 1rprece c(n)r() i[rpulseclo por trna necesiclecl de (l()tarsc cle una imagen gran
clitsa cle s Dislux. En arnltas rn<xlalidaclcs cle entencler l() (lue l.r paciente re latx. cl xnlllista se .leti(,e en l,r rel))tica (le esc clesc() particLlhr,;n juzgltr :,i es aclecrcl< o no la realidlcl. l,er< hay una tcrcera posil>ilidacl qrre nos
a rientar a ilr pacientc 1 intcrr()ganc acerca cle la razn clc su inrtrrlso.
str intptrlsiviclacl. clncl<se cuenta cle sus lintitci<nes. Llnll seguncla ()PCi{;o sc_
a
pone a ctrlrierto rle los ricsgos <le pretcnclcr (.onvcfiirnos cn :irl:litr<s clel senticlr de lealiclacl y que c()nsistc cn ex.uninxr (le h tc_ -in(lepen(lientcutente mrtica clel cleser, de su aclecurcia)n () n() a l realiclacl- Ia firnna en cuc la pxcicnte rcxcci()n:r llcnte I ese clesco, el vncuk quc estaltlecc c()nsig() lllis_ tna. lis lqu clonclc el "por qu cil..j, ) Dt( tr,ng. ) quc lllEtcr (tl cstts c()s:ls?, a(lruiere toch sLl intpofiancja. Es cl tont cle r<lio k que n()s p()nc s<lltrc- la pis ta cle clue se trata de algo crLe poco tiene (lLc ver con la cptx(.ia)n de luc aqueJlo cr-re clesea colrplar n() sea pefiincntc. para que se vea la clitcrtniil, la paciente pcxL'a habcl clichc: .Casi r)le rlrct() cn otro problemal n() cst()y en c()n(lici()nes rle coltprar ese ()l)ieto, corr el iesg<t de repetir uil \,lcjJ (()n_ cltcta". lls clccir. halcrse ()pLes):l su clesco pero sin atacarse. Fln clunbio. l< que hacc el lrmin() .hace", pues se trat cle una accirin que la -enfatizant<s ticne a elh lltisuta (()x) ()l)jct()-, lo que hace es agrcclirse. Bs unx sitrlcia)n eqrrivllente, en cuank),elaci(in initps(luica, l aquclla ()tra dc natrraieza in_ tcrpels()nal t:n que un nio piclicr.e alg<l clificil cle ser otorgaclo y uno clc los paclres reaccion:rftr con <clit <licinckfer ;l()nto, c(iDx) se te ()cLrrre estol". Se lrata (le un cucst()nilllricnt() que va l))is ll r:le ese <lesco en l).rrticuhr y qLlc :rprtnta a la iclentidncl clel sLrjerr en criLnt() sel.cleseante. L() que existe es una tlcslegititnacin clei ser y, soltre krckr, el utilizar una excus.t racirnal inn-kr clecur<l< tlel rleseo-, pere p<xler enculrrir el ocli<> al sujeto. l'ln cl Ctrso cle nuestr.l paciente, el ticr estnrcttr.al, v el punto cle inter ven( i(-)n terilputica con fierz vivencill, lo constitlyen n() el anilisis <lel por_ <r,r sc Jc ( )( rn-i(i ( ( Ulra r el ol>jeto o clel proceso cue d posteriori le l\izo de_
.lirr(). pero es qLc r))c pasq n./ia!ldnt;. Lntonces le Lligo: ,ln iag uti s| uliliza par. l()s delincuentes". Sonre y c<tll. icnzl it visluntbrar qtre l1l cucrili()tl , ( nlr'lrl es la fotlta rltre ell:t tienc de disciplinttse. cle nonnativizarsc y (.1\ti rrrrsc lt-tccliante la autoagresi<in cutnck hace algo que considera !n trirns 1tr('rsi(in. Aparece. a c()ntinuxci(in, el recuer(l() cle trcs erisoclios vivicks r.n Lr rclrrtir-rn c<ln su peclre. epis()cli()s cargacl<ts clc ()di() mLtL(), cle l<>s ctrrles trt. lirril a rn() cn (lue ella. siguie'nclo un cltlin() inclcpendiente y opucsl() :t l, r 1s g" el cleseo clcl paclre. se encrentra (()n lx respuesta ftrios clel rris rt). ([len resuclvc c.rstigrlx y pri!arla (le ciefi() (r)ict(), venclinclol<t, oltjt,t<r rrr| t lle arnalra. l,1l respuesta cle la lxciente fire ultren.lzar con destrozar el ()l) l(f(, lo rue no nrc cale <lrrcl, c()n()ciend() ()trrs c()n(lLlctas cle ella, cr.rc cs lrl)ir l)s()l!tantcnte dispucstlt a hecer- antes que <lcsprenclerse del llislt. El cxarnen clc lo viviclt en le sesir-n !l c()t)licnz() cle sta rcltrci<-rrr rrrnsigo DrisDra 1ls c(nr() el significacl<l clc k>s tres episo(lk)s-la exlrnlinll(l()s I)('nriti(i tral)rjxr c()n lx pxciente crinxr l antenaza. cl cxstigo, el <tclio sr fi ' nrs supery()ices l>ajo lls cu;rles tiencle a regulal su (lese(). l-o que rcpit(,(l(. rrtncr clarsinta en llr tensferenci, (ulln(l() se tut()Ireglrla c()ercitivat)(.t'tl( l)1rr irp()nersc cl cumplir iento clc las [eglas anxlticlls. L]ste ejempl() rr()ri (oncllrce a int-()ducirn()s cn la clifercncia, qLc c()nside[t!lt()s significativ. (,rl trc clos rrrtclaliclacles (le fLrnci()n.lrrricnto clel strpety<'): \n stpe4) jlo^mditt) y Lrn slpc|Xi ittcl(ctt:ttcudo stlit, tt fin dc cxarninur srs firflIas cle tLrnits 1ci(in. sLls c()n(lici()ncs cle gnesis y, espccialurcnte. s! estntctura.
Supttyri ronuLtv() y supER\' Nr)l FI.tR ItNct^Do
I
,l(1i( nc y tras Lrn ln()lnent() cle rcflexirin, para recuperar el recuer(l() (lc l() (,x lx ril)cnta(k) haca unrs prros segtrnclos. tne resp<tncle, con t()n() .lscrti$).
Hn Ia Ccnferencia X)C(Ill, cn l <1r,rc sc qncuentra h clescripciirn ntis ltalacle solrre la estntctur (lel supery(i, l.-liju(l ( 19331)) difcrcnci entre clistintls xctivades que l() ($nfi)rrun: a) la filncin (lc iclcel, rue correspc>mle a krs iclctrles y no t'us con respeck) t los ctles cl srjek) c(rlpxra sus c()nductas, sls (l(seos, sus (listint()s atrilrutos fisicos, llrorxles () ntentales, y qrre prescriltn rnrr r
se delrc ser; 1) la fincirn de aut()()l)serv'acia)nl c) lx c()ncicncia crtica, que (tn)
ttastanck las mrmas e icleales cr>n las representlrciones clel sujel t1Lrt. istt -lo analogirr. ctee se frrrula clict,ulenes, y castil () prcnti.l. Estatrlecienclo una
I
AVAN(]IJS
I]N PSI(]o'I'E'RAPA PSI(JOANA TICA

jLez
t.A
M()l)ltjl(lA(ll(iN'f Iil{Al'u1'lcA Dlil' stlPlill\'(i
1'9
'lrcs linciones intcrrelacitnaclas clel superyi>. qLe se conciici()nan rrrutarrcntc pcro quc es nt:cesitrio clifercncier_ Volviencl< ll sil <lel juez: el c(rcligo rcL ser (letxlla(l() y exigente a nor)las e i<lealcs elevclos -equivalente cn cl cils() clel srrpery<-r- per() sielrrpre c-l jtrez poclr:'r, a sr vez, ser rrs lenvolo o uis scve() ilnte el aprt:lutiento p()r pxrte clel sLrjeto <le la crnclucta <r rrtsgo lcseal>le. Acleris, lsi ccro hay jueces cllre se ajustan p.rra su senten ci.r ll c(i(ligo cxistente, ()tf()s. (]n curnl)i(), se clesllenclen clel c<icligr I o lo vln
crelrncl() a su arlitri< para establecer Lln (lict.lnten qLre sLrrge exclusi!.ut]cntc lu prlir dc su dcse(), 'n!)cl)lrs \.cccs rulrcaclo po:-el <clir. I)e tlera similer, cxisrcn prclrt,s <1ue vigilan las concluclas de sus hij()s las cvlxn c,n firnci<in dc cieflxs n()nuas y, cle acLrerckr a tLrc el hijr> ctrmpla '. o nO con stas, Ie ace:r txn V aman (). por el c()ntrxri(). le rechazan v ctstigan. L.s n(.)rt111ls .rrxlrin scr clcvarlas. la tolerancit ll apartantienk) tinitlra, pe) siet)tpre se atrrc la posilriiirlad pera el nio cle crut'rplir con ellas pues ls nonlas si cxistcn y le res I)Lrestr at-ectivl clc kts paclres rlepencle cle c<iro cl hijo se acl:rpte :r aqLrllus. ll.l) ()tlr)s parlres. en cambio, que r>clian al hijo. llltienclr <ucclaclo stc instrtluclo. <lcscle el nx)ltlenk) r'nisnro cle su n(inticn) r> ptro desrtrs, crral(luicra qlre sca la causa, en ()l)iet() cle su <clit. Pinsesc en esos parh-cs en rlui('res sus pcrturl)acj()nes profirnchs. L insatisf)tccir-n, Ia angustia y Ia itn entre las culrlcs l:r xrsihilicla<l clc lidir c<tn las clentanclas rle l rerlitlarl -{lc despiefitn tirle clcl ltijo puede c()nvcrtirsr en carga al)rLln.ul(l()rael ()di() rllis l)riltlitiv(r. En cskrs cus<ls, lrage l<t <ue hxga el ni(), ifclusr> no hat.iencto na<llr. ese pache <t rruclrc penLrrlxrclr:s. al pr>slr ll mirada sobrc el hijo, le hlcc \(ntir ste todo el iDtpacto cle. srr rxlir>. Nr> hay une n()rDla que >rccccla ul lLri(i() c()nden:ltoi() sin() (lue cxistc un sc, el nio, cue queda investi(l() (lcl r('(lrirz() lrten()rizante. Incluso, la infiilcc.ir-n a la nr>rma <uc xrdr:i llegar a lealiz:rr scti sirnplemente l rxcus pirfir l (lrs(.xrga ttel rxlir> parcntat en (.()ntr;
c icleeles ser'an etrrivllentes al cxlig<t baio el cLral tn c()ncicncia crtica- dictara scnt..nci.l.e
lrrs norrlus
-la
ltlgt'ttros rrl)n(]. l)cr() stc logratl Jliltnz'r. si se s(n1lete'J slls illlx )sici( )ncs' olrstsivos cie()s cn t'elll()s lr' clue Es Pll(ientcs plz interirrr tlt'l cltscrr' '',i1,,t. ",,it-.f. ,,,,,,,,',.,.. ,r.,li"nt. Lt rttttaltzrtr.'n ie stls viclas, ei lccrrojlunicnt() (l( ' :;, :.';r,,..' (l( .tl( Jn7.rr ttn nivel '-lc etrrililrri".h'rlo h h 'rrlr l'1"tt.-'' " lil rllninu ijs l)()l lngultir I l tul cl>scsir.r,.n ,,,,,.1 .],rrrr,, caractelopata
,.l.il.'...,rrliirr-,n.]ir,.t,,,,. qLre c()ntinulrnenre rienen q.e hucer l()y dcl suicto .,,,r.rvc) cuan.lt, Ir rlfrccicl,r L-stc slltisfllce lr que se L'sptr] -'] tttrt''lt'r cl,rrlttir trJn(ltrllr, llr'trrtlr'ti'rcl' ,,,.'. "' ,,u..1,,ir'.t 't. ..r"fî ., 1" ,.-l"ai';n (lcl stljet() consig() nlisnl() es l)tlsicanl(:ntc (lc
,,.1i,r, .1.: ,echaz,r, de
'l () kr rtte stt r.',,,rt".,,r', (trc sc Iu c.rliz.ILl() irenle a los cclatrtos clel srLPe)'(ii
rfrcntlrrs:rl
.,r,r.,, .r.
en cLlcntlnl !(-'ncicnLi crticlr (ltle se clL-sprencle (le.tcner (\)n ()(li() tlc uirarse ,., ,l;;;;rr,,t .l-,,.t.rl.. pr".",-,lllccitks EI sttjeto' p'trtienclo (' inll(l(' lllal() (()ns(Iuirli inntrnlcraillts rePresent'lci()nes (lc s luisl)lo c(nll() l 5ll nl,ls (livers()s' Estlls rcPrcscntacionc dc s llisnl( tl'Jt.l Lle .l.,,"1,, aa k)s terrcn()s
[sti(lio, no hxy ct11\Plimitnt() con.norlllss <ue le tlcic
(lLlcl-ct]r()s insisfir es en qtlc la ttti (l(te se vayan constituycntlo: cs t l .,,af" fi ra,if prece(le !l las t'e presel-ttrtcioncs Io (l!le c()nstr!ye hs rel)t(' lLrncionrrr titliantk, lll intencionalicllrcl eglesiva' Estt lo pocleuros c()nsll tr tclio' clel ;;,;i,;,-t.. (l!re vln lcni(rl(k) csl rlar(1t nl(n)lento rlc trlnqttiliclltr'lr s()l() (lLlicncs tln n() hlty .., rt.,.ll,rs prr.i.nr.,' en (()si:() nrisnl()s' a1:rc'rt1d()s( ' instisJecll()s :i;,;;;,:. .,,l,i.,.1;''. ,,nrlg''..l'^ ffatll (lc e\ll p1t 'trlt{r_l!lresi('n' \- n'),s(l ltl\llti''lr lrttscanclo cttxlqtlier cxctlsx r''''t ( I (1'llli ' r'"lllrll5cnJ clt l lrl ,,,.,r,,.,,.,,r,,,, ' --, 1 r,, lttl.t.rncl" (l ' t I I I ' I I ) (l (()n ti<'n( stlpery l)lir ..,1r"r,1,, cl suict(), identificlr'l() .in,, i:i ".,.,,.L,,.t.1 trntr'rnckse cirlr si li'erl ttn <tro' I)ifctenci t'nlrt ckrs irra.r". sLrfiir. a.', I "., I)l'r:i rlll)\r)rr I 'lcl y'r' s:ttlisnxr tlt l nr>cllirlecles tlt stfriltliento iLt(-!irlt'ligrLI p()r l'rctr(l y (lLrc'(r)n\iLlL'r'rrr)()\ (l( SrJn rel.\:ancia clri ;.;:;;;,,t';;r,,.i,s
,.2, ."lllirltcnt,,ra,,, cl rtlit>. Ielrr en lo tlttc
I t
I i
t rr
I'ctd. 1924a).
sult:To C()Nsl(;() l\llsMo
t[ l hijo.
Alrtr' lien, crenclo sc intcri()l.i(.en, ute(lianfe ese pr()ces() coluplejo crr <trt' iltten'ienen la pulsir->n, la rclicltcl erteri()r. Ix fantitsa creati\,.1 clcl suiet() (lLr( ln((-p()ra morlificrnclrla. c(ru() l)art( cle su pr.opia pr uccirn terntiticu. :r l,r l:urtltsil rlel otrt. cun<i< se inieriol.i(cn cst()s tipos tie rinculrs rlrre uc.ahltrrrs <lt'rrenciona y sc est&lctLre el superyr poclr:in crearse d()s rrxxlalitlaclcs I'rlr, l.rs r r.lcs r.,l srit.lr, 'e rr-l.tr.ltln:r r,,n.).1,, t)t\nl{,: tnr. cn il( Un \Ul)(.ry(, \ gilnl(. il(el)(, vuk)r'a o clcspecia y (.astig ricgn se crrnrpla c()n lls n() ltas. LI srlrt '\r'r -xrclni ser scvero, inc[s() aplastar xl sujeto con hs limitatirrnc: qur.
l)rl(.r(ri(r.r (rnr1, n()rrrl e i(lcxlr h n.xrDri prcscit)c unr con(tuc:t llat() l;l co,ir.iuIl cxrcrr r l,.r,l:r rrrlnir7 tle (r\rig()i no cr rur rck1ll ar.r r:tstrjtrr) cu!.(, fLrnplilDicnr() lr hig,r \'rlr\.rlr^,' l\\lnras. lir n()nDr p(xhj psur x s(,r i(lc1lizxd.r y en()nces su (unrpliDienl() ser:l l\\(.r,1,,t,,.tr.1rr.rrili(.r(.(nrclullrrLrkl \(lpcr} Lx i(l(.rli7.r.iiin c: un t)ro.(so ((npl(r)..,r) (h. ( u\,s (kl, r,rrr.r,rt(.s rs cg;rr Lr liusln(i{-)n que cl cLrntplinricni() de Il norma nnplic:r
lA
Rl.tt-Artt(iN trEl-
')l
c()nsig()' Pcse il n() ser cn al)s()lllto Qtre el sujcto estxl)lccc tlna tclx(i(')n l):rsc (lc til;t'o 'l' d elb(192f) r.rn" i oirn lr$evrr n psic( )'.tnitlisis -qstli yrr en llr l()s tralxtj<;s tle H()rney ( lc)50)-' h1r teni(l() sin ern;':i,;t;."i.' .*P,rest; en (rnrl() sosticue li()11 " Nrl h siclo clectltcllmenlr"rg,, ,,n .lc.arr',,11,, qLle. )lllintnte en nlests fi)r te ioncertLralizeclt) y n() Plllcce ser Lln clclllsnto Pl'( c()m(), clellier:t serl<' Ial. rrulaci(rnes interPretativils 'l ntlcstr()s PcienLes' clel cumplimien ii,,rif,,.. f S*,, ir,ig.'it). l.,t clividxd del sirPcrvi' -vigilartci cjerrplitica intlacctr-nlrt ante ir.i" n,rr',", . i.i."1". y san(iones t', 1.'.."ii'n relacj()o cn uDa cst' sielllprt (lci quc srl;cto' Lrnl dc ls l))iltiPles escis()nts cll R(rl'cin nlltntener' perstln:ts clos P()(lrltn a.rrr.,, ,rrf""", sirnilr a l:r <tte s(' se incitll (lisctllPa' castiga se sc i, qu" hlllh si nlisol(), se 'nlenaza, "a
is{}
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ltN pst.().t.lilt^ptA pstcoAN^Ll'I(_A

I,A MODIIJICACIN'I'IiR,\P]U'fICA DI]L SUP};RY 2lt
1
I )irl( )g( ) illeri(n.. t(fallrente in.onsciente lir ntayora cle lr. ueie", aunqLe en (flis ()(.lsit)nes pre(la tomar la forna cle autoffepr()ches rnanifiest()s. Iisl() l)s petrrite encerar, ahora c<n lllis elel.ltentcts, la c<nparacion en_ l( tn s14),/'),(i tk)mldtito y \n supatlt i ttclilet encihckt. En cr,"nt,, .t\ supctl, nt)t'uktlt\). cl icleal clel yo tiene existenci.t pt.opia y l instncia crtica utiliza uetr<rs cle comjarr.i,-,r,. r,.,,i.,ir,,, en t() (tre l::.1:l:ll-::: r( nlrn.nti,\ sttpr|v i Ji,tetrciado h insttncia crtic.l se c()nviene en l.r .r(t()ri(litcl arltitraria qtre se clesentiencle cle cualquiel norntativiclrcl. La instan r iir cli(:, irnptrlsacla p()r h psin-t, crerir o llcclillca lrs icleles y las nor_ nr:rs. Volviencft r smil usacro nrs arrirra. actuar a la ,.rrrn.ra .r.-l jrez de un l:sl(l() t(fxlitrrio ([le tiene (lecidi(la ]u sentencia antes.lel <1ue ha1,a Jt,i.ii,,, n()r'r)rit () c()rresp()nclencia que restrinj su ltccic>n, "in sienck jrrez_legisl:ickrr e1.e ( rt( x . I)(T(). srl.e kxk, ejecut()r que ol)ticnc placer en .l a.t,, rlc,l castigo.
(ll(1(;t(.r)tc x :lc(.i()nes grentli<tsas ltaj<t pr<nesas cle gratificaci(ro nalcisis_ l.r, :r(. l)l-()\.c(,rlc sltisfacciones corp<>rales a la ntanera c pacl.es inc[llgentes o s(. ni(.r-iil il(.tivan)ente las ntismas _conto en la anorexia, por eientplo_.
rlr.r st. rr;rs I)rin)iti\1) () utis evolrrcionaclr, ut:i" aerea,r, lrar,r an tarakr ar"r, n,, ls ri|rlr,rl. r's rlrr.ir n< c()nstituve rna posici(in iclcnificaicria tlnci<nal clescle l,r ru.rl st..;rl.rr:r .t l)ri. i\l srrltlto antei cle jLrzgar.lo fr", fr" n,r,rre" ciel irle:Ll.
tr,rrr.rs,l() liren <lcsnreclirllrs, cru< resrlta<k clel interiucg() entrc estts tr.cs ,,'n,lr,tr,nr..s(\trtrrtltr.tnl(s:rrtrr,ll,,rrrc.sr,rk,srrr,,ll(l *.r" ,,n.,,1ra,a,,.1,,,. tr lrrr. :ll sui(t() c()ll() ()l)iet() dr,,(lit,. El snEry(, n(,r.ti\(r, -r sL vez, p()
l(xl() (.s instncia crticn, crecm<rs con\ enientc rlen(Ilinrkr supery inclife_ r|n.irtrl<r. Acleruirs, porlretrros hahlrr c[- \t!/r(,t1r; inl i/a,ti,] tL.rct,l,i sclict <.Lt;.tnrhr lo rrre rkntina es cl placer clc ,,tlirrr., I>,rrqut .i.rrp",1r,, p,r.iria .cr inai_ l, l'r.rr. i.t1,, p(,r1,. (1rlt(, en ej r..ls,, .l.l r,,.,11,,..,,. n,, ,,ri,,, l,t ,1, i,.,,,, n;,.,*,,r., rrorrrr sino (lLe pls: e lclntirar jnc()n(iicionalncnte. h:iga lo'crre haga ci su_ ,( l(). Al lcspcck). <1ue se sucla cie<.ir.cue en cl nranaco hey Lrne firsron entlc r'l trr v cl srrperl,<-r se clel)c enten(lci cxchrsivamente a,rrr,, ,r.i,if,r., y n,, t orr tlcsc.r'ipr.in igur()sx pues en el alrrclc cxhil>icionistl (iuc rcllizll, lntc sr risl)x) y ks tlers, c<lnsetva la represcntaci<-rn clel yo conto enticlarl crre es , ,l't(1{, (l(, I:r rr-lr:rliz:rr i,',n tlel rulr,.rr, , St.rrxlrlr cae en la tent.l(.i(in rle consirlcral cuc el stearl(i in.liletcnciu_ tht5il.1,.5 nrils prir)titi\.() cue el nornrativo, .ni,,.i hul,i.,ii Ln lnra ev<_ Lrlivil. i n)islltl pitra )(l()s l()s srick)s. cn <ue cl supery<i al <rciia ll,','\rr(1,rltt,nl( r lrreg,r p.i.i..r jtrZ.rr p,, r,1,,r.'y q,,. fdnc.4tio 1,, .tii.,a.n,,., .n tr(. l()s (lrc ticnen un supery't inclilcrenciackr sclict y a,n,, n,r,_rr,,t,r,rr a,,nria lir ril (,n (lLte l()s prinrcl-()s cuerler<tn fli(los un estacli, ,r,e no evolLcion<j. En h rlirllrl st trtlr cle clrs linees sep.rrrrd.ts rlc clrsrrrrllo 1"" qu. ,. l" ( slru(lu[t.i(')n tle un tipo r otr< "ru.rr..n clc \Up(ryr,. f]n rfecto, sr el n,<, no fire ocli rl rI s<k cl principi.. si su pnri, agrcsivirle<l ptrlsi.nal () la rexctiv ntc l()s
l)f(,(isxn)ente pctr Ia falta cle clif-ercnciacion ene sll)estl.ucturils, p()lque
((nllo lo acal)anx)s clc c()nceptuxlizlr, con cl c()ncept() kleiniano cle supcryr prinlitivo (Klein, 195i1). l'ara Klcin, crlt consecLenci del itrtpulsr, rtgre'iur ya en los c(lienz()s cle l vicla se pone en llarcha la resptlesta clel sLlpery. lll supery(-) al que consiclera Primitivo all)enllz.l con cl clestriPallliento, pcr() siempre com() respLlestil a algrl que fantasca) () hiz() cl stliek). El srlistrlo clel superyr esfribara en h cleslllestlr.l c(,n (lltr al\tigrl, Pt]r'| P('r un-l intjattin 1l la n()nr.l. Klein lo dentlinllr.i s,l(lic() talll)in. l() ver.i colllo puto cttltivcr clel instin cle Intterte. pcro sietllprc es segtlncl() ticll)po con rcspeckr a la inflacci<in. Fln cunk).1 sLt origcn, lo crnsiclen c(nll() l)ilsicilnlente intern(): lruy()r intcnsic]x(l clel itttrlrlso .lglcsiv(), nrxXx lgtesiviclacl clel srrpcry'-r. 1 xgresiv() y resPtestrt clel stlperyr clerivanck slt ftterzl clel lll)l)()s -(lcse() (le instint() lnLertc. l\)r nuestrx pllrte, n()s ubictltos clel latlo cle los ctte ven unlt clialcticll rtrcho rtlis conrpleju, cn qlte la agresiviclacl clcl sttjeto. inclttso h innxta' requiclc. para crnfiurar al sttreryt-r sa'tclic<l. clc Ia aglesiviclatl cle los paclres. sienck t'l <clir clc ('slrs tn r'ltriable cttc ilLlt()rcs c(1)() Piera Atllegnier ( 19ll'i) tLtar<r-t clc res(atur (le llt reptesicin tea)lica. O(li() cle los pltclres, clc ttno l clel ()tr'o y n() s(il() cle kr rlr.tc sc llatrta l ntl(lre lll()rtfr en cse icleolrlgizltciirn de l.l te(xi psi( ( )an1rltica cuc urn la seleccit-rn (le cicrts tle nominltciones perlt 1o <1r.rc son firn<iones intprcgna (lc senticl() illlitginxri() l()s c()ncePt()s uraclte flica..., y por tlui' no prrche f:ilicol til lrrltl clel ()tr-o en h c()rrstitLrcia)n del stryreryit es (le(isiv(), es ()tl-o x(ltllt() (lLre cuan(l() lc inrpone al nio srts inlPc.lltix)s lt hltce, sL vez. P.llil llscglF lrr tlue k> repritrtickr cn i'l no etne{a: ....estc (flo c()lllPtcst() y lllarcado por tln
!lput() psquic() cscintlitlo cntre l() c()nsciente y l() inc()tlscicnte l)lecistrlcnte, p()r estxr rlsi c()nslitui(l() el t{r aclttllo, ste no ptteclc sct clttco crllrlpleto cle l sitttaci<-n y, cnk)nces, te h<r <le ltcn(lcr y cle cuicll ltl stljet() inttrnril (nl() lrrenk) qte se cxrltctcriz.t rrl ttnlt especial lellcti!ilci(in (lc stl Pr()Pi() rro(k) "inIlrntil, clc firncirnar-) n< tcnclrit ttt-ts rcrttctli< (lLe opcLlr acuclicncl< x Lln(-'r' ill)per-alti$)s cate!(-)r'icos <tte lc rcltsegulen c()ntral l() in(()nsciente replittliclo tr c()ntril la er(]rflcncilt <le lo rtrlsional, ((itrtiflez Terrazs, 1996). lrnpclxtiv()s cxtef(-)ric<ts tlcl otro ctte, ctrtnk) n)al xrl)itlllri()s sexn, lrlals terrninatin pefiUrltancl< l .l'o la t-lli.l.xl. En efeck). (ltl suceclc si lJ tllir'nlrls llgurils signif icti\'ats cle las cr.tles rtovicnc llt rrollillicirn arllittlli rlel clesct s()n. silllult.inexnlcnte. lls <1ue intr<clttcen el scnticlo cle rcli<lacl, las qlte alertlLn. incltLso clec u:lclarIIcntc, sol'lrc los >cligrrs tttc prrvientn tlc sta'l El <lposicir)nisur() lt krs manclukrs lrl)ilrari()s ltllltlcati el scnti(l() (lc lcaliclacl: el stricto. pant desprcnclerse clc ttn sttpcryil <ltle vivc c(r)lo injust() () salcli($ r'('( lr7.lral cl .lr tk' rc'aldul <uc ha rr,teclaclo firsitnact<> ctn l Mirs ln. Ia co:rlt'scencie ytpatl\i-.1\) .le rcolitlaLl incirlirii para cLte la rcalidacl, inclttso aqtlella <ue re51111919 la cr.re le lirllita-. sc senticll sultr funeflc iosa para el sujeto - c()m() ilrl)itraria y a la qtte ltay tttc <>ponerse. El llrltzo tlrtc algttnas personas hacen clc h rlurginlli(la(l ----cnlcnclitle sta en sentid() artlplio: urarginalitlltcl
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,i.,.::;';;,,;.lacl huyc clcl (.r\liJt(,lr.r,'ril.rgr.:rnrli,,:rrl.rrllr.i,,..1 inrn,,rrrrir,,,.r"*;;1,:;;.;;.:;;.,; "'r'"., ll:rl trnrr rlifi,renc.ia entre esrc tir, clc_ lrenthros r;r."r,r,l;;; qre ()l)iigiln 'r l.r,gr',rrr,li,'srrr:rrr 1rr vrn, rrr,, qrr.rrnis p.rcrrc. n.rrri.iz.rnte\ rrrnr(.n(.n,,n srs lrij()s. rrcrnianclo c()n su (lnur:l(i(in f,rr,r,,,", .i,r"ir.i',1.' .L p,r..r r,,._ ( i\i\r.r, ,1)n r,r (rrrj "r" acJ,,*J;;,,i;";, irrnLrr\-rr.rn <1ue sre realice frrraseerr;rs .r, l.\ (tu(.:rnrir ip.r el Irt.rrr.r Lte I.r ,r'.,n,ri,,ri lnr. n,,,;'1,; ;,ji,r,,; (.s r rr).r (.\ lx,r|r, r.r I,rrr.rri.r rlL.rhL.t,r,l.,.hinriti.,,.r,,n,,,r,lr'r:,,i,f..,'i",,.1r..r
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( n lan) estnrctrlra estable. y el -'o itleul <1:l.e se c()nstituye en k)s lnolnenk)s ( n (lue el iclcal clcl yo coincicle con el yo. Chasseguet-Srrirgel ( 1975) seala
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rrtt clifcrcncia entre Llna tinlacin en cllrc el narcisisl'r1o aparec'e satisfecho la llm icleal clei yo- 1'el superyr-r. Pcrr con trna cftr)le clifelen(i.r c(rn rc lrr< i<-rn a l-agachc: unll. ternrin(r(igicu ---<len<rrina icleal del yo il l cstrLctura tttc cn Llgltche corresponclere el yo icleal-; la segrrncl;r, cle orclen conceptLrl: cl icleal clel yo sera unit ()rganizaci(-)n ctre sc f<nra scgn esta aut()r.l eslo qrre rec.llca . sin particip.rci(in clel extelior. por trna l)()ntalncamente -es rrachracirjn clel nio qrre trata dc lcclrptr.rer le perfecci<in nrcisist cle llr cue vozir. no c<lmrartiencit> l:r iDrportancia (llre I-agache le ot<trga a la intersubjclir icicl c<nc eslrLctLuunte, especiall)tentc a la i(lcntificaci(in con la figrtra J:r:r rentrl iclerlizacla. Lacan, al tlill'rcnci,tr cl 1o idaal clel ilectl del )r. clicer .LIn<r csl rn cl plano cle lo inxgin.rri(). )' cl otl() en cl pleno cle lt situb<ile, r -l 'r (luc la txigcnci dcl lch lktl(iLlet l clel yo) encuent,:! su lrrgar en cl conjunto tlc las cxigencils clc la ley-, (l,acan. 1953-1954, prig. 15.1. cl agregado enlre pri,ntesis es nlestr)). liclith .flLc<>bsor-r ( 1964) tiunl)in postula trna clara rlili'ren(ilr entre el itlell clel yO rcprcscntxcin clc la pertecci<->n ntrcisistl\' el srrPcryri. cspc(illrcntc clcsclc el punto cle vista r:rrlutir,o ror la priotirLtcl cltl .lrinrcro (r)n respect() el sc'gr.rncLr. atrntre progtcsivluncntc sc \'t inItgranckr cn cl sistcnr clcl sLrpery<i me<liantc un ckrble proceso: clcspersonili cci<-rn n()nnlls se van htcientlo ll)stftrctlrs cleslignclosc (lc un pcri,,,nJlc -llr cue sera rno<lclo- 1, ntoclificecirin tcllliica haci l'cstricci(ntes cn plrrti(Lrhr rlc tiro uotel. cle crrtrrl clc la agrcsivichcl. cle l<s clese<s cclpicos incestuosts. (ilto vem()s n() lray cointiclencil termin()l(-)gicit cn le aplicucic-rn cle las tlcnorinciones vo i<k,:rl e i<leai rlrl yo. N()s(fr()s. p()r ntlestn l)iltc. nlars ('cr(rn()s :r le posi, ir'rn <k, l-agache. Itenrrs <lcn<rnrinnxs.l\) daal al (\)njunt() cle inriigeo<-s cle Jrrfcccirin r1ue.c vrtlt crr-tsttttl,cnrkr c<rtto rcstll:tck cle lrn r/l'.sc itsr td.lliz.tlttc gLriaclo por la idculizcitin <ue el sr.rjeto hace clc s urislxr (lJleichrla, 1978). Es clecir tlue rrtr.rell<r cn lrr crre lracctxrs hir-rcllpi n() es en el prrclrrcto (4 .lo ide sino - las en el estad() rasionlLl rlcl sLjct() (llre vu sele(cknnrl< ten(lcnci()sxlrrcnte uigcnes (lLlc llscgrren su sentinli(,nt() <le pcrlc'ccirin nxlcisistx. C()n csk) (lLlcl-t'nI()s l-r'nurcar cl c()nccpk) cle intencitnaliclacl inconscientc inrpulsacla p()r lui cst.r(l() pasi(mlrl. En cl r'rs< clcl yt iclcctl. lxt un estlr(l() de enum<rlricntr clcl srict() cn tlue tocle crticu es slrspcnclicle Su <tuesto scra el .q(llr'o lcl .l\) itlal<1Lrc va sicncl< rrnstrLrirkr, txtrrl)ia'n lenden( i()salllente, p()l' cjcrtrplo pol cl paranoico fespect() xl ()tr(). () p(n-c-l tnelant<ilict, cugeclo cle lL1(n)(li(). c()lll() irlllgrn clc si nrisnr<. () sca qur kl pl.(rpio cle lu constnrcci(n <lel .lr idaul < dcl ttc4cttirtt dcl .t't elctl .t ste kr clcn<niral()s txrr)l)ia'n -)ro dattigrtrk cs cl tipo cle cliscurso cLre krs ve c(rlstitrycncl(): el jrricio. clcci di(Lt d prri, sientl hs blrscs xrrr qlrc sc vaya afinlando l:r Jtcrfccci, ,n o, pr, cl <cntrerio. l xl)s()luta inrpcrfccci<in clel strjetct. !ln el clrs() clcl discurs< (lrc- va c()nstrLycnclo las reptesentacit lnes clel su-
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(lrl ()rigcn ),Lles.lrr()ll() clel srrlrcrl,,. r,rn 'Dstrucci(in hiskiric:r tr xk r t l velor cluc ilcal)arll()s de ac()r(h[, es uno (le los trcs pilares lcrros r l{r'los rlrrc se sienta cl lLniilisis (lcl upery(i. LOs rlos clos tLnscrrrt n en el :rrrri 1'elrola. -\()n. p()l Lrn l:tdo. cl r'tcrtlo <lrre el p:tCiente r)lilntien( L,n\ig,, rruso rlrrrlnle el trenst ttso (le l scsi(in y, l)('el (rtf(). cl (Le cstill)c(e c()n ( t('lll)clta. Respcct() al \ incu() consig() rllism(). u(luelio (llre ()rjcnl.u.r nLrus lrir r)l)ssrvcia)n, tel cor]]O lo erjerpliflc.lDl()s al ((mricnz() cic cste clptr.rkr, ser t l < xrrrttinltr c(lnl() cI p(cr)Ic ve rrcckrnanckr, scgunclo tr sc{Lro(l(), rnte s\r r()rio tlrscurso. tr-rnro sr irtfcrrunt)c sin peflIitirsc tellllitlll un? li-rsc, r, rrL ' rnl('r(eptx str rlcseo cn el o)(mlellk) cn qLle sulgc. c|t() sg irtlcil. Iislc rirtukr srrrctyoico consig() rlrisrr() sc cletc,-tlt cn l()s nl(l)ent()s cn cltre cl lrcicntc ( nl-(.(r)rtll su (liscLlrs(). lr:rct' .nr !ral t izarai(-)n :rntes (lc' (\xllplttltr lu fi:rsc <li t it rrLr: "lJuenr.. , claxr r-trc... l)()r'stl)ucst() qu(' ... per()...,. lnclicantkr cl ,Jrttc r)(),, Lrn ( Lcsli()narrriento, cl .rrr sLrl)Lest() qLe, una rlisculra (lLle prcsLlp()ne (lu( (fr'at 1l_sc se l)a cl-trzl(l() cn sLr nrcrrtc cstblcciencl< Llllil l-cslricci(in.'l:lnrlriin:r'<lctc<tl l:r Jrefli< ipar'ir'rn clcl srtircryr-r (Lndo s1l(u(l( l.r r'lrlrczrr.r rtrlitLt rtte helrlu in(licxncio lsi sLl (lisc()nlinrniclltcl c onsigo risr)r()i () cLrntk la ils:rlrslltr'cirjn sc- reflere l:t strl)ucstll irpfccisi()rr c(r'l (l(c lt()s cstal3 tr-lnrsrlrlir'rtrlo strs iclels. F'enrileno cirraat(-rstic() dc (s()s p:rci(ntes (lLe c()ntinuanr( nl( sienlen (luc n() n()s (1)nrLni(iln il(lacuar(ll n rentt sLrs scn( ilui(,r'lt( rs () su I)( rrsrrltient()ri, sin (larse ('ur'ntx <tte rc>r'oclLr< t rr (t)n rcsl)r,cl().r lar nrr)il(]st lior rlt [,slos h lllisrn iusllisfx(ci(in c(n] cuc krs llrrlrcs lc<ilrlrn crrirlcluier ,'r rrlLt, lrt tle cllos. Si algrrnos pil( irnles sc rrolrlr.r tlitlizan c( rltinLill]lcntc xccri rr .1,., si Io (luc (st.in hu<ier<lo cn el trn:llisis (,s l() (lue ltn<lruLo <1Lrr lr.r<rr. si sr' :rrliz:rn l)i(r). si lrxnslDilcn ficlecligrLuncnlc s Drunclo irtttir'. nrr es lxrI ,rr, l,,lt.rg,rrr (l( rrl.rnLt.r t,r\ irr(\.(l.r 'trrr',,1t,,s lr.r, i(nt(..,ltr( nr,li\,n(t (sl( rrltr cl,.' I)rc(x Lll).LCi()ncs sin() l)(11l\l('se Ilrrllan lujo el Icso tlc rl .,rrrr')r
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lirrnncl<r estrlrcturas frn<irnles, pr<>vincias tlel psirtrisnro, v pas a rlcsiglrrllas lxrjr> las rlcnr>rlinacitnes cle ellr>. yr: y strpery. Las clentlin.rt'u rncs rrsrrdas tratalln (le sintetizxr cl crl'tcte nrts gencral clc slts fttnciones, el de rr<nincl<lr conn: cl cll<, c<trt lo que estir r)lis xll,i (lr kr <1ue el sujeto sabe 1 cle sr.r olganizacir-rn racionlti, contc> kr ajeno ll cootlrl rrrlrnrit pLrcri stt p()ti- r resiclc co las licrzu prrlsional rlc ll sexLtl)icl:ril 1' le ar'csivicllrtl. EI yo cr>rnr> (rrirnt() (lc e.ti\ i(larles cr] elto grerlo cle ()4la11izcil)n qrre penniten percil)ir. rccrrlrrr. :r1r:rrtut cieftxs reprcscrt.lcones cle h concicncir. tlitcrent iitr perrc-pcirin clc pcnsalnier-tt(). cuptar signifireciones c<lnvcnckrnles colectivlts, ltaccr r.rso clel lenguajt, crxrtLrlrtr lrt clcscrtrglt pttlsi<ln:rl, c<tst[rtiI leptcscnt.l!'(rnss (lel sujet(), et(. lil strpcryri: ur'tivicltcles clc vigile, ctmpltlr r cprcsentacites clcl stick, (()n nrrxlckrs iL'ulcs, i!zg, (li(l1rDrinr t1u('clcseos son lcitos y cLrlcs r1,,. (IiliL,rf, rrrtlr,rnt'r'rr,r'ri'ilir,rr)r( nlc (i('r't.r\ n,,rrll.r.. (':lslig.rI. r'l('. Rcstltl obvir, cnt()nces, tLrr crranrlo hablan<s cle alh+ .l't y .sr{rr^}' n() sc clelrc >rcsuxrel (lue (()nNtitLryerr entithtclcs-ctsns sirx) c(nl(ept()s l)ilrx rel('rirn()s 1l c()oiunt()s cic ltctivicl<ies clcl psiqttisrtr. (l(e s()n en tiitinlil instlncie ias quc si ticnen c\iitcn( ia. l,as alrrracioncs s()n:r'l)jt-ilrius, xrclran scr (fr:rs. y (()nslitrycn sirrrplcs rec()rtes.le unr t()tli(lir(1, clc llt lnisntir ttuncl qrrc crranekr t(nlnr()s rn c(rtincnte prrletros lr:tccr r.tn tttltpl loltic<. ott't Iritlrogr':rfico. (fr() ()r()l-{riflc(), t<chs ellos clc'.tcrtercltr a los intelcscs particr.tiltres c()n (lLrc sc c<xrli'ccirnan y quc cletefllrinxn <ue vrtrcn h firrrtra y cl tu luro clc ls rclli()rlcs (luc ('n cr(h to() (jte(l;rr (lclir)1it:drs. llstas aetivir,let[s, asi ar:ruxrcllts c()ncepl ua In('nlc en tulinos cle elkr. yo, srrpcryr. gstrn cn !n (r)ntinr() lrtllrnce cle fllcr-zlls c()ntrtpLesrs. [)er() lrilance nc irtrrlica rtre (,n ('icttos rtl(,rt)enl()s algttnls clc es.ls agttlfuct,,n(s ck activiclrles n() t()llren cl nutnclo. plectominen s<rblc ios ()t,-()s )' pasen a set w cattta).fitttctltiul <kttitttttk, dal stlfato. c(rncepl() cn cl rue qursicr.rnros (lctcrrr'i1()s. l)rrl csl)e(iii(rrl() ciclcmos conrcnzltt por clistingLrir lo crre tsl.t irlcrttitlrul rcl)rcs?tlt.tci()uul d\: la iclettlitlcul.lintciotutl. Et el firncirnar tlel psicrrisr':ro se fiurulr reprcser-tta< iones, itlgunls clc hs cualcs s()n representaci()rcs solrrc el sujcto. L i(lcntich(l rcPrescntat krnal es, ent()nces, cl c()niuni() (lc intirgcnes () rcprcscn t.t('l( rnL:s irrttt'ietllcs c In!(rn\(icntes qLlc el sujcto sc hlce rlc s olisrn() nlisnlrrs cuc Je iclcntirl:rcl ltncir>n:tl corrtsrr>ncle l las i( tivi(l.r(les, lrts lrceioncs, rt las litncirnes rrre rellizr csc 'ttjct() en particulr, intlcpcnclientenrente (le carr]() estn represcntlclas, incltts< aLlnque n() estn silnlrtlizacllts. Es rLnir cliftrcncil c()nceptual qtte sc te[acit
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eslalxtn relr'i.naclts e'nrre \r, ,rtr(' r'c p,rLan :r.rrrr-rr. "titidttclcs .i..;,:.:t.l: ls lgrlir.t( i( )ncs Ies(r\.i(i ent(ncl<[ks c(nl()
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na c<rn lrr clistincion quc l,aplunche ( I97()) estxl)le(icrt cntrc el -l'o rcpr(,atttctitt y el .1,o.liLttcrr. El linci>nlr ele) rsicuisro, iDC()ns(icntc prtra cu:tlqrtier sujcto, es equivlente lrl firncirn <le < tltuier irrgrtto: se cllixrren protluctos, se 1-rroducen tr.rnsfin mxci()nes. l)er() el psiquirjl'rx) tiene rLna peculi:rritiacl <1rte Io clistingtrt'
cle crralcuicr'()tl-x ()l'gilniz.rcil)n dc lx rirturilleza: stt pr<x{ttckr represctt{lt -ia s{t l)l' (ion- pue(lc refclirsc ll pr()pio psiquisltro. Esta rePlcsentaci(in, P()
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rrIrgnfico artcukr rle 1949 s()l)re la cficrci silrl)(ilic:1, s()stUV(): .El inronscienl(. P()l el e()ntlxlk), es sictuplc taci ,, r, l'll.lr (x.r(I-lnt<ntv, cs tln extilti() l ls rrrli-rgenes corrx lo es el estt)tg() l ks llirrtenkrs quc lo atraviesan ttt'g.Ln,, rlt.rn funti<in csperificl, sc lirlit:L u irlponcr le1,cs estlu(tunles a eLentcnrs
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(lc rcpresenlar(i(in (luc el sUjet() sc lrace cle s Drism() en talone en l'rcttcl t() fi)rnrxcir)n-llr irn.r.{inxri. illsotil, ntist:rr'- Iliz() (lur Lacirn dcixse t()talmcn te cle lclo tfto sect( (le(isi\'() (le ll tltr IreLtclinlt: tl estu(li() (lcl -t,o /il rcl(i, .
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csclcr'ircl )1)rn t.rnl( ) ltgrLrpl< irin <le finc irr.res (l,xcxn. l95J l9-. 1966). Ms :trin, cl rrlelo tlcl cspcjo. cl rlrrno o cl concrrrt>. rIilizlrtlo trrr I-ecn pt.:] tretaforizut'llt firl]tacir-n (lel v() tcstillr()nix (]Lc lctLt\() rle iste exclusir:rucnl( cl ('ri(tsr clc irn:rgen, <lcs:r tcn< licn<k > ruc plt|tr I-rcrrrl el )r) es eD))in Lln r-geno. un./iirrcirtlr. Pot'csta rc<lucciin rrnr sol< dc los ntltiples scnticl<rs ruc 1c tictrc cn I.r'cucf. Llrcan r,:rl<rrl ix i(lcntill.tr( i(-)lt (()l() cstru(tLtr':rntc clc lrt inrrrgen y c['setcnrli<i (lue tlLtul)in es estrlt(turrnt(' del yt.firtrcttSi ent.ttjz11()s <rrc cl 1'o, rl clkr y cl suretyr'r clesignan lirnciones cs por. (lLte (cen()s (luc ests ugr-up( ir)n('s ptrerlcn scr rrtilizlrds en llr elrciclut.itn citl concelrto cle cauln.fittcittttl drntitttttlc lal s/t/,[o. Elt al.{un()s tl()u1entr)s, cl sLricl.() cn su lin(i()nl csti eittcicn(l() prc(l(n))in:lnlljD)et-ttr ls i(.tivi
clltclcs cuc se it.lr!pitn crDlo ello, nticnttxs (lue cn (ft-()s nt(nl)ent()s ejecttta las :t<tivi<lcles clcl srrreryti <l rlci yo. Huhi-rnrkt rort rrr:is rigor': Iirs rrctiliclucles <rre sc tettlizrtn le ntalut'tt (h)tltl tultt'cll (()s ,?/or?(r?l).s s()n llts crrc sirten pera (llrcterizl[-a Lrna u ()tf'. (lc estlts instn('ias. ()n ll](nucn)s cn <luc las ltctivi-
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.101
AVAN(.II5 IJN PICOl'TRAPIA PSI(-OANAI-TICA
l()s cuesti()n.lllieDt()s ctos () estctia()si p()r k) (ltte [e srtlt.r ltgitirrrr, \(,\t(.n(r (trr(- cl ,t,ntn, liutt,,nttl tluutiu.tult..:,in.s.p,,('. . ell',, .. .ur,* t.rs, x. 11r 1" tl,,mrna, trclrpamlr) pricticalrentc iratr, l" aa.an", cs t:l supery<i, el suicto sc l)l rr)nvurti([() en sLl cnernrcic)n, uinii,, .t .un)pti rl)iq'tt() (le las norls. prrlllle. .rn,.lu. l..,,,,,,.rii".,.,".r.r,I,,',. pa,al,r.r,, Pelo it crlrrlir.ir'tn cle pror))esits clc enrirntl;r.
st,rL.tlrs. r ,r,ii., ,r,,r,,1 , r'\r)\ illprl\('\ r.ler.rfrurer.t.-,les:rrtit.l.i,,n l(1lp,rJI (lcl ,,,p.r1,,,'.n.1 ..nri c[ r 1r1 1s n()sotros henros t<>rackr el ..,n..f,,, ll.l"f ,r",l .f.] i,;.sr,r_. t'tl rlrc cl rr cle realiclacl t lrs frcn.rs:r l:r ltrpulsirrrLcl p.,..,"., ,,n aagu.O,, 'p,,, l)lln(). M(xtlenk) no nlticr sin() rcJl sn qu..f ii.1ri.,,,..i,,.f,, .i,, f,, p"_ sion lurce casi clesap:rret.r"r el sentick cle "u *"f"fr, i, it_rrr,-.i..,r-<,.r, p"rp,r,
(lir(lc,s x(lsc[itls 1, ell(). p()r c,errnlo. son les tue ocuptn \lll(1() (s Jr',_it\ttltLlo sts iDtpttls,rs.rgrr,.i1,,s o nor
rl prinrcr plano: el
CAPTTJLO1'III
PSICOTERAPIA DEL DI,'ELO PATOLGICO
rlcl r|oces<t secun(iari().
Iin cstc r'lrpftrkr r-)os pr()p()nerr()s respon(lcr l lls siluicntcs Preguntlls: (lLrcIi(k) (lLe rnLlrrrj. ;por' <uc :tlgttien (Lrc([r l]j(k) it urr <lriet< xtciirkl -ser (luc (lue pe,llia). rtc. fr'rtluj() olrjeto clc lnl()r abanclorl, . no purlicnclo clejrr clc hlrcel girel sL pensalrlient() y vi(Lr en)()ci()nal r!-r lorr():ll nrisnr()'1, por qtl no ructlc ,''int tr larse 1r un mlev() ()l)j('t() cultncl() lir rcali(h(l sc l() presenta c('l1o clisponible'1, tlrr condiciones se tenclrltn qtte m<rlificar',v (lu c()nstittrir1, cn c( )nsccLlen('i:r, cl eje clel tlatunlicnr(), pul qlle el sLjet() srPere str fijaci<in al ohjcto pcrrlicloT stili s()n ls cucslioncs rue clcscle I)ttc\' \' tllclrcolano de jrrn cle estinrLrllrr li invcstiga( ia)n rsicrrtnltlitica (Flcutl. 11)lr: (irinberg, l)6J Hlgr:rn. 19,): tlir)nr[. 197r, lgfi-i Klein. l9i0: I)olIrk. l9ti9). l]n prinrc| lugiLr ('st,ln l()s scntiorcnt()s (lc culpu (lLc (lesp\ls de l:r lrLtertc dc un scr quericl() (lctcntlinarn (llr( st vLlel\', rtna \-r)tr' \'ez, al rectle(l() r-lrl nrisllr, il c)nlo n() sc lc crticl<l .r(ltcu:l(lltmenlc, l (lx() qLe prestrntalr)cnte se le infligiir, ll sufr-imicntr (ltc prece(li) u la rtlcffe. P()r ()tr.l pttl'tc, le idcntillca< ir>n (()n cl ltefi() srfimicnro (le rstc () rhceres cle la vi<h clc krs crrt cuerl piv111-, toclt-, cllr> it(recientlt l()s sL-lltinlient()s cle penll. I(lcntifi(:l.i(-)n crrnrrlcja con cl rttcllr> cr-l (lue cl slrict() l() r(pL's('ntJ e(r,))(, \i prrclic|lr expefirucnt.rr el (l()l()r (lLrc 1, sLriel() \'i\1). sen(iri si cs(uvic(t cn.Ll
hrger[.]n
:rrco cle l()s scntinrieil()s rlc crrlpa, clejll clc 1cns:rr en el ()l)ieto () inlcntar [eenlplilzlrrl() es \'ivi(l() crnr< fulta (le lealtll(|. cotrro t[tici<in. La ficleliclucl lrl muerto lctia c(xrlo nrxn(lirt() supcry()ic<t clrte' <tltligl x nantcner el c()ntact() c()n (l misrD(), a no clejer (lc cxtl.aarle ) :r Pcn:r pol stt artsencia. Bl sulr'ilniento clcl srrjeto. su pcn. cs unr ti)lllrl (le nr()sr[rrse si misllto que se llrxi y sc (r)ntinlr lu))ancl() u! scl pcrclirlo. c()nvirt in(l( )sc c:r ttn clcftnsa en
cl
(()ntr:r (lc l()s sentirllicnk)s (le (Lllpil. l)ot'ell<, ci nlcieotc sc resiste (i,n:'!icntc c inc(rrscicntcllrente r curlqtier intcnt() tcraputi(() (l( clisulinuir st d()l(n' ),tfistezx, los <ue son tcstim()ni() (le sr um(n y bonclecl. !,st:t firmu cle extruar :il ()l)iet() p(-[(lido pot ( Llpx es diferentc (le la a()rioz clurantc el duel< nornul. yir (lue en stc n() existe llr obligacitin clc segLtir penancl<t conlo fill mx (lc iplirclrr l srpery(i crrlpaltilizunte- Atlc'rs. lls sclrtinric-nt()s (le ctllPil rpi(lcn qlre cl srjct() se resignc l ll prclicla. intentanckr:chacer la ltistorilr
il)
AVAN(-IIS IJN PSI(:O]'IIRAPIA PS(]oANAI-iTII:A
PSt( O',IItRAPIA
l):r- t)Ul]t-O PA-lOt.(i(,t(]O
305
h flntasi:1 .)'si se hul)iet? [cc[< tal cos._.; si y()...,, ()n lnilnticlle la fijaciirn a[ oltjeto. (lrrnrlo ll prclicla es vivicl:r crllr ofensa narcisista por plrr-al.r:rn<lono Ir'(l(, l! piuci:r. prelerencia cle Lrs rachcs por r.:o cle lls lterr::tnos, rechaz<r rul))rrrsrl- el (xli{) (ire.sc l(.itlt ((rnti el olljcto petclirkr co lu finaliclld <le_ fi-nsive cle inttntr crra(licxrlo clel lugar tlc juez supremo rle lir vala clel suje_ t(), lLg"r en tlue sc le c()ntin1l te[ien(l() rrbi<.a<k>, irnpide quitar l ()l)jet() (le Lr ntnte. I-a vj(lll (lel srjet() pLrcrlc llegar a orgenizarse en to:.nt al r,ncrrk tlc rxlir rrn el ())jet(): se ateca pirri rlcsvelorizrlo pero, a la nlr.rera tle las ick,:s rrllscsirs. trrn rllr se ntnlicne c()r))() centrr) cle irlct.i,s, pltslinckrse lt rsl:r:rh_
L srtctlick lrujo
tlt
l
r r rrc sc
Iada del ()tro, necesitl:Lcl que se ctlb:r cLlent.l (lLre n() era rect)r()cu. P(n-()trir parte. rl f! ac.lslf en recuperr il sr.r ex pareja culpl)ilizn(l()la (hrr:rnte l()s acces<>s cle rabia c()ercitjva. () n tru!'s cle actos cic contricia)n y e-.rpt-lliun, sc sentr ir))p()tentel senlirient() (le ir'r'lp()tencia cluc ret<>rzalra su clerrcsi(,n nrr
(
isistl.
s<rrlricl< p<>r'l uctiViclecl
de (.on()(.cr
l'cr. ctn
rlrluce.
l<s
tis
lr()l (lel sriet(). tr-tt() lnits sr.rlr.il]licntr narcisist, ()clio y flia(.i(in al risDx sc cl nirrcisislxr Itclitkr que oltliga rt trrnsuntil I()(llLs ls cnergi;rs cn la vigillutr.ilr clcl .lrjcr. y eo el int(nt() frust:r<I. cle el(uinlrrl(), ,eclilnte cl ()(li(), (.()l)l() ()l) i(t() utfactiv(). Fll taranoico iritrcisista tienc cl rtrtrnrkr a srr ahecler-krr pau ir,nrr-. pct() el rrlio le impicle rlcsprenclcrse clel objcto per(li(l(). I_ clcnrplifiNacla fija tank) xl <l)icto clt' :lu)()l'(lrc ha :rlancknck
tls sc
sllc clel objer, cle la vi<l
nrininrcs nt()r.i|llienk)s clel oltjcr cue ste llcra fiera clcl con_
srict() (.(ln)
(rr( ir-)n ptrlldigntitica h enc.rtntrltxrs cn la rersona ctrt no concccle el clirr(i() llun cL.n(l() ltatan pasltlo rrir>s cles<lc l;r scrlrt.lLci<in. l)c.o coltxr cl ttli< r('\tlt insufi(i(nle xrri lilrllrre (lcl ()l)icto pcr.<lirio, cl scntillti(,nt() clc inrp()_ t( n( i c()nsigUicnle l)recipitx :rl sujeto cn la tlettcsion. Si el suiek) sLrfie siltultiineaurcnte cle sentil))icntos rle culpa I cle rklor. nilr(isista, el <tclio clcfensivr> para salir (lc estc llint() rc.lcti\ l()s.sentinricn lr)s (lc culpa, pelr rleslrrcnclcrsc cle lrs crlrlcs necesit:r, st \.(,2. in(.rcr)rr.D_ lirr (,1 ()(li(). Iis el clsr (lc lr.t Ditcic,ttc a rtricn, ricspus (le ll-)l rclx..ir-)n r)): It'irtroril cle vurios ats vivi<ll c()n int(ns.l iclealizacion. su par.ej:r lc (r)nlllnica que sc lra clucl< crrcltta (lc (lrc n() cst enall)()r(lu cle elia, cuc lu rtttecia y clrrc clesear c()ntinltar c()n sU itnlist.t(l per() (lLe ha tlccitlitkr.separil.ss. l,a rcrcci(-)n rle le par.ienfc cs cle plofrrntle hericla nlrt.jsista, r.ct..1 r)ll l li ()tra pers()nlt (lLtc ll er-tg:triir. intenl.tn(l() rlgIoslrllr qrc es Llni t))il] l)(rs()n1r n() ntrcccciort (lr su 11()1.. l)csl-rrs tle ca(l rstllli(l() (lr.r.{rcsl\,irlrttl se siente ctrlpablc, insatisti,ch c()n sLr l)r.()pi c()nchr(.t1, kr cuc, lu ittl)ulsir it intentar enc()ntf[ en l crncluctu cle la otr pets()n.L Lrnlr jrstificacir)n rt str otlio, recaycntlo es en llr bs<Irecl:r clc r[,fctos <lc su cx pareja. llever._ lrt rrrcirin cntre oclir> rletensivr .tntq el (l()l(. nr(.isista V scnlit;cnt()s (lc (.r1, l.t tttt ltt :ltJr-r al lecu(r(k) (lc (aL(l.i t,,Ilte t,,,trc ,iru, c,ln l.l f(ts()nu (luc trr.rrlio trrn ell. l\rr. ltra parrc, los uta(lues il la cx pareja n() ()rigjn.tl)xn sa)l() r rrlrrrlrilitl;r<l sint el tenrol a percler lo p()c() (lLle l cueclalta rle la r.clacion. l( llrUr (lr(. lnlrlttll)a (\)ntrarrcst.tr lne(liante c()n(lttctas expiakrlias para t,r>i_ rt r.r g;rrrrrrst tl ;nro cicl objetr> pcrcliclo regakrs. sc rlisculpabrr >r>r -ltacilr cle ltccr,c.antienttr qrrc rrrl rtt :igr'tsrr itl:rtl, l)l{)tieil cnric](h-. Crn<[clas r'r:tn rr llrtr'rlt sr.ntir. lrttuillacla el represcntatsg c()ll() cx(.csivautentc necesil_
[)cro <rrn kcllt l:t irnPomancie qtte tienen llts tlos trnclicior-tcs rucnrion-rmuestrl( (lue lo qlre :rclctriete un pape! clecisirrr en el clrek pltt()l(')gic() es llr existent ia en el pa sx(k) (lel sujcto cle prclicllts cn ,)r()rr(nt()s cn que li inl)r(lurcz stnoci()nll y yoiclt no clcjabltn ()tr.r p()sil)ili(11r(l rle rqcci()n ttte rrreclar sor))fii(l() pasjv:rrnenlc l situa(i(in (lc rrclicll: ntuclte (le pudrcs cn crlacl tenrrrena, alranclonos o scplrnLcirmcs ( llr()\\'n, 1991: lJrtu,n c\ IIr'r'is. 19t19). l-o cue <ltretlu ins(rit() cn cl psi<r.tisrno cs qrrc nerle sc puc(le h:rcer nlis <rc tnar por el olrjcto 1>crclickr. lls lo rue se (1)n()(('c(nu() dLcl() n() ehl)(n-11(l(,, cn que xnlc la pi'rrlirlrr cn el prcs( rtr sc vucl\c:r :r(tivur el rris1)() sentinricnt(> cle impr ten(ir (lLle sc tL\1) en cl plts:ttlr. l:l :ui() n() l)ue(le (listingtir (ntre h inlp() tcncil l'cirl c()n (lLr cn ecl(i terl)rirn.r srrfi-i<-r llt Jrirclicle (lc sLrs ()l)jet{)\ significltiv()s en verclcl nitrs clesrle el punto rlc vista e,r-l()ci()nal- y su -y corrclit i<in llclu.rl en (lre s cxisten ()tr()s (r)ie)s (le recn)pllz() p()sjble. Lo qrre la 1:i'rrliclr irctultl r('Jcti\r no cs l:t cruiperecin cnt[( cl olrjer pcrcliclo acturrl 1 cl clcl ruserkr sin() cnr( (k)s (s:(k)s r.lcl sujcto. crno enirlizalr Bilrring (195.i). No es rltre cl ()l)ick) xctLr:rl r( prcsentr ll l)('ch() () a la mir<lre o al puclre sino quc es la reprcscntllci('rn clel strjcto. en tlnt() imp()tente. la rue vtrcl vc ll s('r l clel paslck>. I)()r t.lnk). lir lncx intcrpletxtivr n() pLe(le revestir l fir'rl. llt <lle sc tJrr'l nrttlllrs vt's In(r()c(r'(lcllente..sientt:t X (el ohjrtr, ,r'rrtirtr' .tr'trr.rlt ,,,rtr, {i lu(r,, l.l nlrlrr' ,, rl l).r(lr( r lr.rn(k) ,))rn(, r' \(' ftre.. ":ino trre el i'nt:rsis (lcl)e estlrr cn c(ir)x) cl sLrjet() sc ltpresenta: .Sc sicrl tc h()r- lan pccrtcrio e inrlcfi'nso, sin xrsilriliclrt<i clc hucc n:t<t. cle reenc()ntftlI ir a]guicn x (lLlieo (luercr. (rnn() cliln(l() ('r ni()1a ) nlan].i () prll.r mllti(-) () se lire,. La clilclcnci rntrc I()s (l()s til)()\ (lc intcrplrtlciones n() es rtlcr'l rllcrl c rlc tirnttllrrion sir'ur tlc firtlo: mientr:s I pr_inlcri sc centfil en cl ()l)ict(), lr seguncl:r [o lr:r(c srlrrc cl scntir)rienk) (lc i(rp()lencil( (lcl sujeto, I() <trc r':t rtlis alli'r cle trn objeto lutirullu v lLpr.rntlr llllci Lrl caulrl)() cn la 1e presentxci(-)n rlel srricr.
clas -<ulpa y ofcnsa nlrcisistu-. la expeliencilr (lnic
fi'rr rorrrqt
r. l.r
(,nl'lo t,r.ktrlr(
r Mpt iA
p^k\ t.t.sr Jt'trr
Si cl (r)jek) perclickr cra inclispcnsulrlc Para el nuntcninrient() del eqLlililrrio PsiqLrico tlel srick) cn nrtiltiplcs nivtles n:lrcisista, vitaliciacl, -b.rlancc sentinriert()s clc segttriclecl ) pl(fc(ci(-)n, ct(. , sr (l!'sxpllricir')n hlce emcrgcr )us:rrrgrrs!ius (lLr su presenci;I. rl ((nr]lletr llneiones v (\)rrPlerenllrr clfieil. contlilrtra 1 (rrntrl'lcst.rr y ocultlL. lll rrlricto (lesctrl)(d en est()s
J(Xr
AVAN(-']S ]]N PSICO'I'EIAPIA PSICOANAI-if I(-A
psr(t) t liRAplA DIil, DtJIir,() pAl()1.Gl(.()
.lol
to per(lid().'('
cesos el papel de objeto de la clL,li,nsa sinthittc,t. t:\ Ll(!rr, c(rntplertent() de tn Psiquisllr() qtre sirlo precle [Uncir,n.U. Drccli.rnre l:r fusron.rn ()tro (lue provea aquello cle k ctrl carece cl sujek). t)r()pie(lxdes clel objeto e insu_ fitiencis clel strjeto rluc prrecien ser reles o pr()([Lct() cie la fantesa pcro qLle, tant() en Un caso c()Dr() cn i,tr(,, c,n\titr)cn h ton,,li.itrn qLc (lctemli_ n.fll.i. .rnr( I:r rrrtrrr.r rle I.r srli,,ss ( t,.\tt.rtt.lutit .rt. ,,,.. :(. intenl(. l).\klrrl (lcsespet.a(l.rtucnte recrpelar al olrjcr, r, .,rn l.L i,,nsiguicntc flci<in al oltjc
,tllpui( ini(iJl n,' llL'gJri.rr.r (xistir. Crentlo el objet<l rerclickr cumplx est:l filncia)n vitalizxnte, su >t1r'tlirlrr
rlcja lilruckr:tl sljet() a su sucrte. es dccir'.1 un \,.1c(), .l la falta cle ent usi.rr.r r r\ ). l)t'lh lu arirranzr cle rn estack !fe'(ti\,() (lle sirlo exista gracias ll lx l)rcs('n cia (lel ()l)jek). La n() infre( Llente fiasc "er:t la alcgra de la csa, clcl>c trr:ust' c(xn() c\p1csi(-)n rle crre el suiet() cptx el racio profirnclo qrre rleia la prrlicllr clcl olrjcto tre nsfi rnl< i< nul. Cl.rnt() ms ablico lteya siclo el strjcr,,, y rrr.r' Irrlrr r-lclrcnclickr tlc la r,'italiclacl (luc le xp(ntal)a el objer, tank) rnlrs sr l() ( \
trairr,.
Es la rereja Il quc vitlrlizil ltl su j( t(, v lrr <1rre transfbmra su cstaclo .fectiv<. llevirnckrle dcs(le Ll xl)t11 llrstrr cl cn tLsilurll(), ilcti\,an(l() stts rlcseos a lt lll:lncr (lc Ln ell() \,iclrillntc. l)est,os <rrt. rrn:l vez Pttesk)s en milrclu pueclcn reguir Lrn c-lnrin, ) l)r(,fi, ) l)er, ) <rrt' sirr r'l
rrich. interesl$e en rn pl())/ect(), etc.-.
Crl.ilcs scrn ls filncjoncs cyre el oltickt clc lcr d.,Jnsu slltbtic4 cle_ scr)lpen.rr y rrrc oclsionlrn, cuan(l() stc flta, que se brrs<tre Puecle c.olrprrlsivl nlentc en la rcelicllrcl o rn el recrrcrcl<?
1-
tcin nu-cisiz.tttfc
Frcrcl. cn Dr,b.,nrclanit Il()li), tnrtenck cle estalrlcccr_la cliii,cn_ cia ente cl clLck nr lr:rl y el pxkr(igic(), s()slLl\,() (luc en cstc ltitn() clrs() el objett: haba sickr clegiclo (lc lcrrcrd():r la mtcllliclcl narcisista_ tis clc,cir. rue se tata de rrn olrjeto in('xtric.tl)lelucnt(,uni(l() xl narcisjsll() (lcl srJck), s()s_ tcneckr <lc s, :l.k)esti,lit. I)c alri rr-re la prclirllr clel .ltjet. sca viyirla cr.< trna plclicll cn el ,"), a crrla vlrkrraci<-rrr.Jlrrtalte. Est finci<-r n.rr(.tstzantc rlel objer -r'jc en la rbra cle K<hrrt ( l97l )* es la <lrc c.umrlcn cacl rn< rlc lrs cl<s intcgrantcs cle la c[rpll rlel priDrcr ticmr clcl Erl]po cn Lacltn ( 1966) filica e hijo flico-, quc se c()nstitLl),clt conro taics cn rcci -rna<lre proca clepenclcncix nlrcisist.r, <laclo cluc clrla Lnr clc ios trutinos clel par es conciici<-n (lc exislen(.ix rlcl rtr.r. Lls, trr)tl)ia,n, l1l funci<in cue curlplen los ()l)jck)s que clen<minanos ob?to d(, lt atctit,i.lutl tttttcisistas y t()scsK) as 1ttr
cisistus d?l scu (l\leicllnrar, 19u1. Va,xsc,
).
litiRDr!)A Dri (),r.i'r'(), plr)n)A riN rir. r.r-r-()
(]Lre le p[,rclicla clc olrjcto in:lica ur-te ultcrrcir-r-t pnrfirncle en la i(l(rrti(Lr(l leprcs('ntaci()nrl v firrci()nal. <trc c'l sr.rjer lrccle rueclal c rjir,;1( jirn )r'tr.r ri clrn(l() cl ()l)jet() cun)pl iiroci()ncs viclrri:rntrs, h:r scnido parl aiillrr lil tcsis tirn (()n()ci(Lr dc crtc la l)[(li(l (lc (r)jrk) ir))plic unx pr(li(la en cl y). I-a rclrcit-n crll'c cl (r)jr(() y el yo lre lrcclxr rasar Lrn scgrLnd() rlano le rut, el ()l)ict() urxnlienc <rrn el ello, Lr <rrc'olrlige 1 re\.'isar h c()ncepci, )n (lu( s(' ticnc s()l)rc a'stc, cn cu:lDt() a str gncsis y r))anieninlient(). En el captLll() "1,(l
lcprimickr, k nr c<rslitrrirl<
y la rlcsactivltci<-rn scctorial tlel inc()nsciclll(,
nlrcisistas
tloll)in, el captulti sirlrrc
trast()_n()s
2.
El
dtido trurts/i)rntuck)tu
( , Il()llxs t9u7) <lescrili<-r lxtjo la clenonrinac.it'rrL de obi<,to trcntsfrtrnurcitttttl al qrre en sr rchci<in c()n cl srjek) pr()dLlcc ana ,r<xrificaci<in crel csracrr afc-cliv() cle ste, clc lri el nt,l.re <le lrnsti.lucirrI. I)e entre est()s ef(I()s so_ lxe el cst(l() etnoci<nai clcl srrjer ruisietllnros clestacar el (le cienxs pers()_ nas p()seen solrre srr .rercja, quicn (le 1x s sera incapaz clc una n)tilra cLl()ta de vitllli(lil(l crn rrnig()s, ir a un especthcrrlo, ()rginizr rna c(F
-salil
plantcurros crre si la pLrlsi<-rn xrsee algo rue l clifere'ncia del instint() se dcl)(, escn( ialll)ente. t (lLrc el ()tr() hunr:rno es el cLre ilcr'\'iglre cn sL estfuctLrr.l(i()rr y rlantcnirlicnt(). El ()tr'() r'csult:l dccisivo cn clear ruc(lixnte la vitalidcl rlt'l c()ntir(t() ('(n-p(-.r1, clc la cricie (Lc er()gcniz.l. clc le llir'cl rue hacc rivir'1' cl'cl ciertas e'nr()ci()nes, y. especialmente, por el lxrcler clel cliscurso cue er'ocr y reeslrLlctLlriL pne (le l() anteli()r. xlg() (lLle n() esl en el suiet() arntes (lcl encrcntl-(). En estc scnti(l(), cl cll, c<ll< ncle() inici1 innlrt(). n() clcja cle rlc sarollarse, y srrs firrnras de nrxnitestuciiin no est:-rn ptefirtnraclas y 1ueg,, sinrplcrrlcnle sc rlcsplegaran () sc rcpl'imilan. I]l ello n< es unr especie cle pilir (lc Lrrrni() rn uttiviclcl dc la clue sc lilentru la cnclge .rhlacenadr. P()r cs(), cl cncLcntr() c()n un llllrnlt(() scdrckn- --{'sk) irrrcdc helrcr sucedid() dcs((' los prinreros cl:ts cle l'itla- cr('.I Lln csta(k) cle estirnulaci<-n, cle activacja)n (lc ttxkr cl psicluisrDo, clc vitalicllrcl D)icntfils quc cl l)()stcz() (lc ()tro pro(hrce, vu iclentific acit-rn, el pr()pi() lx)stezo, c()n el c()n(\mritllnte estacl() afecti\,) y ncu
l.()vegetartiv().
9(). si l)rl)lrllx)s dc si rl)i()sis LL csrnrc(Lu psqUi.ir cs p()rqUe (lUercrI()s rcnlrl1.il| quc es dc partcs <lcl apurar. rsitlrif(). (tifrtnre p(n.rirr,. <tcl ctrccr; ps;c..i.;rf A" ,,;,,,f,i ,*.. .l qu. f,, que se !(nnplenrrnl:rn s()n r(rts.
Alxra hien. si cstx firncia estnlctur:rflte (lcl ello pot pfie (le un otr'() cs tinlulxnfe h firllackr. si nunca ha cxisticlt iclcr-ttiflcltci(-)n estrlctrlrante cl()txn clo cle vitliclacl y entusixsnr() 1ll sujeto, y ste s<ilo ptrecle ser ?ctivad() ( x(1lr
ir)i
AVANCIS tiN pstco,t.t:RAptA 'sCOAN^t_1.t.A
PSI(,OtERAPtA DEI t)Ulil,O
PA',t
OI_O(;t(()
J09
sivilll(.nl(.itntc lir presc-ocia clel ol.rjcr. ctrlnclo se pierclc se va ctt l la lilcnl( (lc (rtcrlqlr. clc vitli<latl y entLsi.tslll().') I_ clue cletcrtina que cl srrjctr, r',,rrltnrir sr cstackt lctrr:tl rlcsvitaljzlrclo trr i,l clrc tenia r.rrtirclc, el rrl>r,to ( slrrl).1 l)r(,srnlc, tesc a clcsear srr recncucntr() y a ittfr.ir. tor sLt ltuscn(.Lt.
nx)\'inient()s que se ciecltxn, los hlibit<s clrrc queclln posil>ilitackrs- prcr l'een ul srrjeto clel senti:rriento cue Elikson caractcliz(i conro cle nlisnriclaci
L()s
l.
l,tutckin de crcockiu del .tc titltento .le sL,!!trdacl btisc(t

l,ll ril>jeto
el nirlo cn (.lilnt() lltc(iar(l()r(.s lLnte l eali<lrrcl y (ltp.l(es llL s.llislutcr l:rs nc<.esicltles ptrlrionales. lin csc c;rs<. la prclicla tlel oltcto origi rir un cstllcl() tlc alernra quc lctiv:l la rneorit clel llisnr<, y cl <lesco tle srr l)r'(5(n,i.r InIl.l ,llt\ (.1(.lll(.r]t.tl ,llr.l \ti,t Ll(.rtt(,(.,)n\r,t.\.t, r,n lrl r.lr.ilt,r rrr. sc clcspiertlt itDlL'el recuer(l() clcl olrrt,,.l).rc(e.l\t iruplr,rt[, 1:rr.el st,li_ fffi(1lk) cle cicsrrntpttro (l('l sLliel(). Ljn l()s tc..rrinrs dc l)rcLrl. <,n lt!tt,tl L-tititt ,tl ltltt.\i\ttttt. \(,.llll.l .i ,,lrjl-t(, nlrri(i(, !. 1)ri,t(.(.t,n.
r:rtlres
:lltr-:r
prrcrlc'scr.p;rr:r cl srrjeto cl c(lrj\ ilente (le lo rlte consfiluycn los
).
('
(,\?.tciD.t.1) sostn (lc lt tbcskitt
tlcl
scl/
I)ittc inrp(,rilttte (lcl sen(inlicnt() (ic id<.ntirl:rtf rlcpcnclc tlc lus:rctivrclutlcs intcratcci()nes c()n ()tr:ls l)ets()nls (luc s,trt lls crrJ ( f( )t1.: n .sc1ls l)a) lils ctralcs el srrjeto puerle recon<rersc. N() se trata i<.entcni" cle cr.rrro rl rtro rrrilc:rl sujekr, cle l:r iclenticlerl qrc le atril)Lryc. sino rlc algo rlis hrisicr: lu .r, l)eti(i(in dc cic'k)s es(lLtclllls (lc fin(.i()nxl))ictlo <lel srreto I)alill)rils ).s(,ltlirricnt()s rrrc se clespicrflrn Ilhilrlrltncntc r,n ll itcrecc.ir-n r r,n ll r.tiricllrrl
(Erikson. l1)59) El sentiDrient() cle extrxez que sc tienc cn las sjtt[citres cle migr':r(i(')n, c()n la angustlil c(nNiguiente. tiene relaci()r1, precisanrentc. con el heclu tlc qrre, al flthal l<rs objcrs con l<s culcs inter:rcta el sttjeto. clesapa rc-cen las propias crnclucts y sentinicnt()s que s()n refrentes (lue ptn)rten ,ec()n()csrse coro pose\'encl<l ciertx i(lenti(hd. I)or olre parle, el ()l)iet() puccle pror eer. cLliln(l() es el qtte Organizu el ticr))p() \'l()s p()vL'(J()s rlel srrjcto. (le tD r'crti,)]icnr() clc cr>hcrenci:t tenrporl cle lu iclcnti<llLcl. cle intr: nc rnaliclacl cn lu <c'itin. l)o rllo. no cs s(ilo el sentilrricnt() de i(lcnti(l(l soy?- lo <1r.re est n iLeg(, ante la arrsencie clel -^[in ()l)ict() qlre < umpla esas funciones sin(), t.lrnl)in, el sentirlliento de crthcren <ie rlc lu irctiviclecl Drenlll misrrr. cle tue el psicrrisDrr> est.i funci()naD(lo ar ru(-)nic;u))(ntc, cle crrc no cstri clcs< glrnizu clo. clisglcgrtrio. I-ll rnelestirr (luc s() l)l'cvi('ne (lurxr-ltr Ios fitrcs tle setlllni. () cn ks perio<k;s <le vlclcirrncs. en (lLlr l1L l)cr-s()n sc sicnte nrcntlltrcrle (litcrente, ctnro lltr'tnclole un scntiruienk) (lr unicla(l rnentrl. cle c<hcrcnt iu, cle senti(l() v rrr4rcisito cle h cci<in, sc rlelren lr llr lu.rsencia (lc l()s ()l)jet()s y hs actili(la(les c()n ell()s relaci<>nrlus. NLlcvirrcDtc, c()rlt() en el caso <lel sentiDtiento tlc segrrr'irlacl. el mlcstrr t'n cl senlr))rcnt() clc crlrcrcnr'j nrentxl. (le rDi(l(l ps(lui(1, tle iclenticl;cl, lr:rrcn (luc:c 1rn()re al olrjclrr rtrt, (\)nlril)Lri:t 1t s(,slcrlcrl()s.
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Jt0
AVANCTlS IJN PSI(]O'TIiRAPtA PSICOANAL-TICA
PSt.O l-LRAPIA Dlil- DUtil-() PA1',Ol-O(;lCO
311
l haba heclro y clesptrs r(rt() el ltolclc!,. ,VL Klein scak- el carrcter (lcfnsiv() cle la iclqalizacin (luc :,in.E p.rr.r (()nt-ifiestar ilngLstias parxnoi(lcs y cle culpa en relacitn l nlLcrk), (lLt( \ien) l)rc inspira terr()r. P()r algo se coloca cn cententerios con una lpitla cncirtrr. v r))uy p()( a gente dcjx1 de sentir tern()r cle hallarsr-' por la n<tchc a srlas cn ur-r ( ctl. enterio pcse a que (lcs(le un punt() (le viste real es el luger nrenos pe ligr'oso rlel mund(). P?ra c()ntrurrestrr esc tcrr()r. se tienc (lLe iclerlizr al nlrco, (lcscr-ibind()se I() c()nt() inflnitxrnente l)ueno, idelllizil(.i(in qur tilnl
t('r('santes en su ent()!'no: .Yo (lLe crea quc Di()s
lllrl)il
plcticx-. ent(nlces, l()s in -c()n()cil)lienk)s. ()l)icto, poclrl rcelllpiaz.tr xl perclid(), terttte l nuevo tentos clc- accrclrse pcrcliclo str recor(l'(l() c(n-l olljcr pol le cttal el Rz(n tirclso. luinar:rn en lrs x()r:lnza.
sec h:tbiliclatles instltrltlentlles
l,ll iml)()sil)ilida(l P()r angtsti.ts persecLlt()rias () dflcit en recLll.s()s )()ic()s clc entl eo (rnt:rct() c()n nuevos olljettls proclttcc Ltn:t regtcsi'nl al (')ict() (lel pxs1l(l() (Ire pasa a irclqttirir ent()nces el crctcr (le ()l)jet() pe(li(l()' Ntlcvanrente, c(nlt() r'xJxtsilll()s tlll'is lttlill, ste es un l)ft)ces() c(l)ple) cn qtle lll slrLl'lii(,n
l)ia'n rnuestra antc l()s ()j()s rlel propio slljeto qrrc no sc lc tienc lxrstilich<I. I)cscle estc plnt() (le vist, la i(lealizacin del oltjeto llucrk) es unit autoiclc lizlcin accrc cle la lonclacl de l()s sentinlientos (lel suiet(). NLL-\.lnrentt:, Ln r clscguremient() frente e los sentit)ticntos cle ctpa y pcrsccrr<.irin. l)()l-()trr pfic, (le nttner sinriltr a cont<> la f-antesa <lel parrso tcrrenlll se (\)nstRlye a panir (lcl sufrilt'tienk) (lel vivir (\fi(liltno, la plogrcsiva iclctrlizaci<in <lL'l objer percliclo surgc c(rn() un intenk) clc creer cuc sc tu\1) Lln objeto nra ntvilkrs<. Lls rn pr()ces() ltcti\,() (le conseguir algo (lue nltnc:l existi(i. Existe rn lip() cle tristezr lorn:intic por la cual al aorar ulgo rlcl tasado se crea la ilrrsir-rn <le clue s existiir. I)uel<> cloloros(), pc(), x resar rle elkr, rrrucho rrrenos pc n()s() (lre llegar a la crnclusirn (lc (luc se <.irrccii clc cicrtu expcricnti-l (llc s( rIsera lulcr vivick. El ()l)jet() (lcl pasa<lo sir,, e c(nl() s()p()rte plrr csta tirr na cle c[el<>, ()l)jcto (lue despus pasa.l c()nvcrtise en perclirkr y aotackr. 1,.\ ideulizdcilt secttitltui tle] <tltjer clel pasa<kr, que elroru p.Lsa scr scnti(l() c(lm() perclir-lo. pernrite entencler por rllr. alguna gcntc n() cstlv() en rlrrlcsit-rn clestle el ntrntenk) en (luc se pcrrlio lrl oltjer pl.ilt)itiv(). N() se tralir (lr (luc llr prclicla prcsentc caclive el clolor por la rrtlicla rlcl rasaclo ni rk'ttna sirnpie suntaci(-)n, ucuntrlcirin cle tmumas, sino porclr.re clesrlc cl presr.'rttc se resignilicl\ .ry-s c()up <rclo el ltasaclo. Es lo rue strceclc en le veicz, cn llr qnc l() n() vivi(lo psa a ser scnti(l() como penlickr. Lo crrc nos aler.ta rlt'l lirsgo rlc aplicar nton()c()r(lentcotc l tcsis para algLrnos casos -villi(la tI cuc pera la elalxraci<in rie rrna lr'tlicla ar.trral sc retlr,riere <lc l rcclel.lc lrrtion clc'las pr'clicias clel paslrtlo. MLrchas r,cccs es l rer..s: ell>oranclo la prllrlitlrr lrctuel, las <lel pasaclo s<xt resignificacles. l'cx LL iclelizaci<'rn clel olrjeto .rcrrlitlo previa a le pi,rrlicla -iciealiz:lci(-)n () ('()nsc(rrtivA l: ntisnta- silo cs un factol.plftr llr itposiltilirllrcl clcl sr.rjet rI rrtt,rr'lrrse lt un nLte\() o])jck). Si el encuentr() c()n nue\,()s ol)jek)s pr()duce ;lruluslilr l)cIscclrt()rix, si cl suict() ticne Una rcla(.ia)n h()stil r de <lesconfianza .rrrtc |rs rt.rson:rs crrc le rrxleirn, () si el sujet() tlstli insegtro (le ser attrllctiv(), :r Inrr unir (slru(1ur cle personaliclacl paranoirlc () nrcisista ternc cl atil(lue, l,r r rrtrr.r r cl t.r'lt:rzo. ent()nces sc llislar:l )'c()nstruiril Llna l)lrera fl)ict-evi t.rtr\.r rll(. rrrrx tlirr t.l ('n(.Ltentr(). utn cLando k rlesee. Adernrs. si cl sujetct ,,rrr' r[.rr!rrrsl,s lrritos em<tcional p.lra suscitilr intes ] JtrJr -]rltiliclcl ( ![r r.n (.1 (fr() l), I lr Cl <lrso <ue el oltjeto percliclo sea un tr.rl)rj(), \i nU n,,
xctLlxleslxqueresignitlcehclclpaseclrl'Esl()qtcdeIicesilvial}]('i(.lllllef ( l99J) Pxr.r trrstrr c(lnlt tl tllttlllll acturtl n() es.lller't rcl)l()(lLlccin clc t'llt<r cxistenic. e\'()(ci(jn clel trattnrlt clel 1-xtslcl.: '...eI tl-lltltllatisllx) clesenca(lenitntc intervienc c.)tt 8t!lkla.l .lr.laftlcho (ltlc l.ts reprcsentilci()nes frc\i'l\' ) ()t()rgr:l st1ls Lrrlll rec(Illx)si( i(in proclttctil'a' (P:lg' ll7, cursiYxs llflregaclas)' (lclc'tlsi\a: 1|nte Ils l() (lrlc c()nsttarrl() !ln l() (lLlc s(j sLlelc (len(nllinllr rcglcsi(-)n (lLe ya n() es llrs angtrsties (lLrc Phrltclt la ct:lpl lilica sc vLlclvc I la crllirhrl, siarl)lenlcnte fi,.,lic.l" la griificit( i(i'l que tr.t'. tlriginallucnte sin() clte se le ,g.i'g" un pltts cle pla<cr. (ltte (lcriva (lc c(n1tl1ll resl ll1- las engLtstias clcl pre..nt.. lrt l,i,u. 1erllii-n tcr.trlc cLn(lo nte llts llng(lslills cle l:t lttl<>lesccncia o <le lu vicla ltclulta sc rcgresa a vin(tll()s inlanlilcs (ltle pils'tn a tcner tln carl'rctcr pacilitantc (ltle n() P()scycrr)n ('n stl lll(llcl]t()
(,(-)Nr() l)tt,riRliN(llAIt LNlllli v t,t.a<.t<'rt'r sti( ltlN l)ARIA'l
lil-,^(.l(iN PRINfARI^
(l()nro 1lclll)an)()s (lc \'cl, a ve(es r:s l fiixcianl ai ()l)jct() ptr(l(l( ', sLt 'll'lr F rxnza, sL i(leliza(i<in, el lectcrclt clt'1o vivir-kr cn rehc'itin c()n (ltl'I. y l()s senti,rient()s clc ctllPx, llr ctte f)cnlt cl llctr(ltrsc a lln nLle$) oltjct<t .li.lttciLitt (ltc c]l 1)lr:is ()catsi(rlcs, ltntc cl filtcltsrl real o cspcrlthr 1 iDttrial-. ntictrt[s ala a,ra,,r.rr,r,, c()rr tn nLl(r$ lrlljeto. sc rct()rlll ll ()l)iel() pclcli(l() y sc ps it scctUtddri.t-.1)rrrLr tItc cll cl PIirl!EI u-tr'() clcsclr tlrrlrrrsrU \lenfc -li.tckju ll exlllillil[ [lt relaci<in ctln el olrjeestllr.i cnclll)litlx(k) el objcrivo tctaPtrtic() (ltle r c(rlstilti..i ll sttlt'rac itin tle el fi;rr segLln(l() ell cl r rcrriirr illic;tt:ls (lLc c(nl tl ()l)it ) stlslitttt() eu c()fttlct() pLecll cutlI plru s(j Ios <lrst:ir.lrl<s xngLrstils PersccLll()rias. ngtstias n1l[cisists tle scr cliticack. hLrlnillatlo li rnitci(rres 1rices. ctc.-, rcsttlta inclispcnsll)le (lctertl)il'lxr cttitlcs srrn Irs in()tfL rlicacltres ruc ltueclcn (-ientlll. par <lec iclir si lo cuc rreckrtnina es tlni Ll
c<ndiciott.
(ltc n()s l,:t secttenci (lcl tl rtt.tDrielll() (lc Lln pr()(cs() cn clos tienrlros cs l() ticne tl sLict() (lllt setttntlaria: se tl-.ttrt tlc trna lijacilin Ponc solrre llt riste clt ()l)ict()si n() exPcrilllenllt atccrcatse. descllral flntasxs c()n lcsPe(l() 1l nue\()s culpa. pcro caclll vcz (ltrc clkr srtceclc sicnte xntlsti, sc tetrllc' p()sterga ei y luego, ltl cllxr cle tn()s (las () selllatlrls (lc lidiar ( ()n el (le-
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AvANr.ris l:N psrcorriRAptA pstcoNaLt.c
PSICO :RAPIA
DllL DLIIII () P,\TOI O(;lCO
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(.() (l(, .l(.(.rcitntient() v el tenlor 1rl rech.lz(), vLlelve x lec(n.clar el ()l)jeto per(li_ ) \' iu)r )frr r(), (.ycn(k) r:r un esta(l() (leplesiv(). li 1,, ;;,.,,:,;,; ,1,,c pLrciir.()s
retrr.rrj,,.lrl.rrelrrr.,1r,,..,,,1,,;;;.],: ,,fr,il . ii.r"1r,,,,, .a,r,a.1,, ,i,. i,r,fr,,l,,fr,. .,n sr oflc.ina :rrrt,tu en el rel.rro un. t.lare crliclacl crrtica i rle.i;.1;,.'i, irrc er:r r..trr_ ri.r rrtdtr n:is nranilieskr cn sus
ru(,n()s pus:rrlos, ias crrllclcles . .ri()nrL-nk)s rc. hrrlrl:rha de cierk)s pers()nrjcs tcmeninrs
rr,r.uri(.nr,, ,,r,,",r,,.r,, i,,,,trir. rLr< .:1:::':,.,:.:.1 l,:,.a \' lrrr.r,s Ir.,rr l. rrrtrrlc,.l,.r 1., l.l tcrrr.r ,r, l)r()t,'nA.t,. l tpre*n.tl)ll ,rr't'trsl':r'rirlrsel tr:rl.t)tirnt,,
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n() olrstactliala pc'culp o iclealiz.rtr,n cl son-rr.,..,,n ,rr,, n,,.r.,', r.r,r,,l ..nti, l(nr()l'.(lc stil. \,c()nrn(ntllrsc cle Lna ln:tneLu tlrrc lrer.e inposiiric <,1 cn<.rrcn_ lr() \'(r\,, rna \,()tra vez, a ll tlltrr..r c_\pcfjrnu.l itol(n.()sll (]uc lllLltilr r..ivitl<. ('t un pr()ceso cle iclelliza<.irn sc(.unLl-rri.r l_rtc t,rso rs ,,,,r' iiif.r.:n,.,f"t
qrc rna \cz.percliclrr no volrcria a rcner i ui"r,, .,,.rr." J.,,,.. frllctiv(). \. <rre rentlilr a cnltlu(lc(.cf en (()nt:l(.to c()n ottils pcrs()ns. Bn ,rntu.ir_ .l ,.a,,.r.1,,.t. l-, p.,a.." nluct.tll
:,'..-,],p ll..ir,n() el: .ll.guicn s( )tr:t (lL(, li:,i(.ain)(nlc
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i:f;t llll..'.,liil1ll'i, .lt ll';l,.li,f iill::::t';iil : 1,:il :: i::l f nricnt(). Bl crnsicle:tlte <1ue iralta sitlo Druy ,,f,,nLrn,,alr, a,rr-1l,,fr",.cn(.()ntrl(l()
rrn,,q (, ,,(,sl.r t'r I.Ir))I )r.I( I.I rlt.t.ll,r nrnllUrr r, r l (1,n],).ttt.lr.ri\i) _(.\t,r l.tlt.l ,.lc rk,rrr, r,l.lr r.l r.r.U,,,li.,,ttr,,1 .,,1.1_ rrcnt( ( lr(,ri,rnr, tlcl ,,1,r.r,,rrr.,lirl,,.rr.1.,.,,,,,.,,f.1.,.f,, ' I)ol-()tr prtc, lli relacir-rn cntrc flj.rci(ill pt_inliltix y a..l,,n"l." Itrrcrle s(,r rlt' rculintenteci<in mutLrir: en la rrecliclu en cue t,l .;.,-,.,.,;,.a;-,.;;n el nrero rrlrjtto >r'r>rrxu ir-rgustiils. r se trclr ..,ruu, in,.a,,1,,ia.' .,i', rUi.,,, f,,",,.,,.f,, .ll)ltrccer'ri iclcalizrLck. lo tLrc <lifit.rrltlrn-r Lin rlis el ,,- ,.,'., u,,.r.,, ,rlrl( l( ).
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,,,. ,l,i:1,.1,^ r.';rrr1, rn r.l ,ut.i.r i., itnrr.,,,,,f,, f,.,.f., ,,,, i,,,,r,., n.,,,,r,.,., r (
r(((,
ti(lo en instrulrenl() pare asegurar l:t presencil (lcl ol)jeto, c()n l() cul el su iet(). paft scntirse conrplr)lrcio v rckr. cccsit:t stfrir El plciente r,tLelle rciteradrl)lentc a lu erunza pol cl objcr percliclo porclue eso \rrvc P.rr.l crnsolir-hr )' nrantener al terapeuta como <>hjeto s()lcit() y aor(rso- Nr se rLrccle rcnrrncill u penar p()r el r>hjeto pcltlicio p()r'(lue en cs() resi(le. precis:uDcnte. !l senti licnk) cle scguriclucl a<ercu clel lnt(n qLle el <>ltjeto plesente (f(xgarl't.'ferrcn() en qlte cl tcr.lpeuta. bien intencioneckr, puc(le, inx(lverti (lr)lcute. (()ntril)riI u la pir>l()ngrtt irin clel clrrclc. Si se lrlrl)11,a con el pucientr--. c(,n en()nllc tllct(), cs mr<lltlicllcl (le esh.rt(tLtr:rr L-l \'ncLrl() \'((-)r-I1() sicnte <1trc solautentc el olx cstc (:ls() el fe[1]-en l)cutil- sc vin< ulrt li si ltrty srrfrirniento, se lrre lll ?rsibiliclr.l cle clrtborr tln. nclicion <rrc rrrr<lc lulrcr'tenickr sLr ()l'igcn cn ttrt vinculr con urt:t tlaclre <r ltn pache cleprcsirr tr.te alazalxur al ltijo.'a cn lt clittra rlc ca () al culll)i ir su t'rit)) cnt( ). lerrcnr). P()r t.nt(). (lcl r)ris(xlLrisr)r(). clcl stliir rirre fusitr n.rrsc (r)r1 c[ objeto. () scrr. lx ()tr'1r gtrn crxrclicir-rn (lLre lliultienc le fillcin al ohjeto rer'tlirkr. I)cr() n() lrlirs(xlLrisrtxr por ctrlplr, rue cs s<-lo tna tlc las uttclalitlucles rlcl ,rs(xlr.isnl(), \iD() p()r(lu( el suhir rrrxlttcc el >litccr tle ttna relltcion rlc.rrrttpenctlttirirr tlrociortltl. (i)nst1r)r()s. rna vcz trLis. clr.rc cl objcto percliclo no es lO <entlal. pttest() (luc cn ('ste (us() la lijrrcirin a lrr rr<licllr sirvt l)ltril ecltttirir ttnlt irlcnticllrtl. scl,r-l lx (le sllli i(nte. Flst() n() (luierc rlct ir <ue el <loltr' rt() sex gcnLrin()
r
kgitinro ltlblar clc rnlni>t lecion- sinr clc unu in(r)rl)()r-.t(i(in clel -n\) <luekr y tl l)un.u P()! llr pi'r'riiclrt tlentir tle tni !-stfll(lur 111ris luPIil. l.l tl1lls()(lLlistil. \' tlc rrne llrclliclrr<l clc el.rcirn intersul)ictivx dallrrr
l- ,tltor rlll()lr.lli'r'() lN-rriuN()
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cortro fittttur tla t,ittctrkt
<lc lije<.i<-rn l ll sitLla(.i(it.l rlc, clrrel<, y tle ia tlilicultrtrl t,n sttr'r'rrrlo. l'esicle ctr (luc !,1 sufiit))ictt(, Il"g lr c.,rr crf ite arl-,,n,, t,r,.,,,".f., r lr( Lrkr crrn rn ()l)iet() ac.ttral, al <rru sc rnsllit..t l.trtn: sr entrega stfl.illtielr lr, .r r'.nrl)j() cle esrcrur al)or. llcnrfiri, srrunrl.rro .l.l *,ti;rr'i;rl (lLtc co.)s_ ltlll\ ( llr It(,sg() cn cral(lLticr tr:lll]riL.n) qtlc s(] lrr))ilc.rl:rpolrr r,r)]rri()nlrl sin l( rk r ('n ( UC0l1l lx c()nll)lcii(lil(l (le, l.rLti,r(\ ,luc esr.rn cn jLrcgo cn .l ,1,,e1,, ,"_ li1,)llt((i lil l). r( icnte rcpl ( )(lLrce, ll, ,r..r cn ., 'u -,n.r.,"nai.,-.,i .]l',.:", r"u,". ,,, lrrrr rI r rrrr rrlo \{)stcnicl() rlreclcckrr rlc crnpurtir u].qr) (fue af,ri r.,r.,r. an un ,lrrrrr tk t.rrrlrlr.r (.()t)]llcnetril(.i()n "r cle
f
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lscatrss
rl prolrlcra clel tltrelo lrr.lica cn llt (r)icto scr Jtrt<isuckr At'rt<lttronrx lrrten<1. rc(luitllc <lcl inlern() lo <lue r('rclicla <lc un cjcrrpkr pale ir rlelinritanclc) cl c()nccpt() (le ()l)jtk) iltlerno. cl (lue ptle(lc ser tlult() una l)crs()n, rnx lrcti\ i(l(I. tD csla(l() xfctiyr) qLc se clcsel ex P(rinlcl:lr. o ct-t:tl<r.ticr (1)su ctxl (lLte sc tcngit (rrt vttttrkl IihiJirlrtl i hcstil. Slrponganxrs tr.te algr.ticn cn I cklcsccntiri \'.1 1l (r)ltlcnzitr stt vicla lalxrlal y lr lracc lir l cxpscttivr .\1)y r tcncr un trabajo grxlili(rntc qLte mc va it I)cr ti1ir... . l-n llr ntenlc c\lste Lln:( rcl)fcsentat('k-tn iriiitgill:tt irt "t[tl)ilr. Lin ()l) ict() intern(), (lu('sLl)Lrestan)cnte pr'ovecLilt cle ll:tccI y fi'iicitlcl al suict(). Ol)iet() intern() cuc lrtlli fctil>le JrreconcePtiirn (lLc L-nctLcntr.l al ()l)isto- D//-s
NL Klein lra lrecho liir':<lrpii'cn cuc
crr ),-
slLiet() se presentc a prsiltles trxl)1rios. Pt(rvcctxl:'t cn ellos cse olljer intermr

l>trenc. ( ll(cri< rre nte.
(lirigirse :t tru lrlllti< parti<ttlur )' ct)tt{07irl() ('n n()ti\'ntc. Cl[tntlr> cl
cnl()(.i()nLl. ll sufrilDientct se
lllr crnver_
si se clescnlanrt ) sc en()j <rrn cl tr:lrti<. )'I() ('(cslrt.r rnccli;rntr crticus cerlas. c'l (r)ie) intcrn().trill)xi() satisll( t( r'i< ,, ser reettt-
Jl I
AvANctis tiN psr(io,.1itAptA pst(_()ANAI_t.tcA
PSI(iOI-ERAPIA Dtrl- DUlil-O PA!()l-O(il(lO
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l5
rk
i, rn il fr*;,." t,o (lre se lr.r xlclickr. cnt()ncL. es la expL-(t.ltivJ .lc quc <xrsta ,n r,a,I,,,,, qrs pre(l s(.r (.sl i.Lrltnte, por l. c.r.,rJ ni sc i)Lrs(-rrr ni se cntLrtru enl,ll"li.la.l. cla.l,, rttc.solrlc crrakuicr tral)ai() se pt1)yectr el oltjcto tnltio,,tralt:rr frrrstr:rnte,. li ()l)i(1() irtern() es. p()r tanlo. Un rcpksanl.tcion pt?ttcb.
l.crr, "tra)t) s,tisf:rct()rio, n. significa ,n .,rr;1., lr;;;,;uiento cn el lri'l,llli\tll,,,h r,s<,rlrlr.l,' \in( un,t tr.ln\li,tInr.,,,n.,,n,,'i,ir..,r,r.,,,n...n,r,,. (l ())i(l().trxl)r, crcclrr clotackr clc l:r si.nitr..rt
rt,r'rr.
rl,rz.rrlo rrr.()tr() (r)jek) intern(), ttn imaginario courr el anteri<t_, pero ah()r!l signo crntrer.i<: .tral:rajo frustnrnte,. por k ctral, Ia p icllr (lcl d)jek) in_
,,rtcm() 1r,,",a \('I',,(lr: rir1. r1j; .,,n ,,tq,,i,.,, ,ll'.,,llt( ,,,j,.,r,..,,r, ]'],]il"]',': ) pl.t(1.r lisi(r) (.l(. (.trit,l(1,, (.n(.U(,rtr, ( rr)rf .tnr'r.
( rlirizllt-l-t
r.(nrir.rrrr ningn lomlrc sei .rp,,,, .t.:i.:,,", t,,, l.l:l,l:".].,,*,".,1.1.r.u r)tIos (tc:lqLa-1. IIn,,l)lc, int(rn() .ll()r)11)r "n.i c_par eja pror:cerlorr cle, fi,liciclcl, ( \islix rn sr-r psicuisrno. .tn .rnte,s .lc c,rnr,.er,, al.,
,rir,-],,
(lLc
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n() cs cl <lcsengao sobrc cl objcro sin<r , rli .. )-:,):ll"l,. (.ini(i:r llnI,lr({.(.\i,/lrt-t(.r]|n.t,r, rPr,,nlr.tiUn(1,, lJ,l I),)rlltrt't'lt !))'l(n'l:rrnt( .rr r)rrl(.t', rn() I n.l i(.f. tr..rs l.r 1s..rk.l lllltfl,l,,. lr,ritk..rllz.l.r,in,r...
. ,,rr,, trirnrl)I,,
(n (ile
d() ([entr() cle s un replesentaci(rn clel objeto c()n tdlcs c.lfilcterstic,rs -se estc ()l)jet() intern() cl c(nrcsp()n(lientc a h paleja, a un aDrig<'a, al comnuc r<>, al jefe en el trabajo. a la profesirin o Ia activiclucl rluc se rcalice-. srlo reenc()nt[l'i'l fiustraciirn en su relacirn con cullquicr'ol>jek) cxtcrno qut: corresponcla a esos r:bjctos internos o-nal<lls,. 'lsta es la iclea central en la rlrrt clc Klein, por lo cLtl la superackin clel cluelo v:r cstl dcstinch.l liL lcctlperx( i(in nt clc tn pcrs()na en particulal ser imposible si mtrir sin() a v(rver a ecliflcur clentro clel psirluis -puecle nr() lar represcnt( i(-)n d('l ()l)je() intcm() )Lren(). l\Iirs all clel recltct'irrnis.r kleinian< cle crnsiclcral la agrcsiviclarl clel sujeto conxr ll conclicitin cue ocasiona I:r ptcticla rlrl olrjer ltLeno intcrno --rlesaticincle el pocler clcl cliscurso parental en lu c rear. ir-n clel ol>jeto intcn]o r) cn stt (l(te ()t(), 1'clisrrinuyc. ltasta (asi hl(cr clcsupareccr, cl papcl rlc llt rcltlicllttl exteln. c's rlecit del sncucntf() c()n pcrsonlls agfcsivirs. firrstranles-. su c()nccPk) rle oltjckr intclnrr
es cle en<-nre inrl)(n11nci1r (lnicr!. l)cnnitc rientur los esfierzos tcl-pa'ttic()s p.Ua (on()((:r' l's tq ?san t.tc ot tcs-Pt1't ! cbs b.\jo las c uales el sujeto se lp xirna l()s ()l)jet()s rcales. y cl plpel clr,re clescrrqtan cn moldcar l lirnua cle rclrc citnr itntc esk)s [llirlr()s.
<rrc.lc tler.a s-u rr.l:rrlre qLc es rn jr.nrlrt.. r r,,, r., ,..Lr'i,i,,i. ,i sutn<s clc su fll-ttils1r (.()nscic-ntc o pr. la fantltse ir_ra.,rnaaia,-rta.,r, lniis l)iclt. rol la c.ontltinacirin (le sts y otras tr.ilfiplcs flrentcs.
,l(.rr. ll" (r('(ll,r. ) rlr( prtr(l( l[lx.l.s *i,lo r.n l. rt,l.r, ii,r] ((,t) r.l ,, , 1,, ,.r,|rc.. 'r,r.t,,..._
\rrI\.111 i.1,..(
en cse hrDltre <rtncn,r l.r rL,Pru:,(t.lt.tr i(;n nro clc,.lronrlrre-purcja proveeckrrir clc l]jci<larl,. lf
.rl ,trr.st,r..r
trl(.ll llr,r l,r(,-l),rr(.jil)r,,\i,(,(l,,f.t,t,.f,,fi,i.f.,,t..i,,,.r,t(.nr.r
.,, r.,r..,.,. 1,.,r, exi"t.nt.,.i, sL psi(lris_ f*rrrirr. r,,.u.rfxr. (lLc es
N(
A\o l)l l t Ari()RA( l(iN Dl t N t't'l:l(r pA'trrl.i(;r( r)
(j,tll,, tJrjirlr,: .rnlls. (.Ltll(l(, (.n,1,rrrr,,
.,rn .l f,,' ,.ir,._l,.,rrtici( (lc rl,.tr.li, r,l.rl ,l,,l,i.r,, inl.rnl, i,l'.,,',,.,,,,,,.,,,,, l;r rt.,csent.cir-rn cle .'jet. intL-rn() ,,lxxl)rcJ),,."1" pr.,ru._.ai,r.,, ,le ti.lii.icl.cl,, c,r, t,,,rrrt,r.,..tt,,t,,. tr,,,rr,rc n',,n,., ,,,,,-. r.l .,t,,.,,,,,,,,,., :,1,,.,1 lj:,1.111r,]li,.l.r r.r ,r r.(t. ll,,nll)r.c 11,n l^t rcl)t.c\rnlltci(in (lc estq nUe\.() (r)iek) iul(,t]t(), p()1. l() r(cn( r ,ntr .tr..i .rtLtcll,,.JLrr sUp()nc (JUe 'lrr('n,r () cxistc. I_a tr.eseltcilt tlc r.rrel_ ,Jlrrr'r i r ) I I \ ' r'r I p.rs.rr..i l (,\t. t I I(. i( l: t l),,r.(.\r(. ,,1)i(.f,, rnlL.rn,, 1 .q.\(.t.1 (, xll() r rrt rlt'. tl:tcl< qlre se 1e rlcstlc Lr rrg.,,q.. i, ,n .lJ , Lr. n,, f, ,.i,., .". .,r,u, ,,, |),r 1 iil tnt(-ta itlellizcltr. l\1. Lk.in Llticu la lgrcsivi(lil(l r.onto llr gr_:rn cilLls:r qrc (lcteri()r xl (r)icl()
lr'lr1,-r1 . l)r1,\i.(\lt,r.r
I
r)(.rs()n:, c()ncrcrlr r,, .",....,,,,,,.i;in'.Ll;:]il,l,:::llTl;:,,?,illllil;il.l:;:,::1 r,-:r rlc feliciciacl,,. Eit 1Lsi(i, cnr'c un h,',rulrc.,rn.,.i, j i.i ,1.rr....n,,,.i,1n g< ni''rica hace cue al .lcrtler. ll nt-r.itl,, \( .r.1\tc
ir
. r
]l:;],fl,l.ri.rr,.,l,,r,,in.r,rl,tr,,rt.lr,,.rrtirt.irt.,.,.r,r;,nr.,n.i,,,r,,sr.*,,.,,,,,.n l, l.r I'l)r1 \,.rtt.li il,n th.l ,rl,l('tr,..t,lrr. jInrUlri,lr^.rs.r.r,rs,,,,,,n.i.,t,r,,.,1,1., ,[ ,r'rrilrrr l()s l)()sitiv()s. p()yc(.t:r L-n cl ol)j(ri, \L p,,,ri-,.,1..r,ilf,,.f p,,, f,, (l'r'r' r5 r ' r'r'rrr Lr.ra tcnien(r() rxllr)in intcnci<rcs ,t'lr
rrre .ll D()ye(.trse s(r)lc .l .lr.t.r.t.rl (\l(rn()I()teiticlern.lr,s.rrlilLt,x ifSl.,i...il.. ir,.,,..,^,,_
r
L sc()r Y. rlc alre<lcck <L'50 a()s. pcrsonlr intcligcntc. rcfinacla, agrafsiclrnrentc, sufriri la pi'rclirlrr <lcl nuriclo (lr.rien rruli(i tr.rs una pr()l()ngeda cnli'urrcclacl. Micntrls vivi, srr lr.rglrr ticstacack) en l.r s()cie(ld ={'ra un p()llic() cxil()s(!- Irelre rttrrritirlo lr l seru Y. gozll tlc r.tn trato especial y cle lrna vicla llenrr cle hulagos narcisistus. Ctunckr cl nttrickr nltcrc, al principi() l gcntc l llDra asiclrt:ucr-rte ), lueg() l()s c(xrtltct()s sc ven cspacilnclo, c()n gran rnrargllu paru clla, (lre se lcsicnte pr()gresivluuente. Stt h<stiliclecl crece. lo <rrc clifictrlt aLin nr.is sL (()ntiLck) s(riel pues cnrpieze r'cl krs clen),s c()nx) (lcse()sos rlc apro.,'crrrt el legaclo poltico clcl nltriclo. Sc cneiert.t pl ( )ljllsivarllcnte cn llr iclentirlad clc viuclr tlc un gran lrofllrrc: r'iste clc negro absolrto. elirrina cl nra<r.rillejc y ve lxrrlanclo (le sr nrcntc todo vcstigio clc h()stili(l(l hllcilr rl rnuert(). (luc cs s(nrcti(l() r Lrn (r-eci( ntr iclelizcirin. l1)c() ir lxx() pxs x cstlrr rkrrrinlcla Jxrr un estackr clcprcsiYo carctcrizclt por una nrezcle clc ckrl<, clc a<-anz por los rles felices perclirlos y clc lcsentirnicnt() l)()r I() <rre la vicla le ofrece en h etlualitllrcl. Su trxl)il), qu< sienrplc lc hal:llr inttresck, enpicza scl'c()r)l() una c.uga; <rrnsiclcr (lric t()(l()s se aptovc-chan tle clle y le rcleglu'r en cl rcc()n()cinrienf() (lc sus nrlik)s. flst()
cirll
trIrrIrr,rrItL rrn tllrjcto intem< firrs.ltntc, .rgrcsivo.
h<isrirt,s.
lixrt
I<, crrrr
(l(len)linu (pre, sin ()p()ocrsc lr'()ntllhllcnte, sc vLtelv ncglllivista b:rjo ll tnt claliclacl <ue sc ha <lescrito en las reronaliclrrclcs rasirr agr csir's: p()stcrla, p()ne excrs:rs pera sal'xrtcar k)(l1l pl()pLcst cle reno|lLcirin. realizr llrrcrritticuorente sus tarcas. con cl c()nsif.iliente (leteri()r() cn sr.rs relaciones latxrales.
l()
A!N(-l'S IrN
PSICO'l
l:RAPI^ PSICO^NAl.i tCA
pstcorFRAprA l)til- DUEI-o pA't1)r-(i(;l(:o
.l
l7
i)csrl rrrclicn(cntcnle se'invitl(ltr it rcLti()ncs. I)err) cUiln(l() cst() succ(lc pr ser viuclr. pr>r lo <1uc rcclrtza acudit. Sr.r atr<r xilut<i<'rn hostil u l: reliclucl cleteutina (lte l.r respLtcst (lLe pr()\.()c vay: confiflIancl<> quc h tatn l)ra], clrc no lc (f()lgun cl luglr <ue l]terece. SLts r.c lltciones queclan pol fin lcclucicles a Lrn()s p()c()s ftnliliires y xl vincllr) (.()nDrigo en e'l tl'atxlDicnf(), al (llrc conurre punturlnrcnt( p:tr llacernte l)itrticire clc str ant:rryrrr';r, cspr'ftrnclo (lUe (\))pltr.t srt visirin ]rrstil tcsl)L.(J() lt la r<nclicion cle rrrc no llr cor-rt[ttliga-, l.{cutc. Lu reluci(;n (r)nlIig() es cilicte rtrut' clefensiva y cloruincl p(n-rn1 -u gr.Ln susceptil)ili(lx(l a que le pr.rede ver crrtuo tenienckr lrlgtin clelctr. La irnagen iclclrl tlue (lel)c nlantcncl.(le si lc irpi(le xccptr le existcncia rlc culrlcr.ricr. irnpulss clas fcliccs rlcl pasckr. rrrn lrs rrnsigrientcs citlt(l()s lfi,(1r\.()s. (luc se entrcolczciitlt. rle ckrlor por l:r terrlitllr () clc r..rlril nr(.isistu. \'(). p(n nri ptc. (lcl)() ltctLlr (.()11 cx(lLrisit() t!l(f(). l)()1. rtn lltlo. con ttxrrlrent()s. llaDr,llt()skrs k<ltutinrs. cn (lLe le ltxg() scntit trli 1il)rcci() lttrr.:u irrl(r sen(c c()rt() rtn linrsn
te cc>nro.rlelccl()s,, sr srpcn,r) se v llrcienck> ren()s exigentc: clla prrecle tanll)in:tceptxrsc y (lLrercrsc irlg() nrils sin neccsi<t:r<l (le ser l)crfectlL ni l pri rne,-a. Esft) flcilita qLre p()(lllor()s e[rpczal .l lrblar cle cino reltrocluce ctrmigo el vir-rculo qrre hlba tenid() c()n la nuclre, y() s()y xhorr kt <1ue ella era en la inf';rn< ia para str lnarlre. es decir', l p('rsona que clel'e sen,ir cle crnpa al c(npartir rna visir-l'r amargacla clel rrrtrnrk. Se alre el cllmino n.lrJ rlre puetllr crrr)rinar Ia i(lrntilicci(in con trna figura plrrlnoirle. asusta(l. ctrvl xgrcsi\i(l(l trnl (ltre encrlrrirse bajo <()nrluct:rs ( )p():ii( i( )nistas. Re cucr'(la un erisoclio cn que l.r nrrdrc st rlcclu- enfi,uu !' hulro clre suspcnder unl cenx a ll r1r.re cl parlre halr invitaclr un g[p() cle an]igos 1'l;r
cira (le sutisllccia)n c()n (pre Ia nclrc lt rlijo.tu patlrc sc cneclir sin su cenx,. Bnk)nces cs crart(l() nte sirnl() s()l)rc trrren() firme palra (lLc \'c1l l<t ctre ella hacc en ll rclrliclrl. sin ll rcnor -tcicnc jl..rtl(en(l() sin (lue lll .rgresi,)n sca rt)lnilics! rero gcncrlrnrLr llrrlcsl:tl cr) ]os rlcDtis, rrrc ltr(]go I:t rechrt zan. (()n lll c()nsigllicnlc ()tcns n:rlcisistli pura clcfL'n<lcrse (le l.l cLrrl sc
teligencilr.
intercscs. sLts reales crlrlicleclcs lrulnanas. sin rrrc tcng:r crre sel cxl)]jcit() cn cl rec()n()cintient() (le ('\l()s lrsl)e(1()s. pucs lx ()ti-n(lcl.l.l r()n un clogit> rlircclo. ( ()nstitL \'cn(l( ) DI-rs lrict Ur sttil Clil))lt (uc rnvLclvc Iris itltr \ e)(-i()nc.\. Pco. -ror'c ()t1). cng() rJtrr rltc 11: put.<lo lirrritalrnc e ello 1.a
sLls r1r.rc
cxLrsil
rr sus (lueias, clt' ac.eptarlas t[nsik)l-iiullent(. pa.u (luc n() se sient rcc lt.rzacla v cle t[ttir (le prolitnclizar cn slrs :tngltsti.tr\, !l] rrLls (lcfcnsits nxrcisistits. t,n el tecr nrr'it rcnt( ) (lc sr lt<stiliclcl v rjvltlirlcl. nr sr-lo r',,n l(,s tlrrr 1., Ir)(lE.n.in,, t.ltltlri(.tt (.(,r)r r!', l.n l.r rrr,.,tllrl.r (.n rlltr I)ll( \l l(. rilLlestr() sus ner'csitlitclcs nalc.isistr. lrn<.llrcltts tn LllIlt lllntili urn gr.:tnrlcs cxPe((ilti\,.s, en Ia (lLre ella trrrrr rrrc ill)rirsc p1<() cntt.c lt(nn()s tuc re<ilran un trato pretrenciiLl 1tr }rrtc clcl patlrc c()n Ix ()p()sici(in (lr stc \ llir'ticip!rncl() clcl diru clrxrcirnul tlc le-estudi(-) l]racll.e. nrLljer s?crjficx(lx ! c()n liter lcs cl!-ltent()s plnnrrirlcs silcnciacirs trre la t<tnu't c(nn() no r-le ligritlrs cle lt))irllLrIls ctrc no rr>cllr expresit (1-t :-lrrlie t;is. l; I er.onstnr.r.ir-rn rlc llts ((rn(li(i()ncs (lLre le k)cilt()n !ivir cn sL irtrtrilia lt pr()vc(.(le Lln c()ntc\t() cn tltrc'clllL puecle reprcscntursL- no teni(,o(lo rn (lcfck) intrinsec() sino sicnclo st l)rrs()nxli(la(l el pr'<xlucto cle ciertlrs circLlnsllll]ciils virlllcs. Iist() pc11nrtc (lLrc r'ttPittc reflexknat soblc slr ((-)(lig() intcr(). stlxc sLs ralsg()s nar(isisl.rr, sL ,AulIr. solrrc su clcsco cle firsi<nrsc (.()n uill figura vrrlizacla rl prrclrc nir st l,r x.r'rrritiir-. Flnticn(le.Ls el >ltcJ rie poscsii-rn n:rrcisistu que (.rtrtl)li(i cl rrr.rrrrIr r.rlr ( ll.t (le tn lllr(isistll() sierrrtrc vrrlnerehie, ne(.esit.r(i() r[ .rlrrrt.s \ ( l -.\()stn in)l)act() qLre llr tlcseparicitin cle esl figrrra signitlco.n trr.rn
lrc f)r()\'eer cle c<tntinencilr
le tr rnl'al icllr r'i:r slr visirn per'lnoi<le v n.trcisislil. llr <rrc cr-rticr-rtlo <.<rlur ilrrpofiilnte cle sr srrfiiricnlo. 'I r.ulIrj<; tc11rputie() sientp[e ()scil.urt(. cn
.rttin( lleliL cn l() que se hu cortsiclcrrlr el .csrlendickr xislalrlicnt(r' cle le per srn:rliclacl nar( isista (Kcrnl)erg. l975). l)r( str lLislanrient() rt() cfal Lini(mcnt(, rettxcci(in narr'isist clefensiva l):ll1r llr:rnlcr)cl cn la stleclcl (l scntirnienl() rle su Pcfioricl:rrl. L.l )larido. acle t:ris cle lrtlrel lu'l<irnlttlrr ((r() r)1 p()scsi,1 nrcisistlr. Ii))l)in haba sick> prrr'a cllrr trn estutkr J:rtotecrr- ttcnte rrn lIILln(l() alrcnrlzlrntc. Su (lesllpxricion la hizo scntir cn pcligr(), s( r'1,cli\'l'()n slls oricd()s y Ltiliz srt rcsentlrrrienl() c()nx) tn fintx rlc cviter cl (()ntal(1() con l le:t]icllrcl vivich c(nI() illt)cnrzl nl c. .lLn ) ll nrcle() nxrcisistll :ire <lt la vl<rrci<-r-. h seora Y. tenil rtn n[rcleo fiilricr J lt r;tnr riclc cue la lrrtcu sentir r()dri(l;r rlc iigtrras qr.re ta pocli:tn (1.rrr'. pl-()(ir(l() (sl \isin (lc rnir ripl('(lctelnrin;l(i(in: cl <lis<rrv v l:t:tcrittr<l lllartcrnil (lc s(]ntirs( cr)ntinLrlrlcntc rtrlenltz:rrllt. Ilr virlenci:t clel puclre y su pr()pix h()stili(l.r(l lll()ycctll(l. llstc nclc() fi>hico rur:Lnr>icle era el ttre la obligaba 1 unx ctitu(l t:rn (lcfensiv. [)rr:tnte el lrlrtJr))lcnk). clt(h vez
que vo cn<tftrba esle n[rcle() fhi<r-perlnoicle tcnar (llre tener unll Ilirada puesl cn i'l per olrr cn sr sistcD).r n.u( isist (lue L pocl lrcer senti[ .des Plccial)le ror ser clbil y' ustrstrrcliza,. cro gll (lij(). pl ( )yrctivl ue nte. resP((fit (l( urr.r,1,rrrl,.rrt(r.r.l< tr'.rlr.r,
Ir, .l \tLllttix
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in]p()r't.lrltc <lc l:r teftrrirr iirc <unclo l)u(l() cnteD(lcr l1r cil'l cltsconfianz:r ente el ,))Lloclo cxtcrn(): str lxrstilirlacl ente les ligrrras extelnxs l hlcln reglcslr al r,ncrrlo <rrn el nrrickr l <rte rlchia iclealizer ;n ::.ra\s sectnt(ku'ic-. Perr l;r itlt lrlicir-rn cle l:r relr'irin c<n tl nrritlo le -filatcit) irupccllr pcltsur (lttc puclicl lr:ler (r'il -cl;t(i()n !rtiii(r,rl( .n lu rcxlirlr(l externu. llehr.gio en le irlealizl<irin l)Lr() tlur)l)in rrisi<in clc la tuc lc lesultaln inrlosilrlc sxlir. [)ues cl cxteri()r crl scnticl() crrnro clcspreciable itcnte l {ran h<lrrrbre <rrn el quc
lin lll()t]l(nk)
culatidcl cxistcntc cnttt la iclelizltci<ilr clel nrariclo ),
A rlr.rlrrl,r rrrc t l rncrrkr conl))ig() se consrlitlu. y gl-cias a (lue:,c t.l sinIr( rr(|,' ,r(( IiLr(Ll. rr r.strr rlc (lLe se p()nen s()l)re el t.tl)ete lo cue e.ll;r sien
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l)Ul)ietx tr.rtir(lo de cuesti()n.rr ll iclealizu(i(rn cle'l mnrido. intentlLrxlc hlrcerle ver su url>i"'alencia y lt<>stiliclacl hacia 1, y cr-rrrro la iclealizcr,-rn sen'ir rera ocultal a stlls y c()nvencerse cle sus buen<s sentiruientos hucii el rterto. Ellt htl)icra sirl() clesatcnder cue lrt releci<in con el ntrickr rltrcrtcr csteln lxtsacla en serias pefturl)xci()nes cle su equililrrio nlcisistx y (le su scntiDriento rle scgurirllrd bsica. Sr)lr cLlnck sc sinti ris segLr, l)l.l\ s()licla intennrente. lrclo encarar el reexren clel vn<rlo con el uriclo. Lr qtre (onfifla I tesis clc qre cn l clal>raciiin clel tluckr n() sc tl.lta (le limitxlsc a la lelack-n con cl ()l)jet() perciicl<> sino. esenciahrrente. tle qr.re el sujeto pr.re<[:L rccLrperar l]ru s ir(lquirir si nncir k) t!l\'r- Iirs funcirres -() trre cJ objeto cLrllrplL p!nl l- I"ln este cs(), (le pr(fect()l-y cle glr:rntc rle l:r
rtLrk)estillra.
arellltl-\t()
rluc perturlla recuPer:lI en l:l tealjrl'ltl 'rlrjct" rrtlt interior lll lllLl(jrl().
F)-lrttnt.lt'x Dli. t)Llli (): El. TIIA
l')n c)
AMIITNT ()
ile lrt
idc-'tliz'.tcil-t <leL
'ttr'lnrlrtli:t Ir "hlct'r llertlrJ"rltl(] -liilr"i"n \t(tlrnrc \c l( lll)'lr(((ril
L() qre rr()s llcv a rxro punk)i cl clrrclo prrtokigico nr consiste [nican)ente en l()s sentirnicnt()s (lu(] se tcoitn trentc ll ()l)ict() pcl(li(l() \inrr, t.u)-ll>i['n, t:n el p[()ccs() quc sc initia y.lesanrlLt r pitrtir (lc l rrttcrte: y, p()r cn(iora (lr 1()(i(), las tnsfi l'nra< iones (lLre vll suftien(l() llr rexesentacirin clel rilricl() rr) esc pr()(cs(). Llr cleslrl-)ariciir (lel ()l)ict() cal))l)ia llr tirrIr cle errrili ll[io ps<Lrico nlantcnl(lx p()r cl suict() hast esc nr()n)cn() y ponc en nrarcha !rtI'.1 sLr(tsi(in (le ilngustjs. ,-lc clefensas, (le rces,_t(tL[rcia)n rle le r]eciirt del su,et() c()nsig() nlislll() y c(rI el ulunrk. Asi crlto cn el clls() (e un (rntl)( \in,, <ue 1>iercte lu crsccha lx)r rrn )mrco(.,.1tlrrrk no sc lirritl rrl tkrk.lr ror Il ('()sc(ltit sin() trre csa pr'tlicla iniciir Lrn nl()\'ir))icnk) que le puc<le llcvar a tc ncr (luc vcn(le[ el (:rnlp(), ll i lr ltt-rscitr't|lrlr:rio a l:L cirrcl:ttl. 1 f)()nelsr ()tr-als r()l)xs, .l sentirsc lrtllcnazarlo por las insrrfiticr-rcils cn sLs rlLc\,irs tllrclts. it cstr c<niirndirh y cles()rientll(l() l)()r su nue\'.r itlcnti<lucl. rlc igrrrl rnancr:r la nrtrc'r' la pc'rclicle (le ()l)ieft) cn gcneral- cs s<'rlo el princr Ic (lc Lrn ser qttcrir.l r -o (le x( ( )ntccirlicnt( )s (lllc \'1ln rucclificanclo l suiet(). tienlp() (lc Lnlr sL(csi(in 1'or ellr lral que hlrlrlar rlc prr>ccso rlc cluclr crrt xlgr) qLl( sc crrnstnrl,c rla (l y cn cl que sc'r'en ponicnrkr cn jucg() el c()niLrnto dc llr cstructurlr de pers()nirlid-.I(l y dc lirs rel.lci()ncs inlcrsrl)icti\,rs l rccrrs()s con i()s qLrc ( rcntlr el srlct(). Esto es lo (llrr ct c.Ls() (t(' Ll sen()r \'. ponc en oiclenti, rare tricn la lt)tcrte (lc sr rnerickr - ol.)jeto l)r(fccl()f,' p()scsi(in nrcisista- Itac< scntrr cn pcligro V crunxc ionlrcllt cr-l su lL,cstinral. Io <uc rnrrrilizlr:tnf{ustiils l)(rsc('ut()lirs lespe(t() 1l u lerte quc' lir r()(lea ) senti)lient()s cle rrinrrsvala, i c-r-rtc a los clrelcs, sc ctivun ((nn() (lelnss la lglesiviclarl, l.l rl)i.r nrcisista. |l cvit.r( i(in fiil)icl raai(Ixlizdr c(n)lo (lcsplcci(, l rrna vrtclta:tl olricr iclealizar(l() rcp[escr]t!(kr por cl rnl rlo. I)cfenslts r1ue. x sU v(jz, tt:ren c()nseclren(iirs: ('l[nk) nts .rgr'csir lr. ll]:rs [ecltlrz() (lgl e,\tej()r y retr Lln];ttiz L l()n D.,rri sislir. junt( ) .l Lln incrcment() (lc sir desc< nflLnz solrre llr gente p()r pri ,) c( ( i' ,n rlc str uglesivitlacl. Situ'.tir'rn xtrxp.uri( rlue r'lrcrilu rlc liner lcverl)errt'entlc l clill< ult:rcl clc crncxin con cl munck extern() cue s poclria en-en (iitlcrrll'.1(l it rn in (()nIr1u 1)l)i(.1()s sLrstituti\()s v cl r()rno )()r rs.l orisoril
lf.f rntpiclcn cks ir.i:'-.*,lr:t,,, i,,t rr"i".t"..l." 1'1""'t'"'"""' (lcl iLrlct('()trLc [c prrrrr lc incrlPacitrn ,,,.-n.f.,..' tlt'l rrlritrr t,tfuh ' -.f i1ci<itt pt 111/tt iLt- (lLle'tlclvll :tl re((lc' ([Ll( (l('l'rlllil]11 l"i;.,,,".,,'..r,,t tthct"'. 'Lr.tittrtr'r's. I()
.i,-,,r'
l elrtllt'rt tliagrlnra l) se espccificltn lrrs lrtctoles (ltc c1lcli(i()n'll1 qtre l() (cn re L'n tlt pt ll patoltigitrr n.:''l',.l'r .r,,"i , "lrlttt' 'rl "-
l)irlllncc nercisista y st't .li,',ri ,l rn.igui.,,,a. NIic'ntrlrs cl sLlict() l() ttloclrlirirt<'sLl (lLl( c(Il() sLlp(lj,r 'l \tl\ \'ivc tcn(lcncii 1l stt]tirsc tllll)()tclllc allc llt rcltlicllcl
Ias cltrt iu"t'"'. t' ll() sLll)cl('stls llr)gLsli't\ Ir'lr'ln''itl"' t' lt 'rgl''"lr itl'r'l --v posiblts )os (1' r)cnlu iliLl'l l rl lll 'r ll(\'t 'r 'lt'!( s,,. -ii1rr.,..'nt.'t'"..1,,-.,,,. le grltli()l)ict()s sLtstittll()s y lLlcl{() ll sclllil-st (lllcnte tlc rlbieros <tte le ltteclltn (l''lt jnslrtll))t!lti\lr:s l(' fic:rr. o nrr (l(silrr()ll(' [c(tlts()s \()ic()s cllr(xir)11l(]' t sc stlce(le n() si ello ,r,,rritrtrltr'l cxltncltt:Lls I)()stl)llL(ilt(lcs cll cl ll)(llld() tcltl rr'r['' r'Ii'I:r '['I "lritt'r t' Ir lr'' 1u Ir. 1"'r ' i;,.,,,,:.,,.it.;,,.':',t,t ',',r'lr.i"r-((rnLiLri(h,.t le pltlitle r'tlt1rtrt,n.lt l.r tiLn (lc\,1lstil(l()r;ri (). it(.lus(). rict.l (ltc (ltstlLl(li\() ilf'l('t ntrl ri (l(' (llr lllrcisislll() .1 ,,,,,\a1,r a"" l-uc tl l'e'srtltltll<r (lcl1l)t(' rliclcl (Llltnl() ()l)jct() sc lx)l)c p()r ;( lll[( i('nl1
(l!liefc (lc Llllil Illl(\'{)r (KlL'in l9l0) l-'t c'xllclient i:t lcal rlt lr.,,ntlrutr" trl lx c!l)x(i(li(l <le'rcpltttr clcliLntc tttecla inscriscgtlir litlt'r V lotlitkr lr,rlrtr rcrclick, lllg() i;111)()tt:lntc q!c sc rs ttrt lt' (rc(n(ir tlt (()Dl() l\c-rrlitl '"rl rcla'll'll)les lx ctr cl l)si(lLllsrll() de rel)lt(n l'l ,l,,,t r',.','1, ltrz rl linl tlcl tirnel' l'ct''r ''isr't ''t'llli'tttz't ''ll)'r'i!l(l rtn'rrrLi"ncs [rI rto rlt'ttlrlt cxcltlsi\t))('nt('rl' lr rltetljtlr; ltl sttit'trr tlc lirl. (le stl vi(l'l' ,.',,taa,,," ltltrlt xrclicltt Illtccr atllc sL(cs()s )'(()n(li(i(nlcs 'LLI\'('sis llrllltr trnssjo clr ls cr('ellcills (lLl('\tts l)cIsl)!rilicr signifi(li\'()s lc Jltl<'<l:trt (ltlc I)Ll(lill)()s colllpl-()l)r nrili(lo xLer('ll .lc tLre lll rtl)r:i(ii)n cs lx(til)le lls l() (),lirrristr)(r v Ili (1)nfl'rn,.L ::;,,..,,., ir,,ai.,-.,. ,t,.'n,'. li't'llt-' l:t rttc.eiirn l)(n.\(r rl'l lLnr(l() Lln pr(lre fl ,,,,,,p,',-'.1n,,,..1r,,<lilicLrltrrtlcsilttr''r'lrntcs(rll't\rrl'r
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,rtt..rt.t1,1,,l,.n.tzt'itlr.L'litl'lltlI)rl'tllrlll('\i\l'rn'Itl(l\'rl'rll\(r'\lll)'ll'l (()n lotxl e( )l-) .1.t.,r.,, t l. .lr,,.r l,r lrrrnilr.r: '11,,.,-1,,. "t't \(ltl()s tn Anlticrt" r t'lt.tn .!. lc'LlPclilr l hLlcL aL, (lc rs() scc(l(ri.t. \ ,ltrr' rt ,\lllcti,.'.t "lr (l(hclll()s c()sl'.i.lai',,,-t InlP'l'l)til (lllc teniltn. AllctLl'l 'lLl('I)(t I)l,l 'll ni l)oslaia)n (lLlc ln-'l'rlrl''r en k nr:is \' <lctltt' cl,.tc lirt' l:r nclr c()n cs'15 ( LrrlL t(l'l\tl(''ls tlrr( '!Lrlll)lt t\i'lr'1ln t1')\\'t'l\\r\\'l] \llk(i\'t-' Dr,,lrlr.l,rtl,'t:llll.rtr,.l,tt 'i.,,,i (le Ln (fro sigtlili '' .,n,'..:,.,i, r, ,. ,- l ,'.ltr tlcl tlistLrrst' r'tle l' rttritrrrl (irti\'()'(ltlr'titne ir l1lllic'.rc ir lrres clccisir ls plLre c()llll)ren(lcr I() <1tle llrtcclc sig
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r.,,,,.p,.,:1,;,;.,;,,.i:ll;;,ili,:i;,,:lll,:llll,;:I,;i:.,,:ill,l,;:l:,,::1,;llll::i,::i l.r ,lrr(. r'r,lirrr,/: l.r li.r,i,', r.,,,.,g,,., l,,lrl.t,,1,,,;:;i,i,', ""'
l)esptrs tlel recorrickr rcliz1r(lr) en los clrl)itul()s prece(lentcs, cn (lu(' lrenrs tratclo dc ejenrplifi(lr llrs vcnl:lils ),cl (xnll)() l)r()uis.)lio (lLl( irl)r(' I).llx lll psic()terlll)i'.t un uttlak tuoclt t k tr.t rot tsfi'r?lci.) / il l)asa(l() cr lir ir licrlrrciirn (l( sist( rllrs lr(fivi( i()nillcs. (lu('r('nl()s p:rslrr revista eh()r:r r lrlgU n()s dc est()s sistrlrils. l-() qLrc cn k)s cpitul()s anlcri()lcs ha sick nf:rsis c n las rrrnfigtrracioncs, cn ls trllnsfin-rn( i(lnes (lrc \'1ln (lc unit otrlr, cs (l( cir. cn llrs rlni(llr(lts ([Lrc sc \':rn gcnctar](l() urr cl pr'<x eso cle rrtic![l( i(lr (l(' clitcrcntcs dirlcnsi()ncs. cn('()ntrrii cn l() (lue sigur cl proces() ()pucst()r (l('s c( nIIp( )si( i(-)n. nlisis. Iin clc poncr clc rclicvc cslrs (licnsiones t:n str il
cliviclrraIiclacl. Si l)r'tin()s rle lrr rlrr:r t'etrcliur. vcnr()s (lLre cn
t'lla r<xlerlos rc(()n(xl'r la clescr-ipcirin \. tc<izecion srl-c r.ll-Lr scric rlc sistc|Irs nx)tivxci()nalcs. lir] pfinrcr luger, Lm J^1(,/r1l.\(,r7-r1l/-s'(,.17/// (lLlt lrr(rr <lcstlc cl crotisrn() (l( lir picl cn su c()njunt() liirstx cl pLaccl kxalizucl() (le lils z()nas ercigenas cl:isit rrs ()r1. xnxl. Lrrctral, gcnitrl P( )stcIi( ,'rcnte. crao(l() l'reu(l intrrxlrrr! t'l c()nccpt() (lc n.rr(isisn)(), a stc l hucc sLslrntlu'sc cn un lil)i(l(), llt tk'l ,vo. c()rm) separ:ll)le <le la libich (lel ()l)jek). La luzr-n cie esta clistinci(in se (l('l)(':r qLle c()nstta (lue cs (lifi'rcnle cl llacer sensual-sexual <ue el placcr tlt lrr r,:r krrci<-n rlcl yr. Distincir-rn (llc l)cll)ritc cnten(ler p()r qu un suido ('s ( irl)irz cle rrhogar cl plxccr clr la scxLrali<lacl ---<rral, genitel () (le otr'.ls firnrs rlt sr. n suli(h([ con trl cle stisf:]cc1' el l)lilcel nalcisist:I. c(nn() l() nur('slrir ( l rs( r' t () el suiel() resenti(l() con cl <>bjcto cle lLor ll (ltlc rc(llarzlr I)rrr lrl)trrrlirl,ir
T
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psl (.oAN
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323
cl .lrjct. P..tt-ct.r. 1 crr. rlc.rcnclc r.Lrrlr. scl'\'ci(in <rrc rlc las scxUillcs.
t1l(
tocle clase clc hrmillaci()ncs en pos clcl rla_ ccr ssxuilli sutisf,cllo ste. cl sistcnr nlrrcisist! pueclc volt.cr. 1 ac[rriril jcr.rr.qua. ,,rlt.atli.rckrse lrl .lrjet. pa*r ha<erlc scnir sL p()(ler. llstir er ,r()r)ent() en ctrc el clcser scxtral rcl()l.nlt c()n k)(lil sLl literza. l)cro si el sistct)lx nx)tit(.i()till scnsLll sexrll V el sistcll nr(isrst c|l pujan ltacie la ltsrucrle tlcl pler.rr .. ct rlcnivn, (lU( 11, ll):lrtcn-, cl -cre ltsirluisrtxr ts tcgitl. l)().(fr() sistc,t:r nr(ti'ltcitral lttxlc*ts.: cl c..njrrnt. dc nlecinisln()s pr)f i()s (lLlc se lrlLr (le cYillrr c) clisrlltcr.r'. r'rtalrtricr-:r <trc sce llL firntr rle ste sui.inlicrt< pscLrir.o lrlrjo Ies uorl:rlirilrclcs clcl -cklr.Jsico. ruicclr. dc l, cLrll,r. rlc la r crgilrnze. c.-. .\sl?t)t.! (l(,(,t,ilu(.titt/(ltstt,,t( i(), rh'l tlisploLcr<tt' c..rrrcnck'rrcsrle krs r)r('cnisDl()s cle clcrcnslr llilst.r r()s r)l()vimicnt()s t :is ptilDiti'"()s clc lLrge rlc Lt silLtci(irt rlokrose. <i rlt;rl)(rlir.ir-rn <Ll ltenser v cl scnlir-. l)()l-()t11t p:lrtc. plLttir (le krs t(tltejos (le Ik)\\ll)\. ( lgfi0) rcr(nlt(). (,rl ()tr() nivtl, iclcls rlc Ftrilleirn (.n (.U:rnt() tt ltr ltris<trcrlu (lc ol)jct()_. cl (les(,() cle arcgo cs rrr'tsic[,rrlo rolalgrrnos uLrtorrs ([,i(ltlc]l)crg, 19g9, l99l)tro Lln sistcIla nl( )tiv:l(.i( )nx l. I_lt t.az<-rn cle enten(lcrl() r..rl trn sistclIt cort lttrlt n(nl1iit rclttir.il pafic t() s(il() rle l<s rslrrclirs c'tlrrlit..s tlrsrle trnlr l)crsl)ccli_ sin. clc l< (lr(' .r.cstril Ir clrirlr tlc rrrlrrlt.s: rrlgrrrr.s sujr-t,s rsic.anlrJti<rr 'a rcnLrncilrn l:r scxrlrliclrl. inclrrs<>:r l s.tisfit(.(i(-)n nlr(.isista yll (ltc se s()ntc tcn y l(cptxn hulrrillec.iocs con tal rle tuc r:l olrjcto nr lcs lrlranckrnc. Nr cs p< llr satisflrccit-rn sexual ni t<rtrc cl .lrjet. sir.r,lr pera clisruinuir cl tlisrlt<.cr nllrcll()s clts.s l. 1')r'.*rtlr (()nlinr))c1r(, sin() p(n-(lar Ie prtscnr.irt rlel -ea .bjet. es'i'i(lil (r)1,() firtntc tlc rcl:t scgtrrirletl. Atc[.. incl.sticlcl tit,,t:-ts l(-gr'(,si\'(). c'esi errrit,elentc ul rlcl ni. lx,(lLlet() lt(,,-()rizlrr:1. trrc c.r.re lraciu
lntc cl ()l)jck) (lc ilnr()r. ceptand()
constituvc r1s, rrn rttiiclrrkr totive<.i<nel tltc aunrlrrt puc(l tcner sL ()l.igcn en cl sensu-rl-rcxur1, trn \'cz c()nslitui(l(). pllslr lr p()seer rtn gratl> intp()rtnte cle eLrtrn(,ltri dr r.e_ l:tcitin con a<tr1. entranclo en :rticLtlacioncs cctntplejas. inr.[icles v:trilcirncs pcrirlices en l cl<inancia elativa rle rno solrc el orr<. El sriet() sc l.el)lj
trc.sistt
un or:ull() pl'c\ iaDtentc lastiruatlo.')" til s/.r1crla
rrr:rnaltica se
(luc ilLuDinn le psicoparloga y lll psicotcrupix -vo' cll()' suPcry(i' . ., ()ctlperclll()s:t c()nhn I l:l(.l()n' llesPect() a l:rs clitDensiones cle hs qr'tc n()s gregaclos y r,,l>.In, c1t,c las <1ttc lrescntatn()s cstlin (lcstinaclas a ollliglckrs c()nqtle s estalll()s l<l cle elkr' cie r'. rloclehcicrnes pelo. inclcpcnclientelrc-nte el clesa (lilecci(')n ltclectada' lx plls() en vcnci(l()s cs cle qtre constinlycn tLn eclericl. ,.,riI,,.1" u,.., ,r.,,.,.t1,, .le artic'l.rci(in <lc c..rJ:xrncntes crre n. cuecler (ltle c()nsL:itleoei:l\ tenga clcscriptive ,, 1"., a,,t.grr'",t clc ll fenoulcnoltg:t tln tll'ls rrlli cle ll lncrx ctiquetxci(in clel Pa 1r,",, f"'f.i.',u"."pie, rtte lleve a I li Ptegunt ltt lipo dc itlte-n.'ettitt laqt,c c,,,,.ir.lzc1r o,trr. ,.1,,. ln,.-"i ',r,j,ii,,,irr,, o' inclus()' c:iP?clic.t l;M trrti tiptt cla crtli|tttttcicitt
hln
iclo clecntanclo
c()111()
conceptulles P()(lel.()sos instltunent()s
.l.l ,,r"rl"r" tr,i, pr.ai.",
cstlu(tLrllt psi( oPllt( )l(')gica y (lc Pcrs()nali(l(ll entle l-s cliircnsiones y las categtltias cstiln lniilt)lellentc relaci()naclas sistc el c()rrtlxciones P()sil)les' s Asi, pant ejernplifiiar (le cntrc l:ls lllLtchxs o l tll< ell<ci<nes ciertas dc ,",,,",i'.it,,, p,rclr,-r clct,:rnrinat le enrcrgencia pcta llegan c[:fcnsas ls vez' ll stl l)cr(). rlil;rlck-rn rlc clt'tcrrlinltdas clefl'nslts. rcalicll(l' Iurl)t ssrinrcnle tl fLtnci()nlllnicrt() Pscttico y l tclxci()ll c()n ll () (ltlc k) nltrcisista; lrltl:tncc cl nt'g:rtirrl scDli(l() tln in.tin",-rat,, cttt()llces tn (rnlx).(,sl:r(l()s eln()(i()nlcs" )' lll "lellt(i(in clei sujeto t"n'ig(,
<lt,scriltirent<s
(lt (iP() clc
'/l',q'/(ir^/ic'7 intcivcltcitin lurlt cu cortpollorztc cle llt
PLteclen nlislll()', con(lici()nlln ls rellt(i()nes inttrstll)jctivlls (lirecci(nlilli(l](l (lc la c(nlelx cs()s lllgLltl()s en ['ct(). sintrtllts. tle irpr'icii)n las relaci()nes illtr:rlrrci<'rn fr.rnr. i<xu cn tlistillto scnti(l(): lx Pcrttll l)llci(in en (lel o I()s snnlllls c()nsigo' stljet() sul)ictivxs generu xlterllci()ncs cn tit rclaci<in () stils intcrl)ersonales slrllre: llts lelltci<les ltl.'.,ru."Jtrr,.,,p.clttices inciclen (le nltilli pr()ccsr) tln es oliginlrn krs rni.rl,,,,s l-o cttc tlxiste h:tlritlllttrentc entlc l() inc(nllplcia releci<'rn Iista tsi()s clotl)ini()s' Ples reverl)c[1]( i(n]ts cllltt a(ltlcll()s clc [eclLlcci()nisl-Ix) ai ilapsi<trici, y k) intcrstll)ictiv() sc '()lllrlll)()ne (lctelnlinante dc t()(l() (' ,r,,1.f.'flra,,,.'. o llaccn llinca'lii- cll l() segLtn(l() cotll() clc lrt 1,,,.a'; *,tf," cl trtlt rt P.rrti; (lc l() intcrn(), clcl c()ollict() intraPsqtticr'
()
clelennin'tr llt
,'is
cle las tulsi.ncs (lc ltLr(x)t.l
(itil1I() sist('nrlls lD()ti\,al(.i(l:t[,! (scl-rstal-sr:xLral, ullr(.isist1l. lqtcgo. V clc et rcl.k,) (lLrc n() rg(fn I1l list:l \, (lLc ,r(iLtirtc. t,rnt, su .lrs (()rup()sici()rI cn llrs (lilD('nsi()nes c()nrp()ncnles (lc (.(lil Lr() clt cll.s c<a< scr rcla.i.nltd.s crr LLs .rntigrr*rci.nes trrc cn Ilt Jrr.rlrrc.cir-a tcr-r.ic.rt r'clnir.lt rsi-
i(in (lel rlispleccr
KohLrr \ s. cs..rlir (r()rg.n rl sisrenr. nxx isisrx n() !)t().n trir.r (t(rl11) rt(.1 t)srirrtsrn) sin() (ltrc l() Luillzrrr.rnn() \islcr)r.r 5Ut).x(n(tin](l() rtrl (t(. 1()rl() (l(I)cn(l(. :rngstills. (l(.1(rrss. <lestrrs scrUulcs sinl(nnxs . Il)r.nu.sirr I)]rtc. illrn re.(r)()rirn(k) \u inr])()|1xn.iir |]() p(!t(I()r (lciir, (l( i.(l() (rLrc i..r(),r l .()r\isen nivur..s dcr psnrLrrsrn) cn (r.( rx v Lr x.rocsri ';k,rrc.n rrrir rx) s()rr l,) (.,rr.l. rri\elcs cn (l.e lir.rn1Lrsri.s (lc irLl().(nrscrvx.irr. c1 rrnn)r c(n.p(nill nrii\ Jlrrlli\,). (, (l (l(\r,, sc\Lrirl en s.s tirrn.rs nr:i (,corcnrirlts. sLrpcrrn ls rngirsi;rs nxr..isisr.s (tc l.t rtrrrIrrz.r v Lr \1.sLrl(ilr(ion
{)il
()rigtn(h' llntusiri inc<nscicnte cn(l(igenllllicntc grllPaci')n tlc clitrlensiones' y lxs stll) (lLlc c()nl() p1-()P()ncnl()s lls irtcils ((ll() (xtcg(xis.l.nir,,.je tltttlt lire,r, licntll (luq set c()nsi(lc'ra(lits' POr tllnk)' rtli(lll(l (lc un.t p()(ler Penstr m()nrent()s clcl anirlisis con](r congclacin 1l lin Ncllt ..,nrpf.', a.'1-,ra"s()s (le cxtlxli(lacl y trnsli)ml'lci(in uulticlireccion:tl' elellrcnt()s c(m1() totludas ,r,rr-ir..l ,,up,tti" rtt,ts. qtlc lrts cliulensioncs iitcran pf()ces() n L'('lltillL'r ' ltisllttlrs sin vt'rsc (lttc s (letenllinitn llltlttllllente en tln
(/ii ,,-r,r,l*rri"t,,, 1'rrl elkl. lltIa c1l(la pxcicnle cxistc tln tielrP() Ilr'lll'1rl()sk) dilllcnsi()nes- y tt l!Dtl't) co (lel iln.rlisis {l lcl,.'vltttlicntt cle llrs clitcrcntcs cle k) (lue sc ll:l(c en l()s (le l luinela a (ltlc dctenuin'lr, se irta ,iinirrrru,,n lls inllrtt'tr transiirulltcirncs las (le tos fltl)s. ras<ts clcnorttlnackls <liagrllla qtle sc'afiicttl:ttl y tlt' cias cle las,treas )' dilrensi()llcs entre s, y la fortlle en
lern)inan --{'llllli(la(l
elllergcnte- lo
cue nrl Peftenece rt ningtrnrt
tk' t'llt:'
J.2-r
AVANCI'S,:N p-s,(_O.ltiR^p,,t pS( ()^NA_TIaA
t()lrljt.() Molrtrl
R, f tl^Ns:()Rl^(.l()N1.
1f5
,=qui"r", p,,." su snlcrgrn(.i,1 rle lu prr,eri,r clel ruisto, <le l,r" urr"ln..,l.lt" regrcsi<)n. tlr lrt.rlir'.ctr, rlt.ric.n,rs.,.,rr,,*.,-, lirnt ,, i.I'rrt.ienr< I ",',"' <lel rsi<lttisttt. <ltte *,r., p,,..r.,, p.,,.i,;.;..; ::]:-* ll.,.].:lt1 ^_.,.....,"1.' rerpl o en r,i ,i.r" a"r ,l l('r'.rp(;ulr( r, (rrr nrr('(rJ .nrjr in.rr. ,,cr:r r.r .,,rr,pr..ii,r,r.r .r.. t,,',1,.. .Lrsit ir., nLr,, .r ir' l.*,, (l(.t rr.1.,rit.n,) ,,',,,r,..n,,.i1.,r,ti..1 ...,'i,,,ili,,l n(1 c\,r,.r, ir h:rcrend' (1 ,rt(\ (r-rs^.\(i!( y Iijl. ' .rrictiv.s telll pL ti(.( )s (rLrrnte rir clr)r._ 'r ci<in rlcl rnisllro
;;;;;r.,;;,:;r, rr.rc cstrin (lestina(()s lr lrna reti.rnlrlaci<-)n (.(xrtrnL.r. ,u" ,r"., tr,,ai.,*1,', ,rr,i, a,rrrpl._ jrs cn el prceso clel trtntient(),. ". tantr,rr.a,o vi ,t.,.,igt.,n,r.
,.,,r,, r,.,.;, n,?.'; l,;,1';;,:;,1;l;'ii:i.l'lii,?,i'll;l"l,lLJl;lll'lii,i.l,,),.1. 1>rrtic.s. C.nligLr.lci()ncs (tiagn(-)sri.". y ,,rr",rir?r,
Veantos lrta algun:rs clinrcnsr,:rs y -rrcJ\ tle JtieLtllLia'n Hcn<r-rn c.)nlicrtnl
Lat cotlceDc, tlel psiqtistttct c(),o ttlt sisle,kt de i,frTruci, hultsfnn\cio)tcs nus p(tlet:., cl I)ut.(tclignut t1ttt, sttpctu tttttlo ttl trttnisntt de lus liutcitt(:; c(1t1, Lt la .qt,,t",tiir:,,;,,,'riirir,,,::'").',,,,u,, prru., ,r_ t<'1, 'rs ,lt l,r,7rt,se.h\lutL,D tds ,('\kUtt..:
Jrc>r
separacl..
1.,
nbdulur.l
l,.rz. sin eurlrarfo, cle en(ontrar un ciique en otr,l filerza no tttcnos xtltrrrt ,lt.tn(lo hace sentir, al sujct() en peligrr>. peligro real () ftit))ente irrr.rgirr.rri
llclsonliciacl clue en su
h seguncla cuestin, lr de) riesgo cle ttlnvcrlir lt scriu:t ttn c:rtegora tulr l)arcativa que bt>Ire hs difcrencias <ue -xxlarttos it' llrc iencl<> entre cr>nclicicnes qr.re sutgienclo a pafiir (le sus tonlns mi-ts elt tlt n
l.o (lrc n().r r'ondrce l
lLrcl en
llil,l
p".i"n,::''iifi::i',Liil;:jil:;;:X;}TI:;;
;t,;; '
l.tlcs temrinan por arlqtrJriI pnrpieclatles no existentes en las <rte las <'rir.r[r,rr. \rsrtns hcros insistido citeraclelrcnte en que la climensir-tn clcl n.ttt'rrrsrrr, rrrplica trn <:Lnrl'io cle enverglclura cn el desal<fl< psiquico. ruc, pol cl tr:r i sujcto puecle Lenuncilrr:t la sexualiclacl directa con el <rbjeto, o lt lrt ittt 'islt'rr, el ti )('onserv.rcin y a la sensualiclacl clcl c<rer an()rexia-, o pttctlc solrrt' -lr .iEniflcur, crtt> en Csrrnrr';r, la sextlichrl, )nvirtin(lola en rn instrlr !))crl( ) (()rtvttil () a ste cn u al:-lc <l<' cle srr r'tltrtisisux, Iesl)rc(() rr la ltlintentcirin -'ul:rr cr'l'rc", en una virtLrrl cle go11(,/, en (llrc cl retinarnienr es el quc otor' gu phccr y no la zonr er<igem (lllcichnrar, I9tl1. 19J6). I-o que no significa <rtt' , l placcr cle lll 2()n1 er(-)llcni en cl en(tent(r c{)n cl (r)iet() ni las necesirl:ttlts Li,-.:rutlconscr'cir-rn clesu1rrcz<:tn. ljn ll arti(tllr(j(in clc sr >h: esignifit a(irD. o <lc oIrsicion, () dc cooll)lcDrentlll ic(l(l entrc :lut()c()nsen'.I( (in. sexLt:tlilrl, rllrrcisisltxr, r'cl't't<s la titltrcza dcl pens.rnrient() tictrclinc>. Quisia'fNrr()s ah()ra (l(tenern()s eD los <lese()s (lue se activiln en el sti(l()
E. ssu,r pur.tir)Nt _Dt:-,:AN.r.E: rr()DA.(DAofts Df . I)EstiAl v c()NTtiNrDos .t.HMlcos or t_()s t)!:slj()5
crre ofrecc
ticten:rl ()lr() c(r1tr) clqstinlltarirr. r::lrr<nclo lts stts firnttas cle vncrIr l,rr cl intcra's uclitional clc scr txnrl)in <leseos que se dirigen ll tcr':r (lLllantc cl tratanriento."" I)e\t1l
En cl ser ltrunan< el instint<t
,r,.tensi,,n.
nr>s cle clescrs qrrr: r,an rles(lc ,,1.'lllll.'l(t''!'trl"\ ((.\.rn rr .r ro instrntir, _,ar,,,'t
t'
l:xaclos v llej:rckrs <lel irsjnk) c()m() L.,s .lingic[.,s.,1 ,,,,t,.a'ir,,.ur',*llt " ,._ (r)n()cilticnk) narcisista. I)escos ',i,r_o 1t (Ll ,,,,.u., fr.a,,, ..i pcr() cn cL) c()nsfiu(.i(;n nlisrnrr i.rtc1ienc l).u.rcn (\t(' (lLr.-n:t),,rt.r r,. rn(luy, rrrrpl.rnrrr.rrrrlricn el ,,,r,;, .n .ir:,;;.i, clc que cs r,rl..,..,r...;;;",I,::'l .::',nrrnc1,, .lcl rlc:rco sc rlcstl,r.r- \n() lt t,iftlidtcl. tr, ,r,,Aatrior'liil ,i.u.., tr, ,.rr,r. -qLr c i t t.fi,e t tc tr I desau
r
\i)l'I('rl rr'r,rrr' \tir,r,) \ r)r.rs "'''t ,,,,.i.,,.,,,,',r il,.j:",:lli.,:11,;lIll,i::1, li:l]l,;i::,;.:i;lrill."ill
instrrlrt' rn t1 p'ir'11 cn tr,)i-
(l
r.
qtre irttrello rruc lrtc-clc scr ()l)jcr{)
,,r,,, r..,.r ..r ri,,.,i .r. ,iu.,'_i;ll, li]:lililll::,,,1J,1].,:H,l,l:;,llll,lî'ii,; "u lr.rt,.. t n ,\ircr rr rt tttl!rcn t. Lfu nttt.ultrccon en lit(lrt,rt.t (l?l Dsicrcotilisis (Frctttl, t9j,.,). rtlp".*rr)liiririi..r.,, ,l::", , ,irr',r,._n:;,;;;;,'i",, .;r;:," cntrc l9l 5 y 1933-: la clnicr ck:l .,, , u"., ,,,,, i".r, f., .,nlrrii,,
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Espectro :r)rl)li() <le Irs rlcser tr ncicn cn l" trisr"n'rl 'r(()(()nser t'ltrv() y en Ir lulsioitl ......,,1 oi'',.:l:.'-t..::.] r.esl)c\ t crc!r)rrr\ n(( ri\'rri. rrr'rrrlcn, r'l.rl rl' ' r,'.,n.i.,. ..,,r,i.1,ri,,',i,,.'.r,"';l';-i gt .r n ck,s,,,.L;.," .i.:';;;,,1:;;:t'::i: 1]: rrtt r r rt, l-rrUrl c nrirler.l.t.tetes
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Lrlnbin posee legitiltirlatl en dirilirse ilell en ltusca rle satisfaccin rle cleseos n() sexLlales. [,a histetix In sid<t clcfinicla clcscle la sexuiliclacl y no clescle la complejiclacl cle srr organizacirin y necesiclacles E[l()ii()n.rles (Dio l]leichnrar, 19i5. l9tl7. 1y)2:r. 1992b, 1994a. 199+l). AI espcck). el psicotnlisis ticr)e rna (ler(la c()n la l)isteria Bqlriv.ente ll cle la psi(luilttrili (le la p<ra en qre se t));rllrittal) l enfe ri() ntental. I)eL(la <ue sictnpre es el tesrltack cle la i!{n()rncil en h cortrprensir-rn (lc las nt()tiv.lci()ncs (lel ()tr() y, s() lrre r<rcIo. <lc diflculta(les en la iclentitlcaci(in <rn cl cliferenrc. l,a ()tra clesti(-)n reltivl a ks tlesers (lue tienen al rtro crlto su (r),ct() c(ciernc x preglntas (lue vn tits all clel c()nteni(l() cle rrn clese< en prticLrlar, cle sr terliltic.l. l'sc refielen e l1rrrleliclades est|1lctrtr.lles. tlxnstemilticas. c()n hs c!illes se rc:r(ci()na alntc el (lcse() (lc[ (fr().:tsi ctrt<..1 kts rte<li()s er)pieaclos pirr pr(rl()ver el <lcsco rlc stti J in cle tLre satisflrga ks clcl sljet(). I)estaqLrcm()s l()s sigrientes intcrr()grntcs: 8u dcs.,os, csluks lc titttct, c(t(hc!.6 sa lratdu a itLhtct an cl (ftt paru que st(, slttsli.q1u los bseus dcl stt?t(t1C<\t\ l's tirrnlrrs espccificas tlr inch,cciirn: serhccir-n, t))cnazas ), ( still()s clivcrsos el alrnckrno fisi-inclrriclo co () elrr()cional-, intctrl:rcirin cle cstacl()s el()ci()nles rngLstilL. -txcitaci(in. micd(), s()rpresil. confilsi()n-. Trrrlrin al pr()\1)car sentitrrientos dc crrlpa y <le
r'cs1t<lns-.thilitlttl l ttl()str f cl suiel() sLl sufii)))irtnt() o rrloctsc. il(Ilv.r L,)c()nscientelllcnlc. en c()ri(lici()ncs l)eliflf()sxs (lc inclclcnsirin <1tre (lcspiccn ct) el ()tr'() lll neccsiclarl de protcgerle ficcuente cn cl vincrlr <lel -rnoclaliclacl () (lc ( icfts person:rliclaclcs clepcnclienacl<llescentc con sus figtrr':ts prrentxlcs trs ert sr r-clCi() con cl terttcrrllr. l-a pregunta silntricl rcspect() e la crrc lrcabanxrs rle yer serii: ailnb s? rrbictr el su.ielo.fir:tttc l .l$eo dd (lt'o? Clestin ir la (lLe trat(-) cle responcicr La cxn (1966) en l<ls inici<s tlc su tlr'rt, espcciiltnlrntc en llr (litncnsi()n cle srrlxrrtlinacit>n clcl sjcl() ai (lcse() (lcl ()ll'o. c()nstitLtr'it-rn clel prr:rio tlcsc() en l)llsc l clel otr<, c<nstittrcirn clcl pr<rio dcse-o cn <4)t>sici(rn al rlcl <t<. fnrsrracitn dcJ pIoPi() clese() plra liustr.rr al cle'l ()tl(); () en l ilup()sici(in tiftinica xl ()tr() (lcl (lcse() Propio.
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(lc cstus pl(()cLrplt(i()nes.r'r'Si ilntc (r.tl(luict sufrirrrientr rsiruirrr tue el (llnce (i(fla intcnsiclarl sc sicl)lcr i (ltr! '(. .ltr,,/.. c\ I).lFlr.rtt.ll)lc, () l() s()i)(r1o ri'is. rrt a cstllr... l.)st:rl', sc cntic,l(lc cr)t()ll(es el ronu,,1c las fic( urnt(s (lesL\, l)ensJ (i( ntes (luc lr(ltciiln .l csllts I)crs{)n.rs. l,l xngustiJ n() clcrentle rle l tcorilti( l)r'tiruhr cle c'.rcl' siirciol sin() (lc cic () tii)() (le liln tlrsirs. c()r1 strs consiguicntcs lcpcrcLrsi()frcs crxx ionltlcs. qtrc al cot'tsirleIlrr cl clispla<er (()l1l() .1.()z-. "inegr.rentuhl<,", lt solr|csiniliclr ( )t( ,r'11i n(l( )lc sU scuti <lo tjnlrl. L:l cxistcn('i d(, cstls r)rlllnizal( irnes cn el in(r)ns(ientc, ,r'ccllt<lerLs tllctaf:urtas:rs rol scr les crrc crxlilicen x ot':ts l1rntsxs y l)() est.rr cn (listinto nivel <L'gcntlli(l(I. gener la rc>ercrrsirin enucitnal cle crlrkrricr rcprcsent?cia)n rlllis o rirrnos <lisrl:rr'cntcrrr. see la enlcrrttetlatl. cl fte<lrso. llt nrp-
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lrrr 'rl rli'pl.rccr i.]',.,1,.,'1.,,i,,',,,'.,r\.rri'r(lrr( lr 'l..n"n..l'' 'l'' 1'"u',, explicito ya tltt' (rll':lt'i(r't'tn i"'t- ''"t'nt'""t virli clt tll<x-lclo 1'"tt" ttt ict"nt itic't' lt'\ ('tPctil ln ll'i' illtl)'nl'lnl( "/r'l/\/^5 litr It, trttPlr, ir,' iLrr'r rrn r'rr<1 ''^f''tl''' roclalitlrttl rtnr nt' u" <""p" dal tr''tr "ttta'"n pt.ot'iL't rrrt' ''i'))')t':"i"ttt""t't' *ili\lit'l' ,,r{.(,r,-..lar/.ln l,r (.rl)r,r, r(,r'r c['l tittrrr" '.lt'l"lt' ,.s \',,s(.r,r,rrl.,r,'r,r',,,,,,.,1::;,,::,1,1 .1,.1",,;i,,.,,,, tl...,k. l:rri,litrurr ,' r:rn('i.r n.rr:l tl'Ist'" tlcl''l"t ' - ^..r,,,.i,,rr.l, 'Lr l.rnr:\nr.rli('.1 *, r,.,.,,,,.,,tr,.1 r,rr,risrrr,,,H,*.1'il,,.ll*l ,, .,i.i,i;',,_ ,,',:;,,,;.n r.,ri(r.,(t (ltr(' tl vez clc hctotcs ctnstitttcil rnlti:s qLLe Ln e\ (le est( tlistitt'" t'tetrre lt 'ic|t ' cecle. tlc h il)r!lrlc(i' 'sth' 'tlg" rrrs rltr'' i'''n t i"'l'l'" '.. .r,.ttrr'il.r- r'tt'tn"t'' ..*in l",.,'t"i'''i 'rlt (n \r LI.ItIILiIit:r 'II l'rlrr ln,r l.r \Lrou(.:.r:L *r.r\(1t.r(l ,,,,.'...,;r.;,,,,pi,.:.,.,.'',r,
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li k)1ili(l(l clcl senticlr (lLtr (qltieren el) ci llsi(luisrl(), senticlo qlle, cn ctntl)io. resLltr cle su luticrLrirn ()tis crecncixs clcl tiprl cle las tllctafltnt;l sr.rs ,re,ci,ncllrs.
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rrlrir.:rnck cnton<.r,s i,l puligr., r,n.u .,,._,1.,, L,r., i,,.ii,,g,,, r".,,trr,, r('..{i\' lv,r l.r 1,1i.. ... rrn ,1r,.li..lr.ir,,frr..1,..,,.t.,1,,r,1,,,,.i ,;;,.,;;,i,,,,,,,,,,,n Icnslt l)cr(), s,l.c ttclo. si se l>r.ol, ,nA.r .,,,t, ,r,.,, ,r,.,1., l, i,. .. .,r,rii.,, INr'tiNslr)A) Ar.L.c.rvA D, r_As )tis: rNsul,t(. tNcrA trtr I- lxpr.r r:rriru DItr. I)r,spr.AZAr riNt.a)
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lilrr. l<s est:rclos,rfecti\r)s y prcscnr:rn (rnrx) ct resuirl(k) (le t lrri( Lll(.i(in ];.:..:1.::1.,.: :':r.rt,It!ntft,) rlc(rrrrlnn(rlr(\.l lt:t,tttiCrt<<n cl rlrc <.lrcllr pers()n:t Ori(lc l (lLlr.l(.i()t1 rteept;rlrl--clcl ckrlo rlel rlcseo _liL,tlxt 1 lt, ltt tspt,rtt tlL,t,xtluciittrlci cicser () (lel sulii)rirnl(>_ \.:l lr nrrt.:rr cacJlt alaa,-,, \, a,,,1',, ,rt,rr a,",,.,,i, r'a,o,,a aa n,.,rl.ngun. C.nrr> cler.rr. r, n. r,n senti(k) 1g,,,,,,i -rrr,,1.,,,,.,...n,ii' ,. ,
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Acaso ia itlce clc la muerte. (le la:rgresitin, cle ia lxrroscxrtalitlrttl, rrr, (l( n ()cupr el lrrgar de causa inicil cuanclo cclrt]probanros (lur nli(ntrirs I);ll.t .rlrttn-tos sLr s<la rttencicin es clpaz cle clespefiar el lrlis illtcts() ltrrrrr. trt ,)lr'()s. en cl(nll)i(). son yivitlas cle ttn nt:Ln<rl l()talmente <lilctcntt'i'Sttr()rtcr
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,uc ttltrt itlelt tcngl cle p()r si ttn (lete nririt(ll inrensititi rrleclivlr, r,' rr r,lLr estuvicra cr ll nrturlczrr rlc les cosas, crr> algo innraneDt(, it-rlir:r ti. \( chr ftr(l() el oxlen siml)rilicrr en el crLal aqulla se eligin.I y sLl)sisl( . I:r ( l Ir,lnbre nr sr-rlo la red icieokigica cir.re ua srt pens.lllient() no rcsttll:t tk l ' ,tistr rle lo niltllr:ll ya <tre <tc'tndc clc los lrrclrillos y cle la firlult (lt ()rilirri zrrfLrs tlur lc xp{)r'trn sus ()tx)i sillDifici\'()s \in() (lLe. lxDrl)in, atlrrclkr rttt , on lrastante l:rxitrrrl llenltnrrs afectlr cs crr'istrtticlo en tu-t proccso c-n cl ttrt lr iclcntiilcacin clcsempea rrn -lrpel centr;rl. El horror 1 el placcr st r':ttt .r rnstituycntk r. titlrrlrin. en los intcrcrnbios jclentificak)rios con el r)tro signr
lir rtrivo.
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I)cto insistlln)(is tn lil I)rcgLtnt-l .rrrt.r,s k, rcre rlelrrrrtina rrre trnlr itlclt ..l('n;l.r un.t gr.tn t.l)e(.u\i,,1 .l(1tj\.1 (.n,,n., r.r.,,,,.,r;,,;..,i.; ,,,;,r.,,,,., .." ,'l).(..i,,n.rnr(r(,r,n(.r.rjrr(.rr(.\r.irt\r.r.rl ;,,.,.:,;;.;,,,;'.i.'.i...;,.,;,,,',,,..",,,,r.,r., c\pli(ilr ustl <u.rlicllcl cle <.ielt:ts ji;;,1:':1";:il,l:li::,1i,..;,:l,l:',f ,,,,,",liillii'll,l ,,.r,, i.r".,. ",,r.", -;,,,;;,:. \rr,\.rrt,' \t1,,\,,\ (t( _ ilrrr..tl.lr l..,rru l, r,r. Qut- r'st,, strcrl.r stl.r tlliril c.rresl ionltrl< rr.,,r.rrr.rir,,,,r,.1),,,1.,,11*,,,,,i . lrstltnclr,,r,,"a,r,.,.i0,, p,,t. t,, clr'tic psic( )r n1r liti(.il l)xra rn(.()nfr-ilr cvi(len(i1s. ) f" .. pr,ru.. (rn,,,(l.lt..irr,r ln.t n.rc rlc l:l ,,..r,,.,. ,,,,,r.'_.,. .pcr( ' "affi,.",.i,-lu .'l " ,r,..,,.,,r,..,,',,,,.,,.,'r;,r',r:::,,1'li:,1'j;,:1"1':,,:1:,,r,:.:,,.lli,l,ii.]],1,,,1],,1.1 t]c:r cn c c io.ii\-i(lu() cn pirnicrrl.r.,\Lur r.r.rntlL, c()r(cl)ro (ie (lL'splazarlricnr(> cn ,n.r "ix,li.,.r,l,,l"',,Ui."r,f,,.f .I 'rgrrsir,n i" tit,,;-"-;;p;.'1r,,. hrrrxrs r.on Il oltliget.ion (le (lilr (.lentil "n,.,,,., clc, crlil es l" r"r,rn if.l
ir\tifi(rr el :lc,crrr cle ,,r,, ;,f." pr,,,il;1i..,.-
lr, inlp()rtun cs cf pr.,rlrlcua ccnrlrl qrrc:r nL(,sr.() ,,1 ,,,..-,,r,,,,,1,.1., .]..if").,,,,.,r1,, -""" ,,,,,,,, ,.t.,
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(lu:tnclo cl nio. cn el irl)rrz() ittlilpantc (lLtc inrllicu l:r i(lcnt ificx( ii )n, rlllr' tl.r lij;rckr lrl s(Dli(l() (lLlc Plir cl olxr ticncl] Lr:, i(les (lc mrerte. cle lx1r,., rLaljclcl o rlc'agresirin, sir)lLlltnexlnente se Ic trlnsmiten ls manilrstr'rL rtL s cor]xrtalcs tlre llts llc(nllp.rlln, el esta(l() (llj tcnsi<in cn k)s l1]itscul()s. Lrrl l( tlr s(,s lrkr' cn ks lllisnt( )s. Ln lip() (l( rtlil-(l. Ln ( ierta ntilnc'[ (le rl'spiritt -('l '( l)ir():ngrsti()s(). t<lt ejenrplo . \'si en ( t ) i t t r t . cl rlel lengrtaje. tlr.tt:tttt. l,r rrcltuisicirin cic lrr clrpeticlrrtl l)l.i pl()tDciir-etucllt>s lirnct-ttas cttt'sort rr'r>ios clc Lrn iclirtlt y no rle ottt. sc terDlinil sbicncl( r.rrlocar en lrt rrrsi r'ron arltcucl algo ten prro risillc c<rx la lengLta en el interi()r (le llr lxxir c,.r'rtle, llcglin<lose as lr -rodcr (]lllitir s()ni(l()s cuc son iflrposibles rrrr-;r lrs Iltlri:tntcs cle otto irlirrt:t, no nos clebexs s<:t'ptentlcr <ttc h iclentilicrrr. i,,rr t,nrotrrr'.rl t())r'irl (ucrp() cn ttna rlir'rttnsirin tltre llt rrlis lrllll cle lt:s gcstrrs,, lJ ir(titu(lcs cr1>orles xl)ic a)cntc olrserul>lcs. Soble L l>ase cle Ia rlisrrr sition dl(la po[ la biokrgia. tlc ks <ilcuitos inmlk)s nclrr(flsi()ltgicos cut sr' il(ti\'aln. se acl<uicrcn cn el cn(LcDtr() c()n cl (r() significlttivo los.ftncrLts, (le l()s cstx(l()s errr(irnrrles (). p()r cl c()ntr'rio, se tlcjln (le ilctualizar (l('((r rin:rtlrrs rotcnci.r liclrrcles Los cst:rclos cnxrcirrn:Llcs s()n r(lui!lentes il i(li() r)irs (lue se lsi:rilln en su tsrcc ifi< irlacl r.le rrcrcrckr a ciriilcs sen ks .lllrllrrkrs, por lLtrrelkrs cuc r-orlean ul srtjeto. euntttc la caplciclltci cle haltlarl<s sclt ,,,1 .1,, r l)r{,\ l\t,, l n,r llr l,i,,l,'[r.r. I)(r'()tr plr(e. los fi'nrinrcnts rrrrlrorales no sc lirttitan ll ser llleros (()r11 lnirrnlcs t1e lus ir[es en un pr()((s() <tre ir'lt tlescle stiLs hxcilt atlull<. l,<r rLre srrr'etlc cn tl trrcrlo sc inscrilc en cl rsitrtisDro en ur cloble ni\c'l: I)()r Un l(l(). en tant() rcprcscntil( i(in clel crre'rPrr pcxr. sirl1ult:inc:tlDente. csts r('rresentaciont's rlel ( uo p() pal.rr// ,l .d)t?silttlcdr las dcas tltlc las actit'Ln'()tt. El in(()nscientc no srilo lc halrl:t ll clterpo, lo pareliza, lo xncstesia, jtteg:t ,.,,tr l.ls rcprcsentltci()oes rrerlintc hs crales el cr.rer'xr puccle inscribilse en cl rsi
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cstuehl. se (lciil slgssti()n.ll :rot'trl. Si cacl.t rt z srrjeto miecl() ruc el sicnlc sr.')c :)(rcltrce Ll esl)aslr)() clc csfago, un.r ()lrr'
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si()n (jn el pccln) () Una clirea, (lespus lastarir la presencia (le estos ele-
l]r(llr)s Pl-:r (lue sc (tive la ctcenci cn el pelig). Y n() n()s est.ul()s relilitrrrIr arrr ir qLe scxn crtlificados hipoconclriacarner)tc, a qLc cl su j({() sulx)ngr qLlL, ell() indicall un nral firnci<natnient() (lcl cLlerp() }' que l)r'('ilnLnciase h mucrte, sin() a Lrn tip() l)s prilliti\.() (le pr()ccsuntietrk) in(()n$iente. [$r estxr iUnt()s ckrs cstnclrs. ctr(h un() errrc:t al otL<t, p()r(luc llls r(l)r esentilci( )ncs clcl pcligro sc .lc()t)rprin cle lus represelrtec ioncs cle los l)r()aes()s.e rlescarga l'egetativl (lrrc prsirn en cl cLrerp(), scrli stlicicnte ultc ri()l-lDrnle quc estos ltitrr<s cst('r-r presentes .\1,/ .s/ d/ !,,r1. inr.hso rna cr:fereclrl iisice. pr>r cjenrp)r>-, -cu.lLlui.,tu p:rllt tue cl srielr) sicnt (luc el I)rligr() cxistc y l>trsclLrc entre slts hrellas tnnsicus las rrre cotresponclan al rlisr](), c()n l< cual lemrinr:i enc()nt-lln(l( ) algo qtre lc :tstrslurr. Explicacirin (re l)()sce un inrera,s cspccial pucs lt()s llLestr:t el (,fr()r dc elgun:ts teorus sol're Ils cnfentreclarles psi( ( )s()ntiil ics c-n Ils cpc:l cllc()n1rrsc (iefiirs fcpresentlrci()nes filnt.r\Il].iti(.r:, sr \Lrp(,nc tr( i,(,n s\tats lxs (luc
llrs
1)(ill tl psiqrisr))(, pirsir lt rsprcsenlarl. Sc trDl lrr irrraginulizlrcion oc rrlrich ( l)().\lark'i ct>r't\o la crrs clel ItniDcnr rrre en realicle<l firt la <4xrrlrrnicllrcl
rru:r crtc aqulla se dcsrr<lllrr 'lirch frtrttilil va crear-I(k) en srr nricrrrlrros, ctc,s<lc. l mris t(.nrpr!nl inilnci;t. ttn acople enrre !lcter llIina(k )s cstt(l()ri errrocitrrlcs, el >r'incipio glrlreles t ircliferenciaclos. ) ciertxs l epresentci( )ncs (lc pers()nils, <lc cosls, dc sittrationcs. constiruy('n(l()sc de cstlr mlrner.l Lrnu csl)ccie rle sillrlrrrio lr:isict. (.tr;rrtkr el nir) cscuchit s()steDc) su ()tr() sigoifj(illirrr cltrc lgrricn ,,ttr!r) tllt stlir)lient() lltr'()2.... es Dr:is clc ]o (lte Ltnir pers()ti I)Lecl( sr)p()rlxl..., ni tc rtrcclcs imairtiu lo qur: srrfr-iri,, (lLrecllln c()n\'o(irdas t()cllts I.ts replescnlci() rts tltl ckrlor', n< sirl<r l.ts sLtrgi(ls (lc cxpcliencitrs rr<lpilrs t,tirnta-r'e:rlcs s( (l'r\- sito )lrs aportlttlas pol Irs ctrcntos, l()s lil()s, les nril procltrr'ciones rlt' llr <Llturr. I)er<. aclenrs. cotrr() cl sull-irlrienk) cs,,1)t1is cle kr rlre sc tueclc
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irrlrginar,, en sL mentc se gcnent I crnvi<r'iiln (lc (lue p()r nliis (llrr pin\E tklor lrollible sierrlr: Ilav rrne posil>ilicla(l l)c()r. y s()l)rc fr)tLr rrrr rclri irrso>rr able. ('()n l() (lu(- se prepr:r el sentilnient() blrjo cl qLre sc \,'ivir.i. I)a(l()
(lr( cst()s jtricios cle at[()z. (lc'lt()rril)lc, cle insoponable. son escuch(k)s p()r t l rilto r'oro trlrlica(lo\ tilnk) a l.r l))Llcfle (\)n1() a ltL cntertnc<lucl iisicu, u l: llcrr. rrl ftLclrso nlrcisistl () lir Irr uoscxrrr liclarl, lockr k asi r'rrlificarkr tluerIli virr<rrlckr entre s, lun(lue see <lispar, por el sinrple hech< cle ser sulr r lrrst tk' l:r caltcl{()rll (lue los lrerca. l,uc.g. ca<lu lcz (lLlc sc acivc cn sLt llx (( (li\li(i(! (le -itir()2" () "ins( )l)r rlxl)lr" sc ilfruerall 1()(ls lts reprcs(tl.( r(F ts rI Lrs (uies se prretllt prerlicar (]uc liencn cs r'tralicllrcl la olu(rte. la x lsrtrrr'iir. l lr Lrltillaci(rn, el rhanclont, Il poltrezl, le faklacl-. lll fichcr r Lrsilrr;rri lrrrr rltcl c()nccpk) se poncl[i cn filnci(r]xlllientr ), sc rc((,'(r..r. rr r|s r r /ri t t tk',q) i4 tlL, t)tdL' tPrau-dittutht lct q k ot gatiad lat c tL tlL tiitt
th,trrtn,lkts t,t'tts
: ll] I('lll( ll.lr ( l \Llsl, tjcrrlrkrs ilr{cIi()lts l))Lcstrn cr>llxr lits l))llri(cs pasioDltlcs:lhstrit(' lrs l)r'()(h(en ks nrictks crrc sc sucerlcn intrnt)in.rl)lcltrsnte. En algtrnos c:r s()s ll (iutlctcisli(: csencitl cle estrs nlic<ks cs (lLe sc prcsentan cottxr cl l.{ril(l() Itlrixirn() ck'kr <rtc rr.rcli(ta cOmesponclcr':r clttllr ttno cle krs telttlts (l(, Irrs lttc se vlt ocrr>itnrLr l ncnte: si sc trltta tlc cntl,nlctllclcs, sc nrcn\: (,,r clinccr; si la rrcrxulltci<in es l() ec()n(-)rlli(\), se rrrnclrtyc tltrc soltrevcnclrii llr Iuinil t()txl. ctc. El inc()i]s(icnte firnCirne. Pare e<r.rellas rcrsonas dornin:r<ltrs I)()r cl s('!'tlit]ritn) tlc tltrc el ltrrol ae(r'h.r, (()t)t() Lr)il csl)ccic (le r)).(lrllr, rlc tntrltirlicar pol lir crrl krlr l<: rue proccslr kr va tntnslirrmand() en l() )t:is lcrr(nfic() <lc stt rcnslrrlo cn el ire cr-r ( ucsti(in- N() cs (lue haya rrn clclt.r nlin(la tiltrts:l elt l)ilrlicLllr. !'a (()1sti(ui(lx, cfi-r'icl u rrna situuci<tn cle ltc ligrr rlltkr sir'r() (lrc l() (lLrc exislc cs trn tlisrosilivo lujo llr lirrtna rle rrn rnllriz l)xsi(al 1ll)stnlct.r (lLc cs (l)itz cle kuar clt(lll una clc lirs fantasas lr:trti(Llarcs y bus.!r. titc(li.utt( utl !rdbd() tfu !'()dt!cciAt. hsta krgrar en c()r1lr'.rr uni( \'itiiln(c (lr c(l !lolt tlc cllas, ttrt scr:'r llr crrclici't rlte tlcs, l)c xr cl l)()rr(n n)iixirl().rL)r' l'aIe apttrxirnlrrnos l i<tca (lc c(inn) s()n ests rllatriccs arl)stratctats, intat ginenkrs cl rlr()t)en) cn crrc rrlguicn, tflts lllll)cr (lcnr(ll(l() en el ret()rn() l slt r;tse, lleglt crt c[r (lct]lLtLl:r(Lt ] c( ( )nl r:in(l( )sc ((n a(lLtel <ltte kr espera lc tlice:.l'eso alg() lerril)lcl,. I)rr1u-rtc l.t iicc i<-rn rlc tiell)p() (lue traoscLlrrc ll.lst:t <uc se lrrincla h infirrrnaci<n. cl ruc se halla cn sLspens() pasa rcvista, c()n r:I to(tzin cn vikr, rt ruil sitLr.lci()ncs rrrt Purlitrrn a()rrcs])(xxlrr u lo lntn\ l(
I',.r\.1
Lin pacientc, cr-tya maclre le ltabia crinck en rn clilna cmoci<nel crn< si estuvicrll en el .tren ttntasrutr" () en l.l "clsa cle ks lrr>rtrrres" dc ios plrques tlc ertlret(nijcnl(), cn tLre catllr D)on)ctt() (lcplu' Ln sust(). vicne un cll a la sc' si(ir c()n irnginas y IDc clicc: ,Jltngr ur dokrr cle gargant:r teril>1c,, acentuanrk cn cl tono clc v<lz esta ltiDlr palalrr':r. Ilxcc Lrn silenci() y l c(rntinuaci)n rrlrpiez:l ll scntirsc :rsustll(k). c()n llli((k) r ln()t'irsc tlcl corz<in. fl reconstrucci(-) (ltc ptrcle ltlLcer rlc l sccLcnci en l)sq lL expericncias alnlun()rcs (D r.uc algo sinrilar hlra rrtrrrickr fire cue <lcsrui,s rle rrrrnunciar la palaltra tesr c?s.l jrnrs rn rl<lor clc llrrl{lrnt () clc cubcza eran si[rpleutent|ilrle -,.'t tt os(), iici))l)r'e (r ',I('l'U.l() rn clkr clliblc, rlc.c;rl>c21.... (lc gargnta, etc.,-la palelrtr "tcnilrle, crlrr itLlr)n()nt:l c()n respc( I() lrl tlolr>r rle largtnta y ltctLrn(l() c(nn() algo gcnrico pasr'r a signilicar.elgo terrihlc nte pa:ja,, re.tcti, viln(l() el rllic(l() .ll int:rfi(), (lLe cstlrl).1 r incrrle<l< l:r mrrcrtc (le (rn rrnig(, srllrili(lti\1). lis l() (lrc succ(lc c(m a<rrellrs cue r:rra clcseril.lir rn estatl< fisicr o tnental cliccn "cstlty I)c( lt() polvr. lo (llre Llnil vcz escuchark por el inc()ns-
nl('
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qtlc.l(pat lelt
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pitsa (lu( :llg() te|Tillc \r ocurrir se es(\(li 106. l)r unr ihrs':r(i(in (le c(-,rrro.Lr;rncLr n:r cl h(ni,/n(( :r lx Ini.(t(l((lx (lc (.ll(' (,(n.r(nlri. (krirn(l()\e ir lx: i(lcls ([rc rc varL I\.r] srrndo tic L,s rLrtlidad tlc lr,xn,r, \i.r\e !l rxs() (lc l pxci(nt.r)n rnl(l() rr ser h(nn(,\cxul (l(l (;rl)ittrl() 2 (rnc el rasrxuisnx:, a)xr'titrhr .t rn cxsi) .1inic() de fi)l)ix x h h(nn()srxulirl:l(1 .
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AVANC]JS
I]N PSICOTIJI{APIA PSI(JOANAI-1'I(]A
MoDIJI,o MODL]I,AIt'I'RANSlloI(MA(-IoNAI-
ciil(l(). t()chs ellxs sietltpre clentr() cle la cnteg()ra cle kr lr(.rorosr. cle kr ilrre calsa espant(). Cruncio el psicluisrno firncic>na lrajo el iruperio cle matr.ices cle estc tip(), ft)cl! rcpresentaci(-rn citstigo edpico clue Drenitza el sujet(). lit -cl la talla crrc cuestion:t agresi(-)n quc l c<ruetiri < trntlseri. su narcisirrllr) (). en planos llrs c()nscientcs. las (iistints prerrcrrpaciones cue h virla llr <frer.ien_ cl<r-, al se: nretlx)lizil(l p()r ess nlrLtl-iccs. ttcbir conru.firnta lr.[icukff_ ztttlu u uttella dc sus t,.uidutas rlle dparczcat cont k.l nts t?rriblc.I)cl cn_ cLentr() c()llll)inat(r-i() entrc una ntltr.iz rle elevach grarlo dc- ill)slruc(.i(-)n
conscientr clel sLrjer. l,:r clifcrcncilr purx l1l telapi:l cntr.( cstll crrnt.cpr.i<in y le rk:l clcspluze_ l)icnl() cs clecisivu: si sc crcc (Ltc cl lx-t.ol rrrc (lespict.fil (nl i(lc es lx)t-(lur (lct[is licnc tr ()tr qre selilr a la crrt ltlr]rtill-ln(nr(. 1(.((,rrc\l),n(lL.r11 cl ili,(. tr), cl analistl se sulllerge cn Ltn nlar sin tilclo tlc ltrisrucrla clt rrril irlces tar ticulrrcs. []n crnlir si slr atencion sc clirige ltacia les crccn<.ias nl.Lrri(.(.s p.r_ sitnles. a le razrin cLc su c()nstitu(.i()it. \, lll lrill)aj() solrrer clls. st: clcl L l.rosilrilirhcl cle sr clalxlrcirin.
(uc.clstigllti" es:rlgo inclefiniclo-, surge el scnti,trieut() -.lte "el clrsrigo srr.r telri l1c,. (irn lo <rre sc:tltre el ccorriclo cle trrlos ls cstig()s tc-rril)lcs p()sil)lcs hestl ,r'ti<ttlariznrse.n Lrn() cle cllts. I)e cst.r,r.neftr. la,r-r<ltrina clc,trrltiplicar clel inc(s(ientc ha firnr.irlrrk lencl.rn(l() un<> nris cle sus pnrcluc.tos. Bste (tr:'lctcl lenerlrtiv() <lt'l inc<xlstiente es lo <ue sc le escata :l ls c()n(.cl) (i()nes quc raru cxplicar ls icles olrscsirus Iruscn otr:Ls idc:rs inconstjtntcs <rte cstar'an c<rlelacionltclas. Llnir !l Llnlt. <rrn la tltrc ()cup lll pr.e( )(11[)-lL l( rI
-"algo tartrbin
tclrilrle pasar],- c()n ()t1.s qlte. sin sel
ltl)tl.c1Ltivas. sin elltl)ltrg()
s<n clascs <r.re
coltpren(lcn distint()s elct))tlnli)s
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en <ue llrsca palalrras pan clescril)ir lrlg() (luc esc.tpa lt lu >osilrilitl:rrl tlt scr tlirnsn]itid() : trr,s tlel lcnguaje conyencionll. pues corrcsrontlt lr s( ns.r( r,, nes tan prfiiculrres (lLrc sa)lo pue(lcn ser xlu(li(hs me(lixntc mcllilirrs rr( sic-nt() extrr(), c(mr() si calninasc sclrc rn nrrbe y no totsr rl sttIr. rrrrr si li vieru t(xl() x tm\,s de un velo. c(nl() si n() firera 1t:. <rrnl si nr ( rr( rl , n() firem n)(), c(rt]() si n() frrer:rn Dtis pcnsautientos,. lll cltn()ntinlr<lor'<ttrrr es (lrte a(luell() a l() (lLre llill)itlrallnentc n() sc presta ltrnci(in cl firntionrr llricnk) (lc l:r prrria r]]ente. por ejenrplo- pasa a ser el fi)c() (le lrtcl( i, n) tn 'r cl scntil)rient() (lc extr:lezl rtre Procluce. Aigunas varilntes clc l.rs.lngu\lr.r\ rle f r':rgrrenteci<-rn son:
1. hl scntinicnto (lc cxtrxezll c()n respeck) x lx propia l)rentc: ('l sui( l( ) sicnle (lrc tienc (lilicuitx(l l)[ cnc(rtfar Jls palabrls adeculclas, tr.r< str tlis (Lll's() es c()llx) (lcsltilVan:lcl(). <ue lo tlr.re clicr lc rcsulta c()111() ilien(r, r('n, \r n() cstL\'iclil kfllntente c( )nc('lttl aL(l( ). <rrrx si hhlase clc una lltilnc(r irutr) Driti(x sin cst:rr irlcnliflclrclo con lo tue rlicr:. crrc sr llrente no resp()nrlt lrit r. (irrrro rlijo rnx prcienlL'pem rcftrirse al cstu(k) (lLc s()la tcner algrrrrrs rLr nringos J'tor'l l}tnlt: .l\4r ler,nlo y nre sient() rlrra. le cal>ez:r no rr< ()lx' rlece, estol'nredio srrrinrlrtl. S()tl rtli. I)(n\.rrlli(nt,,\. PEr,) <s r,\nn) si \'lli(' rn srkrs. sin r,,. 2. Scntiruient()s cle e'xtfaczrr corlxrrai. El grackr rnl'rxi|Ir lo en<<nlr;ru,s cn el c(nnicnz() (lr algunxs cs(luiz(flenias. cn <rrc cl ( Lrerp() y, sollc lo<kr lrrl Ies cle stc --(:u-1, l)rrz()s. rtc. s()n senti(k)s c(r() lljen()s. El signo rlt'l t sx j() c()nstituyc. plecisxlrente. trn intenlo tk rec()n()cer c()llr() propio elgo rLrt rI pr(mt() pusr ir scr vivi(l() r'ortxr no integrack en la iclenticlacl. fln pa(i!'nl( nr(' rclelir <rre elgunes ,r()ches l llc()st1lr-se t('nr la scnsecir-rn cle "c1r-rc y() esl())':r(llrt )'nri cuerp() cstli ul lu<k nlo. (()ln() si esluvierll seperrdo rle Ir,,. J. SentiDricnt()s (le extrcz:r solrrc la itlcnticlacl gl()l)l; "n() Dre i(nt,, \!, .es c()n]() si lltrlricr' cirnll)i(k)'. .n() rtlc rcc()n()z(()". Fln cst()s crls()s k) (lL('s( ricrclc es h sensut ir-rn cle crrntinuiclucl lelrpolel cle lu iclcnticlad, dc scl Lrn() nrislx) tr.l\''s rlcl paso <lel lienlp() \ (ls lts cerrlrirs c()rp()mies. clcl cnvtjc(inri('nlo. No cs inflccr-rtntc cn l rlolcscencill cn l (lue rcstlta txn (lil(il nrntcncl cl scntinricnt() rle iclcniclrl. (lc misnri(l(l ( Etiks<n, 1959).
LAs AN(iusttAS
t o:srNltx;tr:riN
). l:ttA(;
ItN.r.A(.r(iN
K()lrLlt (1977. 19u,i) (lestxcl rcitcraclunrentc l il]tp(r.txncii rlc lo rue rlc, <le clesintcgra<.ir-rn. tlcntro clc les ctralcs iltcltyc l.r -utgrsli.r cle ft:tgrtrentaci<-rn. ' '- Rcslrltl nccc\.tri. L ).1 ai(rt.t I),(](i.ii(,n.,.cr..-r tlc rLri,sc enticnde Ill)itLltllt)cntc p()1. 1tnlrsti.rs tlc clcsintcgrec.ir-rn y tragntcnt.r,. rl)n. sLr bre toclo porrtte lrr exrr.csir-rn rrs:tcllr rot. los lrnlrlist:ts (lLt (lc Lrnl (f.ir ntlnc l se hallan inflrrcncilclis p?rr l:r rsicologe clcl .scf est lcjos rle hecer un us<r tni\'(x.<). C(nn() printclu il pt( )xinl(.i(')n (les(.tiplivx tligatuos crrc lils argusliils tlc li agnrcntecir-rn rr-r'esJtonclen a lo cue sc sientc tn el ctrarlro cle tlespersrr rrrlizrir-n. en cue la l)ers{)n !ive sus l)t.()pjlrs cxpcriencias c()tn() cxtftrxs.
n(xlin:r ln+lsiis
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jn
ri|lri(! i,s (l(.v:r.|() \ (lrt)itidr(t (r) rl hrnci(rrl ritnr() dcl r.4i v rIle tx (,rn(,rs(n(il (t(.rr1)i1| crrttr.Lrrl:r rrrt l'r.c scnir (t.r s. pi(r(te !l .(,nr()l \ tx (lirctir.nrtirlud rtt t:r rrrtLrcrl
KolrLl. cuanckr sc rcficle il ls n!Lrstils <lc <lcsinlegltcir-rn y frtgrllcrtlr (i(-)ll, s()slienc (re st.rs lcstirl()niln le clillcultlrrl (le Dlntcner un..rzf colrrsi vr,, cs clcciL, una rcPrcsentaci(-)n 1'un tirncionanlienl() en (lue el sujcl(, \(' siente ($n)() Lrn uni(llld. en crrc cl clrcrp() \'lil lllentr s()n \i\i(los coll)() l)ill tcs in(lis()hrl)les cle si nislro cn el presentc y. aclernis. (()n sentirienk) (l(' c()ntinui(la(l tcoll)oral. Un tjcrlpl() cle .scf cohcsirrr esture clack por la exrt' rienciu clc Lrl sLrjet() t(flrlllentc surttclgido cn Llnll cicrtlr a(tivi(lrd 1jstlll l() t:rltnente irrPlitackr en un lrllrajo, t:stxl rcluto(l() l!a() c()n cntrsisrll(). lrir
llarsc crxrtclltrlltnckr un cspectlicrrkr quc lrtrap, csiilr lixcicn(l() cl irll()r (1n)
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l(' ( n s( ,r)(,r')tc unl pre<rupaci<in cle la clrre no pueclc clesprenclerse. El ltlestar (lt( s('('\x,r'iDlent n() es ni angustill pc6e(tt()ria _n() se siente eorenaza(l()
s('(rk)rill. tenl()r x pcKler a rrn oltjeto. pre<nrpaciones hitrrondrjacls. etc._. k r tlisr x iun clc otnrs firos rle intc:rs y activiclaci clLe esn ;intrtineatrentc pre s( lt(.s. (lrcctt()s (lLte csle sentio)ient. clc ]lestar Irt rec.n<ceri c'al(l.ier tclJ reultr r.n s nlisnto cn la sitracirin elr <trc clelticnclo escuchaL a un pa(.icnte tic_
firllls clel oblcr extern() sio() (lLe pueclcn ser taltlrin.,i ,es,,lta<I , clel c_xcesivc alLlk)cscrLrtiri() ll()l.plu.tc cle un srtpc-ryo st,t.cro y. soltre t(xk), c()nsecuencit (lr ill]tstis (lre rr absorlrr gran pxnc cle la atencirin clel sujet() _sitlrx(i()n pcl._
clcfens o c()ndLl(tls patolirgicas aisllrciits. l,(r'()tt'.1 pllrtc. as angusti:ts (le iirgntcnlxci(in n() srllacn nicanrentc ante las ._
clc <ue c.uan<kr sc extllin.t Ln aspeck) par.cial hnya xlgln tip() cle rcfrenc.ia. inclLrso explr.i_ cle cue sc estal rral)ajan(l() en un seck)r espccfico cie la pcrsonali_ 1,. 1...1.,l clacl clel paciente pel1) (Ite cilo nr clclre irnperlir ver e,l lesk). Ilste tlal)it) s() brc- kr.particrrlar per() (r)n h perspec.tivlr explic.it:r 1,no stilo -insistintos, c(rn() hofiz(rte general clel n:ilisis- clc ll pers<>naliclaci total cs lo crre le cuitl el carrcter iatr()gni( o il rs intercnc irnes s.lrre rusg.s. raecanisr]l()s cle
tniflcacll clel srick). C()nstitryc rrna cjentplific.acir-ln (lc ca)tr() sc puc(lc_ (lcstl.Uir le collesivitlecl clel .sr,//. la experiencie l.,n nio sc clirige:r str lnclctlrraclre <rrn. la.expectxti\,? (le qLe lrella"n,1,,. le contentple con entLrsiasnxr y la res prestl (lel/'l.L pacLe/nraclre cs seulrle rn aspccrr> inaclecuaclo (lc su vestinlcn tl () (lc sLts nxtlales. < lo sucias <rre cst,ln sLrs ntarn()s. lln vcz cle clcvolt,elle. a tllrvs.cle h c,speclrlarizlrcirin positiva glolral. una lepresent(.i(in unilit.acle clel nio. kr cue hace es frrgrnentarle y <.cntnrr su xtcncin en Ln pllr.tc. EI telrpcr.rtu purde c()ntdl)Uir !l arl]lcntr le filrgrucntacirin tlel plciente. 1'el sentimient. corresponcliente. cran(l() sisteru.rti(:lnlent.. se (letlenL, cr-r scltla nrccanislos cle cletensas. f:rlls cn su senti(l() (lr rcliclacl, crn<lu<{:rs inatlectraclls. sin transrnitif. siltlult.nc.lllrnf(, (lur ui(rs.lspc(krs s()n Lna par_ te rlc unl pers,naliclacl lrs tnlplit, r-ic.:r, cli'er-sifir.ch (l.e t(lLell() qac se est.r tr.ll)1ljen(l() en ese l()nlcnto. Frentc la clisyr-rnliva rle nr scallr las cletc,nsas l'las lintitaciones, para no fiagnrentlf el stLjekr _l)iisicanrente l prrspcctrva (le (iclt()s anlisas krhtrtianos- tlsl.s l clc ir knanckr clrclu vci rn cictr rasg() pat()la)gic() clel pacicntc cn rna ser.ie infinita _ltiisicntentc l.l perspL_ctiv (le ciert()s analistrs kleinianc)s-, se cn(.rentn la r>1.rt.itn
cent(ll en la insarisf;cciitn con la propiu ntentc <, el cuerpo. Cleemos <ue K()hut let(xna, (lent() cle sL pr()pi() rtodeo c()nccptrx. lc) qtte en F'airl)lirn (1952) constitu,() cl c\tu(li() clc k,s cstr<k,s usrrrizoicles, ca_ r,L'tertZ,Ll '\ n(,I len,,))en,)s clt.tli.,,rl:rti,,n n,, tlni{. t(-ntc,lvl.en.rr,,, _p.rr..t er"itar la angrrstia- sin< crel>icr.s. tar,l>i,n. a falras est^rctrrales. Frn K()l)Lt, Ia flilgtltentxci()n es cielirla e la f-llla del (r)iet() extemo en (lcvtrvclunt tntagen
olvick> clel tiernpo. etc in k)clas csts circrnstancias, el sujetc> n<r -. c(rt pre()cLpaci(in, sLt propio funcionantienk) no se f.ragntenra. es rne lnicl:rcl tirnci<nal. L() ()pLlest() sea la prerxupacia)n y fttriaci(in ()l)sesi_
pol nll(lie'-. ni sentil)]iento
aparccer sctLr(Llnilnr( rrt( cle ctrlpabiliclacl -ptrlr lis la per<cx i<'rrr tlt trr per() n() c()nstituye el centr(r-. ni engusti.r confilsi()nal. cst.r(lo (le tensia)n p()r uoa fragnlentaci(in de sLl sei estll en (l()s lttgltt(s. t'n lrt iLctivi(Ll(l a la cue no p!ecle sustlaerse p()r ser un.r iDrp()sici(')n <lc LL tlirlrtrl t en el escen.rri() ilxginx o que es el fi)c() cle su angustia.:'"
Los ESrADos LMoctoN^LlS: I,()RMAS DIr c()MUNrc,{crN Y r)E A(-(:tN SOllRti UI- OTRO Y Iit- SUJI],IO
I-r>s fect<>s, x(lemals (lel xspect() exprei\'t), s()n fi)rmas cle contunicltt lrl (fr() esta(l()s (lel suje), de p[or]r()\'er ciert()s !tl'ct()s cn el ()tl-() (lLc l('('()r (hrzcrn, l su vcz, x hxco llgo en rellrcia)n al sujer. Cuanclo el lrel' lkr'. r''t:r Ln esl.r(l() efccrivo. <1uc l lleva a ct>nductas tcn(l('nl('s i xlivir ls calrs;rs rle] Ihnto. I)ero el crticter crnlttivt cle ks afeckrs no s,. r, s tringc l (fro. El srricto percibe sLls rt(t()s c()l() ltne instrttccicin tlc lrtrtr algo: si cluele, rpartrr el cucrp() () ll mcntc (le aquelk) que l() pr(xlt( (', sr ( .rr slr plccr. :r rrgarlrrrlr fisicu r rnentalrrente. C()n l() cull hry un ac()l)l.tr)i( ,rli,
llanr)a en la mache.
all'ck) signif icci(in cci(')n.

t /1.s,? ?r ( Illcichr)rar, l9lJ6) (lestacaDros (llre la Ii)t] ir ( rl -l' .ft urgcn< ia y Lt le!(ci()nln a I()s est(l()s alecti\'os (lel nio procexr clt'intcl alxmrx, (). p()r el (()ntrirri(). l.l insensil)ili(lx(l . a trxvs del -la nalizci<-n, llcgallin lr c()nstituir cn el llii() un sistemlr scmi(-)tico prir I()s l() p()s xfect()s; es (le(ir, Ln sisteue corliflca<k)r cle c(im() se clcl)c rc:r(Lrrrt.rt .rntc ell()s. Si xnte lx ansicclacl clcl ni() l()s pa(lles rercci()nan poni'rd()s( rn si()s()s () alcttran(l() (les(ngairizaclarnL-ntu,, rn'rtrizrr(ntlJ, csc:<ri lrn lt<xltltr plu- cl sujck) (1.'cin))() rccci()nal rnte sus afck)s. I)e() hly un aspect(,.rurl ml-ls inrp()rlxntc: ks cstrrclirs solrc el fcn(nen() (iel cnt()naicnk) t( ti\1) r))Lrestnn que estancl() cl()s sLrist()s cn sint()n. culn(l() uno cle ellts ticrtr trr cst(l() irlcti\,(). sc pr()r))ueve otr() simill en cl segunclo siLieto (Stern, 1985). ni() cllntttffc y la lt)a(lre i'i8Ll( c 'rt tlr-rc incluso llcga a ser transIrxlal su m()vimient() rrrrpolal el ritrrro. I-el caclcncia. cle la voculizacirin-. Crecrtr()s (lue es) se pue'cle Poner en rellci(in c()n kr cuc Piltget llaDr(r la reaecir-D r'ir'culxr pmilria, en (lue cl ni() escu(h,lnd()se llorr. lkr. Lls (lecir, el esta(k)
l:.n Atflttst.t
clre los raclres
ll)il. No sc del)e c(tLipurr cs(c lc (n)turo cr)n h us.isi(-)n (l(rl v(). lrl ((nn() luc dtscrilr I)(n htlrd, cn qur (]l srr() srl)r lg() \'irl nrisnx) ricnrp() rcnicgx de cste sult sube dc la cllstril (r(-)n v sc ((nnp()rlr (rnn()si n() u\,ierr csc.(nn)(irnicnl() . \i llrn)p()a() c()n l()qtrc cn l ()ln'ir klciri.nir sc llDx (li\:rjc o diso(iuci(')n. rn quc se scoiirlrn en (l ()l)ie) o en el suie()- k,s :rs
prcr()s l)ucr()s r n]ltl(,s. cnin(l()se rnr rcprrsenircnin prr(irl (le un() y ()tr(). l-rl ]ngustiu dc lrr,.l rncnt(i(-)n ((r'rcsp(nr(l(.rl rxlestiu del suicl() <r)s.iente v. rspccilnrcrric. inc()lrs(icnl(- ([ no scr rrnx unidxd c(npral r DrcDtll. lir cl (liv:rie klcini:rn(). el suick) scpxrx los xspccl{)s (lc rn.r uniclx(l por.lue cl \i\ir l t(frli(Lrd prx[r(r ]ngustir ]ir I;rngusrix de fixglnentci(in Lr unr(h(l r* 1.,.,nlrt.,Ll,, ! 1,,,t.( ,(sr(rr(.t,r( n, { . ' i,\rS,
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c'l csrmlrlo (luc se rexlinrenta 1s nlisnro. En ()r.os rnninos, cl sLr a srrs estclcs:lfcti\,()s lnecljantc fek) t.,,_.,rr"n,, at.li tt!oc1toudntent() ,erti\,\). (Fe increntent.r el est.r(lr) "l fctivo.
E..tuTc>:rLor.vrN.r-() A.rjc.r rv()

Cr.rirles sr>n lus consecrrt,ncias cle l internalizucia)n (lcl cnton.llnicnt() Itfectirr gcncrrrlo en le rel:c ir)n c()n p.l(lrcs crrc sc angrrsrilririn fir.entc l l ;_, iLsti:1 Qrc cr:rrL el sL)e() s(. l)(t1ll):r .rsrr.rt.r.kr, ..'.,.t.,.arr.i n.lllti(nt,,:lU\'\u.tn(l,.r. Ilcr, ll,.r r,\(tl.(1,r. \(..^('r,.,,,.,1,,.:';.,; ,r,r. llt)(,nk)_ l;i1,,(.st(.cn() l.r(r'. s( (.n',t.tr.i .trn t).1\. r r,n 1,, rlUt. r..tr,. t,sl.lrh,s .r11., rjri,. .qlq..
.ientg ;L, rlcslcrtltllin cs:tclrls ltttlr.,,. ,,,," "n "l t,,, .,.,,r.,,..,,r'tI,. .',,.trg,;" af...t" ,::"1"r::..r,r,.1:llr/irr,r r.l ,rnrli,.,.l,, trn.rl'.,rril,i,i,, . f ,,,,r".,j,i1..,,f,,f, ,u,, clli'I, .r (lifi-r(n.r'r rre r,, q.c srsrcnt.r." ,r"ra;.,..i;.1.1;r.].ritu,,, r.,.,ri 'r 'uerc cn 'lrL' \( frr(1 ,,nil I ,trr(. I:r. ir)t(.fr (,n(.ion, * ,,1r.,n..,,,,,,r. ,t.t,cn ],ll lr).i,l.,rl' (r('\(rlrr(.\r,\.(,t)l|llt(lt,t\,(.ts,rt(.\Irr.,nt1..rri,,... 1,, r,.rt,,,.,,t.. Ll inlr.rrrlt_ r'i<-r lrlt <lc prolongrrrse'. ser retiultlllrc an .u a,r,,a_,rill,,-aai,n,r,u,..,r. ,,r,,a,r,,,_ se kr tltl( sc' quicrc rlc-cir rles(l(, lrutiplts ,u,,,ir',u,. ,,,r, ,,"_ 'i, , ;r.,.p..ti".rr. .1" ';ll,;,,:,':.;;,'i.-;:i lrenrl, l,rr,rr,,, f\rrr.r (lr(, ,r. prr.rl:r i,,ri,; .; ,il;: î, r,)(lc. r l-rs nill.hr\ (luc str rlircn. Ui tcr_xpcLrla ,,, p,,a.f. ai..anonrlcnc <lc crin. clesea qr!- se entien(lil crr.i.nlnrere 1,, ,r.,J,,,, .i* i;:1,; l)rr cl,r. l: intclr'cnci(-)n rcr':rpcrtic n., porrni s.. ,, ,,r.i,r..,r,,.r',, ,,,,i..i ,.i",.i),'irro,, ,r" .r l('rulpeLrla n() x(l(l(icr.l LnJ (.iertl conviccion <lc <1rrc. por i,, ,,,a,,r" aa a,, .r,,,. t('. lay tn rcnsrric r-lrmionll (,n.1 dirc(.(.i(.)n ,i," a,_.l.la,r,'r,i.,rltr".,. r1,. ( l p.cienrc e'sc.trcire sienrprc rlescle le r,"nsti,.r.,i;,. :1,;;l;;.:11",,.t,, ,r,, rrr(,rrrn(1,,.r r,,1e sq t. ,ri,. ,,,.: r,,'i,,ti,,.,i,,.i.-,, nrs,, ,._ ::.:ll:1, l.:l-Ll,. :I sr,r't,r,'Ln rn(1)u\(iuntc Ll( ntilncr.t cttc jltDt:is sc puecla prar aa. r,, efl,cf,i. t1r., r'l rl..rj, (ntrtr(li,l),,r r.l .ln.rlst.r \(..1 \t(.rf.)\, l) lt_(.llr\rr. queIr.ns 'i.'.*, ltr.t lltU r1t, ttlls rlrrc lcr <Lre su intenc ion.rlirl.rti .,,".,.,1,n,. p,l ,n,,".-",, *, a,,,* tltrtl:..prrts es ir opio clc l rrnti-run.i-r y .f. f" .i,iq,iin., 1,,.,rr.,.,r,, .1 ln ( ()r)s( i( nr( ,. r?nr() (le l.r pertenc(.icnrc -rl .,-r1..,,. .,,,; .,f.i;.,11";;. pcrr cjl. r)t)(luir.r( <lu ir rre se e levr nir.el clc vinLrcl 1, , ,,. .. .i. ,,rrll'.'i,,. .,.,,.,,,, irrr rst it,rlt s t[ ] cn(.acnlr) rntre (Irr aar"a hu,ur,'_,,rr. in aa,"a'.a,r,-,ra,,,. ,,, p*,l)u(stir Iir(1lriirl.r rlt. lrr interfrction. o clel rrr-tc ,n"fiu..,i.:,,",,'l',n -til ,,,,,.
crc(cr.. c()))() l)(r'cjctpl() stcet[ cn llr, h.r.lnlls nl-t\ (lc titlii I)rin]ttl\lls in_ ' (r'nrri,l.r(Ll ,lur jl(.X.1 .r rt,xl.lrl.rl, s rlt. lir.z rr,,lt.nr.rr i,.i,., ;Critlcs sr> lls c<lsccrrc.:c.ils p1lr.u l: psi(.( )t(,,_a Dir I ILrr Lln l:tcio. )1rr g (xrrtllina Stcrn l)l !Ltcia,., 1a,,.a.,ntt rt hts as!tklos tlu,,n ,,rutrr,)'k,t n,rrr!r,,,X, .tttlcs )' por ettcDttt dcl c() tlttk) senuitrtiL.qt l, 1 1, rt,,i"'r)rlr, lil l()tt() (le trz dal toapt'rrtct, cl ritruo (k, st!s , t(,n,(,,c i( ),(,s. tr, .Ji,,.,r,,, rtr', ii,'to,.,1! nt1)r .l ptcict,tc sou.lus q ( dcspie1tu rcrs tttrtcirtt1, ,1ui,,,,r,,,r,:.i))"'r,". on., . qLtr'el signilicrrcl> cle la f.lrst, tcr..rn(jr tiL .r .,: lt.rr,.r.,,r>l..trrci,r,'r," p,,_
(()lu() alg() a ck:scifhr p()r el plrcicnte, cr>rtto Lrn sillniflcar-Itc lilltzrr(l():r lir lll,i tuinl clel inc()nsciente clcl paciente Pare tuc lll prtxluzc:r sus t'li't1os. trrrrr r rtlgo tluc solJrrencla al pacientc v al analistu. sokr ptretle refirzrr lir l)ill()l{)ritit l rlcir ll lzxr. (lue D() sicnrprc t,l)ai en l rlirrcci(-)n rlt,r'rrlrtlu lrlu t l lr ricntc. io <1Lte strcccic en I()s rn(,rltenk)s prcci()s()s cle Ia oroltrr n itl:rt l trrrir.r (lu( ptl tna persona irnpli<.t el analizarsel)c[() I)ay unJ c()nsecurnci:l aclicirrtll para l psic()ter]pia clel fi'rtorrclrrr dcl (.u ttt)ettk)nul (,l{) xfcti\1) As crrxr en ql trttamient() r.1() (lc l()s (l)iL,ti ros lttscltlos cs rrre cl pacienle loglc clarse cLrerta cle ctltlo le lrli'c1lrn los t,s turjos cocionulcs tle lrs ottos, rle igull ntaneltr unr clc los nt(lllipl('s lix(t\ h.t<iu el tlr.te sc clelre ayucl:tt' ill I)cicote l tliligir su Lrt(x)l)servir(i(r (\.1 c<itxr r, leltcci< lnlrnck r :ttttc stts prtrios est;r(l()s afecti\()s. lin ltlgunos r'lrsos. st tcaccirin es negellos. tlisotiltks. rlo.esctrr]ltr, ni st nicck ni su.llllu\rr.r hlsto cs ic ptiotero ruc cr1ll(llri(r tefapcutl a>rr,nclc a lll()str'lr it srs p.t( t( rti,\ I)cr cn nrrr'ltos ()lr()s crs()s. cl rltr. icttte rc:rr'r'i<l:r ttttktattlrttitttkL', n'lL-t.t (l() stl csta(l() ilt.'cli\(), x lt rrl1rcr-lr tlc urt cli:rrlrsrin cn res()rl:1nciJ. lln .skrs r'.r s()s. l.r inlervenci()n ter.rpLrtic:l no se clirigc lIu( i llls f.rntLsirl\ (ue nroviliz.rr, ,rr cl rrimer ticrtrxr de h leccirin cn c:kn enrrcionltl six> al ti:nrinrcno th l ,rr t( )cnk )nulllicnk ). l,il irlt('n cn( i(ir) tcl-l)a'Lrti( x l)ue(lc 1( nr (listintas fi rr Irs. t lr r tLrc sigrre cs (:rsi unlr crlri(:luri lrr lr estlrrr. Dlitica pero. al Dtcnrs, rllr rn. i<I,.'lt ltl tcsl:rtr'to: (ilrnckr tttc cllrf)('/(i (()nlirr tl(()si. se ltsu:,t(i s(llu|l (.1 -() (:ls(,. sc l)trs().tr)si()s(), sc en()i(') (] iO rllq(li-lt.l lrntc, siOtien(l() su proPt, ' \rr\ k) (). l)rln el c.rso, LL ansiecllttl r cl cnojo-. lr:s()n(-) c(tn rstcd rllislt() (rrr(l trD cliel.llrsr'rtt. clc nrlrnt(r srrll('iJntc l crtxr crlttttkr algtricn ntira (lr():lsrs lirLI(, v sc llsllstir rrrue la crrr rlc lu (frx prrs(til le inrlitlr ruc ha_v tcliglr, 1 ('nl(l(es ((),))cr)z(l lr lsUrtrrr'se:iD t:is" l-'ste Iip() (lc inlcn'enci<nrs rlc r/t, sctul)lu!4tta, tt,t'14)tiu /t() ic. Itcnlc. (lc\(()ne(tll cl rttotor tlel trf<r.lrtrr -ltlcl:ll(it nanrirnto- sr-rk r rocL i clar lttglr r lr Lrrr t:Inlri< l cranclo a trar's clc slr lcl)rti( i(lr) clltlxrratil'u \,. espc( i:r lr)rcnl e. st l)r(fLln(lizlLci(;n. cl pecientc 1.uecla ir int', ,r x ' rtttkr coltx rcalc(i(-)n lt sL cslltkr qrlrocir)rlrl no t,l rrtr icnl r 'trtricnto sino,..l rl)(ntlcn) (l('cr)ilc rlel rltisttr. c(11g (lLc rl rrtilist I('xliTlr (rt sL intervrnL t()n. en lrt <1ue, utlctltris <1,.'1 signilic.ttlo trxnsnrili(l(), intr()(lLc( n (nrl)i() enr<riorllrl cn cl (ircuilr rlel il Lt( )cnt( )na Dlirot( ). l-lr intcrvrn(irin irnllticx (le (lesfltllxlrl.luc etnocitlltl, Lt ycz irtcrnltlizrl(lir )' nrctxl)()liz(l1l l)(- cl p:r(icnte. pusul'.t ll rr( f cl segtrnclo ticrl)l)() (lue cn llr .tcucncil cror'irltl reclllpll(e tl altt()ent()nil
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Frcnte:r le:rngustj.r v rlcnrris lirnlrs rlc rlis>lrrter', c cl ps:rr.risrtro sc ro rn lttar( h1t. llLrknur'tticllrtlenlc. cierk)s lll()(cs()s <letensivos tcn(l(0t(\,t
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r'()ntr: l,stiulus (). lll uen()s, I clislinrrirlas (Freu(l, 1926. 193u1); Ogclen, l9U2; \':rillrnt. 1992). N()s()tr()s venill)()s hacicnclc itincapi en distint()s tml)aj()s so_ Irrr' lrr nt'r'csiclecl te(rica y clinica cle clifercnciar ikrs gr.ancles gmprs cle cle_ It rrs:rs: 'r< un liLclo. lts n)e(:ristnos cle dcfensas; por el otro, Ias rlcfenss r, ( l in(t)ns.itj,ltc ( Uleichtar. I9t:. 19tt6).
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\rri, rrr,\rni(nt() crcllti\r) cn (lLte lll rcpresentlr(.irt generacla ctntLau-est l r'l)rr' (,lltil( i(')l) (lc lx cstraci()n? () selr. (lue rrna reprcsentaci(in qrLe n() estai , n l.r ,,,r, iorr. irr significurkr irilico clcl fitichc-. clue srlo existe en el io_ -cl ,r),rs( , ,t(,_ r,s r.rx,.r.iclit I)tr (lisl)lin.ir el sLlfi-i,tiento inc.nscicnte tr.tlrrci
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(llr('r1.(l(,( r cst() sitto clLrc trrtlt trngustilt inc(xts(.icntc pl-()tDLevc llt clet<.i<ln <k: .tkr rrr(' rtr 1() es llterlr rctrcsion. cxr.ltrsi<-n, ( )(.ultllt))icnt( ) la c()nctcn(.i
l'cr rnri rcz clrrc se titr.ntUla lit scgr<l.r iri<.u _l/.rr.,r,/ ttfu11921) sc olLtr-stra l exislell(.it( (le c()nfli(.t()s tlL, ttt <lcl inc(ntsctentc __.1-ntlc (l $) in(()nsciente y el srrpcryti inc()nscienle. J.xrr.cjcm>lt>_ y se clcsrrile ($r)l() l)itril c()nilITetaI la ctr(>l in<rrnsr.icnte hey eLrttx.ltitigc, renun.i.tr. ,Ia srxrrisrrtrr inc()nscicntes-, se c()nvicIc en inclisltcnsllrle. lt fin cle -txutl)in teirrit.r, trilut I:t incrherencia rJ conccptlrelizar l:r txisenr.iu clc prrresos <te_ It rtsivos (lte yx n() tienen r.rtrr> oltjetit.o cvilr cl salrer clc llr cotrr.lcntll sit< l:r t''sli ,cir'n cle r'ierls rcpr(sL.ttcir)ncs er.t cl se.:. <lcl r:tisxr rncr>ls ( ( l1lc. I)( hcclt<. es 1<l clrrc l-c,.rcl. krs psic<ranalistas ([lC I le siguicr()n. llicic, r()n ( uln([() explicll)an (listin)s fi,nr-rnenos clioicos. pero sin cLie lc <li,:r.lrn Lrn Irrgul tlcrrlnr cle la teor it cst()s p1-()(.es()s, cleter-rsivirs r:n cl incrns<.icne. Lll rrr:rsrxuisnto nxrtal en qtre s(,intenta c()ntrlLficstxt-la culplr inconsrienlc rnc rlirrntc ci lruttcastig() inc()nscicnte, pr()\.enicnte rlc un sLipctl<i inronst-rcnte, cs rrro tlt los ejctnpkts li.r-'r.rcliltos -rot excelencia. r"n, *, al (rnico. Crltncl< li,ttrrl cntjexlc <tre cn el fi,ticltisnto lil xnfustiit rlt,<.stt-uci<in in(.()ns(.1r,ttc (s , r l]lrrrt'sltrllt ror rrn fetirJre cLrlrr signilir.:rrlo ir)(!)]scicnte cs \cr e) falO. ;rtr
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rrir.nzr <lcl psiccrantlisis c(n,() pr()ces()s de ()c,ltufitie1 (,.1 ld co,c(,,c.t de r(-l)rcscltil(i()nes clisplxccnterasi represir-rn, pllryeccitn, clesplltza]rienkr. ne g:rt i.r'r. rencgacitin. intL-lecttlizlcin. racionrlizacirin.
.ll<'.autstnos tlc tl{t'ttsct: sc>n los crre firerrrn clescritos tlcscle
el
cr_
l te<ra clel fetichis[x cs que illrstra la creacin cle nLrevas represen taci()nes en cl inconscientc c()r-n() fi)r1l) cle contrlbiancea[ 1 (ras. C()n csk) y1l nos ?leju,)r()s cle la te<r de lu rr-,presicin colDo exclrsiiln (le la (()n('lcn( iir y clcl incr-rsciente co -lo rlePtlsitrr clc k rechazaclo (lLre P(r')anece inaltcratk cn sr scn(). Al)or' se tr:tu cle rn irrconsciente pr'(xllrcti\(). creuclol cle kr tr.rc nLlnca estu\1) en l c()ncien(ilr. <trc intcr'acta c()r1 otr() c()ntenicl()s in(i)n:,cicntcs qLlc t!nrl)()c() estlrviel()n previlnlcnte en lx (()ncicncia. Si hay :tlgo rr.re clifcrcncirr la primel tripicrr clc ll elabol.uci<in treucliana rlteri,,r c\ LlLlc en xqull rl incrnsciente er- Lrn inc(rlscientc-(lcpa)sik), un c()ntinente dc l() cxclLli(l() (le L concicnci:. P()l t:url(). r-lcrcncliente clc cstx. En catrrl)i(). cuiu]cl() se pllrntel lir existencix (lr (()l)lli(t() en el ir-li rnsciente. cle representa,.irr nes (lLrc ({)nlti]rcstn il ()tris. rlc rlcli'rsas en c'l scno clel inc<nscicnle, ct' t()nccs sc lc ()lr)r'g:t xl il'lc()ns( icnlc sL plen() estltttt(r tlc sistena nr <leiinitlr l pafiir tlc lrt c()ncicncil. 2- l)4|usui ?tl d iuc\lsciutt<,. Volviunos, rn l riesg() cle retlunclar, u r': talle'cer sus (lilrrcncils crn krs nrccnisrrlos clc clcfcnsa. Al xctuar sk)s. lnll{1ul()s p()r cirso la lepresiirn. cielta ideu cs exclui(la (le h concienir } l)(r frane(e in((lsciente. 2rl).sl/? nrrlilicctcititt. !'rctcl insistiu cn este speclr) ('r la i'po<rr clr-' llr prillrer.r t(ipicr. l)('cllo, cl ltccro c( )l1 csp()nclientc csir i(l('l rtrt(lc tclrp:trr'r'cr ir(lscriPt() i r)tr i(lc (luc Pits: ir Pr'()$)(llr la lesPtlcsllr (lr( ) (le (lesplxzlnienl(]-. l )(' le cor-r'cspon<lcrilr u la iclce lcplirtri<[l -ulecanisrn( ,rllrnclir sirttilltr. cuan(l() lgLlicrl. I)alrir n() r\p(j1.lrllcntau- c(mscientetllenlc :r scntilricnt() rle ctrlpbiliclarl, pr()\'(ct.r cn ()tr() l() recllitz(l() clc s misnx,,.r.rsten cn cl psi(luisDro ckrs rcJ:rrcscntaci()nes cn op()sici(in: ll c<>nsciente .cl rrtl<r cs nrlrl(), y() s()), l)ten(),, y lx in(()ns('iente "yo soy trtltlo,,. l-e reprcscntil('r( )n c()ns(iente si[\e pl_a nlantencr lc>rinrich la leprescr-rtlr< irin clc s qtre rcsttltlr int<lerrblc. l):rrcesos urrry <lifcrcntes rlcl ruc tiene luglrr',.rr;rnckr una prrs(lr, l)llri ((1tllrr('sJr l: frnl:si:r in(()Ds(igDIc clc cttr scr'li i1.(-ir(llt. lla('e tna i(lc)
tiilcac itin. t.lrrrl)ia'n inc()ns( i!-n1c, ($n [)crsr)flaics ltrtoicos xlopcrlc|osos. por' kr ctre p:rslt sentif (lte n:trll lc rtrecir ()ctlr'rir. I- ()l)()sici(')n v! n() tr'lscLtrre entre unal iclcx c()ns(icnte y (fta in((nscicnte sin() (luc k)(k) sc juegl entrc (l()s
lspccr rlcri,
flntusus inctnscicntes: h tunts:r (lue c(rlstituvc y s()stienen la irlenticlacl tn nip()tentc clc invLrlncraliliclacl crtrrrest:r x ()tr'.r flrntlsa inc(mscicnte en Ll (Lrill cl suict() sc reprcscnt:r c(r)lo ir(lcfcns(). tlbil y;rr::cr':azack. Si llt clefens actLrsc s(')l() ('D (-()ntr clel srrl.)el (lc lir (r)t(icllcii y Il rel)rcscntacin l)clsecr t(),it l)el'lllllccietit sin rn< rlii ir':tt r<ln cn el in(r)nscrcnt(. crlk)nces cl \LJek, (\trt ple\() (lc l ltngLtstia attlrr(lLle sLl (()ncicn(ilt n() sc cnt( ratse en als<tlul cle h rezt-n <lc lu nrisnra. Srilo ttrtn<lo en el intclir-(lel nrisnl() inconseicnf< sc (relln rr'pl e\cntitci( )nes (lLrr c()ntrltl.rrstarn al ()tl-ars, cs xrsible crre llt ltngttrtr.r (lisnrinLlva. Iis lo <rLe pertrlitc lx clill)()ncia)n (le sitLixci()nes trxunllrtic:s cle hunrilleci<'rn nlrr'istu en (ltc el sujct() pucde plslr cle sentimc inlerior y clcsp:t cjx(i():r rnx itlt'-:tirlucl ( arlrcfet'i7-.r(l p(n la grlrndi()si(ll(i. l sentilnient() cle r:\' cepcionalicllrcl, tlc rrre ptrecle prc\( in(ljr (le ks clcnlis. (lc (rc est p(n' l:n(ror.r
AVAN(.riS taN pstc()1-II{^ptA pslcoANA,i1,I(i^
IlIODI]I-O MODIiI-AR.'IRANS]IORMACIONAT-
317
([
fr'(l() ( l rr,(l(). r(lentichcr (lae iurp]i(a Lnll ver(r,cler.l transfi),r.lcion dc l l)r(\_iiri )(n-titnl(). Lllt pf()ces() crellti\.() iuc()nscicnte. Iintle 1as clefensas crrc_ rrrrrlir'tttt I |t r'tsti rruilci()nes en el incrnscientc ntenci<narentrs:
r
crre es el clesurrrll< cue hlceD](rs
rial clel inc<nsciente,. cl aparted() ,J)esactivxcia)n scctol'ilrl clel inc()nsLicnte. I partir de ln ,)?1g!r./,lg freu(lianx). He(hx esta (lifcrcnci.lci(-)n cntre urecanisn)()s (le defns v clefnsas r, el inc()nscicnle, cliganros cut, existen (lelnss qLe llpuntlln tanto.l evit.r cl (lis
. ,lstntcn el<ttttsit'tt dc idautidtdas
rI
llrit(, (.\ it-()tlit iclenticla<l cue cs llt tcrtricllr. . l.t lalt,nstt st bilicd n)uscictll(,: tlticntrlts cn l:r iclentifi< .rt run \'(11i\. lg() existente en ci srjc) cs utrilruirk < lrccltr r,it.ir l rl., cn Itl(,_ clc_ l( lsl si,)tl)ioli(.a .llgo incxistentc cn la cstl.L(1Llr.r ps<rrica <lcl sltjck) es itctn. l)()tr(l() t f nsik ian)ente gracis lr l rrnirn <.,,n cl i,tr.,. 1. sr-r1,, ntrcntlits se r'ortst'n'lt cl vncrlo. El (rtro es uiltz,.r(1,,. srn rlrrr Lr (t,n(iL.n(i.l rlul sLjct() tcn_ llir (\)l)()( illlicnk). para pr()vecl- sentinticnt()s clc scgrriclltcl. (le arptrcigut)llunk) (l( lil ngLrstia nrcisista. <lc rrfencilr. cl,.: r,itlitllrt]. clc ilrtclcses. l)ir;l ()r()rgr st'rticio tr lu cxperien(.ia. l-u clclens silltl)i(-)tic. cn sus tirruus ,tr,i.,,..1a..,r."r. st nlnillrste bajo ll nccesiclecl, ti ve(.cs (.()!pulsjvx, (lc l)l.csc-ltcill tisi(.il (lel (fr'(.). (l(.srntirsL cLrerp(). int.lrrso ck, no c,r rlol.ltrir sin r.,l c()ltt:l(.t() c()l.p() .lr ,rl r""'lt'ltin r.t llts c.nsecrtcnr.i;ts rLre, p'.clrrr.c (..,(l() n() sc ptreclc clis In,r)(.r (le elllrs: pl'tnic.o. clesolganizac.ir'rlt ps<Lrica. bscLrecllr clc crpelrcn.ils
srrtist.r'tir-n
Icnsrr: llr icl<'nticll<l clc fircte ,r( sl:rr' nsLstixs fl-ente:l l()s scntinlient()s <lc clelilicllcl e indefnsi()n pcri(, .irli () i(l( rti(lx(l tle clbir y crepencrienre parll ( ()ntrl) hnc(.r sentinrient()s (re lir trlirl:rrl y cle lxstilichcl por ias angustias persc(.Llk)rias o cie culpa qLt( csk)s rx isi()nltn. l:n t(xlos esk)s cls()s. cl sujet() arklrriclc una iclcnticlail rrre le per_
ncotlscartcs: el clkictcr cortro cltpl()tc(.t()1.tar:r con krs clelll.is l fin (ir (.()ntrx_ ).
pllccr c()ns(ientc c()lI() el inc()nscicnte. I)eiensas

si'rar<s tlestltcltr rkrs:
luixtrs cntrc Jas rlue rr.ri-
inrln1rltc cn
c(r.l)cnsllk-i:ls <lr..ge. c.nticltr.
Ilrs oLgenizrcirncs inflrntiles
'r,n:rliclrrrlcs l)()1.larln(. cn lrs crr:rtlrrs clc clcJx nclct-t<.ilr contpulsivlr y,,o in_ rlis.r'i,irrrla. fil srrjet. tiene I. lrrliliclrrrl clr rn lrei.li, l. necciiclacl tle <uc cl 1, r)lr() r(:lli(c las fincirnc's (lLc ll.l)iru.llnt(nlr.Lrntri..,l .rrlull,, P:ra utlLri,l. rl:rrkr <rrc n. se hn inc.r-p.rucl. csas clrp.r.icla(lcs flnci<nltles u [ esl.L(.tL-
llri pxI.tic.litn.cnte "t,..].. clt llr :)ersonaliclacl, cD (i(lt.r l)cr_
-rccnl)lllz() nllstLl-l)l('i(in crrnrJlrlsiy. ltor tjrrnplo-.

lcnsi(-)n inlrltpsi(luica/intcrsul)icli\'.1 es
l. l|-rlrkbs tltt-,nt. cs crttct tlt'fittstts: rn cleteninaclt estlL(l() D)ental cs Ltti lizackr rltrl (()ntraftest (ft-() estld() (lLlc pl'()v()ca sBfii,Iient() csteclo cle ex(iti(i()n pxr c()ntrau-r(stur scntilnient()s (lc vato, clc tlepresin. <lc lr'.rgntcnt.r iior-t . A vcces llt clcfensa no se clirigc (()lttl rn esticl() rentarl cn p1ricrllr sin() c()ntr.r cl lin(i()n1ruticnt() glol>lrI rlcl ])si(luisln(), en Lln intcnl() cle suspentlr.:r srr rrctivicllrcl portuc i'ste testrlta rrngrrstilrntc {l tpi(o aclolnet iltien r tlrprtsirrr cn cl (ltre l nc<r'siclrl clc cl<nlir. \'e(es inlpe ()s. es unll Iir' rlr clc tlejal de rensur y srliir . ljn ('icrt()s r.rraclrrs clinicts, cl pensar sc ha ((rlvrfii(lo cn lg() 1n (l()l()s() (lLrr (jl suid() Dl'i'lcticil|rcnte suspencle el hec('rl(). plrsln(l() \'ivir en Lln cst(l() rr.tc C)gtlcn (19t12) clt-sigrrr-r c()t().nlcn t(i(-)r, l)ur.r (lestti(lrr su tlili,rcntilr <on la teptc-sirin. CorresJxx]clcn. tatnlin. a cstx nrisnril Drrxllicllrtl (lc cnirenlut la tLngUsli los cstclos es(luiz()i(lcs (lesc]i t()s l)( |lil)lri ( 1952) cn (lLe (iert()s sectrcs clel v() (lLc(hn (lcsactivx(l()s. 2. l.:\pcrurcits (la \disJt.ci ctrttpcnsdt(r'it.ts: ficntc :Ll riisltlaccr ir.r c()ns(icnle tle Ln cico tip() (le cxpcri('ncixs se llcii'\'1ln plltf()ncs cle c()ncluclus rrrc rrrrlrrccn pllr(cr inrrc(liirtoi il(licci()nes. scxritlizilcj(in (le la lngUSti clc l situaci<-n llltgustiantr p(n Ltnl (lc ex( itx( i(in sexLni. c<r]o
l)Llil11ia. etc.
Ir
rsi<
. I)$.tclit ctciti,
tric:t.
Lr"
d(4 (llsco
(,11
rrrc cl cncrrcntrrr c(t rl (,l)jct() l.rtrlucrtr o cr.rc las firncitnes (lespicr.lan (\,1s. , t. r'l .rrtlr.rl. J .1,. rerrir.irl.. l< n. c..slittricl< 1. (lcs1l(.ti\:1tci()o
x rr t.l ()lricto () p()l.cieltlts firt, ir.,oes (lcl suj(,t() pera trrntl.:luestlrr. llls i[rgrstis
l itlc(),s(.k ///ci pr(li(la clclcrsir,
llr
()tra clili'rcntir'ir-n til u lt:rct,r cn cullnt() a trrtrllicla<les clc encrar llr l existcntc cntl'c (lcti'ltss elopl:isticas v eut<rlslicas (Appcll)lrllr. 1977 ). Akpktslit'itlatl: nrrrliiiclrci<in (lc rn cstu(l() ii,(ti\'() () sU lllntcniltlicnk) ror firerir clc la c<ncicnrirr a trer,s cle illgun.t .lcci(-)n heche cn el rnunck cxtcrn<r cs tlecit. tttnsfi nltcir-r (lel nlrn(l() cxtcrn() prr ctre se a<llrrtc a [:rs ncccsi(l1r(lcs clcl sujclo I c()nlrlLnrst- rn cstl(i() cle tensirjn intcrior; TIr (j!,11 pkr, trcer tlePcnclencix en cl (fr() plrr lrecerst lrcotttparillf y c(ntl-:trfcstlr ingustis ti-)l)iclLsr obliger e los Dricnil)r()s cL: ltr flrrnilie o clc la institrr<iir a l:r (lLc sc pcl-trneae a lrclcrtltr un ()rlniz.r(i(-)n <tbsesiva patt c( )ntrit l)il Iarncellr artlLstills Irr-rrnoicles o rlc fregnrct-tter'i<'rn: hurtrilll algticn pr c()nlrlr-estllr ungusti.r narcisistlr. Corresronclc a l in()culllcia)n (lc cstx(l()s elllr<ionales cn cl (fr().:t l induccirin ptrr:r haccrlc lcl<tter roles. I <lcfens:rs interpcrs()nlllcs..r I1r identiticucirn p[()yccti\i v ul <rnlr<l ()nlnip()teutc (tel ()l)ick) clescrit()s p()r Klei1.].
intct.s
),
sc-(.t()
:'
lr)() l:, lir r(r'rr)i'r- (\tu nL(esid;r(r (rr r J)rcs(ir(irL (r(r(nr() sc nrr iflc\r, I)(n |rs rng.sriir (rc rj., r(,'..rrr( (rr,ri(|rri(r inrcr,.p(iar ()el inle:rl() c.lrL scsr(rrcs Hr csl()s..()s (l pu.l(Jlr
i[' ''\l,r lr,tr:' | r( (i(,k,,rinr-r .\1,il/1!.1 irl .lrr. qLx.tLrrrrplc |r i.!r(r(-)n (t(,sosr()r,r ut ni,.isisr)r() . llr) l\,,lrr, r, r,.r r(r.r(r !n( rli,ir.{/cs.nr v.rixnr(,. rn(r iirr:r (rcl n:r(.isisnx). (rt,ni,xxrirri 'l'L'1rr'r" ,l.r,l,l, l,r.,\.r ,t|( \.1 ll]5 irtLi d(l nxl(.r r, \ (l,r( (,,nrr. (\r-r Lir\uriL): Up!: Ltc llgurjrurs. ,,,,!,l.r,t!.r.,r ,,r.r\,,Ir$ted\ir(tx.(tt,Lrn:rlulLL enr,l senriric) (lc (rnrrl1)t sohr(t iun.i() ,',ri!' r,, 0r( hr.rl i' (,trr,rJ
'
344
AVAN(JIJS
LN PSICO'I'I'RAPIA PSI(]oANAI,I-ICA
M()DIrl-() M()DLII-AR
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rt)
rt tle h
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Aubplctstcialcl: ten(lencii li elintin.u, a transfi)rn1ar () e nrantcner por fire_

c<nciencia un csta<lo et-ectivo rlisplaccntenl nte(liitntc pt.()ces()5 (.()gnltt-
y pcrccptuales. El sujcft) ntrcliflc su rncnte _rcprcsentai()ncs. ti,(t()s_ para aclaptanc a rqrlicla<les pat<>lrgices: (lis()(.i.rse J:r:rra Jxrcler <rl,ivir <rrn fl_ gules patol<->gicas, l)usiv:rs: l)l()qLlerse afr.tivatrtente J:rara nc> tenel <.onflictcr i erpersonal, yx sclt pxr n() cxprcsl[ Ix)stiicl:rrlo para no percilrir neccsiclacles afectivas <uc ei cnk)rn() n() pt.()vccl anular cl cle.c,i p,r,.lt n< irrital cl ()l)ick), etc.
l)igarn()s, p(n (fra prte, tue no trxle cletc,ns clelc scr consirleracla pe_ ._ kr(-)gicx y (lcstinltda lr ser rlcsntrnt:rrla. I.l.entc ll tr:trrn]lr pscuico, cl psirrris_ rno pueclc p()ncr cn jtrcgo clifetentcs trecllnisnl()s (lue, ns ull;i rlc las ljntitlr ci()nes (lLrc itnp()ncn, s()n x(Ltptlltiv()s ya (lLle tien(ln x (lisurinrir la
<tte acui'l ()ri.in ((ixler(.h, 1990). Ani{usti.t lirn< ionanticnto rlei su jeto.
(lur l)cl-trlrl)atr scrillDlente
ungrrstia
cl
las <rre se p)ccslln (.()n1(,ni(l()s. l,:l pr.()yc(.ciot-t (\)ltx) tendL-ilcilt il xtril).ir 1t l() extcrn() l() cuc lc succcle:Ll sujeto, la ncflil(.i(in c(lx) clesrnenticla clc un uirirr crrr: ha llcge<kr la crncient.i:r, cl ltkxueo ck,krs afect<s. l tuk)excitlt(.i()rl l):Ll'il c()nt[1u1estur cstarlos afe,ctivos clisltlec.enteros, ]a irlclizlrcitil.r. v vens (lr'.rs (lcfL,nsits. licnen cn Ia iclentillcr.ir-rn (.()n el ()t) Llnx ilDI)()rt.lnt(r lU(tlt tlc origen. l-a dinir.tr ]os kr rtestlt: ticrtas ltrlnilitrs sc caractctiztn -ror.el Jtrr:tl<ltini< clc (lclernlinll(l( )s nqciitisn]( )ri rlt rlcfcnse.
clc ]as <lcfcnslts. (lllrcnte t:'l J.rsico.r n.r lisis rn \Lrs (1,r1ltt:nz()\.1. rna lerrria s,, blc cl pirpel (lc la i(lentitic(.i(-)n cn la firllrtci<-r clcl t.arctcr _enr)lezir (\) !l lrrer rclevrtncia 1L p.trtir (ie Psicoh),qu tla lus tttrtsus tttttilisis del t i:rcl<|, ., .1,r l92l), y(lc til )r t,d L'lk(IietL(I, lglt)-, 1,,.nr.c-uri,rrr,,,tle ,.lclensa lire.rr ctnsicle'rrl.s c<r* c.ranancl< crcl inrci.r crer s.i({(), in(.rrs() s()l)rc r r>es. crc l()s lrr)\,irnienk)s c.r.r.ralcs (lLtc scr.vifan s()l)()rtc _llt int.lr_ .r:tra rlltrlc ycccir-rn strpuqstlrrrrentc se virrc.rlart lr la olitl:rtl incorltorlrtiva. 'n llr troyetci<in la anali<lucl expulsiva, etc.-. A(lerr)ris <lc Lr c<xrfiiirin dc nivtilcs <ue esto inrplica, en rrrc la tr(n.izaci(jn lln-:tst(l(la prr l<s cx<.csos rlc lu rclafrri zilci(-)1't tenlrina c.nsiclc*rnck ar titncir nanr ientr rlcr psi<rrisr.. (r),r() is(),1(n-flco con las lirn<.ioncs corpor:rlcs y rletcncliente cte estas, hay unx cLtcsti(-)n (lc nray()r trascen(1en(.il an: sc (lcsc()n()cc <rrc cl otro <lcl sujeio no sr-rlo trx,1lr ter)r1ls l pcnsllltticnk) c()ns(.icntc c inct)nscicntc sino tlull)in llrs firr-rttas lxrj<r
Otrr crcsti(in (luc pte(.isll (lc itrlltizil(.in cs la relcirncla c.on el origen
torkr, <lificilrente podran equipararse un() y (fl(). En primer lr.rgrrr'. t'n Kk'in L r iclentificaclt pr()yectivrncnte en el ()t1'o no son s)lo llspcct()s l-lcglrti\()s sir) cr.rlpa o pelsectLckin. cl suiek) n() l)Le(lc r-c( ( ) rr.re pueclen ser positivos -por s y tienc necesi(la(l (le a(ljLdiclilscl()s l (fr() n()cer aspcctos valkrscs cle l'cro hy una (liffencia (le nray()r trascenclencia. l\Iientrus que c'n lll l)r()y( ( Cir-n. Ial conxr F'reL(l ()riginarixr)re'nte la (lescril)ii), se trata exchlsi\':l,Dcot( (l( un operxci(-)n intrlps<luicn (lLc n()ditic.l h representaci<in <Lrc cl inrlilirlrrr sc hcc <lc s y (lel nlund(), Klein. sin al)anclonar es climensi)n, .ril(l(' uo:r nLlcvai con la cxpresirin iclentiflcacirin pl()ycctivl se refiere especiahlenl(' ll url -r'rrceso intcrtrbjctiv() p()r e l cual alguien incnrla y hace sentir al ()tr() ( i( rl()s estacks ctr. ocionalcs envicli. clcsvakrizirci(in, ral)ia. al)nd(nr(), ( ul pa-. L() (lue el otro -nric(l(), siente es a(lLre ll() rltre posibilita qLe el sujet() vi\.r. ir r'u vez, cicnx iclenticlacl y el esta(l() em()( i()nrl c(r-fesp()nclientcl p()r ejenpl(). s('f lx)(lcr()s(), atcnxniznte. culpabilizante indigna<lo ),n() culpal)le. M. KIein (r tien(le isi cl cllriictcr-intrlrl)si(luic() rlc l clefenslt prlt al).lrcar I dimcnsi,rn rrr tetsubjetiva en (lLre lu uccirin sole el olrjcr cs r-tccesarilr paral k)rlrr mx,rt( n( r l() pr()yc(tal(l() cn (:st(i ltirn(). A nroclo cle ilusltL( i(-)n esruenrrtica, un l):r'.n( 'i c< rlcscrikr clcsrlc l'rclrtl prxlrie scr trn in(livi(iu() islx(l() que, en s()lc(l1l(1, (r )ns fr-uyctl intrrps(luicn)rntc Llnil imagcn clc krs clcrrrlis c(n'[() in(li.arl()s \, (l( sr rlrisll() (()nr() r'liosr. []n parrn()ic(), clcscrito clescle Klein. sera algtrrc'n rrrl persigLrc lrl otn rcrrsrn<klr. para hacerle scntil (rc cs mak. Por elk lt r t' sitl v lr l)usc1l. cll<kr <lre la prr:sencia (lcl ()tr() es r:scncill pala intentlr rx u lerlc. intlepcnclicntc (lc (lLrc lltlle cn el intcnk), cieff iclcnticlacl y ()l)tcncr. l)irr:r s. la crrplerrrcnt:tria (Sundler. l939). Estc carirctcr intersubjetiv() (lrl .()rr(\.1) tr) (lc i(lrntificx( ia)o pl-()ye(tiv:l es lo <ue le rreste utiliclacl para c(l)l)r(r(l(f tnto llr rcl:r<ir-rn trrLl)a'ulic, cn ([lc pi(icntc ] tc,':tl)cut! intcrc,lr'ul)irn i(l(,nli flcucioncs pr())'ccti\'s. c(ml() ls rcl.rci()ncs clc -ltrcjlt o clc f'amilia o cle cu:rl quir:t grLrp() (Sclrarff 1, S< lurfl, l9J7r Slirp. l9t'i9).
lr)ti^s ()BstistvAs t)t-: A(;Rtist(iN A sliRlis euuRlDos Y t.^ Pr)' iNCrAcl(iN rMA(irNARrA t)Iir. Ullt-()
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l;r IrIrve.r'r'i<in. tal crn< llr clccrilriri Flerr<1, cs l:r orcftrci<-rn por llr cual sc rrtlilrr)'r.n :rl rllro c.Ulrlicl.rrles, sentintienk)s, tleseos cLtt, cl sujct();echilz rcc()_ D( x'(r' (r )lI( ) l)-( )l)i( )s lx)r sc|lit.l<s c<rx nrflativ()s. A partir clcl conccpt() h.cu
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En la clnice cnc()nt[lnl()s c()n ciclt hccuencie Lrn tip() de ideas ()l)scsill ve(cs c()nl() trrrlro r'lnico (nglnizlrd() elreclcclot cle las ruis Illls, (fllls c()m() nt()otenk)s (lcl tratxnticnt(). cn (ltt tl pliciente se tef1'()r'iz.t ntc le irlelr rle rtre prrlrlr cllrr,'al l lrlguicr-r Un (r)jet() c()rtllntc. () lolpcxll(' (()n Lln ()l)jd() (()ntlrnclentc. () :ur()j.r[ il un lrijo pol la \'entana, o estrangul:rr a un ser queri(l(). kleas obsesivas rrre clan lrrgar rlre(li(lxs plecllutoils (lue clellen ser curlrpli(ls conrpulsivanrente. (;eneralnrcnte sc tien(len a expli(r est.rs i(lelrs olrscsivs crllo cltl:licls la hostiliclacl clel paciente que, enr(.r gienclo cle la represi<in. se nuniflc-sta xl)iefixnrentc en sLl concicncia. llntc l() cul rcxccion c()n horr()r. Pcxr cll in)plic rnlr visi(in simpliflcadr (lcl rr,
J5()
AVAN(J)JS IJN PSI(,o]'I]RAPIA PSI(JOANA,I'I'ICA
M()t)til-() i\'l()DUI-AR -t RANS|()RMA(-r()NAl,
1t
t()rn() cle i() reprilli(k) cn qllc ,ste surgirt t:ll cLlxl sin ningn tip() (le rans firnacir-rn. Lo rtre ltentos pocliclo <llscnar es all() clifercnte: culrncl< icleas cle este tip() srrrgiln en nLlestr()s pacientes haltan sick> ticcuentctnentc prccccli_ <lus por un m()ment() en <ue hal>en t: xperiment.l(l() el ten<.cle hllr.se en pcligro, cle p()cler scr lteca(los Ilnt plcientc. clcspus clc la l]anrrla teleionica alnenlzllnte (le un Ilelnren() trc iralra teniclo c-piscxlios rle violen<.il lisicit en contl cle elllr y cle srrs paclres, eJ colgar el telfirno clcsytris cle reciltir in_ sulkrs I'anrenuzas cic ntuertc. tle pronto. rliriginclosc a l cocina, se lc rcrr
en pelir'o, ttlrnsfir-rnan(l() lil reprcsctl1l(.j(-)n clt s rlc nrcnazlrtle e lllrcn:tzllnte

.
sesiva cle cllrc ltuecle lt:rccr cla< sc le inponc, cuerlanclo rn rr t()titl scgultcto plano cl rectrelck clcl c()nlljct() (1)n el llcuulrr. l_ i(lc ()l)srsi\ lc Ilx l)ct nriticl() pilsalr represenlarse trrnro llt qrre prrcclc lrar.tr cltnro Y r.ro l:r cuc,.:stti
rc un idca tue la atcnoriza: t(rn.rr un cuc.ltillo y clr,:irscio al hijLr ruruclu <1ue tkrrnra en unr llal)jtaci(in (.crc:ul:l. A l)a ir ([c ese llr(mrent(), l irlt, rlr-
senclr lr eslrcrar xngLtsti()slltltentr cl nl()lrlcnt() cn crrc O<.trrrir-ie. A krs 1.rors clas. sc lc plesent Ln.l i<lelr rlrscsivtr: clle rrroltlclii el rlrtkr gor.ckr tlcl tic tlc stt irijo v se k r-ran<arir. Hu llrliclo un invcLsir-r <lt, llr silrlrciotr: clc .rct.so n:L cn pelig(r pslr. scl la pcligr.<;slr. .rn(lue csl() lr tlrxlrrzc:t el]grrsti.r. ()tr() pcientc tienc ultat pcsar-lill;t rlt .r.-rse crr cion: rs lrr.orlal:rrkr .xrr rrn grttpo clc nralheclrrcs rlLrc lt emenazan c{)n uo l-c\'(il!.tr Y rrn rrrnlrl la -en realitlecl, e'l rla previo hlrie hulrirlt rn.rsilk) en su brrir. rrrc st, llrbia c()nvefii(lo en los ltiluis D)escs (]n Lln llt!llr inseglt-(r-. I-ll srrcliu sr intrrruntpe bLuscantentc ll pxtil c()ntinulrr (1)n ()tl.al csccn en <r.rc l ;tltlltsfa llr culrt'za clc Lln ni() c()ntrit un rcju. hrrcii'nclota rcnctrar cntre ls l)llrrls (lc rttctarl. Se rlespieria cot-l scnsacion cle lrsr.() -lcr-o sin sentiDtirltl()s (l(, lx,rsc
ctciin.
Iln un c.ls() (lLl1j pul>li<.anxrs en ()tr() tt-1ll).rj() ( lllcicllrnilr. l9t(rh). rr rne Ilr (iente le apalccier'()n griet:ts en kls rczones cuc cle lcr.rnir-rallrn <uc el clrr.tlc rumer le slnlrltscn y chrlieran. conlirtienrlt l la<.tlu.tc.ie en un srrrlicio. 1>e-
lo que el suic) lenre sutl-ir l)si\':ul( nl( (s inrrrginaizaclo. a travs cle mltiples fantlsias agresivas. crrxr atrtcllo rlttt ril rucclc hlcer activxrrente. Esta transfirmaci<in cle lo qtte sc sullc l)xsr\.llrr( l lc prlr representiusc cort]() <ue se realiza lctivarnente es lo <ttc l'retrl rrttcslrir en ,}fti. all .lel prittcpo dcl plLtcer: el ni() xl (lue lc (l(-slgrir(l.r s('r rulrncknaclo poL su nraclre, y (ire 'st.t tlcseparezca sin slr intelvcn(i()r), I):rs.r ru s(jr cl srjck) xcti\'() que hace clesaparecer el crnete. Prr-crtr ladr, cn el r' rtukr cleclicaclo al estu(li() cle la dcpresi(ln nos refriuxs a las tesis rlc |uir'hairn y cle Killingnro (lle, a nlest() jrici(), est,n relaci()naclas c(l cst t('nclcnci:r rlel psi(luisrn() a 1lp()(ler-arsc cle k taurrrtico, <le kr tue n() sr l)L((l(' ( ontr()hr, ) 1r crelr i ilrrsirin rle (lue el sujc) cs cl (pre c()ntr()la l()s ac(rl('( iruient()s. Irairl)aiIn (l9.iJ) consiclcra que el ni(). necesitanclo clescslcrarllrllente scntirsc protcgiclo v ctrcliclo p(r-srs lll(hes, preele pensar qu( l (s nlal() y n() <ltrc sr.rs patlres s<n s:'iclicts () quc n() lc ctticren para ntatntcrt( [ lir iltrsi<in cle ejerccr un cierk) c()ntr()l (mrnip(fen(e soltre ll eeiirhd (prit{. ()5). trres as rtrccle flrntilsellr: .Si nrc P()lt() lricn... si n() s<>y tttalo... enr()n(cs. rrl( qurrran. n() l]rc clrstill.u.'in,. tll scnlirse ctrlpalrlc se h c()nverti(lo en uril (l(' f-ens. cn un nretli< iltrsori< (le rec.lpir.uu[ un sentir]rienk) cle c()ntr()l s(r)t'('( l cLrrs() de l()s nc()ntecinlicnk)s, cn Lln:l estl.ategix lrental inc()nsciente l)llr;r ( n cuflu situllci()nes ([e lpxrecqn cor]r() tl'lrLrm,tti('s pr el psiquisl)r() ((ir(fs tein y liinslcl', 199.i). Killingnro ( 19i19) clestucu qLc cxiste un tip() (lc cLli)x ('n tue el nirro leficrc pcrts;tr <tre i'l cs tnakr poruc h nr:tclrc ic abanclt<i lt' clara unu ticrtu illsir-n dc crfol lllargic() (x))r-lip()tente (le la realidacl. l)u('s si se p()rtsc bien. enlrnces la rneclre rrrlvera (luc pcnssr sinlplcllente (lLt( lc lrncktr- y (lue n() cstal a sl alcancc ha<c'r nlrcla p:u-l c()ntrilnestar csc rl)iln
ctte
clrxt<>.
ligull anlenazante. Es (lccir
le *rlrrencle. lenckr Ilr<ia el tralrajo. llt I:lnlxsl rlc rrr-rojarsc l)(r-un l)Llcnle. ltntc it c lral sc ierr()riz!. Est iclcll c(xltienzal ct.ccr:r en krs cl:rs sigtricntc rlt lriencl< abncl<nat el cltr))in() habitrral trre vlr clcsrle sLr rasa ul tnrllrjo, en cl rue lray un prentc. prcs lenre cecler l inr:ulso tle clcsreerst. f_n sr nrnlr sc ha r4relatkr s Ltnll tr:nslin tltirr.ion: r-le ser ltn.ojackt ltor l \'ctlllnll l)trsx l scr'l trritn sc arrjlrrlr al vacio. l.ln l()(l()s cs(()s cs()s, el iLnlilisis (lel l]lltcri.ll as()ciilti\1) y (l(. l()s alltte ct<lcnlcs rL'l srrlgirniento clc Ie icl,.ts Oltscsil.us pclt)itjer()n \er (lLlr cst.ri ! i,-nilu't :r ckll :rl sujel() (lc rin scntirtrient() (le scl lrcucl <ue pocle inicttr una at, ci<in rrtc l)t-cviltntcntr. p()r el c()ntl.ri(). cl.1t scnti(l c<ttO iniciltcle xrr rlll1r
lln pcicnte tel)le srr clespc(li(kr ctr el tr.lrl)lrjo tlils a(x)lttrr rn en()1.(lLc ll irlr dcJ jefe. cuicn le clit.c (lrc es sL ltiulL i.rottirnirl:rcl t.trrt,si no caDtbiab ,Jc r'an lr clr una lllrlacla y tirllr por l \.rutxrl,. .\l (li1l sil"Ll(.nt(
provoct-r
tin el capttrkr 2 s<lrrc cl ])s()qLrisnro. en el xpl't1L(l() .Forma de crntrol trnsli )mlll( i(-)n <lcfensi!a cle h sitr.r-tciun tr'.rurlritic.r. Lr\ isJlll()s la 1tl)ur) ,y chnte eviclenci clirica cuc inrlica <1tre el sriet() preere ser el <Itre se infligc rlao por tcnlol a (llreclr-x mcr-ce(l (lc un ()l)jct() (lLlc n() I)uc(le cont[()lr. l]l liiull crrc el mxs(xllistu inrlx)ne l sL plrlej s:irlirl coloca x l.l c()nclLlctl (l(' st1r I).rj() Ln rcgLrllrci(')n trar)(luilizx(l(xxi el nas(xlLista es el que cleciclirli qu' cs lo rue lral1i sr.r parcja.'lxl]l)i'n nx)stl'lur)os criDto tl stjet(),.lntc el terr()l l
una persecLrcia)n rue va nrs ellli clc sL r'rlirntd, prcliclc scl cl tlue prvtxlt
el castig() pues clige cl nx)merk) eD (lue s()l)[even(]r.i mirs irn.!.lLr\ti,n-narla te que estrr n llcr-cc([. c()n l guaxlill baja. cle un otro <ue cleciclirr el mo-
llrcnlo clel atuttre. obsesilas cle cllr a un se-r En lls tlcs c()n(lici()nes mcnci()nl(llls -i(lcasfirnrlts cle Inris(xluisl)ro-. cl (reti(l(), au)atril)trci<jn de llt cr.rlplt. 'tlirclslts srjct() t(mr r.rr-ia rcaliclcl 1ll)rcn:rzntc (luc sientc inc()nl[olxlrc ] en l):rsc c()nvcrtirse. cn I:l t.Lntasi:r t en ll relithrl. cn el srist() cti\'() salc cle su scntirnient() (le inlp()tcnci.r e inclclcnsjrln. lgr.Irl sucecle c()n lxs ( reencils y l()s ritulles luigi<os. trrn las funtesas de (lre se puc(lc (lxr xl cnelnigo
1r
-ritr:r
3t2
VAN(]I:S
I'N
PSICO'I-I.:RAPIA PSICOANALiI'ICA
M()t)l]I_() M()DUt_At{- t',RANS()RMA(:r()NAr
Ies vud-. Parecierl enk)nces que n()s enc()ntrallos ante una llr()cl.rlidad cle clefensa n.rrry lrsica y eneralizaclt).le potetrciacn iuag o,ct del su/eb N travs cle representarse c(ll() activo. lo que le pemrite salir cle rn aterrizJnle \rnLi,))icn[i, r.le irnp,,rent i.r
1r
-c(illl() \r r)isnl()- y (le ln cleativiclacl (le la fantrsa inc()nscicnte.

l,l
)stitLr)'cn cl plrxllrcto (le interlrcci()nes le.rles del pusa(l(). (lc itlt'ntilit:rt ir r rr( s (()n tls figrrras significativrs stos vier()n l suict(). l rttttrtrir 1 ;t
ORGANIz^ctoNEs pseuICAs supRAoRDINADAS: R!:I.ACIONES INTr-tRN^S DU ()BJtilO
cuesti(')n bhsica respec> a estas relaci()nes internus clc ()l)icl() r'\ (1,llr xrncrhs al clescul)iclto. a pilrtir (lc qL in(lica(k)res (ledtcirlxs, (l.l(l() (lu('( s t.rrr rrrs allh cle hs representac iones c()nscicntcs dcl srick). l)rir estc (l(s('l llllr)]icnk) contlll()s. en pilr)ef hlgar. c()n el exanren cle ((im() c'l sLrjel() s(' \'ill
Hasta acltr llentcs viskr v as cliDtcnsitnes estaclos cnx)ci()nles y angustias, el siste|ra clefensi',,r>- (lue en -cleseos. slt .trticrla(.i)n gcneran cliferentes c<>nfiguluci()ncs. Estas (liltensiones se \..1n c()nstituyend() en cl interah -de l clenrrrin:rrlrrs estructuras-, rtrc li jen las nurfuliclctdas cn las crales el suiet() se relci()n (()n k)s ()tt()s ) c()nsig() u)isrlr() (Grecnl)erg y Nlitchell, lguj). Ests estnctulas inhapsquicas supraorclina<las llanurnt<s ls pucs clc -ls temrinen llrs cr'actersticas cle llts clirnensiones a las cue ltbrcan- crlrprcnclen:
e
elregiend() ciefis estrLtctrtras intr.lps(lLticils, c()n gr.ln estxl)ili(lcl
jueflo entre lt intcno 1, la intersLrltjctir.idl(1, intedLeg() clel cual van
Representaciones lantase-acls (lcl sujet(). incluyenclo lu replcsentacin y llcnte en nrltiples niveles, clcsclc la ltercateci<in rlc sus fLl.1 citnes hasta h valoracir-n csttic()-narcisist.t. llel)rcscntaci()ncs, txI])l)in, acercx (lcl grackr tle c()ntr()l qre el sLljct() srpucst.ulentc ten(lr:L s()l)re sr cuelP() y Dtentc. cle l<s clesc<s, clc krs peliglos lr los clr.re estir cxJ>uesto, cle la p()tenci () irllpotencia tue se ldjtrclic.a a s )lisnt() pm tisiltccr ks rlcseos () paru protegerse cle los peligros. Estas rcprcscnt.lciones crre firnrran los litTcleos bscos del sc llticitto .k' de tiddd no cuctlan restringi(lus rl plano <le sin'rples ilr,rgenes sino (lre c()nsfiruyen al('ntdu(lcs.lincio,/tlc.s des(le Lts cueles el sujcr act[li. Cuan(l() sr rcpresent.r en peligr.o no srkr sientc y picnse s<lrre si y l()s (fl()s sin() qre. sirnult:tnctntente, rellizl acciones: sc lrlcla, sc esccncle o. por el c<tntrrrit). se .lcct-cu 1. agreclc, () intetrtlt inllt<vilizar l Presunt() attc.lnte. 2. Rcpresentaci()nes ttntascaclas cle l<s <tl.os con los crre cl sLjek) cstx,- cn rclaci<-rn: personajes tcrrilrles r figrrras ltenvolas y slva(l(n..ls. kr rue in cluye les replescntaci()ncs (le srs sLlpuestas intcnci()nes, cle los clese< y con rluctlts qrre inlaginarintente tclt(han c()n respect() lll sujeto. cle l firnna cn
cle su cuerp<>
t
l.
(luc (ptarian. sxtisfalxn o trLstrarxn sts
clese<s.
S( llittu (le un verclaclcro esccnri() lDentitl (l(r,uina(lo p()l la tirnt:ls in trrts,r'it'l)tt'cn <1trc los pers()nxjes crre lo pueltlan. el sujet<l incluickr. son r.eci(r:rn(k)
rttsr'rrtlrrkrs rrtxr !ltaciln(l()se < atltnckrsc. pr<)tcliencl() () xl)andonanckr. reac tt <lcscln o c.on sirrrpatit. Estas felaci()nes internas de ()hicto
ol c()n l()s ctistintos personljes c()n l()s (lLlc cntfa cn c()t-ttilck) y (()rrr(r r.(' trit.r a s urism(). Es acr.r clt>ncle el vnculo con el tenpeutI. cl arllt y ltlrrrt rlL'la tnrnsfcren<i:1. c()nstitu,vc un instlLmenk) cle primer ()r(len, ts c(nll() lir li rue cn quc cl pcicntc vx reccionxn(lo irnte sus propias flLnt:rsrx\ y ( ( nr clLr'llrs c[rante el h.tnscrls() clc- clrcllr scsi<in: cn())s c()nsig() l))isrl](), ttl()1tli lrenzas, piinicrr xnte el strgirrlicnto tlc kr cuc no espcral)a enc()ntrr (rnr(, l)irfie (lc su scr, etc. tln segrn(l() tr!)rino. \'ienen en nuestra rylrcla pxlir (\) rrocer las relci()ncs intemas clc objcto las prrxlrrcciones imaginarias c['l rrr ( iente. espcciarlnlentc l()s rcllt()s (luc ltce clc las interaccicncs qtlc ir()slr( n(' rr rn los personajes que le r(xlean. ruc nlis cue infi-marnos s<l'rc l rcrlirlrrr l clc lo qrre tcstil)x)niirn. infirnnan tle l<ls cricligos con rue el suiet() llr (lrl)l:l ct-xligos pltrtnoiclcs. iclelizantcs. liil)ic()s, nlrcisistxs. etc. . P()r cll() (ir(l:r vcz tlue el pa(icntc (renta un.r interir(ci(in cuc lc lre <rurrick c'n le virl:r lt';rl. Io qrrc nos pregLrntlln)()s cs: p()r'qL la ve y siente cle estil maner:l?. (lu irs I)ect() (lc slr biograf1. rlc lts succsr>s (luc vivi(-), (lc l()s c(-xlig()s cle srs p.r(lr('s. (lelem)inu qLe le xt l)u_va.r la (()n([ct1l (lel ()tr() esk)s significaclos c irrltrr (i()nes cn pilrticul:lri. lor'<trir tle las lril firnuas c()n (lLrc ()tl-()s sLjet()s r('ir(' cion:lrn frrnte ] igull c()ntecimientu) nuestr() p.rcicntc lo hace clc cstrr rrr ncril (lLre, I sL \'cz. lx vcnl()s rtpetilsc cn (listint()s lll(nllcnt()s y c()ntexl()s'/ En fcfcef lrrgar. y muy cspecixlnlcntc, vcnl()s cl relk) (lc slls suc()s. ( r) los crre se clespliegan escenari()s tantslicrs cle seres rue se s(reten a ft)(l() tipo cle accioncs. Si l()s srcn()s fr-reron crnsidcraclos poll'rettci la "via rcgirt ltl inc<nsciente" es, pre(isilmente. prrre ll cles.lpxrecer lu realiclacl exteri(r'. )' crn ello llts pr()v( )( ll( i( )nes. in<lrcci<nes o peso cle lo clre hacen los qtre rr tlean al srrjeto, t()(l() I() (lue sllce(lc cn llr proclrrcci(rn onric es pro(luct() lrl)s()lLlk) (lc ste. I)cs(lc cl pr.rnto cle \istu terpLrtic(). cl nailisis cle l,.rs sucnrs cs Lrn insh!rmcnt() inigtralablc (F'lanclefs. 1993). csrccialntcntc cn el caso clc arr.rellos pacientes (lLe sc ven sienrpre (\r() Ias r,ctirnas lusivas cle sujelos ctre le Draltr:rtan, y (lLlc cxpliciln invxl-ixl)lclncnte su propix conduct;r c()n]() ll nicx rcspLcst1l p()silre flente a k> cue hacen los clcms. L()s slrc(,i\ prnri ten m()strar a estos pacicntes quc (lentr() (le s existcn imigenes prefomrx(las. l)rc'jLlici()ss. (lLle n() rc(lLlieren cle nclic en el cxtcri()r plrl ilctivane. Su l)rull (l() intcri()r es el (lue tcnlrinxral rcccnc()ntftrn(l(). f:rl)ricn(lo. l otl'o. Intentancl() especificar kr tue acalramos cle ver en un nivel gcnclxl. l;rs pregLrnr.ls (lle grxn la <bsen'acirin son. entle ()trxs. l:ls siguientes:
(
t5
l
AV^N(.1:S
liN PSI(lo'l EitAPlA
PICOA
^Ll'l
l(:A
Nl())l: () lll()l)lll-All_ l lt^NS'()RNl^(
l( )NA
Lnto sc rdacion,t cou los ott'os t, dL,fiti'o d(' ld lo'ap.L c<)n cl tarcOautt?
Es sumis(), (lorrinxntcT C()n sul)tipos: sumis() p:lsiv()-agresiv(). r'ulIis( :n1()r()s()i (lol)rinltnte libiclinal-protecllr. clominante lnt()ritl'i().rflesiv<).rrr
"(,iit)to
sc &'Lrciottu cottsilo
111snK)?
icolal)()r. se Llnci'(J, p()r el c()ntlilri(). cs negx(iyista, slrlTOtel, :rlcjl? flsperil ser'pl'(fegi!k). <.tll]reck en sLrs irnglrstiJs (), p()r el (.r)ntr.rl.l,). pr(F tcgcr y cxL)I? ll,egitinla s!rs (lese()s y los clcl otro'l ;Rec()nocc estacl()s mentules )'n(]cc\rclucles clcl ttr<1
Se
I'll cstu(li() (le lxs lelirci()nes intcl sl ll)lcl ivas licnrlc rt irltr'r.' l)ilsil il ll) \t rlrrrrtlo rleno trl llechtl cle tue el stLjcttr cstai en c()lllil)tl rcltirln 'lrtsigr rli' ,r ). (lLrc se lonll .l si cctnt si filera Lln (lr() al cLtc le hallll. al tr'tt'<ltsliglt tl ,,r. cienigra o tlab, ltl (lLc c()nstelll tl intran<itliliz:t. ill (lLlt(l(litt( rr txii:r /'il tt' l L'l ellrt (trctt(1. 192J) signific<i cl lxnte lllais illlp()fint(' ill (()rl(x itrri( rrl( il( L'stlr escisi()n clel siricro cn l)1ltiPlcs pe rsol)lli(liclcs tttc inttlitcltilttl Al r( r,l)c(t(), es (1)nvenienlc c()nsi(leratrr
aterorize xnte el
(fr()-1 Atcrr()rizx 1rl ()t)7 ,il)crsigLc. hlrntill:t. g,,z.r r.-
(liclll))ente?
lEs nisti'
Se
scdLrct( )r',sc(lrrcitlo? lde:iizL\l
lluscr ser iclelizaclo'l l'is e-rhil.)iCir
(lesc()ne(tx flsic:r. rlcntal () 1l tcl ivxl]rentc'a lF:st':I sot)rcin\1)lucril(t( ) eu( )ci()nx lllrcr'r(t cn lil relu<irirtl Sc l)rgl ((xprrlsivamentcl aEs desllfiaDtc. tenrer()s()/ Es confiuckr. sLspiclzT N() (lej espa(j() rl ()tr(). le inr'cie nrentalnlcntc? Solrrcinrrlu< ra cnxr ci()nalnrcntc ul <t, inocr.rl:incl()lc csl1l(l()s alcti\'()s-1 lis clcslrorclante con sr.t
<liscursrl'
1. lil eru<rt u <tclir <littgicl< lrcilt ri ttlisux. eslc'cialnrcnte llts tirlllrts trl ( i)icrtlls (l(, ut()lllfcsi()n. (irranr.[r l)lrlrlrr clc si. !>s lrtllin()s cl] ttr.- ir llrt, r' :rcljctivos iltscalilicrlntcs. illsLlll()s- rcflcjlLn (lcsl)recio. rlll)ixl Sc gr((l("r (licanlentc l 1icne ttne rclat'ii-n lilliclinitl. (lltili()srl. consio l)risnr()i' 2. La otglrrlizltcin tlcl '-leseo v rcl(-(i')n (l(l stljek) h-entc a stt Jrt<ri. tk rc() ts tle: ,(()lcr:tnci1l, I('(l)117(). (()ntr()1. [)iillic()/
3. F)l sttrclvt-r sistctlt tlc i(lc1Ll('s. \'.tl(n-cs; lrllras cle ill)Plenrcnlll'! )lrlrr (litl()s v pr()llil)icioncs. tiP()s clc t'astigo (Ile st ritll()il)lpor)c; ctivi(Ll(l (l( lr r rr (()ncicn( iit clitic. sltciisn<r int r;tlls< 1r.tico. -i. Ilclrr<i<irr con tl rtorio tLtctr<r
sonaje illtaginlr|io nre estii rel)r'esentl n(l( ) cn est( rll()nlcn) y c()n (lLricn .r est:i ellrci<nunclo ]h()rxi rl)cs(L (lua'i(lcnti(tx(l sLrni(liL in(( )n:cirnte!n( n(c >erseguirk. crt. sc rcl.rci()n.r conl.igo? ;Qrr[' lr.tc l<> rtre -perscgr.rickr. suce(li(-) inme(i:lt.urentc r)tcs tle <1ue lrsumiera trl i(lcnri(lcl v rtte acljr.rcliclrr':t tal rtr1 C(tt() se vc p()l-cstirs l)raglntlls, r('stlltrt inclispensahlc estttcli:tr en c:tcl nr())ent() cl lilx) (lc vin(ul() tLre el lrcio'ttc ticn(le.r (r)nflgLrrirr, yir seil c(r() init iclrr o c(r)() rcsptlestil r h ac< irin rlt l <flo. l)elr tlrlin cxrnrinar lls scuutcitts de cslrs c(nrlllllrilci()-lcs. csp(,cixlnrcntc llrs raz<ncs pof las crrc sc l)itsll dc tnas ir ()tr-ls. El exrllcn (l(] lils scclrcncis. cn el nt(nrlen() 1t rll()rllent() <lc l:t sesin, <lc l:ts f'nntrrs:. cslar(l()s crll()(i()nllcs '.rrncltr<t.r. c()ncretirs cs I r rinirrr cre rucrle rccltreir lit rlitruiccl<l inlrcrctc a rcl <l>scn',,'iirt c ir t(r)l() (lc (lescilr.lnricnt( ) (lel rllrn(l() intclno clcl lrr.iente. A<u no lustltn las lirlrrrtrlus gcner':tles. lequiri( nclose la reconsttrccirin fina clel esplrcio ir:t.rgrn.rri< lrolrl:rrl< <le person:rjes
T()clas cst5 forrttas clc rclar'ionsc.;s()o eslll)]cs, se van llcrnJn(l()7 li') cu)'() cs(). 7.crriincio. Jrr trri', lntc cu crrnrlrrct:rs tlcl rfn firncirna clc rrrrr Ll ()tr' manera'1 lll lcrrpeLl:r tr.ttr clc (ontcst.tr a la l)rcl{unt.r;lrajo rrrr: per-
li(i() cles(lt cl cixligrl

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lDtir{.1(
l) trlrot'rti (Ortsll
\ I'llzil)sk}'. l!)!)o)
(
clsl nrlrcisisnro l)crnl()stlr li rllict llarenoitlcs (l'ttlncralliliclacl pcligro"stgttlitlrttl) angr.tslilts o clesrlc lits 1
)17rl.1'
llttctlc :r'r t rrlr 'tlcrl)() l) habiliclacl/l()rl)('z lc;Lltlltcl;

L'l
(i)n()(inlicnk) (lt ncccsi(lll(les \' lcnsi(nles crpt-ales NL'$ttLirttt tltl

(ft'l
s//1's
(llf(zlir2
l9S5).
Arnor ), otli() ll(lta(I)s (rll t'l:rciirn lll Prr)l)i() ttl(l-p()r critlatlos, ltto; grcsi( rcs. (l('s(ln, (lcslttcnci(')n. 5. O<-rtt() featcci()ll ntc sLls cstli(l()s :tferlivosl lse asLlst:I. sc pxcigLli7
Itctnlltl([)
lls lclltir-lt's itllr.:t-ns tlt'()l)ici() tllle sc cli\ ll!-] ]_'-!ct\ixIl
(l\
l.r llltclsul)ieti!i(lt(1. tlclxtD,rs eslecificrtr': () ,(,:luifus st)tt l()s )ttfl.fos tkffcsst1s c.)r/ ('1(]1/r)T lliYllli(la(l itl)ierta cn( tl ( sll(lis ) x(li\'() l)rllniflcst(), )si('i()n isnl( \' llgrtsi\'o. ) Ix l)icltlr, negli\ isrl)()
l)si\1)
r.rtl;r >rlsortr
cn ctrc cl l)xcientc \i\e, espaci() (liti'rc'nte p:[l
nl() n]l-cisistlr, ct(. ( rl()ri r\ Ql(t ttlros (lc (ttsil(t(lL'\ (l?spi(rttt L'l 1t)?l)c illxln(l()n() Pers('t (lc tncntl <lel espacic () iD\1lsi()n scntiD)itlltos f;sir\) l)si(()l(ilii((), -ca.stigo () c(n.p(n-ll-. scntilr)iclltos (lc (.ull):1. ll{ustixs nur(isistlls -infri<r'iclrrtl. (lLle rlcl)cn scr
r'csLrita(l() rle srr irit-irfilt l-rccrrlilrr.
lll l':rr rLril re\isi(-)n (le l(,s lhll].l(los nr(,(1c1(,s.c.nrplrtos. (le reh(i(rrcs irtcrt)trsirlxl(.' \,,,r\'(lrr.rl.rt,, rlc Snrith ll(t.rnin (t991) (lol rn c1 ni\'!l (lesrripti\'() rrt)r1.serrlir un c'-
\er{rli'nzit (l}r(ltlcck. 1991, Nilthxns()n. l9u7) îltstjxs tlt l)tls(nliljes atciln r:slrcr'iiirlitls eD 1ti))i)l()s ,.lt cctnltrtos l'.tnlst't{()s Ici. ri(li( LlizrnlL's, sufri('rlrcs. sc(lLlct(r'cs Inl\()lr)s tttc lrtcgo lrttstran, tttt asfixien coqtoral v nlclltJln)cntc. (l(l(- in\dcn cl psi<lttistllo Y t1';lsftln(i('lr
t
I-l \ ('r5(
IIL(1,
hlllrr 1 tr)r)i).
! en t'sl(
lLlrr
l crPrrtrlo I {ltrt cl sttpct1'r'
\\'AN(:ris IrN
PSr(
(r-fllRAplA pst( ()^NAt 'r't(
l\Ir)DIll () M()r)t r.AR-'l nAN\l:r)lrrllA(.t()NAl
J5-
.ulJltsli. A rstc lespc(t() eS interesllnte la clrreja cle nttrchos aclctlcscentes ,r'r'r'r'lr r['l t()n() (lc \,()z (lc slls plclrcs. que es scntid() csi crnr ntolestil ( (,rln)lll: 1()n() (lc v()z sol)re e[ (lLe se lu c]espl:lztclo cl etecro pe{urblclor (()rr (lue sientcn lt tr'rnsnrisi<in rte l<s estltcl<;s cle anqtrstie cl<.css ltirrros.
rr,lriculrzatks. prccislrntentc, p()r Il v()2. .Qrrtl.lirrtcirrts tietulc a urntplir cl slcto poru cou st!s d)?tos sillnific.tti/ r,rT lintrc otlts. ser el clcpositario cle plutes (lel .\// (lcl otr(): scr el vengaclor rk lls rfi,nss reales o imagineri.rs perpc-trxd.rs c()ntl-it uno clc sus peclrcs Jtor t.l rfrr ricltlt-r <lc le parejlr 1,tLnrc hs crralcs el printero no llLrlc rcsxrn rl,.l scr el olrlekr tle lu tlcnigrrcir-rn clrl ()tr() I)ir'il l.lllLtrccrrr el tr;u.c.isislto tle t str': scr cl ()l)jct() pr(fcct()r p( scntitnient()s rle r Lrll}tlriliclari: ser el superi rk,l tfro. o cuntplir lirnciones lrrictrs parl cl nlisl)n) eit cLlllnl() la relacion < rrr lu reali<ltcl ser el <uc le clelr infinclir vicle crrn un 1, elcgrtr (,1)i(1() u()ril)Lrn(l() el clrrc sc cielc re|ivir, ct(..-. El srrict() -rclat.ion pu((lc ser fizurl< .r <ltscrtrpeiLr el lLrtl cle un y<;. Lrn clkr () un super\'() \.i(.ut.i:lntc l).l.ll el ()tt.(). ;(.\!.ilas st)t fus lit'eles k,tlisc'intiltlci(it s?ll,1ltrl(iat.rcirlrrcl rlc selrlrr r (lisarirrinLl- Jo crr'son (lese()s, cstlill()s cnt()(.i(tlrles ), lcpresentci(ntcs (lc s nrisnro clc les qrrc se lc atlil>uyen l <ltt, r'e c(-)ox) srrlx)ne (lue cl (fr(, lc vc (.|r, crlrson, l9(ri). C()n (k)s \.riantes cn (.larnt() lr l tro cliscrinrir-ur< ir-tn .sr//,;t f tor
Lls concliciones reseadxs Ins ariba col'n() dilllcnsi()nes clc las rela< iones intcrnus cle ()l)ieto (lcterminrn la trlerancia () int()lerxncix lnte l intirricla,,l insegLrK) rcsistenrrli,ctirl, corporal y nreotal. v eJ tipo cle apego -segLrr(), le / illrl)i\'-.Llente . insegLrll) c!'itxti\'o. etc. (,{ins\\()ril) } (xros. 1()7S; l}()w!{)\'. l9(9. l97J; Murral Prrtkcs y ()tr()s. l !)9-1 .'laml)iD. el tip() (le \'ncr() -r]] soquisnr(), saclislrx). :,1nrisi(in. c()nt(, pr()tect()r u hostil. etc., l3cnjumin, 19911 (ilic k y l\Ieyer. 19llll-; o los conflic)s cle sepaLrci)n/incliviclLracin (Mahlc-r. 1975): Ir()[ xngLstil cle separrcit->n. por tclll()l-,r la inclefensi<in lx qLe exP(nl rlrilr llr scp:rraci<in. el sujcr cleseu .l\c('.lIsc. nt]r, ,. p, r n.trLisi\n . plrx scntir sc in(lepcD(lientc r porler rrescirrlir rlel r>tro. ne(esitl scp.lr-.usc.
|
[.]t- stsi-t":MA NARCrsrs'r'A tN'r'liRN()
Fls
c(rrscicnlc
r:rci<in
(lr l()s l)r()i)i()s (lcsc()s. esl(l()s rrx.itnltlcs rr sc esti eu()ja(k), lristt:. tststatL. rrn hlltlc. -si f r( ). etc., sc sicntr que el (f r() sientc est()s csti(l()s-. I.'tectcnle cn ls lcllt ('i()rcs silDi)i(-)ti(.rs: tllachc.ltaclre (lLe vivc srs (lese()s y angrstixs a(til)r),,n ,1, (,/. (, ,n rI ,r r.rli.rntt r: '1.r. .rl ltr r A \r \ 1.1. I)n)ye(ci(jn tlrfi,nsir:r: clcstrcnrlcr.sc <lc csos esttr<los cnrrr.i<nl<.s lx)r r(sLrltxr iltk)le[l)lcs, r'irincktlrs c()D)() (lLt('s()n (lel ()lr() \'n,) pr.()Pt(,\ ( lik'in. l!.16; Snrller', I9l19)r pot cjcurrlo. gentlrrr dcpen<lcnt'ilr cn cl otro 1-rr n() l()leftlr versc c(n() nccesitltr-h v tlc,lril. 1.2- Prr.t.yecci<i .'tryk)b{ullc. ilt)ilgina (lLc el (fr() c()nlpurte Ln estlL(l() ,. rrx'ionl () ticnc ( icl-ts cll l-11( tcl isticars <rre el sr.rjer accpt c(nD(, pr(rpi.l: Ntt..icllL<l nilrcisisti( clcl "ckrltlc, Es l,r rluc K()ltrlt rlcr)()tr)jnii tr li r-rsfc'r enc i.r gunr( lrtl ( Kolrut. lt)-1). l. lntft))'ecci(in o iclentilicL ion ltr.lsi\l: sc tlrran los dcsc<s. cstatlos I
l)r()yecci(in cn el (fr()
nt'r't sichcles ((p(nllles t rrrrx'ionles, nec(.sid.r(les () (lecucirLs clel ot1. pasenckr cl srrjeto a lra<.erlos s1'rrs Fil e je nrplo e \tl clll( ) cs cl clcl ntienrlrrr l)ilsi!() cle l:t fili<'ti tletl. l)t ltuos nten(i(n)lr l1lnl)i1 Ix .lp.tcidqd cllpitcr: nircl rlc (.rl)t(.r(,n Lh l.r rrrlrr nl(Dlil r.ognitirrr- y tlcl estrrilo cor..xrlul rlel ()tr.()) srs -irlL,(.ti\,11. rrr, r'.rrLrrlt.s (llas(l), t9lJ.l). l)altkrgias clc Ia ei.lrtie: l) cli,flcit rlc L cnrJtlrr.r. n( , ( .r|ll;r( r )r (le l()s senti[licnt()s clcl otrot /r) fllllrts en [a lrar.rela cnrritit..r. rrr r'r. r[ 11;1I, res()nan(ia cxcesiya c()n l()s esta(l()s cnroci<nlrles clcl otrr. r,L trlr(,r( ir r rusir':r c()n k)s (lesc()s v xnguslixs (lel ()tr()
. clesvnlorizaci(;n. Si l() heflros clct<llirlrck) sistcn].l nalcisist rntL:r'n() es p(r'(lLc (jn este lJnackr nrs liDritlurs la estfuctLlrlr intrupsquica lun sirlrienrlo cr.rc cl nlrcisisrn() ixD)ils cxiste rot fircr:r tle lll inlersll)jetivi(l:r(|, n< srik cn (ulln) r su gnesis sin() sr firn( i( n'r[tricnk) (()nlillLl(). Est,t c()nstitui(l() l)(n:
(l (luc dctet.llil1',r. c(nu() f)r()(lLrc) tle s.r firnci<rnrLricnt(). ul l)xlxcc in) r(rrscisDte tlc satisllrccirir I instislircci(lr (l)nsigo nlisD](), .le v:rl()
L l?L! csentalck) t(,s utha i t'tts r/,/.rzl. Son lus Dtltiples rePfescntlr(i() nes in(r)nscicntes \, (()ns(ientcs (.1?la unal p?rs1cclt'.t I' k)rcttit'at est() l.ls cliftr,.:nci (le ()tras rcl)r escntlr( i( )nes- (lLle el sLrjet() lirnc s(r)1c si. lgrtlpr(LLs cn iircls c(nn() cl cuerl)(). l:r rnente. l:ts <rrliclclcs nxrrles. Ias lr:thilicl:trlcs instlLrnr.ntlrlcs. r(Llci()nlrles. et(. Si llal)':tlgo <rLc <lrtctc|iz csts reltrcscntllci(r-rcs cs (llle nLn( s()n h()ltx)l-ai'neis: dentr() (ie rnll misnlil :irclr hay tepleseDtrtci()ncs contr'tlir'torilts en cL[rnk) sus \'1ll()rci()nes, y. aclemlis, l;ts vll()r(i(rtcs pue(len \'rillr tlc- trn :'rre' .t ()tr1r. es clecir. scr cliferentes plnt el crrcrpo. la caucirlecl rnent1. l r)()r'rrii(lir(i. et(. P()r (fra p.ltte, si l)ien cstas t)tiltil)lcs rcpl cscnt ( i( )res existen (r)rll() tn.l espc<ic de archirr l).l.ii(,, sin
cnrl)irrg() ( rl-ies se il(li\,rttiin clcpcr:tlcr'li cle clc()s (1)t)frx[()s prl i(rrlres. Asi se pur:rlcn ctivrr. \' l)lsxr e scr el tir'o <lc las rreor'tt:laciones clel sujeto. las rcl)rescnlx( i()ncs (lcl t,utl p() l (l()les.enci. lx)r cjrmpl()-. l- lrctiva-en cit-rn prrrcle olrcclcccr il sitLlaci()ncs il(rules (lur errran sittci()nes trl[r[rirti(.rs () I)()r(llle s(n llls rele\'.ntcs pare el ptlsonajc silnifictivo ciel r Lr:Ll el stt jeto cs cltltcrrcliente. lntcrcslr. p()r-tarnt(). lrt :ttrk rnorrrlt ' cleltenclen< ilr , lu< tiene cl suict{) respeck) l()s r)lr()s signi,ic,li!()s en cunl() irctivci(in rlc ls reus cue le scrl'tn illlp(ntaDI('s. Lxs pregunilrs s()n: cL(iles s(r ls.ires. (lc cntre las nrltiplcs leprcs('|
t:rci()ncs \':rloriltivils (te s nrisnr(). rrrc tesultan nr:is signifi< atir':rs'1 Cruills,
ll1
\!rn:Ll()s(rt)iulr)s.irrlfxsr,rrn):n:r(rsrsr\((,)\s(r)('p\r.()rc[rpi.r
(iul\rrt)r1\,,r'l
J5J
AvAN(-liS IiN PSI(i()TIrlr,APA PSICOANAI-lTI(-A
t()l)ril-() Mol)rr l-At{-'l-RANs|()RMA(ll()N^

NrvEr-ES pRlNrrrrvos DIt oRGANIZACTN DEL PstQUISMo
sicnckr significatir,?s, cstn r,rs clisociadas, rcprirnidasl Cules utiliza pala (1)Dpensr a las rcrlesentaci()nes que siente insltisf'rctorias'1 l'or cjelnillo. profirnde inseguriclacl .()n la epresentacir-rn colporel ,v cornpensacirn con le representalci(-)n intclectral clc s misrllo. o crn ln tle reelizlci<-n prirctice en la vicla.rr'Qtrc1 contextos -rLti\'.rn un.r\ Lr rxras <lc -ci(cultstn.i.rr ) i)(.r'\onJ\I.rs rcprcscnlxci()ncs posil>lcs (lcl sujck)l 2. l,:l sstemlr de itlcules nol'lll.!tt,z.tnlts Irajo los c'ueles cl slrjet() se reprcscnta c(nr() cligno rnotalmentc: iclealcs clc no agresi<in. clc protc<cirin <lel objeto. tle nr hacerle srrfrir. cle flcleliclacl. rle no cleseLr l (r)ieto c( )nsi(ler' (l() incestlros(). (lc c( nr)p( tanricnto dc acucrck l llts rcgllts lijaclts pol la tlrruili 1, la cultnrl. Icle'eles nr mativizllntes respe(J() l crlil clelre ser el cleser -hercrrscxLulicl:rcl, xrr e jenrplo. 1. Ill sistcnru da ctnbicittt.,s /:r,rr-,/crrs rrrresentu<las lxrr nr<xlrkrs conctet()s (le gren(li()si(l1rcl r xr iclcal ( l,agrrclte. l96l). Es <lccir. le rtirkrga cle l'igrr r's iclealizaclas. Irf'lcs 1'clioses pclsonalcs, (c (()nstitlrycn utrrelkrs crrn los <irrc el srrjcto aspira iclentiflcarsc. Sc rrc()nocsn cst()s Dr()(lelos ir trur's cle krs 'lirDl l)c1s()najes qrre se :rdrlirln hi'rrres literarirs. ciDentogftifirrrs. ctc. . lrii'n. por las 1-rcrsonas a las tlrrc s( (l'iticlr cn xtll(lucs cnvi(lj()s()s <1ue trtrlten llr icleirlizacirn strl)ylcente respecto el (lue se rcprcsentl <rrnro posel'enckr Lr tuc rl sujeto sicntc que no ptrcrlc logLltr o scr. .t. l.al c(tcctlciat crlicat qtc (()nlinLrirlrrnlr r(cslrLlclr-il llr r'lreci<il (t),rscientc c inc()nscicntc al conrpeler rcpl-cse llilci(mcs cleI srrjcto crn cl sis It nrt clc icielcs Y rrmbicirlrs. Aclrri trsrrlta l)xl.ticulxueotc in)l)()rt:rntc espe(ilicl[: l severi(lcl cle l concicncir crticlr. sr.r gnrrkr rlc slrtlisrro rllrccr cn tlcriticlrr. cn crliar . s c()r)x) cl glltdo r-lc uLrk)n(nr), (lci)rn(lcnt'ia cluc cl suict() p()sra c(n rcspcck) 1ll jr.ri.io cut cl ()tr() signifl(xti) 1c:rliz srlc el slrj('l() (Arieti y IlenrPoracl. 19781 Illilt( 1, i\laror.rclas. 1992r lllutt y ()tros, 191]2:
clepcncle exclrrsivumente del inlL'rjLego entle esllrs ( L.tr() r'lriablcs y las clinrcnsirxres intcrnlrs clc tltdl une. sinr teDrlin cle (',rrlrrs tlcft'nsas que se pongun cn iucg() plua rcccLrililrrarkr -l)r()]rc(i,,n, r]sar-ion rDcc]ientc la l1rrtsirs. ctLlrci()nes cD la rcelidltcl, ct(. l)(n-otr- [ rrItc. clclrcrrros evrlulr l:t .st.tbl.kl/] tlt.tbilidad dcl b. (utce :'.lrcssti/. l\'licr(as algunos suietos p()seen rle raner Islnte estable un tip() detenninlttlo <le ll:tt-lcc ntrcisist istr Ir' ,sitr\ , ' ( , n(glti\ r t rl otros l:ts r' -serL rilr'itrcs son c()ntinLras, \'caes c()n inversiones polarcs-, cxtlrrllas enle pe(lu( r()s :l(\lc( irllient()s () rer((i(es cle l<s rfr'<s signific'ativos.
rc(xganiz ls fonnes cie lrrglnizacirn psiqttir il l)l( \ i:r\ jatllis cs caplz ni (le inc()rporar i()(lo lo existcntc ni (l( s(I lu su crttergencil, (Crlst()rilrdis ALrlagnier' 1975r Gecio. 1979i Sl('rrr. inl'lttencir meterlt e su tttal inasilrilad()s. firnllas cle activi(la(l etll(x i(nlill cn tttcclan lcskrs Siempre I9u5). cr.re iuirgencs y estacl()s rtfcctir'os no lrxlulatlos cliligcn la conclltcta' c<l() st'
Si lien el lcnguxje
llltt y ZLrolT, 1992). lil ballnce n.ucisistu no
ol)selvlt cn atttclllts pcrsonlts clte cn el lll(nrlent() cle ckfores corporalcs o rs (ltric()s intcns()s mLtcstr:tn estalli(l()s cle ll:tnto t clc agresiviclacl clesorgan izecllt, <i necesilar-t In()\'elsc. gritrr. incltls() arr()jalse.ltl stLclct y clcsptenclcrsc rlt' lrt rope. no ttsancto c()llt() intcnk)s clctensivos les rllleracioncs llrentalcs clc tt'rt'.' ('ll si<'r o sirrl<lizecirin sino les lirttllas efcctir's y llx)trices (ltc son activa(llts (1ls()s vi\(l() psquico cs (l()l(x (r)l-p()rI. el tlolor lln est()s cl la<.tntc antc el c(ntl() (l()l(n-corpotal 1-xrnit'ntlt) cl'l lllllr( 11 ks nllvitllienirx expresivos y lisi c()s (lLlc en los nivelts lis ninrltlcs clel lsitttisttlo s()n activaclos Por 'l(lrr( lks. Son cs<s extrel]l()s l)cl() cn slts ,llxnitestitci()nes n)en()les i()s lcetl'()ll tlm()s cn llts crisis cle llnto o rltlia. en la xgitx(i(in lllQtriz m()\'in)iclll() (l( pirmits,v cle rrnos-. cr'l c()ttterse llts ttlts. cn lcsarsc el cal.lclkl, en:trt'lttl cark. clr cir:tius ctisis lrllttlics cn ctte la ingcstll colllPtllsi\'al ll() tl( rt(' tlrr c1lict('r silr)l)(ili(o sitto tLte t'orrtsPonclc I tirttttlts pritllitiv:ts cle r':rlrll:tr'l;t nsicclacl- Activirhclcs (lu('cn ttn ltllrsl tle intt:rlretacitin se les da cl sigrlili cucl< sirrll-liur (ltre ten(lrn en ttnll organizltcirin psi(ltlicil trrs cv(rltl(i(n]:l(lil por cjenplo lrulirttirt. <ltercr inc()rP()rllr a la nlclrel c(nlle$e las tln.l\. I lrl( rcr m()r(lcr a alguien eo Plrlli(trl:rr. F.sl1s fi)nIllls Prinlili\':ls tle organizacitin tlel psitttisltto son clcnrrrirrrrtIts prcsinrb<ilicns 1-ror algltnos ltttt()rcs (Liclltenl)crg, 1989). As. Por eic!ll)l(). rll gunls pcrs()nlts rercci()nan.lnte (li\'('rs()s tipos tlc sttttitrlicnto fisico " 1r:i' r rr \'etgiicnzal, cLlpil' lris t<, cuct14lt(,ftt (ltt('st st! ct)ttt(llkk) l( tttlco -tttic.]kt, teza. fftstr(i(-)n cle ttna neccsiclt<] fsitlt, no telizalliliclatl clt'un clcserl- Irltjtr
rrna rut><lliclacl nron<ctrtle: agrcsiviclecl. Sittteci<in ecttivelente le clel nilltr (lLlt xnle cl stteti<. el hltnlllre, cl tllieclt. la litlslr.tci(-)n en cl cleseo (le c()nlr()l atl(attzrt eL ()l)jd() (lcslj.t(l(). slj cae- leacciona, tilnl_ nr(friz (le sL cucl-p() -n() bin nrr'x>cotclenlcnte, c()n initcitin. llglesivi(l(1. lallttnxlr. Iin itlgr.tnos pecicntes. lt los <lte n( )s( )l)gi( alllcnte se lcs sttelc ltli<rtl' tt:il't< lxrlcrlittt', c()ntl)t()l)ilnl()s c<-ttno nivclcs ell)()ck)nales pintitirr 's l:i_ nicr. nccesiclatlcs cr>rpotelcs sentidlls illlPeli()rinrentc tlesencerlenln rl'l
ll I l.r , \.l,r.r, ir (l( :rn.rs lr nnirti/ir(l,rs ! iir(.xs (l( (r rrrP(Irsr( j(-)n n() (s p.ir ((rrsi(l(.|lll s.rl)cr qur re.ur's(,s posrt cl r teto ! ' ,,rr, (l(l(,nsl: l de\l ontr sino pur ..,'.rti^ r t'.,rr ,f \L'\r,'r(r sLr Lrt()eslirlr Hxr quc (lilrcn(lr r(nrrprnsrri()ncs prn)1()ai(rs 't,r' ,1, rt,ll.r',,t, ( ' { l r t r r r r' ' t irLrto(slrr (l( rnln(Jr. lIlrnrarrx^lir. n(,nnirl
lL..,,,rrr1, rr..r, r,f,
r
t ri
r I.
L r
I I
resprestl ltgresivu cltscontrt)l(la. Si. P(n cielllPkr. entran en pniclr. y eslo tla lr.rglrl lt egresivi<lecl. los argtttllenkrs qrtc'csgritllirl'tn. lcl qtte criticln. atr'tclkr (lue reclarxn ltirlr(Lllllclltc 1L sLls Pers()naies siflnifl(.ltiv()s --el teralPeutx enlr(' elks- r-tr se cleltc consiclclltr <1ltc aciarrt teillliticallrente l razcin cle la egrr'sil'icl:rcl. No sclit la clescorlilicircirin tlc sts argtllllenk)s. cn llttsca de r'tn sigtri ficuck inconsciente ltl tlr.tc relrescntariln, lo clr.te n()s (lar acceso a la rllz(nr clc su rl.li. sin() (ltte st es Lrn:l ti)llll1l pfitnitiva (le clefensa qlre st' tlt st ltr':t
J()0
AV^CliS l:N pstcot tilt^ptA pslLoANAI-1,CA
I
Nl()l)lil.() l\l()l)lrl Alr- I RAN\l r)llruA( I)NAr ,r,
la SCstenclrrn s,)n h.lsic.ullrntL. l.-,. i, rn.,l,a-,a,, ,nCr. lr()r tant(), rn cstos clsos, el li)c() de e\:lnlen es el estaclc afectil.r (le p.,lnico, clel cual la rabi es st consecuenci.l, ls c(ro qre el pacientc 1r..1,, i.... la relacirn en_ fre rn() y.t. estacl< af-ectirrr. cuancl< un paciente c()n.st.rs caracterstic.ns, rh. rrn.r srl)Jf.r( i,,n sicnre r.rnir. y .. r,,,]n., ::ll:; lli l"l],i".",i,r (Cr)(t(ft,, \t(,lllnr( (-n un n,\.(,1 1.I( i\i\t,l \.\.r.(.cr,lL(.sicnl(,tr( "g,...,'..,,. .n I,.rlrlrn,.l,nl. )l()s palil irn()s C()n figrr[tS rtrC sc lc r()n\.icrtcn ,:n nV]es LnlnteS _interI)relirci(in eclipica cll-rsica-, () (lLr! n() t()lcJn Llcp(jnLlcr >rrr.rc clLr los hac.e s(nlir l\.rlu(.,'. \ i)r r r.\rr.(l )\ Puele rlt,s.l,.ncl,lr,,r. .i p.ii.,, rr.\ l)rirrt vo y n<r ll vak>ra<.ir'n nilrcisistu es kr <ue estii cn Lreg<1. t,,j, t,,,tt,,. lra1,rlue te_ ne[ en cltent:
l-. tsl nir,el clc regr.esi<in tcrlrp(),?1, linral_. co (luc el pcicntc -t(ipicil, esti fincit>nenck en cLda nronrenl<. 2. Rigiclez / tlexibiliclacl r rr ntrol (lc la regrcsi(-)n.
(len:l frente l p,lnico. [tn:r I,ez.r,.trrcl la rgresir rcL.l. krs rlrguntentos que
sLtPUestailtente
o,,,
/rl irrr:rsir:n <lc lu c()ncicnci porcl
rr . lr.rlrluillr)t(rlt(, in(()nscienles psicosis , ,,,r, ,1, x.rsr l-ra li<l:.tdcs b<'clerline.
rr.<x.cso l)rrrrirri{)
o lI()|llent()s
) .xrI lrrs l.rrrl,r <lc <lcsr'o| r Pt.r r:. r
lir, I r{\()s
t)tlt,IctT t()rc()s
lrl lritln)iento nr> rlrpencle sollmente clc le clinrinaci(in clc lo rrt,g.rrrr,, rr,,. r r[' trlner rlecisira. <lc la tttilizcir-.ln ]' (lc la lrplixci(-)n cle Lrs ttrr' ,,. ,1,' lu rt'rsonltliclarl clel racicntc. l):tr elkr. Irrl rr.re crl)rtrr:
l. (irrkr
clc <upaciclacl pxrll Lr intr()spec.i(in y
el
i/.Eh/ cr)( )(
i( )nir
l.
(\
h fLln(.i()nLntient() rn<rrocr_clt <lcl nir,cl cle rcgrc sion inclepenclicntenlentc (lcl c()n(cxk). En l.rs ltrl.l(.1(xr(.s lntllrt.ls y sexLrales sc sigur firncionunclo bajo rerronts rlr r.rrtitid.rrl, .[. Jitl.Lrlt.rl'cle enso:_ lrient(). p()r tenx)l 1 l:t rejrc:,()i]. r lil pr(li(llr rle c<ntrol. (J cn lls rclaciones lalr<r:rles sc lirncirna crlu si se trltse rlc rellrr.irnes irrtinr,".--ir_r.tr.r, tr,,,, rrrocilliclecles inftrntilcs cle ralriehs ylo rcclam<s cle lm<r.
tL,gttskit:
\ .st-Nrles, mientfs vrrcltc [ipitlltlrtentc i l)ivc]cs rlc lilnt.rr n:rnricn rtltltr> en h vith citli:rn: () il Isultin.l l scsijn.
(lue
l.le.ribld.t.l tlc l.t regt?si : Jtosibilicl:Lcl de (.tivxr (.((luct:rs r.cgtcsrvas Pefiinentes parx ca(l.r conte\t(). l-n L rcll(.irrn tcl]pcrlr(.t. (l p.l(icntc sc per_ ,r)its l en)cryenci.r cle aspeckrs itl,nrilrs. , r t-rllrir.ln .n I.,:' ,,--i.n,.,rr". intirr".
. kigi'z e
,l, r ir, llt carar-iclrrcl pela vcr h concxir-rn entre est.r(l()s cm()ck)nlcs y lis l)rl I'r.r\ ( ()n(llrctlls, rntre xfcct()s e ides, cntfe lr( ( )t'ltecilt)ient() extern()s y ( sl.l ,1,s t rnrxi<nllcs, entrc el plsr(l() y cl prescntc. Esto deremlinar.i (l tiro rlt' rrt( r\'(ncin tetlprtic lx)sil)lc; especfi( anrente. si el pacicntc plrc(lc r rrr r, .rlizu un anirlisis en <ue- el lllslgb/ selt el elrrucnto teraputic() clt.t isivo t I r.r Lri< re cle Lrnir psi( ( f('rpia cle ap()y() (lue cn Ilr rrcjor cle las ev<lrr i, ,rrt s 1, rrlrIs pu<'rlu ir lr:rr-il u':r (lc tiP() expresi\() crpl( -it()ri. 2. Crtprtcirllttl rlc rostc'rgar 1,ir c()nlr()lur el xclr:r l()s impulsos v tlt.r'o.. .i. Rc.rrr-sos instl'U111!'ni.rles r!icos: h:tlilitl<lc.\ ('()glriti\as, p(r.r')r\.r\
,
, or-roralcs. clltcir nlrIes.
l'riR rrNr.th'(itA y I(tit.tivANcr^ r)E I-A IN r'uRvHNctN ' iR^prlL,TrCA: r I kI|s(t' t\t I I'R\tlA.to I'\ .A Ptit t-l.t{tA Dt: tA PAIot.rx,t\
l(,s.\(1liai(,nl()s
cl up:rciguanri.nt., cl p.a,itir'<c rir tlirslcrcac ilt r't,,r.r., .,., inr.n.iar".t (l)n (()(llr: las clistor.siones cle ltr r<,lLlicllrcl cxtcri().quc "n plrru ,.l"..in,;v inrtli<a. <icnte ptrecla sLpucstlnlcnte rntrilr en )ntal(.f() (.()n sLs clcscrs y tclll()es, kxk) cst(), qLre en LlnaL pcrs.nelirlacl integrucla ,..rlt, ,at.au"a,,. ,,.r.r"a .l ,r,i_ \ir)l() r'iesg() cuanrk l tcn(lenci a Il_rcgrcsiirn clesr lr an izl ote a" l, qu" p.ari:inlr. Lo qre n()s c()n(lLce a rr clillr-,nsi-rn inrprrr,,,.,.'f,,*, .r.,r..ulL,,,cla, t l ,{rck de separucirin entrc lx c(mcicncil y el inconscicrit.. -.j,o r'rrir rrr_ rlirrrr..lc scgn l.s pucicntcs. I)entr() (lc t.,n ,,r.,fli,r,-'Jna,rrrr.,,r,,r. r l s li rr rn;rs "rJr.atrr, . .lt ares: r.r) rgirl ser:rrtirrn cntr.c rLnrientr ,,ra,^"aiar,a __ a.r_ r.r, rr rrl,.rlr. ,,1\(\i\.1 (l( n]lin.r(l.l p()r rn pensalDientr> k-rgicrr. ()icntx(lo luciil r, lr.rir,((,\,rtr(tt.rnr).11,nff.rl ( l!,sa( )n()cilll ient() (lc la vitl rlc flrtsia r cie
l nc cesiclcl <le rcgular a cistl. l-ll rlir.:.in, el silencir ilcl ,.,.,p._,,r" i,,,lrfrr. crsrit-nte. el <lejar qrrc t.rczt. l rrnsit,clecl sin cltarlu llcclirrntr.,r,l "l ino apoyo
I-a ten(lencia .t una tegrcsjat incrntnllcla
pone cn gtlrrclitr '"i srltre
-ur) nreclnisrll() clc rl-'fcrsa. el vnculc con krs pltcites u ()lr'()s pers()nilj(s \lllrr Iicatirrs. lr rclucii-r r-l el trul)aj(), un isPcctr) clc llr rclacirn transferc'nt ilrl. cl senlinrienl() dc rhi r srr ncglc ir-rn frenle ir un.r c()n(lucta del terapculr. le relction ticnte x lxs seplrutci()rtcs (ltrl(t() () tireri (lel tt'lt:lniient(). l: tcl;t
ci(in clel suict() (r)n
sLr (lese(). los IlLrnctltkls \Lrl)cty()i(()s. pl()yect()s 1.1lilr) tliosrs. etr'.-. l)cr() lnte esa cliversiclar,l clc fcu:rs 1' lireas posibles ll pregLlnt (lllc (lebe ()ricntar el trl(t.rnricnk) cs: ;el :lrea dc intcrvenci(n elcgirla es pcltinrnte. cs relevlnte. est rlticulll(l (t)n ()tr()s c(nllp()ncnt(\ inll)('r tantes-/ Ul ricsg() es n() cxptrr gl()l):rlmentc 1rl l)acientc. entencler Ln mc(
Lin
teruprutl srcnrpre puc<lc trxl)ajar xl8() irtclcslrntc (lel pacientc
nl:rrr,',lct[.lenr.rI,r.'rrnr).t n\(tir't,'(1,nilt\prr,](\f,)5.:(\llngt\li.ls.lt\
firnns clc vincrrlrse. lil riesgo es ver un (lcs(() sexurl. una livllidacl eclri
c.l sin entcn(lcr (lrr significan dentrr cle Ilt >rrsonuliclacl totel ni cn qr-ri- r:r, 'r))cnto vilal se eDcueDtlir cl paciente. culilcs sr>'r llrs trreas cvolutivirs lr lirs (lrc sL- L.nficntir en cse prc(is() ln()r))cnt() y c()Dr() l() h.1cc. El tcraputltt th'lI tot at's! cnlft 11t tcroscopct dc/ atlilsr tlL'lt scctrctcitt et kt scsitin r Lt
t(,ti\.at(i()rtc\ <rre orientan
h rtxrclttct:r_
: n() se fe(.Lterdlln
1r)2
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P(rt)teitai0 lci ircq de iitt?n'eict1: sinificil (lue llt inter\.cnei{)n Ict.r_ l)lrti(il es colter-clttc con krs olrjctirrrs. rn aruelkt (lue pxrecic[l Drtcs.rrirr ( Jllll)iil'en el paciclllc, n() c()ntritdict( )rja c()n l()s tDisnt()s. n() .il)rpeffioente,. l)rtr cjt,rurlO, unil terllpiit (lestina(h 1l un.t ntitv(. lil)et.td en l,.t exprest(,n !-ll)()
t i()nel es pertinente
l clesrfrolk
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pllll pers()nirs c()n l)l(xlre() 1lfectiv(). c()n gLtsliil fi-snte cle ettcione.s -cierft)s pltcient(s ()lt"esivo,.,-, l)e.() n() l)1r11 Pcrs()nli(la(les histri(inicas hipel etlr()t ivas. c()it estructLLr fuzler/ittc,,, <lcs
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trnro eltc<irna s( cu(.r'p() Dtrs(.1lit[. '(.tcn(.i(')n rle l re.pjrtr,..r()n, ( ,r )i( ( ir)ti(,nlo, etL..- ll ( ntc-tcnsiam x (.il(l: (r))('l() (lcl vnolo trnsti,rt.ltcil1. tlc lo rrrt. lt sLrct.clt rn l rc]lci(-)n rrrn lu lrrejlr o en cl ttrllrjo. .ltlk l\(rt ltni c(rn!lLl(Ilt. rn..1 l1ntllsilt. unlt sLll)ts1nl(\ul-: tlc J)e,rsonlrli(l.r(l(l( l\.:,t.r rcnsucll en sLl ilrticuhcii)n c()n (fr()s c(rlp()ncntcs. P(n.eielt.l Pir.: ,,,a,,..,, r.stri (l(,1)rilni(l(), insltist(lx) cr)nsif{() iuisn}(). v ts< le llo,u tr .rt.r( rr rl(,1( ll\i\,r( l(, it l()s clcmis, 1, lrrego p<lr. el xtit(lre surge el tenr(tr a ,rrIrl.rrsr. sollr. [, ,. tlI Irrg:rr e crnrlUcts n]ilnipultivas Ilistri()oi(s, sE
ucncit! llr clepre.iiltl?elct..ntca qtrc la intrlvrn(.l(-)n ()cupc Un [l]lxl.ilup(ntllnfe cn l()s (r)ieti \()s [iiit(l()s cn iitnci(in <lr ltr vir[t nr(,nt:ll c inlcrl]rl.s(ntxl (lcl I)ll(.icntc. P(n. r.je,r1tl., si xlg.ien l].r srrfrichr un etisrrli. tr.ltrr.ritic() rcciclttc. (l :rn,liz.-.n lspeckl clc la trartslirenci no clltcionlrkr t.rrn cl tpisrxlir. :.tn(lLrc c()rfes irottclu I una clilut nsllr clc Ilr re:rfirlacl lrrtrrrl clcl Ilrt.icntt,, <lcscnlirc. rlc,l olri('li\,() llti()ritalri(). Igu:lllllclttc. etr un i)1r(.icn(r ltsic.sort)li tirr r. (() (lcsL(rflr\i(,n tlc lu lcc(ucir'rn <ic su prrtio r'trcr')(). (l( l()s lle((()s (lcl cnllict<. tlc lus trn se<uet1r'i.ts (le lt rlngLsri soltrc gl q.,11.2.tr<t ric,lrcr.il scr rn licl pti()r.it:ltii (lr( :ltr'!r!es.ls( k)(l() cl trl):i() t(l:l)a,ic.) (lurilttc t.i (.ick) tcr..tkr ltt rrrnc_ \i(-)r'i (lrl pxci('nc con srrs srns:rr.i<nrs c()rl)r)irlcs n):i\ (r)n([{ts? l.]s (iccir,
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(.lrt, n 'n.tl(.-. I.ln (Lillnk) llt tinlrt clt Ia intcrt,encion. stit trillll)in (icl)e s(.r l)cr.rl ncnte c(xt (]l ()l)ictiv() tcrltl)a,Ulir.(). I,()r ejcr)Ii)i(). cn (rn l)1(.icntc iutclcctrrlli zx(l(n. cn cltte ls Palel.ttirs s( lrn (()nvei(l() (n l.r (lclnsx l)11 r(clnpltzltr lll s(ntir ) rl (ontalck). n() s()ll p(,ftincntcs l1(s txpli(a(.i()n(,s rc(.(ritsrlt(.(ir,1s, l:rs cxllir ]c ir trcs (,n ta11il()s (lr l)tt]( itn isot( )s. <lc <lesr.t.ilt<ir'rtr intcl(,(.lL11 (le (()rt() funci()nil sLt psi(lUistn(1. I)< el <rrntraio. cn {tn l)a(.i(.nlr rlcsl.)r.tlaclo Ix)r I;ts crlx)cii)-tes. urn <lificrl:rl pare sirnlrciliz:rr sLs esuclos c]))( )(.i( :llcs. lo <1rrc sc re(llrictc t's l() ()l)Lcst(): t,l tlcsrrtrrlL (le ll1 !.() ()l)s(,rvl(l(n.L.if.t/ (lc l)()ne. en pulelrras aqucllo <uc es rivirlr Lrr(rnlilicilll(ntc. !_rr rrn r.r (i('ntg (lel)Iesi\O, c()D l)a,lt ilLl()cslilll. un:nitli\l (lUL, lc t]lLlestr(, lit nagr ir-rt, rrrc c( )nl inuil lllente lc sctLlc nte(.irnislu()s clr <lcfenslr. lltnltrsr.r,. .rgIe si\'s. l() irni(() rlrte lrgx es Itlccrlc s(,nlit-(lUc li(ne (l(.tct()s il sL|lD:ll.ir l()s rrrc el llrcientc y;t (lestil(.it. flst(,efL,(1() (lcscalili(x(l()r r. lntis ll ck, lr r,.t,r tlecl ctrc urlicla en(.erurr (l (\ntcni(l() (lc l interpl.ctilci(jn, rr:ftlzlncLr. t,n
)nsc(
dcl)e trxbaiar toclo es(c'cilcuito. O sea, cllx) el nxrcisisn() s('111(n.r ((xr la agrcsiviclad. stx c()n Ix xngLls(i'.I (le seJrtt'itt'itin, y 'stit c()n LIs li,r'rrt.r' .' pccilicls tUe esr sLlie) utilizil l)rr,\,1lcntetlletc ptlra relcncr al rlriclr u ('U;tl quie[ cost.r. i)er'o, por enc'it,l e cle t()(l(). se (lel)e elltencler (l.rc el ttticlLt tt'lt' ,.1,//(,,ro es l.L conclrtctli nlanipul:.tivlt o la serluccit>n llisda)ni(il tln(ltr( c\l,l\ ()(Lpcn el prinicr plxx). l)ctenc'rsc en stlrs () cn l.r igrcsivi(Ll(I, sinrPlcrl)('rr te ror el lic<1ro cle ruc estn cpriri(l:ls, r slltisiilcersc c()n hltcrrllls ((ls t pdt'lr \l.l ( ientcs, es clcs( (i(l.lr (ltl< t( )(l(, cl nr, \'L'\ ) :c Punc (jn tnt 'vil-lie\t\ Lt tr]sl{r'nr) (le Ia :ut()cst)) y cle lr>s scntirtticntos (l('Ptesivos. Lo trre nos conclrrtr (litrencillr entrc xtt(lolau PrDtridy Patt()h)R(t tct 1rl,/lf.r. 'lirr'rer'tt)s, l lin (le Jclt.lrI los trntin()sl1L secuencil sig].li('nte: illflttict, pr Un trs()r'n() nirr(isist.l, P()r Lrn sentinrientr bsico tlc inllx)ten(i.1, P.l..l .t sunlile arlenaz-ir(l(). lo (lrc c()ntril)LLve a gencirr unt fol)i1t q(c le intpi(l( sir cLli(lx(k) (lc str lir clc caslt y resp(rl(ler a l:ts cltttrancls clc la lcaliclacl -lral)ai(). se lc()l'[pril de s(trli' f.rlrili. etc.-. I-'(r)i prx acttrilr cn lt realirhtl quc si nicnk)s clc (ulp.i p()r n() (Lli(llrr .ldrculr(hll)e nte r str fl[liiia -{]xiH( r't( i.r ir) tcln supery()icu- poclt'l'r activlr cl n)ccanisrll() cic pr()yeccin, etribLtyi'rrtI rlt' :r ks clcllts el ser ios quc sLll)Lleslrll]lcnte le estlu'irt e\i!licn(l() <lcr:lrtsirttL;, < imlrtrlsarii :r l)uscrtlcs (lefe(t()s pllrx clcer (lLlc s()l] st()s kx itrlt<lecrr:t<krs I rt,r cl sLrirt(); es (le(i[ lrgrcsivi(la(l cicft'nsiva. Agtcsir iclatl tre ptclr<e (n lit (irli (lll(l rcspuestas cie ulnckrtx p()r pxrtc clc l()s scils sil.attilic.ti\'()s. anl(' llrs ( l,rr lcs rl suj('t() rclrcci(r rcg|csivitrltcntc c()rt l)s(ltlt(h c()rlll)lllsif il alc:lll()r. A su ver, en ll lclci<-rn (crr[)u(i(x. cl sujct(), P{)r I1t :ln]tsrit de pltlidtr ttrt lt' ckltrin cn csc nr()rtrcnk) (lc- slr \.ial. se vuelye ll)iis (lepen(licnfg v r('grr'\r\ r,. AIr()ru l)i(ri. en este (rs() l:r 1rr,/ol{)gitl Ptirluria es cl scntittiiento lri sic r clt itt I)()tcnciai h ?tRlt)Bd r(slitlrriz -intent() cle salir tle l .Pxt()loga trirt.tt'i.tcst:i c()nslitri(Ll p() l.r:rcsivi(l.l(i, Ia prrve<cirn. lll refresia)n y llr l)tis(lu('(l c(lpllsivr (lr rr)r(. Hrr(cr ltintapi cn llts tlelttancllts cle llrx)r en llt tllttrslt' rcnci:l r)()slraincl()le su cr)n(lLlctlr (lcpenclicnic -v tr-gresivlt con el trrltl)('Lrlil c()nslituvL- lo tue rlenoDrinuD)<ts lr. )a() ett k! pcrifrio de ld pdtol(\|.L N<t ts (lr.r( n() tljnglt irup()11:tncir pcr() n() v l centr() (lc lo qttc' le pas',t l Pacicl'l('. rr la conclicirin cle llt ctrrl (lrpcn(len las clcntits. Nluclus vece's el tcrapcLttit, n() purlienclr cncrlr h plttologia prrrxrir, se c(rltent c()n ('l trxl)xi() en ix P( ri' fea rle la pxt()l()lr. kr cLLc le ,.rrnclttce .t (lesllcut los logtos en esta ircx sin percil)ir qu{j elg<; nt;is <lecisivo (lucdx sin ttxtliflcll.
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sta es uoJ fi nrrrl:rci<lt tlc< iclill:rmentc p( )\,(xi.rIivu :r fin cle colr>cr en t iieve rrnl lttlrlemriticri pcro <1rrc exige sc [n(lar]rentt(l Plril no c()nfLrr)(lil'l() (lrLe enuncix c()n l() (ir(:.c b llrl:(k) ti)c() cn psi(()tcPilt, sea llt ftr'l o llt lrrel'c, ctryo carl4ro rle petincn( ix y )r>s pr,>gtcsos rtte se h:tn rerlizllcl() r'tl |irl
364
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y <tr.a vez. poclamlo, clesatenrlicnclo aqrrelkr qrre. kr alenrri .l.l ,ri"nur. Por tnt() la cucstia)n n() es si cl psicoenrlisis clel:re cle s.. firc"l ,, n,, _n,, puecle cleja: rle selkr. y pe()r pitr n()s(f) si kr rtescrn<ccrnos pucs surel)t()s r[lst(l(l()s cicgiLltlente p<ir rrn lixrt solxe cl rrre nr> ref]exi<,n r ellos il (.recr (tc D() cxjstc- sino <Irc el lixo see )cr.tinentc, reicvlnte y ficxiblarnctth, n_ r'fl c:rr:rrteristic:r estl Liltinrr (lue ol(rece tur nos <letenganrirs en ella pues ya kr lclx lrcclx crn ls ckrs:tntr:r.iores L tiexilrilitllrcl iltltlica ester sicrrrprc dis_ l)u(sl() ir resitur al firo par.:r eclccturlr aqrrclkl alu. ri,aga coDto relcvante y Ix rlin(nlc, Io cue no cs sin(inilln) cle srguir nrecniiautenrc al plciente p()r l()s r':rrriro.s rlrc sts dcfinsas y llr r.onrpulsirn J la rel)cticin van olganitnd(). A r<tcs tl lr.xrr trnalitico, acrrclkr tlue cleltc pr.,r.,,ru al analista, es, tr.rcisa_ ltlcnt(', I; lrltrr clc Lrn fiur c.antio el pac.ientc Lrtilizl la fragteni:rci(rn cle lrs It rt:ts. cl s:tllo <it. rrnl scsi<-tn tr ()triL c()ll() si n() tLvicliln nacl,r ct,e \.el.entre
1, trna
nan(k) su finna <le interyen(.i(;n tepLttic? Aclrio la atencirn lilrrenrcnte fl<tante nr es sa)l() unt l)letl at l:t (luc se atpLnIrr, rltl (r)() sLlce(le l)ill lat rj()_ ciacijn lilre l).t:i cl prcientc, per() nrnc1r ak.anzalrle? f.s l)()sil)ic Lrn ?nxlistx .sin ltlenr()rir ni clesc<, corrro :L<uel ll cue usflir.ullr Ilioni Irar. n()s()tr-()s r_c_ sulta cr idcnte (ple t()cl() :urtlist.l tiene siempre un ti><.o cle oltscrvacron y rue elkr conclici<>na su intervenci(ln, y con ello il nrarcha clcl pxrce,so nalitic<. I;r ncg:rcirin dc est() es equiv.tlcnte a la cle lr pen(a (Le sostienc ruc no ticnc ti,::]es un rnrlr sibiliclacl y cLr:rnrkr.. ..rit. r,.,. lrr ruc cli:r(, :.1.,'l',ft,',ljl terentirr cl Isitr:rnrilisrs rle lr :sr1rrc'1pi cs rlrc el p ltre[() n() ticne rD fi)c() se core el rilslo cle cicsconor.cr que el lnalist:r, cr io <Lrc lr;r<.c <r rlejlr rlc hlr (er, \', llril-(..1n(l() fir.s cle signifi<acirn. acrir.:rnkr y rliligicnckr cl dcl pacieQte hacia l reacrllizecirin cle cicl.ts cstucks urentules. rsrturs,*r l)er() (ile hayl un firo. en el sentid() r:n qtre kt estuntos c.rrclerizlrnclo, n<t signific:r c1r'rc se prrecla crejar <le racr, i:r as<ciucirn lilrrt, c.[xr a(lecrll(rlurentc arertir Fau ( 1992), que selcccioncntt>s tn lic< y n()s teng:lnx)s rigichnrcnte a 1, c(r)lo plun tleciclicl< en l:l enlr(\.ista t ul cal>r> clc las prinrer:rs scsi(ntcs. [_]stx ttttt'ilitlul ttntinll (lcl tix.(). nr l flltlr clc 1. cs Lnr> rle los elrrenlrrs tuc (listinge l psicoanlisis tlc la psi<oterapi:t tix.al cn <Lre p()[ r:rz()ncs l)r:icti_ cas cle tiellp( F , rrnlr vez elegickr uno, el tcnpeut:r vrrclvc a -lriisiclttrente
esclxlecill1ent() est:in firer.:r cle rresriin (A\rl:r EspJCl.r, 1991; I].tlint y otros, 1972; Buuer y Koltos. 19l]7r tkrckne, 1991; Bu<lman y Gur.ntan, t9t3li; Crits Chrisk)ph y llarl>er, 1991; I):rvankx, 1990r Farr y otr-os, 1992; I.iorlni, l9tt7, 1993; Gr>ves. 1992; Guillier. l9l.i3r Hrou,itz y rtr<s. 19tj.1; H()r()\\.itz. 19l9i Knobel, 19ur; Laikin y otrr>s. 1991: Lulxxsky, lggj: Prez Sncitez ,y.Anibar_ te, 19U7r Prch v Btrllict y Mcslrc L(n.n, 1994: Sithers. 1992). Cr,.l.i ..2 .rr. el f)li,l)lcnu ,.lel ii,c.r, t . .rf rhl.L,.l, rrrrge l.r ,.uesri, n rle .i <ll r n, csrrr t,n (,ntrJ de la cseci:l nlislnil del rnrilisis. si nct signitica conr el hilt lsocitriv(). el flLir tlel clese<l y ls reprcsentitci()ncs. Pero existe acas() un s()l() nlllisrs en clrre el analista nt vlya firrjanrlo hiptitesis soltre Io qur va trlnscr[ien(l() c()ntinu:lnrente a I(). lara() cle la sesirir y cl tratllIienti), ;, ctre ello no vaylr rletenrri_
\r. (()nl() (lcfnsas evitiltivxs p:rra n() pr()filn(lizitr en
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l.ir asociaci(-)n lilrre v h tencit-rn lil)rernente fl()tante, l()s clos ittstnrrrt nlos lr.rsicos c<n los cue trabajamcls y sin los cttales sera impensulrk cl rrnrilisis, l)('(lcn c()nvefiirse ----fs s(r)re est() que ,lertatrrx);- g 1115 l)t('\'1rl('llt( s lt ll rcsistencia clcl p:tciente \'(lel analistlr, tirlnas <le n() nlt)lr(rirrs( (t(l {'\lLlclz() y las lngusti:ts que h pr()fLndiznci<in cle un rnilisis c\igc. Mris irun, Irs lrenxrs vist< invocaclts cuan(lo al falta cle rna complensi(in l)si(\,1)lll()l(')lli r l clcl rast. y (lc lxs fi)rrnxs (le intervenci(ln especficanlentc rc(lucri(lirs, ('l rulista se refr-rgia en clejlr <ue el pacientc as()cie y se reserve prrllr s r'l rr pcl rlr .escucha,, es clecir rlel silenci(). Rd()nxlizacia)n de la inrrrtcnti.r ,.rr rlue se utiliz el pdncipi() cle l tencin lil)reDrente fl()tante c(r() i<lcolri;r rue justitica:a que l)asla ruc cJ analiste prcst('sr presencil puIir tut'lrry:r
.In:'r
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l'cr'o lu situuci-n c()rltlirriil n() cleix (lc pr.sen(r p()l)lemxs: cttan<kr t'l r:r r.icnte o cl analist? sc ciricn (r)sesiva,Dentc :t un ficr tem,ltic(). sc.r (st(' u rroblenra en las rclaci()nes intcrpcrson:rles, () Lrn lnecanislll() cle rlcli'nsrr, () l. egresivi<lacl, () cl nllrcisisrt)(), o la scxualiclacl, I()(l() esto puecle in(li(ar (lu( l() (luc sc tqne, y evita. es ll asrciacir-n lil)rc y li .ltenci(in lilrrerlrcntr. llot:rrrlr' Fls (lecir. pclDritir (rrc Lr csr<rtlrncitlacl cle )cnsruDient<)s y crr()ci(]('s s( \'ir)'ir
clt'senrth ienckr
cn:rlllx)s nignrl)1)s (le Il)s l)ticipltntes (lel pr()((.\() lr\j rlent'i. ln vez llll-ls. (lLrc lls itleologias (ltle l)r()p()nen frrus ru<,n,xrrrl,t cle intcrvcnciin p.rrx n() illp()rta qlr lip() (lc l)centes () lr]or)lent()s (k l lr:r taluient() (lescnrl)()cn iecLrcntemcnte en Ia iltl-ogenir. l"rente llrs ctrrlcs. lrr nic srlucitin quc cntrcvcnr()s cs ll tle <lisprner (lc rn rn()clel() psi(r),rirlrli co qrrc rl cuentx cle la rrnplejiclacl rlcl psiqLrisno --curntas r))s (lir)('nsi( ) ncs rcc()iit lllcj(-. (lLe cstl>lezr'a las firrrtras cn qlle se fiicrlltn csls clinrt'rr siones. Ilts tratDsfir)llrci()ncs (lrc \'aln (xunicn(k. ls nrfivacir-les rtrt lrrs intpulsun v crc. clcstle rl rr.rnto cle vrst:t cle LLs intcr!cnci()nes rerxpLti(s, apLlrltc sicr))pre a la cs1-lccificirlacl cle lxs lrlis0l.r'. Es clccir, que se (li[ii:r il ln) cler responcler a la xcgurttl c()n que inicillll()s este captukr, y (rc int('nl rrros presicliera ltrs clesar(rllos plcsentackrs en estc lil)r(): qu tipo d? inlo' t'elrcitit tataPAtlicq aspaclicd Puru! tt tipo tlc atfi|toztcn dugnslc!? < ) iclrrso. tlc ranera nr-rs precislr: i([a' tip() (lc i]tcnenci(in para qU cor?por,1, cle ll cstructt)Llr psit r rutolrigiclr y cle pcrs< ltlitlatli'
APNDICE A UNA GUiA PARA LA PRESENTACIN DE MATERIAL CNICO A SI]PER!'ISIN
Fil
rrrt'ellla terapeutu itp()lta r l Inincla cle un tcrccr</a. Por elkr, cl xito clt Lr srr'tcrvisi<-rn depenclerr. lt<lemlis clel clima cle conflanzt y Pefitlra qttt lrttt'tLt
tlcserr<llursc, clc l rirLrcza y fiabiliclacl clel ntatcrial clel cue se clisponga. llrt t't' lrrci<-rn a lu fialiliclrrrl. ol)viarente el mate l ya ha rccilickr !na priltlerl lr:rns
proceso de sul)eivisi(in en psic()tcrxPi.l tlil])ailL c()n kts clatts rt'ltll.tt'1,,r
li)rrci(-)n: ha siclo captaclo por cl/llt telaper.rtit )' transmiti(l() en trt)lin()s (l(' srrs plopios cirrligos cle signiticlci(in, ctn la selccc jn/clcf()rnnci(in (lt( (sl,) rrnlle'r'1. A (()ntinuxci(in presenllm()s Lna fltx qtre provee algrtnos litrtrt I)icntos (lr.rc' pue<lcn ser cle utili(l1l(l pra la Presentlci(in (le mxtcrial ( lni( ( ).
l;ornut (lc pt?seilto" (4 fitatcf idl clco
pcu'at
sttpen'si
ED l()s tn)tin()s nren()s te(iric()s posibles. actuanros cortto It lr:tt ttn buen novclistu c()n penctr.Lci(in psicoltigiclt qtte qtlisicril ltacetnos conrxct rt Lln pers()oaje rata rue kr sintinn()s rea[. cle carnc y hlteso. o com<. Lttr t'i nc.rstlr (lue filnase clesclc el intcrior del personaje. clesclc h perspectivl tott (le sle vc al nr.r-tcl<. Se tlelcn recoger las pllltlrras <lel Paciente l() n']:is tcx tll.lhnentc posil>lc y. cspecialtlcnte. slrs cstrl(k)s ctlx)ci()nales, as ctrx llts pal:rlrras v estlr(l()s enl()ci()nlles tlel tellpeuta. ll ap()rtar posibles sLrc,,.. 1 las lsociaci<nes correspon<lientcs, es un nrate al clt pritner orclen para un !l(: ceso a niveles n() convcnci()nles clel rehk. f)ltclo cltte el clikrgo teruptrtictr se cstnrctura p(n cl cncucntr() entre d()s inc()nscicntcs, el clel Paciente y el (lcl telilpcLrt. se re<Friere <1ue el terPeutil llrantenga, silnUlttinellrente con stl involucacir-n cn la intel:rccirin, un yo obscrtltclor rrte, a la rttanera cle ttn ttrcer(), rlire a es()s cl()s (lle son l uristno y el pacicnte: tlll c(xr() k) hlra un tc rapelt.l (lc prcja. nratclial cleberi posilriEl/la str.lcn'isor/a lrtscat:i finrluse ltna iclca -elgeneral sint cle itr, ts litarlo- nr s<ik acerc:t (le ca)D() es cl plcicntc en en cl contcxt() en (|.re el lelrpcut le estlt inflLrenciantlt c<ln stts palalllls, stts em()ci(mes, sLls (lesc()s y. tambin. sus silencios.
J(,u
AVANCES EN PSICOTI]RAPI PSICOANAI,I]'ICA
pnl:st:1.t <-<i I)tit, MAt'lRIAt_ (.t,Nt(.(,
2. Pri rcru
entt?t,slat
maravillosr. cle hlltlse en peligrr. (lcl quc sientc (prc n() tictc (.(nrtt()l s(l)r(.
sLl ntente <t ctrerpo?
1. lcmro se present(-) el paciente? Qu aspecto tena? Curl fue su rctitud corpolal, su f<>nna cle mirar ---directx, evasiva-, cle clar la ntano, etc.? de voz, ritl)to, silenci()s, etc.? Cuitles fucron srrs esttC)mo hal)lal),r -t()n() ckrs enocionales, sLrs angrstias'1 Se penitia) sentir y,/o cxpresr ral)ir. tristeza, etc.i'Se sintia) (lesl)()rdr&) p(r'sus sentillientos, :lslstacl() tiente a elk>s? l,os Lrs) c()n-r() una finra cle vinctrlarsc, creancit un clinr cie encuentro (), por el contrario, los emrleri para utantencr llejaclo al terapeuta -{'on el n}alhutnrr < Ia rtbie. p(n- eielt)plo-? Htrlro hipercontrol, clesl<rle cux)ci()nul'/ 2. C)o se rclaci()n(-) con el terapeut;r? tsjcnrplos sLntis(). pasiv(), ut()li tario/'(lol'ninantc. clesconectcl< xfectivarnentc. sol>einvrfucnncl<) enx)ci()ntlmente al tcrap(]Lrtir, clesafiante, ateu)orizad(), c<nfiaclr. suspicaz, <leslxrrcllrnte en su (liscrrrs(), clesvalolizantc. idcalizante. exhilticionist. etc. 3. Motivo r)lanifiest() (lre prcsent(i c()D)() caLsa cle la consulta: snkntlxs, rasgos cle clrctcr qLe le resultan intisf:tct()r'i()s, rclacir>nes interpersonalcs que consiclcra c()nf lictivas. ,1. 1,()s (listjnt()s pcr.s()nxies (lLe fire intorluciendo cn sL lelat(). tenclietr)n r ser visk)s bajo la misma perspecti\'tl l-Le vrilln(l() krs personajes <le su rc l1t() pc() trckrs ellos fiter<tn c<>nsiclcrlckrs rrno at:lcantcs o tLai(loncros cr inaclecuaclos o egt)st.s () lrarlvill()sos o sah,'aclores () tl)an(k)nantes'1 Se puetle ir construyenckr un n<lcle () plttt()n (te trxs(ien(le 1l l()s pem()nxjesT 5. C<itxr fie cncaclenancl< l()s (listint()s tclrrus cle los <tre ltablir? Llr sc crencill (lcl clcsarrtlkr cle la entle"ist es esencial pues lo qLlc silllc r aig() prtecle scr la firma cle cleltmlcrse, cle eradir, cle c<trupenslrl lt antcrior. El relato se puecle ver'c(l() Ln pr()ces() en que sus p:r es lesLltan sef c()nse cuencia cle c(rmo cl paciente va reccirnnrlo lr lo que l ntjsll() (licc y. D)ry especiaLlcnte. a lo que picnsl <Ue ser:i h reacci)n clel tenpcutx. El pacientc lralrla y se escucha hal>hndo; .// /ac/,() es, tanlbin. rrrt tliriktgt atr qrrc recbazl, dcepta, se aliscttlpd, sc escdPal, sc c lusiustnu cou lo qtrc l ts to |Lt diciettck. Aclems. l seclrencja cle telts ruecle indicar crrc clos cpis<xlios, rlos personajes. ckrs concepcioncs, cstlin elacictnack)s inc()nscie ntelre nte en l:t mcntc clel paciente. () critno algo clel pre'sente est c()ncctack) con alg<l <lcl pasaclo cue reclrcrd, plecisallente, en ese ul(nltcnt() y n() en ()tt(). 6. Pcse a l ilp()(xnci.l que tienc el rclr, el riesgo es clueclar atrapacl<r
r' llt historia: reslta necesali< c()ncctarsc c()n la intenci<in clcl clat() ---qL clesca cl raciente que sient cl teru-rcuta. bajo qu inragcn clesea cue le vea-. El r('lirl(). u(lcl)li'is cle su contenicl< sen)ntic(), cle kr cue dice, es trna acci<in clirigirlt ltl teratuta, act.I s()l)re sus sentilnien)s, s(r)re sus icleas, soltre su con( lu( lil. |l rclirt() es un hacer s<>lrc el rtrr a travs cle la palal)r, implica una pr)r'irr< peciente clt, lrkr cuc el activa en el terirpeltar. lrt.sl:r l. I<k rttirlrcl clcscle la <ue .rct, hal)la, clescle la cue constnlye sL relat();
-tlcsrrrrrlrro, pr<litllrs. separaciones. lrrrnrillc irnes. xgresioncs fisics. em<ri<nales. st.xu:r lcs, enfi,nDecllrclcs, etc.-. l-a represcntacin (Fte tiene de sus paclres. Itr lirtrrIr cn (re rccucr(l episrxlios o los <>rnite. 'lhntlin, Io tue los padres rttci.rr -srs r.liscrrsos, sLs ntik)s, sus (.()nccpci()nes e iclealcs-. N() interesan srjlo lrrs tL rs lriogrti<os sin(), nruy espe(.illll)lente. ca)l)to el pacicnte ks selct.<.irrr:r. l.;rs agrcsiv()s. clenigrutor.ios- cue ct.r-rplet clan iclc:t <lt.l t.r r ltlablas cligo tlue -trnrinr)s organiza cl reluto, <lc les l-rntrrsius qUc j,Ltl)yl(.cn .r sU relk. I,ll (.lrr t() qLle el ptcientc hace rlc su infanci:t nrs infi)nra x(.erc cle su firna rk. lot zur s! \ itl,\. 12. Lo qtrc cl p.lcients ()tlitc y rlue el trreper.tta siente c()lu() un huq(t) (,rl el relato, es clecir. alo que tenclr que estul pfcsente p()r kr que el plcicrrlt, vlr <licicnclr. pcl-() (lLle no es cxplicituckr por ejemplo.
13. C(tratrunsfetcncilr: crDl(r se
sinti<->
(lue cn)crgieran firntas:rs, desers? 10. I)ak)s cle l hisk)ria clel paciente surgiclos en la entrevist: siflniflcativt)s. recrerd()s inllrntiles. Expe c-ncias tltulutic.rs
ti. Qu relaci(>n ItLl)() entre a<trello clc kr que haltlaha y la firnrra tlt. lr:r cerl(), entre el c()ntcnid() tet)ttico cle stL cliscurso y la firna clc vin(\tlurs(. (r )n el terpeutai' Repr()cluce en su filrna cle relrcicnarse las conclrrctus (lu(, (,r su lelat() atribuyc .t ()tr()s? I)()l ejempkr. el p.ciente cuenta cue le visitir cl ,rrlrr. y se pas(t tod() el tiel))p() criticancl() a la uraclre, sin ver que repr)([t(.c. .tt()r:t con el terapetrta, un vincrrll en quc cl-itica r Un terccr() paclre- tlrrt:rrr -al ckr cle consegrril el ap<tyo clei terapcutt. 9. CDtct ev<luciomi el paciente a lo larg() cle la entrevistx? Viltilt(.i( )n(.s especi.llurente en st cstacl<s xfcti\,()s, en el tip() cle ccntacto con el tclir.rt,rr ta. l-s in,lgenes que tirc prescntanclt cle si l.nisll< y cle los otros tircrr r..s t.lllcs r l< largo clc la entrevista () pasalre. sin notal las c()ntra(licci()ncs. (l(, ,1. prescnt.lci()ncs iclealizacl:ts a ()tras k)tallucnte negativesi, El relato er r..rr f ir u. <rrnfirs<, r ex(esivllltente orclcnckt y nteti(.rlos(), apegackr a la rcali<t:rl, sirr
strt.r.s, rs
-sexrraliclrl, el telapeut?
ckr, cle-nigratlo, exigiclo, lnsioso, llsust.l(k). illtp()tente. eufiilico, granclioso. r.c rlcntor, alegre, rlnrntackr. <lcsborcllrck. sorprcncliclo. confuncliclc. rnaniu.rlu-
c(>nroclo, vakizu,
;clt'stlt' lu itlentirlecl (le sLlfriente, cle altnegaclo, (le persegui(k). (le pcrs()ntje
clo, inrlignado. etc.? QU c()n([lcta clel plrciente. cu sentinrientr>s, cu(, f'ltntasas, ctr fil'rn cle p,lscnt:r las cosas pue<lcn hulter contriitticlo u ar.ti vxr en el te r.lpeuta ks estlrckrs cle 'lniDl(r, tucnci( nadosll ett conllictos .,1 l(ropcul.t, .l tspcclo dc su histo-i.t L's dctit'ttrlo pu.(,ste p.rcic|te en p rtict!lur? Los seiinieto qtrc t ro.f)?nta d $tc pacicita, bs cxpement ese .lt .ficnle.t ()tt'os p.tciet?s o los stlcla tctrcr con cictlo tip() rb gente? 14. liol cue el p.rciente tencli inducil.en el ter.Lpeuta. El tri clel cue esctrcha clelienrh estar p.rsivo. clcl <ue clel.le ser un lliacl< cn sus pelels c()l) otrr>s, clcl quc clisctrtc, clel qrre se cle cortrpaclecer, del ctre clelrc irconst.j:rl y ()rientxr en la vidlr, clci qtrc clebe fijer lltites y ()cup.rrse clel senticlr clt,r,;r
\1o
AV^NCl'S l]N P5t(-(rflit{APIA PSI(.()^NAI-1t(.A
l'Rl slrN- A(-l()N l)lil- lVA'l lrlil^1. (..lN ( ()
l-t
litl:rl, tlel rre se clelt encargar cle pr()teger el tratrruiento, clel que toclo kr lreclc lueghrT
15- Ct-rmo responcliir. corporlLnente frcial. nttvimientc cle llrs ul:Lnos. caml)i()s de p()sicin- y en el-expreskin cliscurso verlal, ante las interr enci<nes clcl tcrapeLt.r'/ Crr> reaccior-r<-r el pacicntc si el tcnpeuta se apart) clcl rol asignaclo? Con clt prcsl(rn, pasiviclacl. rebia, rrnen.rzus uliertas o encrliert:rs cle retirarsc () rle cttlcit->n rutoagresivilT F:n estc scnticl(), cl teral)crt se sinti(i li)rlc }tllt cxpl()lirr te,ltas. pare Ituccr lrlgitn c('ltcntari() qLte ( re)1i pctincnr? Fll p:lciente lecihiri ls intcrlen(i()nes tlcl trnrperrtir conr(r
e interyenci()nes clcl tetlttcr.tfit cn lit tclrt(i{)tl (r)tl (l liclon ln()str'itn(l() c(ml() inadecLla(lxs !' g(ncrllr()n r('il(( .,ll( s l).1 rrrlogicas cle stc'l Qu' tusgos dc petsoturlddcl (lal t('1up.,ul.t, () (1.'stt tc(ttttt lubitud, pue(lalt nciir en ese paciate paru rcJi'zar p.iol(8.t? a<)ttt tcl1(fi (lLrr (rLllll)ixr, en la fi'ru habiturl cle colllP()rt.trse (l teraPetlt. >atlt :ttlltrl;tr 2.
QLt crxrtltrctlts
Plrr-ientc se
sc e lcrs <rl>jetivrrs espc,cilic<ls clel tr.rtamiento c()n ese pxcitnte'1 Qtt ft,qt)s
()l]rnip()tentcs, c<lrn<l |cgakrs. c<uxr otnsas nxrcisistxs. c(n']() l]llrn(Lil()s sLpt'ryoicos a cttrtillir-. ( oll() lullenazalntcs, corll< <lotltchs (le segun(llls intennlltrlipLrlacin. etc.-/ ciones 1.-sec[rcci<-n, El plcienrc col:tlxrni? l-a c(ral)()ra(i(in fr-rc cxccsiva, sc hiJrcratlaltt<i l nllrco terapLttic(). se (tetect(i lxrstiliclrl encLll)icr-t,t, rircionalizr sus resistenci1ls. lrpreci Dr()tiv:l(l() para r.rna alianza terpLrticxl' 17. I)crr()str(') penet(rci(in psicol<-rgica, cepe<iclecl (le int()spcccr 'n, r'il paci<lacl para (lelectar el clc(t() (1Llc pL(liera estxr clclr)(l() cn el ()trr). r'iqLez.r en su vi(lll (le fxntasl y rj\cl sinrlx-)lic() r'cll.)lrl!'Sc lr vt crlx Un p.l!icnt( rpt() para l.r psi(r)Icltpi:r cle tsi!.!ht. l)arl krerxr lir ;rnglrstill. o reclrrirrc nru (li(is inIne(ljlrlas P!ri c(rrfenc Jlr lrr-rgr.rstia (, sus snl())rs7 18. ll)u(l() <lrtener el tcrpertu llglnl in(li.k). rt nIn(ra clr- ptitrerl hiI)()tcsis tcntativt. s()l)re (lesc()s inc()ns!icntcs inlp()ltln(cs xr[r cl pacierrtei' ,Sobre la firrma cn (lLrc rcllcci()n:l ilnte sus (lcse()s? lS()l)re c(-)nr() cspe[ (lLrc sLls dese()s sean torttkrs ror el tcftrpcutal Solrre ol)xr sc ubica frcntc al clescr clcl tcrapetta () cle otr()s person.rjcs a l()s (luc introclujo cn l enttevistal
su tctc.t t?pt!(lttcett o st'tts?tl1tlt rt ftls!1os (1.'h)t !)<'r$) locs sigltilicttit\)s tl?l pociL,ttlc. .t'qttc lto !t nlL\'t l1,Pc'tic k;t1 l11/lli!'t't, i(tl t) ln\,'(cLtrt?s !)or Purl! (ld utL:cttt? stt) L'\.\tittlos tr'(tle's dL' kr pust)ttlt l' lt't ttca da.ct'i1|tzu" (ltk,el t<'t.upt'!ttd afitplt? .<)tt c(nttcnt:lli()s Ptlcdc ll:l((t (l tclupcut rle ll p:r|cja rr.te litul c()n sL llt.icnte, cle la contigltrlrti,,tr,rr, clcan l()s l-ilsf.4( )s (lc Lrn() y ()tr() l intertctLlri' J. l)iflcult(lcs (lLc sc lirer()n enc()ntr.Lncl() en cl trrtirmienl(),i. llv()lLrci(in de krs sink'lts. cle hs rcllLciottes interpclsonlles. clt Lt. corclicirncs cle vicLt <icl pacicnte. 5. I'lrrlici(rn rlt: ks teras qLe pre()ctlPtn c()nscientetrente 1ll llrl(ir'tll(' (r. llrlucir-rn rlc ls flntass inc()nscicr-rtcs. cle les ensieclaclcs y rlt'li ttsrts
tld tardpetta I'rlc
cn
jLeg().
srrllirnacir nes, l()Br()s or l leliclacl. (lcl r'irl:r plrciente rur: vrt sicnclo rcc()nstru(h lt clc ll J. IJist(iir
7. l)csrrllollos rrirrs,
Ir
lrrIg0
cici tr':rt:tticnt<l- A(()rl(c(i,ilicrrt()\ .ignificlti\ ()s (iaratlerologr:t lsi<r rlrk rlog:t tle los racltes.
cxPcIiclcial [l]ll,r,,-rl,r.r\
3. .:t\lucit t .lel hat.t
t1?
it'
t( )
l. !lv<ltrcirin clcl vncrk ln\'\crrl( . cnit,n,1, , r'n ( rel)lir.

nltrllts. 1.2.
] el
1.1. Represtntltri()rtcs <uc cl p:lcicnte fue h:tcit'ncl< (lel lcll)eut y clc s nris[ro. Vicisitt(les cle esliLs representacioncs v c<rn ctt prrcclen estaI reluci()Ct->r'r'lo sc fie ulricrrntk el pacicntc frcnte a triuto kt bzo sfc_fiotla'o los das?os (ld puci?ttt?. .y I J. Rerrcci<ncs llcnte a las separrci()nes
(,lr(j lr ,s n:r,!rr r({rr )\.
tcLl-:rcrrtlr, dc-sclc
r:ntrsr ista hitsta cl
l<ls rlesers clel terapcLtx,
irrln)l(,n.ir.
-clepresirin. h<stiliclacl. tlescrncxirin lctivx, etc. l. t. llvoltr<i<in clel glurkr (lc t()lcnncix :ll xcercamicDt() afectiv() c()n el tc r:ll)( lllir. (!( inlir)li(lli(1. I-t tnistlo paru el Ierrpeuta.
1.5. l{rlts (luc cl pltcieutr tcncli( a inclrrcil en cl rerpertl. L6. llr<lrt ii,n (le la c(rtriltrnsfcrcncia.
sentirnient()s (lc
APNDICE B
PARA LIN PSTCOANLISIS DEL PORQU DE TA ADHESIN
A MODELOS REDUCCIONISTAS
No puecle clejar cle llamar la aten< ic-n el hccho cle qrc l()s analistus (l( lirs clistints rscuells teng?n la c()nviccia)n, sincera y pnrfirncla, (le qLc l()s ox)(l(' l()s (lte c()nstilLrvcn krs rasgos (listintivos cle sus respectivas aclsclipciones lt's escucla. as c<nr la enolnte satisf':lccin con cue enfientaclos a un cuso cli nic() "rccncLrcntran, sLrs c()ncepciones veliclaclas por l<>s clatos que el l).t< i< tttr' (lu( les aporte.rF NLrestr() inters n<> es el <le repetir l conocida tesis -tcsis <livt r cxigir:r p:rrtirn<lizuci(in v mxtizxci()nes- clc que las escttelas obserl'ltn sr)s aspe(t()s cle ln fcnreno c(xnplei() sino prxler responcler a lx pr('llunlir ( crri- r'rrzones pnrfirn<las cleterrinan 11r.re prefilanros sistel)ras conceptualcs \ (lrn plicrti\'()s sinrrles a k)s c(nnplei()s'/ su crrolrio: por qtr krs tcftll)(ulirs tenclenros e cnrrlarnrs cn Llnll esctlela cttalcuiera y c()nsidefaDt()s, c()n l()l:rl lruena fc, tltre la misma es suflciente plra aborclar t(xl()s Ios pr<lblcnras rrtr' nrest[l priicticu n()s ya prcscntan(k)7 P()r qu, atn a(lLell()s telapeltas (luc Ic('r] s()l)[c ()tras c(r'riefltes. (llre est:ln inf<rmeclos, sin eml)argo slo operan, lleglrck a un cas< pr'ticrLhr, con Un()s p()c()s instnrnrent()s c()nceptuales'l I;l cucs tia)n es ccntrxl. chclo <ue el eclucci<nisnr<> irnplicatkr en lilnitar la complcjclacl clc le psic()pt()l()gix y rle la psicoterapia r Llnus p()cs dimensi()ns () parhrnetros tle anrlisis c()nstituye, seln nucst() parccer, el mayor obstitcttkr plrm cl prrgreso <lc estas clrs clisciplinas. L.r prinerr resplresta quc se sr-tele dar a esta cuestin es cle orden psict s()ciol(igic(): hs clistints esctrelas imponen rcstficci()nes intelectules a sus riembr<s p(n raz()nes cle pocler. L<s miemlros clorninantes cle las misl.r:, aqlrellos c1r.rc ocupan el lugar maixim() cn las jeruqults. (lictarninln qu es l<r sagraclo y ru kr slcrlego a fin <le establecer c()k)s cerracl()s, siernpre l>ajo Ia coxa(la lt()ir.rstifica>ria clel purislIl() ide(r)gicr, es clecir, pam prcsuntalrente n() (()ntau]lin:tr sus Dl()(lek)s c()n c()ncepci()nes qtre son declaraclas rr
pcnnitcn cntcn(ler trxla la clnica sin necesichd (le ningn aporte alcn( ' .r su
ll5 Si lrxccor)s rciren(ir l()s psi(r)xn.rlistls n()es p()rquc prnserlr()s quc lcngxn el pxtri nrnri() (lc l()s pft)lrcnr;rs que phntellnn)s rn este upr'ud(). I-() lisnn) cs(ri prcsente cn ctrirkl(rier ()rir cs(\rch psicolgicr <r)gnitivisnn). .()(lr.risnr(). Clrslt. enli(lte sislnrico. erc.- pcr() ( l undi,cirln) nnndrDlienr(, (lr .n() pr()vc.txr:is, n()s olnillx x c(nncnzllr por clsx, el pslcoxnrilisis.
J-r
^v^N(itis
liN pslcol liRApt,{ psfco^NAt,t lIcA
PSICOANI-ISIS Y ADHESIN A MOI)IJ]-OS REDUCCION]STAS
375
/r'lr)/l (()rn() espites. Delintitaciitn (le tL-r t(-i()s ntecliante reglas clel paren, l( s(t) iotclcctLrel cue rcglrhn ks intelcamlios, estl)leciencl() qtre la cnclogenriir cs k) lcgtimo y la crlrzx intelectual Ic incestutso. Regulaciones cue son ll('( l)((lls p()r el resto cle ks ntiemltros por el pl'inico la clisensir-n. a l<s trrnflicftrs <1uc ella acarrea, incluso por nlz()nes (le sLpe iven(.ilt cle clistin til)() cl caupo cle la psicotcrapia por la clepenclencia con respect() il la -cn cle pacientcs. p()r tent()r lllcstf()s. tlt'r'irrrcirjn sltpelvis()res y r))ig,)s (lUe l)renriln () cxstig.ln l.r lcalttcl intelectuxl lr srs infrccirnes. Sin [lgr[ a clucles, ste es un t:ctor clc pfime'r or(lcn pxr.r explicar cl ccl<t (\)n (lLlc se nlantiere iiL ptrreza "rnica-iDtelectra1,,. y n() cree[los cstlr xl)rslrnrkr cuanck pcns.lul()s encontrlr un crntinrichcl. sin qLc Ln()s expli<Lrcn :r ks <trrs, cr-ttre fen<-renos c<lrxr cl cle h c()nstitucin clc sectas. el na(.i()n lisrrro y h organiza( i(in (le institLci()nes polticas, rcligiosas. r.ientficas. con sts sLl)c()l- entes. Petr) esta linea explicativa. (lue sea plovccltoso llxrnclar. (r)n k)ck) no agotl el proltlertra ni c()nstiluyc resprest:l sutlcicutt:..lLnt() a las necesicldes de p(xlcr, cle pefiencncia, existen ()tras lazoncs profirnchs <lcl
l)si(luismo ruc clel>en sel teniclas en cuenta.
c ticar .rl sLr,ct() ---en ks tr'Drincs freuclianos se lx)rra la distancia entrc el y() y el icleal clel yo-. (le rnanera sin)ilar. l()s sistemls conceptuales silttpliflcntes permitcn lxrrr la clisuncia entre pensallriento y realiclacl: Ias catcgoras clel pensanrient() "explican, la kfxlidad cle la reeliclecl. L()s ()ios l)ri(lc llantes clcl usrrali() cle un sistenla conceptual simplificante al altol{ar l realiclad dn test)roni() de ese titnfi:l ltlanac() clel intelecto s<le l; realiclcl. Prr esr el refirgio cn l()s grancles principi()s epistetu()l(-)gic()s o flksirficos es el preti'ricl<) p(n-un p.rfie clel psic().tn.ilisis actttal antes qtlc el estu
clio por[renorizaclo clel firnci()nluuicnto clel psi<luisttx-r n()rlnal y Plt()lgic() a
trxvs de una i(la y vuelt inceslntc entre tc()ria y eclent[() ccn los clat<s. los clr:rles. sin scr jrr))lis pu'os, pol l() [ren()s l);nen un cliqlre al cliscurlil dcl
pcns Itient(
).
L I
l't\\?n alciD dc ld o ntipof atrc.t ., tlLfi,ttsct ttttta lus rtnpttsli/,s rk' lu ccttplciicltttl t,it,idu cult() ck)s .t, l<.li!lJ1) u lt lcsttoL itkt
Si sc (r)ser\ a a cual<ltrier partirl:rit cle uo sistcn) de crccn(.ias ,..\ -sc.rn llrs tle'orclen poltico. fikrsrifico o, parr nueslro cas<t, cle unil escLrcllr -rsicoerltltica inme(liatatnente se percilrc l sxtislucci(in (.()n que sicntc cl p()clcr t,drlinir explicativ() que su sistenlt c()nccplLtl le otor.gtr:t srlre ll relitld. (,t uuus pocds .fiirnt u lus esk) es l() (lrrc rcnlitrclull()s- se sicntr (l xtz. gracias el inmensr> pocler dec[r(tivr) (lel psiquisnro hr.rmanr), (lc dlr cLen-
clc trxl< lo existcnte bajo una cohcc'rr< ia casi sin lisLrrlrs.rL(' I)ensar l rt':rlicl<1, lcleDrlis cle su us>eckr i-rstr-tntentll p()tcncial soi)te la rrris -acci(in nlr-. l)or11r'la ilusi(in nrcisistrr cle cltntinallr. trrcld plantc) cuc el yo, lrclcrrs ([e licliur con el elk) y cl sr.rpery<i, clebe tlt llLcerkr con la realiclarl, con los lctuclinrient()s cn()nles cue sta lc im lnrrr:. I)()l'nuestla parte. cligantos cuc as ((nt)o cn lx mana el strxry h 11;rli(Ll(lse !1n r\pxrLlicndo cn narn)r) \'r()lnfleji(l(l ;r kr lurgo c|: srr r 1.r. t. sirr rrttlrur$. nrrncir son scnti(hs c(nn() insufi(icI(s cll cl(Lr ) dt l()s nr(nen)s ev()
cstr.rlctlllir c()flriti\Flrlctivx ciuilctedz.rd p()r PlltceI en el d()lrtini() (lue ttn()s p()c()s pl'incipi()s intelectlrlcs y ()pe'irci()nes pc[r)itirn tener s()l)re la reali clatll'rN I'rr r-le prrnto. h.r)'Ln n(n)rent() e[ la xcl(luisi(i(jn clel lenuaje cn ttt( unlls p()cls prhl)ms I)(cn scnli[ que se ckrtuin (n]lniP()tentcllrente la rcltlitlrrcl. Onrnip()tcncia clel lcniueic (lLlc sc (luplica c(tn l1l (lcl Pensamient(), parll c()l() c.rr a xrll)()s l)()r encinut cle una rclitlatl que sicrrPrc ser nzarosa, cotrttlcilt. luremzante. sljet (lcteflrinxcioncs ajtn1ls a l()s (lese()s clel stLjeto. Por ello, l()s ni()s s()n inflc,ribles cn (ltc k)s cLrcnk)s les scan lclxta(l()s sictulre tlc lrt nlisllllt nlitnclll. (Lesti(xrllrt([() rl rlltlto corr llr trsc .Nr. I]() es asi cttlnclt ('slc inlnx[cc elgr.rna nrxlificac i<-rn. I-o tlr.rc n() clej il(inicarl)ente (le ]ePr()(ltrcirs(' en la ti)Illllr cn (lLc feacci()r]attt l()s prti(lllri()s cle tln escLclal clc pcnslttnictrt,r crranclo alguien intr(xluce un cattrbio en cl "cLlcnt(),(\rr (ltre se captrt l l!'illi clacl. I'rr cso krs rsicoenalistes qLtefelll()s "teenc()ntrr" cn ntlestr()s pxcientcs y leLlni(nres cicntiilcas el nlisrr() cr.rcnk) sin nxxlif icci(mes. .tntc las ctlales tet)(lcrlt()s 1l fcsp()ndef, c()n ill)s()lLtx ('ellezat y l)ttenrl fe. crtt tn "No, no cr'.tsr,Etplr clr: ()nrrip()tcnt'i:r inlrintil <1tte es seguicla lx)l'ottil qLlc alcanza st rlcno rlcsrruollo cn la urkrlcstcncil cuan(i() la (nIInit)()tencia ry) rec.rL'ni str las pallbrlrs ni cr-t krs crxrccrtos trlis t rtlcrl<s isl(l()s sin() cn l()s sisk'nl,ls c(mccPteules iclcolcigicos. Es la ip<ra cle' acllicrcncia rl grancles c()nccP('ir }n('s k)1lizntcs sustentxclxs cn un()s lx)c()s Posttilaclos. A cst etaPll clel pensaI
Alx)r l)icn. ,-pocleDros enc()nt[rr ante(ellqntes de esta slltisf-acci,.;n ()n]nj(r)seen esl)()z()s (le tlnil P()tcnte cn altrne ctapa cle la vich cn l ctal y:t sc
l(,
l:.
csru ulturu
sul(1,) l.ir insufi(ienci:r sl() se prr(ic clnrlrr r7r,sr,o,. c.rrllnrkr vu sc p(rsecn lls (.:r r( 1r'r,.r.,tL .Irr(,\ \c (ks.()n().irn. t,(n clk). cl ingcnu() nLrn.x sc (t (.uenr (lu sLr linrirl(in srI \,'(tr \(.r L.r rrr.ril,r (k.llguicrrquc l() ((nlrcDrplx i(lentitlc.in(l(rc.()ru() ingtnrl(). !.quc su ver
lrr\,x,l,l
,.$ ,,rr!, ., ,)ltt1,, (h sU t)llsrn lnn)()s Culn(lo llguicn .rerc in(elcdrtlLnrenle nrisnx) -l() rnrcri(, r.rl, r.rr.r rrr.r ,,rlt, I \..,)rncrnpLr a si nlisn) hrrbicndo si&) inltenU() rn Una cr.rp.r '.,,r r.r,f.u l.r rrl rrrl.r(l I'r( s(!rt(,.
ntr1ni^(l() p(, ('l lrl(,rr() irDugin:rri\1) {trt rcrlnt!rte P()sec-. tcrnrinc (li( trrinirr(l() (lLri cs /r/ t)\nr)si:. / cnlflrrc(lx(l Psi(()s(,rrilri(1r. o /r n.'trrosis en brre .r trn 'rst.'rr.r lrt)(na1ir() (le(lLr(rit'(). irnpulsx) D() el pluLcr rli: l:r (nrrnip(fcn(ir dc 1 Pulrtlrt y rlcl tliscrrt'so (lt .i( r l lil N() p()qlrt cl in() !\pliqLrc rl rdtLlt() () Itlrllllncztu cn ste rtl ctrl tire -erl1rr() enlixlr cvr)llrti\() sl() p(n1lue nlt(rs \eccs rlgtrn()s lirnirncn()s (icl r.ltrll() sc Prcsunirn
rr)cn()s rnnr:rsclrrit(i()s
Nu(l.r rnr rlc r'olcgus. (
.(nr s irJtcnuidlr(l d( urlr ()l)s(nrr(in n:is ;rll:i (lc lx ltorix. corrtitLrvc tlcltlcsrrollo cpistcn)(rosi(o un.itsg() tlr(n( qtrt h idtok)gizuci(-)n (lcl Psi($rrnarlisis I)u((l( s('r nrxs xh Dlc quc Lrn l)si(()n:rlistx- s(rnllr(k) tn 5u (jscri()ri(i () oc Lrn rrdik!
Ial crpirisrr)().
cn
tl
nio.
17(
AV N(JI]S IIN P5ICO1'I]RAPIA PSI(JOANI-'I'f(A
PSI(-OANAI-ISIS Y ADHIjSION A M()l)lil-()S
lll r,llr I r'rlr\r |'!
l)()r'()tra estrttctura c()gniti!,o-atectiva en que el pensamiento crtic() receri ) n() sa)l() sol)re cl mund() externo al SLjet() sin() s<ltre l Iismr y sL srsrer)lil.(le creencias l>ajo l:rs preguntas por (lu cre() en cstc sistellta concep_ Iuxl7. qu m(fivaciones t))c i.ltpLtlj.rtn J t(h)ptJr cstc s,\tr-r.nt tle creenciasl. l(lua'xspecto (le uti biorufa en sta el panor.rlta c()n(.cl)tr.tl en (lLe (' suieto se f()r1ll- inci(l<-inchicla especflcl)rente patu (lLtr ciert()s ;isleluts me s,.'rn ullis iltractiv()s y cLrles xnt (llte ()lr()s nle pr()\()qLen reclxrzr:7 l>r.egrrn(ls quc, p()r lil)titar l:l (nllnip()tencir. :ll nx)strur l() tclxtit,() <lel c<nr rr. inlrcnkr. (, n() s()n fbn]tulachs () aLlil cLliln(k) acl<uieran exisfencil ser.in, rlefc-nsiv:r_ rucnte, rpicla,.tente al.rncl<nchs.rr', En c()ntrap()sici(')n con ()s sistcntas siI_ tlificantes cue son cerlrrlos ltl firncirnar en l.rase a un()s lx)c()s prinLipi()s o rrstullcios. sienckr el resk) prr.r clecltcciin, l()s sistenrxs coritplejris s,rn lrlicrtrs a la inc.rp.rac irin interrinallle crc nLev()s frct(r.cs v (iilucnsr()nes rlc anlisis. Desrle el contienz() l()s sisterllls cr>rnplejos enti.c;ntan al sLrjet<r ('()n el sentimient( cie sls lirritltci<nes al intental alrarc:rrIrs. l).r alg. krs ni_ ri()s plefieren kls juegtis cle reglas sencilus. lbr tuto. priokru.fircnta cle. l uccr tlc /o.s s,'./cr?a. c()tr(.(pu l(,s sntplfi_ (tt16: el sentmi(',to de omtipott,tt(.tt ,dtrisistd d ,s,,ti() ((), t.t spL,.:to a lal nrtlidttd. u ltt ttte si?,lt' 4,c {l(7t,/.r-,,l)er(), ll(lL-,))s rlc l:t cl:tci<ir r.lei .suair <n el sistentar (()nccptllall, il lrlr\,s <le ste est:rlrlecc r,nr..Llos c<n los <trrs rrsLrrrios, relaciones dc pertencn(in v de ()p()sici()nes, :rnrltlrs inclispcnseblcs I)iu- s()pofie cle la onrnipoten<itr nxlcisistI. Lil pcfienell(.iu per.tnitc qrrc los (fr'()s (lel pl.()pi() flupo nitr(.isicen al srict() c()nnniinclole <rie ecuello en l<> (lLc clee es v/tlid<. La op()sj(.i(in. c()n rcspectg al <ue rt6 p(,l.tencce al *arLp(), nrcisiz tltntl)in pues pelrtrite estal.rlece la cliferencilr con aquel que esttra tn cl error, rsaflnan(l() xs lx identi(la(l iclelizacla clcl srrjero l)ilsta ser tcstig() (lel placer.narr..isista, incltrsr h s<rna clesr.alillcnt..,rn ".ta."rp".r,,. l,r ,r,e ('n ( Ll,l(trier relni(in se cscr(1]a . l()s qLc sapaesta,renrc n() l)ll),-rn cnten(lir.k L verclKl c()nteni(l:r en cl sistsr)t cle creencias tlel sujeto, clrrrk> tuc la <li lr. rcncilr es enten(li(ll en prir-tcipi() cr.:.:o ignorencilt o crrr. rlcl rlro.rll
I lr). N() (l(r:r (le rcs.lrtr (1r (s(, (r.( cn Lrn rnrcn psi(l)xnirisis p( r.()n.rr (r(, .n xn.risl:r cn ,r.r(r,nr sc prse rc'isr:r . k)d() (t<s(t(.su !lr((l(in clc p.rri. l):rst (tLrc q.rcr(.\(r ll..rlisra.
Dicn) n() existe slljeto que escxpe. pudiendo. en.llgUn()s clls()s ser segui(la
ba la auclicncin clifl'renci:rl que tienen en la televisi(in rl(.1 r.l tlr Lt{ t'r ducciones segn sean sinr-rJes, lincales r>. por el contrrlio, sllt.,th,ll,lr llr nlrs ([c rnatices: h:y n)s gcnte qlre ticn(le pensar y ir \r,ll t r lr. ||l||ll,, sirDples rue x l)xccrl() (lenlr() (lc estluctulils c()nceptuirl('s (rll|l[,1,u I rlllt riis siruple sca Lnx te()ril e:-t cl cltnrpo cle la ciencia, ris Prlrlrrr.l,r, tlr <lilt, enc<nrr:trii dispucs) x lr(k)plxrlx. Crr tcxlr, se pcxlria lurrrrrr.rrt,rt rrt, ,rf !{Ln()s sujct()s preticren s()steneI sL nulcisisn']() eJ1 cl sentiol('rl(, ([.' rrltlll||tl uni min()ril, arisk)crlrci intclccrtl qre se (liferen(iirr cle l rrlryrt,r, r rtt hr cLlal creccntara str sentLmicnk) cle cxcctcionalicl:tcl- Per< t,l n:rr lrlltrr rll reprcsent:use c()m() nrir()ra excepci()nal cs, y valga l:t ironia. :rlrsrlrrt,lltlttll
nrin()ritxli(). Si n(). n() existi an las ru<xlas intelectu.rles, que invohrr r.rrr ,r rrr P()S nUnlgr()s()s, y el cntusialsr-n() p()r Paic\)a[ en c()ncentaci('r's rtrtllllrtrll n.lrias qtc avalaran ctl cl nnrerc la clidacl cle lo tue en ellirs tlllrr llr, f)c xrcl< ttte l<>s sistern:rs simpliticantes tienen unlr vt:lociclad dc rlilrrstrrrrr, iIprcgn:lci(-)n nlry()r (lrc Ir>s sistcmas complejos. l)ensemrrs en lxs li:r\(. (.\ Iere()tipa(lits (luc se repitcD c(n)r() c()dsigns y ir lirs (ulcs bastir ckrrrr.rr .rr P()(() tier))p() p:r'l oblener pr cnerci:1. EI :rrlc>to ecjt llcgrcl() J unt (,\ cuellr (le pens:rnli(-ot() sillrplilicirntc repite los [)rin.il)i()s l)lisic()s c()n el ||ris|| | phccr <ue el nio [o hcc c<n ies palal],-as qLe he incolpolrckr, generlnrl, se cl scntimicnt() rlc ctre sc pertenece l mun(k) rtt l<rs "irclultos,, es clc(ir (.1 rlc los lclcrcs clel l)r( )\'ilrrient(). La repetici(in de krs csl<igtLnes es instruDtcnlr r idcntificat()ri() con las figuras idclizaclas.L] ,Vgundr!/iknlc dc placcr da bs ssta uN cotrcalf u.tlas stltpllicctltes: l.t l)catk'Dcct at !!nq)os !t qlu'se t?cibc s()sltt t'ccpt'o) de lat ( nipotencu
t t Lt t
Ahora l'ien, p()r'(lLt ll pertenencia itctuarr lu!('r('r ,rrlr ,r Ir{ ,rt{tr rr,r. conceptu:rles siDrplificantes y n() a l()s colnpleios, <l:ttIr rrrr,r,,,lr r \ I l lr[ t,, de nlrestr intcr()gaci(-)nl P()l'Ln simple problema csliltr,ttr , r rrrrrrr Ir lllrr
c s sl.t c(
ltp.u1 iel.t.
:'
R(tluccin d?
lt
at\:t
tst
itt ./i'(
t( (tl c,tos
l.,l lll\1r,,rxt:rl)l((t.tLrc|>sqrrcperrencr.enirunx$.Lrclil\i)l()lcJnirquclk)q.clrenl()s ,r,i*rrr.r)rlr,,\{[ l.rr,lisnr:r \c cnti.rD(k, si\c tiene cn ..utnt] qlrr ll lcorrr:r cs tr,:rrrcnrernenr| algo ,tr. .,r\,.t,.r'.r rr,,rrrrrr.rrl,r.rl ,rr,. ).rr. piiri(.ipur en lx in(.r:rrri(.)r) $('rl A(.U.r (l ,)i:nr,r p,11.,t,,,' ' l,tr!.,ri,,l, t,., 'Irr' rn, \lr pUc(tir (tci.rr(lercrel titn)r.rt c\in UL,D(k) t,)s. )r,s()s.
,.1 r.rrror.rrrr.r
r.,,rrr(rnc lirs rrx)ri\'(i()ncs l)r(firr(ru\ ir(r(ir (lc p(, (rr rlnxr l()s p.ir,.lr)i,\ r):isi(r)s (lc su (.s (rrch (lc )crt(nen(i, gcrl(l'ilnrenr! ((nl$xrliLl;r r(n cl que lr lnxlizir ,t s qrrt..,l rrlltrin(n)i() cnrr( .n sL(1() \'s.s (rcrn(ias r(i,i(r\ n() rcvistr irpinr.n.i? ocrnx)s qur,h s.p.rsrx nc.rirri, (l.r(l irn.lir(ir p,r'l;r cu.l el rn.lisx no re\is11 1x i(rc(r{)rix cicnlificn (rc , pciqnrr. cn.Lrrnr. r.r( )I.rliriirr(l(r(,, un pirclo i /cr1. llo I s.:rfi() (lc .n sis(cnr:r .,rr(!nr.1 rl q! n() rrc. sinr) (lel (\r!l es (lepen(ticntc \ (t.e fit:r
t).r
i)r tr.
I)ero la proclttcci<itr (lt: pllrccr (llL(l() por la omniltfcnci.r n:r[risista es Ln()
tle los lltctores psi(!)l()gi(\)s (prc pr(rlrLcvcn nLcstl'x inclinxci(in hacia
ks
rlc lrttlc ser pcnsurl,
l2l. l)c rrh el rlrr(ti\(. \ l.r (lifLrsi(lr. (le liirn rLs del tipo dc-lx psir(),rs cs p()r Lr fin(hrsnin tlcl n<brc rlrl p:r(lrc: Ix pcr'\'ersin. p(n lx rencgx(x-),1i Lr ncr1)sis. p()r l] reprcsi(in,. fiinnu|rs rcnr't;tlcs. g1uttltosas 1)e() lrn vr.ir\ dr ((nltcnid() quc unir rez enr)n(i;r(Lrs corlx) /itlun n() rc (luicrcn nrr(ncs prLr{rl)rs r () pr nitctr nin!unr prohrrdizxcn, c<Do k mUcstr:r el lrccho cic qu(, lrrs ('u:rrcntx ;r()s d( L'r)ur)( i(l;r l pnrrlerr n() sc lruyri l)ech,) nU)gn rp(e .r h chr( idxrin (l(1 c(m(cpt() (l(' lin.(ir.x)n l.i til cl nxn)rnr() r(rllirl. si s(,vlJ cn hrcn()s Aics () dr l)rs cs rnris probul;lc crc s(' icnl]x url.l influcci:r Lrrnirn.r. cs (lc(ir qoc sc (ien(l ir hrl)):rr sr )cgLric r riuc s,: Pr<,r.. .. in \rs c()n.cftr)(i \i \j hrbjtr cD ChirJ.t(). existe un:r r)ri(.nL(rn li(rlutixnir: s, sc estri (,lr II N
t-s
AVAN(,llS I:N PSIC()l liRAPlA PSICOANAI.Il'l(lA
Psl(.(lANl.ll Y AlHlrsl)N l\l()l)11'('s Rl:l)tr(-( ()N\'l'^s
sistcr)lirs c()n(eptrrales simplilicantes. Otro f'actor es evitar ciefl()s tip()s de nlirsti:ls. l'rcntc il l lNlltiplic:lcin clc estnulos unt cie las prinreras mocl!licluclcs rlel psiqrrisolo pu-x cofrcntaf eritx condici(-)n es 1 rech,rcci<in tle los nrisrlros, el r>lrnamiento olsesiv<. l! ritu:ilizaci(ill I-(, qre se ha llm.rk 1rn.lLrstis ccnfusirnlLles. o h iclea cle'rn: barrera dc c(rntacto cn contra clt' Ln exces() de estilnulci(-)n. tiene com() refelencia cs()s esta(los clel psiclLris no en rlue preclcrrnina el sentimient() de c<s, cle fult:t rle c<herencilt, cie lneas cle rcr-rsa r':r icDt( )s qr( D() l)ucden ssr cleiinicllrs. l-inritar 1'ortlc-nar luecc scr rn mecnismo cscrcill clcl psi(luisrllo. Nr> lray ningrrna csctrellr psicolt-rgica qLle ponfli en clutlt la exjstenci clc este principio organizltclor l)sico. lttrn([lc su doDlinio n() scr ]l)s()lLrl() _y est l]lxlizacl() por ll l)s<uech cle estnrrlos. <L: la n<vccl:rtl (Stcrn. Iqj5). Lx r(1ivi(ld o|ganiz:rcla soL<r se p()nc cn nrar<llt si exstc rn ntnilrr de tLrler cortlo conrlrcir,n pr'cri.r que disllinLr!.1 la angrrstia y rlentro clel cLal ll nrr'etl:tcl aclcuic're ttn scntickr
t'l stlrgit)li('r'll(' (l( ies pr,>clttcci,xres clcl paciente, la llctn<s vist() c()nvcrtilse cn lit lll'illl c()rl:l y cl:t rlci<nl liz:tclorll cuirn(k) sc c.trece de recurs()s toric()i tcni('\ l)rl l conrpremle r o inte,:veni[.
l)()fiancil
estal
flerx
cle ctesti<in Pues
Pe nite
nt> clificultltr
[,ts "ccttcluls deol]icos" o
at\tttllttllt)s.le cct'l'! tlcl
sistenut
Si l<s sisteurs c()nccl)tttalcs sil'l)l)lilicantes se sostienen scl>re llrUllr 'rt'i(, y intcnltts nes Psicolirgicas tan ptxlerosas (()nl() h (nl)niP(lenci nrlcisitx los
dc ntralreslr les ingLrstias ticnt( 1l
cal()s.
n() xtemuizlnte. l)or ello, usitr eslirg:rncs pe rite contrrrrestxl csc tip() (lc angustiil V Il onrniJt<rtcncia ([lc csli-l en jr,tego es clifererrtc (lc lll ()rlrrl),,t(n cia nlrcisista. Estlr iritirra ticnc p()r'()hjcto ()lrccer irl sttjcto Lrn scnlil))icnt() (lc r,ula. cle srrpcriori(ll(1, rnientris <rre llr trrnirotenciir c()nx) recrus< clcfL'nsiv() fiente .r lx angustilr cle fiugruentecir-rn y taos he<e scntir que se est,L ill ahrigo <lel pcli.1ro. []n c()sll ('s (iuc ci I)riritiv(). itntt cl fcn-()r' tlovocuclo trrr el r'cllirllrgo. ittt;tgirtc crre ttrrt srr penslt rtt icrtl ( ) l() (()nlr()lar v, ('r) c()trs(crrcn(ir, n() tenga r)i(l qLrc Icnlel. y (f (ltc sient (lIrc lil (\)nl[()h[l() cs trt ser sul)eri()1. rrejor que lrs <lct,. :is. sin linritci()nes. I-in cl prinrcr c:ls() n()s cnc()ntr:trilDt()s nle un (nllnil)()tcncilt <lctc'nsivrt an(c las ansic<l:tclcs pc|sccLrk)riars. l-()s sisterll:ts c()n(sl)tttalcs sinrrlili<anlcs pt<lclttcen el scrrtirni(nt,, ()nlniP()tente <lc trre las rrrlrs varialrlcs urntcnrplu<lrts lor cl nrtxlelo r:strir-r l).rj() c()ntr()1. En el carnpo tle la psi<rrtclt-rilt, flente llts engr.rslils ,.rc.rsir.r naclas x>r las cluclas:tccrc cle rLti'signilicaclo licnc l(, (lte el, lrt pacicnte lracc o tlice. crr cs lo (lue vrt 1l p.rslr <rn l,/cllu. irnte el c1l()s c[' rlaks tn cicn njr.'elcs (lili'rrntcs qttc sLr (lis(ul's() \'st crncluct: glolral n()s l]){)l'tn, -c clrcir lr rrnlrs rocas variablcs lrr rsicoplrtoirgia y x un pL(lo lus tirrrnes cle intcl'vcnci(-)n, ls rue sc c()nsi(lcrx <orno sr.rlicicntes, tI:Ln(lLiliz.r xl lerlrl)cutl. fln este scnti(l(). si c<llr rno clr n<s<tr<s lricii'r:trtos tn lisll(l() (lel n ntt.ro cle clttcgt-rs us:rd:s o rlc Irs iJros (lc inl(Tvc]r'i( )nqs (luc r'cltlizalr()s (()n llUrslr() pcicntcs perlr lrrs rlistintos (trll(lf()s psi(i )p.tk)l(-)l.li( r )s. n()s s()rI)r'( )(l( r11 c(upr(r)xr (lue tiente a une li(ltrczlt cn(nlrc cle estructLfi\ l)\j(,, rrlokrgiclrs y dc clirnc'nsioncs de la lrels<rnaliclecl nuestr()s nr<clrs rlc acci<'r s,,rr h tltr. irlsirrros. En cslc senti(l( ), la rcgl:r <lel silt'ncio clt'l arlLliste, .'rt) .t rtnl,'D {[
rr'.r (l.r
tirin, r'errticren larlt tl tt-tcttllrittr ie n ) (le estiLs 1ll( )tivllci( )ncs (lc [l4tllll(lll()s rt,. c,rn,.titL,yeo racionlizciones tc(il'icas. tll Psic()ntllisis lu()str(-) (ltl( l;ls ()l)st(tll()s (l :rtr>justificac:i.ncs rrcirnalizacrrs s.n rnr clr l.s Ittats fr.tertes rasgos l)xt(')gic()s (lc ( il r<lntr tle la nxxlificlcirn cle los sntrltllls o clc ltls los cliftln<lctr' tl<r <r'te rctcr.'lildos l()s sistetllrs sirlrl)lif(1tlrtts, V llts cscrtclas Illetll)iltil)i'\ lx Pe tlra' clilicLrltan tLre tlrn i stts t)licD)l)r()s de rrftllucnt()s krs prin' rri' rs mtclitlcar se llajrl las crtales lrtlran ruc cstlblecen Ias reglas Son :tl'gtt ('stls slgraclos n() cLlesli()nill)les,v en a tn gencral, parx c()nvcfii! s< :tr' llt ltrs clte () lt iclcok-lgicos' sistcllla clel rrr.rrt,r. cle iicfte 'cxn(lacl()s I clt l I islr> a lo lrrr ( hcl<s Si i>ien ios Llesti(n'l(lr) es sistetnl vez el tr.tr cltrllt lil.tro. <ttererrlos (leten!-tn()s cn Lno: ll apelacir-rn a la suPLlestil c('rcrt'll('i:i'
ctresti<-rn ,v ()tlrt posicia)n. Cttal<lttiet intenl()
lll
lt''lgttlentaci<ilt, o l1l Pcrsc'tl
Ptcc()niz(lo por h-t'stttt llt llurczr c incolttPutil)ili(lx(l cntfe el Irxtlclc (le
inc()rP(ncin cle clirrrlnsi"tl'"s (lcl grrtllrt cs tl-tpicl:ttnente cs(illlll:lti tut no firrtl]ln trtrtt dcl :trsenltl tc!ic() 1,.1,,.,nx, irltplicanckr ttna llcrcjirt P(n-.lPanrrsc dc Io linicc l'erclcL'o t clesculiflcch l.la) el ePitck) de 'eclc( ti( isux )'. cue cs tls:ttlo conl() anllll lll-t()
jrl(liza.
'.'ll
I.ats cla/s qt!? allttccadett lcllal?raitt Lt scr
cscltdil.ts
Irretrd lt:thk- tlc cscisiiln clel yo llltra tles<rilir cl lo<lerostl proccs<l clcItnsivo rot cl (tlal !i!-tits icielts tttc illtll(ltrc u() cstitll rePril))i(las v Perlil_ ncccn c<nscientcs. sin clbltrgo, P( la angusli1l ctrc protlLtccn P()t ch(x(r)n (lesc()s clel stic). prreclen ser clciatlas clc latlo' Se las acePta per() sc l:Lcc cttto si ese (\)n()(inlielt() n() existicr, lil 1l(tittld dcl sujeto n() se lll()-
url)rp(linrp{IrrtcaLinerslrl)icti\i(Lrd:enNtrcrir\i)rk.pesexl 1r\'ntctlt1utt
las nrrrtrtnrrs quc krs tderrn.
p\i(rr()gir (l(l ,r.r{h l.r'r(l.r(i,'r(\(,1'etlcs\'(lc11rnlrrsLrl)ictivi(l:r(l.hrlniuntir(1r(pcso(leLr \{\ (l,,nrllr(r,' \1 lrr,(l(l f)r&) (l(,(ir que lx anrnlrirr (s el (lctin() l:r!cr)sir[i]cs.lJestill()rtu('
r
l,sr.rll,:rrrrIl,rru.rlrsr
tliliclt. !,s el riesgtl <ttt Icrllclll()s 1lr.tc<lltn cor-rcr lits tesis e\PLtcst:ts nr'i\ 'trri Irr s<lrre ls t:tz()rlss I)()r Lls crtalcs se prcfit''rcn ll>s sistclnls sitrlplificrlntes a krs cornplejos. I)(xlrn ser llccl)tx(lits' incltls() clespcfil'ailllesi<-tn p()l p:lrt(' <lc llgunos lcctores, pcro ll cll()cf con ls tentlcncias rtte lcs hen tirtzltcltr lr rtt:tntenetse tlentr() (lc ciertas cscLtel:ts Psirrlill 1l scl l)lel() slll)er qLlc n" itl ciclili en stt lorttta clc lcnsltr y, sr>l.)rc toclo. (le ilctuar (ltlrinte el c()'|llil(l()
.Jr.i( )
AVANCIS tiN pSlCOl tiR^PtA PSICOANAI .rlCA
(-()n sLrs p:lcicntes () en lJs reuniones cientlicas en las que
participen. Sin ttn

c<tt't't-
DIAGRAMAS
1>k:jo. la resistcn<ia rl aiull)i() teDderi ir))p()ncrsc. Por ellt ProPt>nerts trne vigilancil c()ntinux s(r)re lls Lazones enl()ci()nales de ntestras lclhetcnci:rs te(iricas a lnrxlelos simpliticantes v unx aut()exigencia de ir profunclizlrnclo en Il prcir.rcci<ln de c()n()cimicnk) pllrtictllllr (lcntr() cle Dx)(lel()s conrplejr>s. Pero s<-l<> si sc slpcrln los rbstricttl<s.tlctiv()s (lttc se ()J)()nen xl pensiur)ient(, co[rplcio seri'r posible que l,l plopuesta epister]I()l(igica (le cue.Del>emos lrtchar contla la <lis,vunci<in !'a flv<r cle la conjuncirn, es clccir. cslul)lece) liuzones cntrc (-()sls tttc estlin sep:tr;tclas" (iU(in. 199'i) n() se c()nvierta en mcra cleclaraciin voluntarist.
rrrrcso de ellrlcracir-rn
1',
especialmente. cle pr;ictica <lel pensatuiento
JS.J Mltples orgenes
ldenlifcacin con
fguras que lienen
I
I I
Culpa
V
!
] I I
I n""oqr"ro
lsometimrento, auloprrvacrn,
I
Fealdad
autocastrgol
I
traumtca
lmpotenca/ Oossperarlzo por opresn, privacn,
abandono,
DEPRESIN
Sentimiento impotencia/desesperanza para realizacin deseo significalivo al cual el sujelo est fijado
efof6dad, etc.
.1;;;l'
ldentificacn co figuras que tenen
D::
da
er
ry)
V
SELF
Proyeccin
Deleriora
,
v
V OBJETO
OBJETO EL PROPIO EXTERNO SUJETO
V
Crtca digda
t- r".,** D]
V
-i
Prdida oponun dades logros en realdad
V
Bespuesta hosti del objeto
V
Delerioro y prd da de obielo como valor zado
pelgros
n..".uto.r. F t- J
Deleroro de
funcionam ento fental foblas. dficil yo cos
YV de
la
Y
Si el objeto es
V S e oblelo es un "obielo de a
aclividad Sl ei
Abandono por parie de objelo
/
a
1":li."J"
V
Deterioro del se f
:
S e obielo
era un objelo narcisizanle
usaoo
!
z
a
delobjeio
posbrladas por el oblelo
paf -
punlalar auloestima
DEPRESIN
NARCISISTA
Si se siente
Dereroro menral I srco y/o social
<
>
DrA(iRA\lA
resoonsabfldad p,ri o,"n"rt,
"
-@,)'
Si se srenle por elbienestar del objeto
<
l.
Anguslas
Angustias persecutorias
V
Defensas activadas Para conkarreslar angustias persecutorias
YV
Cotrol
I
I
S.rmerrmienro
aoLcalonoyo ll
seduccron
I
Ll
rantasras y
omn oot"ntes
I
de!
pensm
v aaccon
ento
I I
J
de I I .".a ,"t,. oo, | HeLnc a a a "s'"",r".

rre,seou
Fantasras v
altonom
lAutoinculoacrn
l1 L
aetensiva
@
1)ir<:nrrr.r.l
.et o. " oooarn,Jro"s. 10
Fmoobrec mrenro vorco v oe relacione. nlerpprsonalps perJrbaco,rdljJcode'eaload' I Drdi'1izc or de provclos E co,lsecuecr' lracasos' srl'-lertoq
de'mpolenc'a de nL'valla
DEPRESIN
:L
.11J6
^vAN.lis
IN
pst(_(rt liRAplA pstr:rt_i t<_
lsldentircacn con figuras agresvas
trr@tr1
Autoconservativo
(senlimiento de segur dad y cobrjamiento en la unin/ fusin con un objeto al que masoqusticamenle)
Dsposcn
AGRESIVIDAD
(predisposicin)
Experiencas
consttuconal
traumticas
Formas del masoquismo de acuerdo al tpo de placer que produce o del displacer que evta
MASOOUISMO
Varianles a especficr en cada caso:
Con Ia fnalidad de apoderarse y controlar la
Es actvada
por:
siluacin
traumtica:
a) Bsqueda activ del sutririento b) Tolerancia anormat al sufrimiento
c) Huda del placer (autoprvacn)
Dotnsa
.uroconservacnJ
Nasoquismo como lorma de vinculo con
snte ) I oa.n"" f ) I Manloulatva ) lAl scrvlclo c e) "nt")I INARCISISMO | | (p""pt"", ll seperacln/ snsusraa | | senttllrentoe
YYY
1tp1,*9
Proyeccn y ataque al ob6to
t]11",*l finy:""l)
espacio psquico, del
Raba
tensn organsmica,
,
Dnglde
ercssta (defensa anle senlimiento de humillacinl
o det supery a ll sadsmo: /l maonao I externa supery lldet travs de llgenerarcutpallorovoarratoi I I inspirar t1--1 tstima I I enelotro: I I inu"r" gratiticar ".., es con et yto lrustrarie I I I Para ientirse - olro | ] {s a.un et I ] en sus Oeseos ] supero. o I saorco: para | | supery. | | sujelo se I I (Dersonatidad I i bo.rr retenerle (no I lautocontempta ll I abandonarle). oasiva/ l l r"..r*".r" cari'io por | | asresjva) I I uloa j I i con para I Y/o I I et sufrmento) aptacar_ I persecucron l,
i
I
t**"*; F".;;;lI t*;; I |

persecucion
| amor del otro o
encubierla
l m;",..J det
oaranoide:
Anqustas psrsecutoras
Rivalidad
mismo pare aplacar al
bipersonal,
6nvida
(ej.:
adolescencia)
I I
Celos
I I
Autorreproche
(Escisin defensva del vo)
I)r<;rtu
l.
_o
-t
Hffiffi
; t F! B I i = !-{P,-9:;eiE g;R tBBs ge.t
d
'9
.^
3e
co-;!
!-n 6ic, a6i

v
e#
s
.
!
I - -a -dm
aE
aig*i
^ P:.O
=;
338
Ao-
B;:3
q.d
c o sii
do
g -ro 1a 9c)
'/
e! i*q
60 oo eq qo
9.H1.! !! ,96
5il 90,
E6 9.O
=d3 tt
0)
i :
z
a
-1r-,P-roo:{ qrb i E =E 6 e
ruf
!)
Im
:il9eiSstI
i;Ei3css".E3
d.,:d?ag;r,
!lE$i3qi
EiEats iB 136 le o
t
=
:g:"3E;i
=fc:io6 ;?o:s;q -'ouolr? o6
:_^"
Angustas narcisistas
Senlmientos de inlerordad y/o vergenza, o malestar cliluso de nsatisfacci consigo msmo, o sentimienlos de vco, cle aburrimento, desvitalizacin, mpotencia Angustas de desnlegracin: sentimienlos de extraeza con respecto a la menie y/o al cuerpo, de no poder conlrolar su fuconamenlo, de desprsonalizacin
Defensa y compensacones
para salr de esos siados moclonalea
Expe.ienc <,e atsicci sustrufi va
Uso del obeto Par. copnsar narci33mo
Agrcsvdad
Acluac ones sexua es: p,.mscudd, dntu nrsmo. masturbacin
Bsqud de especu acin exh b c oniso lisico mental Fusin con imagen rdeazada Objelo como posesin ac s sla Objlo de l actividad nacrssla derl'ficacn proytiva pa deposilar aspecros den grados
| .-.'.'.-......l
(rabia narcissta) Como rorma de adquirir un sentimiento e identidad imaginaria de polencja/ podro
:l",ll1s!19 i
Oposicio.ismo como lorma de utoalimacin narcEista Prsonalidad pasivoagesrva: renuncia t0nclons y acrividades como loma d casligar l
Conduclas de nesgo
S as delensas y/o compesioes son exlosas no hay dprsi arcisisla Pro s ,lan y no se puede sostener. o provocan lraslmos en las relaciones inlerpeGonales oen os lgrs n la raidad o periurbacDnes del lucioai6to yoico, ser codilicados como lracaso nrcisista enloces se prodlce depresin narcisisla Ades ellraslorno narcisrsla o compnsado pud orginar dlves siiomaloogia: lrasrornos de la sexuaidd. fbs obsesioes hipocondrias. eic pus alleer lsujelo un image de s como deb incapaz o rmpolnle iodo le .esul1 aenazanle I)1.\GR.{}tA
(lrisidez. anor a)
* ;t eaioeig
$
*'i
i Y.I
3ri;HEii -: o r o o
* eI3
3I
;;.$i {
5r
a: ? E s ai!FE
T-;l I 68'
E IPAI
I E
| 9o e I 6'(D ; I o
Eig; ; I
6!!
6r in
a)
o 9
| =. I rro
I .n0
I I I
I
I I
;EE;iEi s'i e
! o q-
-,ooo-ot-
ai" frsl
:
ao
t !t
9.
Gt
3 o* q r:
+::.
iSiE'e
** 6<
t&l
eE: EtE
l'l
-o
a=r &;
"
q @ t t, a o.
o
o m 2 m
E0eq
oP;:t
i=6
qi -
g.G
E:
;in-rEE :B;H!qsa
33 -E
=E
oh 0J6' 9i a
*ic*is; B;6E
E;6-: 59
.3ts gSia'*i ={ g:
: oB6
BHi5 6':9gE
3t !3o
E
g
;s
E
5E
g * 3oq
:'9si ,!* '! a
xE'
d
DUELo PoR
la
pRotoa DE oBJETo
CONDICIONES OUE LO AFECTAN
I +
IIi
narcrsrzante obeto del
Constitua
obeto de la smbtica: o imagrnaflas
(
sell
posesn
La jacn dificulla difjgjrse

al objeto
Dfculta
nercisista
obeto de la aclvidad narcissta
dealLzacin)
vincularse a un objelo susilutivo: 1) Angustias

paranoides frente al mismo Dficit de
suslilulivo
Obieto
2)
transforacional:
cognitivos e
3) Falta de
conlianza del Proteccn: conlrarreslaba
anguslas
vincularse al objelo sustilutivo, Ttauma narcssta:

objeto perdido, idealizndolo
capacidad de superar la pr-
dida
realidad de un
objelo sus!jluljvo
(otorgaba
venganza o de
emoconal)
lla prdida
vivida nac s
coaapu s v es
como
sta)
I)r {(,R
{\r.\
a9 ).
AVAN(-liS IiN pSI(iO',l lrRAptA pslc()A
N A r,
l.lcA
Mdulos motvaconales
(Diferenciados pero nterrelacionados: la articulacin puede ser de complementaredad / integracin o de oposicin / conflcto)
rrsuocRAIA
Necesdades / deseos reoulacn
psicobiolgica
\lrrrir. l( (l9l l). .$)l(s on tht Psvclxrlinltll'lit in\csligllti(nl xn(l trc:l1n]crll ()f nlil rlirr(-(lrlrrrssi\ ( insrrnitl entl ellierl <rrrltlititls. sL'l!(ll l)4)crs rl Kdrl '4b't11(tt)t'
\ln-xhrrrr. K.
\!r(\'it li,rk. llrrsic lnx1' ( l95J). ( l9l I ). .A ilr() sitrtll <f rllc cltvtkltlrcnl tf thr.' libick. \ ie\le(l in lll(' light ()l rll(Dtll rlistclc'rs. St?(l t'/]lx'^ ()tt l)sl[l1t).t](thss ( Kdrl Ab)rtb(tt \rrirj \irk. Ilxsi( lJ(x)ki (l(rij) (ltir(1. test.: ['n l:)evt esltr(lk) (le lx cv()ltlci(-)n (lc Ilr lil)irl() ($rlsi(lcrll(llt Irr lLrz rlr l(rs trlsl()rll()s nltnllcs, tn K. Al)rxhm. /\l( r)r/
)t.iIisi! cIti(t). lltr( n()s Ailcs. I I()llrt).
Sislema delensrvo
alarma)
Necesida-
des/deseos apego
Sistema de alarma: angustiasi/arectos espectcos para cda
mdulo
Recursos yocos caPaces salislcer
Deseos narcisstas
,\ins\\1n1h. \1. l). S.. lJlclrr. \f.. \\'l(r's. Ii.. \\lrll. S. llt) t-8). l'ttlt(11s (f 'ltk!'h1t()l' Ilills(l.lc. \1. Li ll)urnr. -li-t!1t:i/) tt(tlt) ,\lirrxriirr. A.. Iienv. l'. \'. llt)-;). .'lt lttlto(lltcttt)t l!) tl)('l'ri1ciPrs (l nrtl .\.\' td-t. (lxrlllkl:tt. \14. U'l l'jrcss. \lexrrrrrl,.'r. I'.. lrcn.h. l. \1. (l(rl6). t's)(l)()(tttt!l-)lic lltol4)l' PtitciPl.'s.!nl .'ll4lnrt 1r'rr1 \uevir \'(nk. ll(rtrll(l l)i(<s (trx(1. ti\s .. lL't-rtPtTtt(t l)\r()tttl1ia(t I)ttt l)r)5 \ dpliLki(j llLk'r1,)i .\irt's. I'1ti(kis. 1956).
Arnurxl
ecesidades/
deseos
AGBESIV DAD
lI)tr(xlLlcti()11 cl rill)ln)'. (Dlinlcr() tlel (ongrcs()). l):1]ls. tsrcciel t-\'lll /,t l(, idt+tis? d( l's).fut1t(!l-)st'. LJ-J LjslJ v 1.J91 l. rrr (199r)../f\.1.i tl l)alttt)sti tt11(lst,]lslic lDt(!ttt(tlI4' r\rcrk.jlr 1))(irirtri(
l)ixs.(1.(19()l),l.1lfirtttioritrrnlt'ltltlltttlel'ltlltlvslc.
Necesidades / deseos sensual-
sexuales
til'ic(ttit)1t ttttil ttllct't 'lrlr)1. \r.rc\' \'(r'k. (irtrllc Strrl(t(1 AnTreo. I). ( I968). ,l)c lrl nli11()loj-ajc p.lrlictlii're l clle<trc tt'Pe (le lulls()cllisntc", '/Jl llL,litt (h' l -1s:;). ttliott PslL'furttrrll'lirrc tlt' l:t(ttct'- t.l)ligs. tj1 91. Al)l)cll)rLrnr. s \ (lgll). Il.)?,'ltt(ttt)t.1 rl (-:llttt.q( '1 'll':')t)tgL' li't)t(l'ttit)t Rept))lI)tt
'',l,\. \nth(nr\ Ii l ( l9l'jj). ,.\tr 1,\.r\ i.\\ ()f tll('ctlccls (f rulltctnxl (lcprtssi()n')n lllt inl)l rrncl clriltl . trn II. 1.. \lorris(r l(<)ttl]). (])l(lrrt of .lq a'ssl l>.t,lttls Risks- hh'|'
ntuil(tl tl\'
^sr)(iirli()n \\'.tshri rgl, ,1. l).(
l.
r)J t':,\.lx I l)o1\'. \trrv.r \ik. lllcntrrll l)rcss. Arieli.S.. lltrrrp(nlr(1..J (19;li). \Ltt'tt'tttttl ttiltl rlLltlt's/1,/. \rtr \i)rk. l]:rs( l](x)ks' At\\1xxl. (i. iol,;\. ll. (1931). .i/r(l///1\ (l Stt{)1t'tll: l',.\Pk)r.nit,ts i1 l'5.)cbt)d' .t1.) lL l'l\'rr'ttcntlr,.qt. l lillsrlele. \1. Anrrlvti( l'r('5s. l:rcni(rllgsr). t.-dPl'otli his!)riL'tt cl l( ltltil11's()aLr'. Dtt (lisc()t!t'.i ifullt!1t rttt (lc !11ln.('. t l ist t s t lcl i t t. l):rs. l'rc\scs I ni\.crsililirts r'ill lisrucle. A. (t99l). L Psi(()l(rPirl l)re\'( \'h intcnencit en crisis: (i()s csll-lltt (i)nlLlnilllrill " Psklttiattt.t ptibl(Lt i ( t\' l.iis (lc rnlcrvr,rt(i(in ctr Sllltl(l Nlcntxl
t
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391
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prigs. 113 12J. I]xrth. E. Nf.. \lxfiers..J. f,. (1t)82), A]gt! eit.tti)t. Al?nnrchcs to
lk)dclo csatnllllto etl la aliiic.t Tdt,sfuck,llLre()s Aircs_ Ge(list ( 11IJ5 ) Ilarr1f.er, N]l.. l}xrllngcr. \V.. Nl(rll..l. NL (19J8). "The inf:Lnrile psyclric rr-xrrlri 1i(rD us ) Freir(l. l)Urc tr-xLnli, reti()llclivity lln(l rec()nst.ucti()n,. tDt. -1. tts.l,cl.)o.! .tl ,6t).
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lllcichnl.Lr. \'l{. tlsx(livllrxs ((\nl)s.). IlLrcn()s Aires. l'll Alenc(). lll( i(lrxr. I L ( IgllJ). "l-c (lisc()Lr-s lolxlisrt: le m()i i(ll e1 l id1rl dLr m()i: its cffi ts r I
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l]xlrdry. Ij. (198J), .Thc r\hnirn of the concept of chuflrcter in lrelr(ls \\.l.ilings,../
Arncr. Ps.tch()a).tl- A./.. Jl, p:ias .J--31 liuer, G. l).. Kol)()s..1. (1. \1t)Ei ). Bric 'll1c'.tPt Sbotl-TerDt I'st(h().t.t4tic l,s.tcbot-
1i:lsch. lvf. ll. (19u.J). ,,l.:nlphatic rt'r(lerslxn(lin!{: x rcvie\\.()f lle conc.crl lrnrl soure thc()retic.rl c( )nsi(lerxt ions,. .1. AD(\.. I)st'cb()atltdl. Assr..31. p:igs. 1,126.
'lrn
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lllr,i(lIrr. IL
clcrrx trlrcs clc (lisc()rrs,. 7)plrc llt tt( l:)rtt(lcta.19. Prigs. U5 112. (19Jl). 1rl /lrltA\1r). l:slkli() \l)k lLt (ttt!)tktc[(it -\'l.t !]'ctt(ita(t .r)n\( iL,tt14 Ilue()s r\ircs. \tlc\'1r Visi()n.
i1
Itl(ichrrLrr. I l. ( 1982). .l'}ri11r(r (lel sigl] il icutc:',. li'(tb(!f) (l('l I'sict)tttl(ir.iN. 1-2. l)ri8s I 16 l5(, lll(r.hr1r:rr. It. ( l9lJ6). ..1,/.q/r.11l .) .fititt(^ttt(!. lDttt]<$ itlL()t15(()ttastt t'l nttis ttlki thl
l:c,rzlpr Northvale, Nre\,11.f ersey..Jis()n Ar()ns()n. In(.. Iapsteitr. N.. IlaITis(r], lii. (19lJJ). "(i)gniti(]trs. llltitLr(les 1](l ^.'l'., in depressiot't". llrtisb .k)lt'tdl a!g tha P:i.J'(l1otcl7{71,.l)crs(rtlit\.(limensi()ns I. I):ias. l- 16. llenixmin. L. S. ( 1991 ). .llriei SASII I)irectc(l lleconsl.lr(.rive l_c.rl.nini4 fherup\a. eD l). Cirs-Chris()Ph _v.1. Ilulbcr' (cot\1ps.). I I,t.lb(x)k tl shr)rt tcn)t t )ttDtic ps.)c11(tl)c-
lleck.
IrLl)i) (l('l PlLt<(,r. \li(lri(1. A(lolrli lll!icliDIlrr. ll. (1990). "l{csl)Llestr 1rl re([c(i()nisnl() cn l)sic()l)xt()l()!1ix] t,\ rrr(xi(' l().qcncrlrti\1) (lc rlicLrllr(i()n (le ('( )r1lp( )rltntts. . i(tt.tli(11!al 1'si(okigiLtl. I-(t, P:igs. l-l). lll('ichnlur, IL ( 199 r), .Al)()rtrs l)u11r trn:t rtli)rnrtlll(i()n (l( l:! tc()tit tlc la <'rrIu r'rr ,'r .().Lnlisis: lrrl)li(i(-)n (lc lx c(nlcirncia. n](xlill(citt (lel inc(sci!'nle,, l?t! sl(t -11
.gt tti)kt r I's(t()gi(/. XX\' ( r r). l)i:{s. 2J r I lllrichllr:rr. Il. ( 1995). "l-:l r'slrr.r(ltrlllci(in (ltl strl)cr)1) \'stl 1l':lnsfi)mlxci(in ti-l,rl\'rrli, ' Zt)iLt l)-(;,q(ttd.l l. l)ril.ls. r. lJl(i.llmur. It. (199()). ,S(rnc srrl)l\Ie ()l (itl)ressr(rl lrn(l thcir imPlic.ti()r)s li I)s\ ()J; l. tdl tl l)st'cl)( )-,'1l14l)srl\. llr'lro;relvtic thtt'.tp\'. I t!t-t (tl ktttl
t
/z/pll Nrr\'x Y(r'k. l]xsic ll(x)ks. Ilerher, 11. ( 1951J), ,Thc r()le ()f (l)iecl relitti(nls i llel nlts<rltisnt,. l);igs. J-ii J59. cn I;irzl)itrick Hunlv. M.A.. Essc ti(l Pr4)ot ())t ,lust)chsnt. Nuc\' y(r.k. Ne$.
Y()rk tlni|crsity l,ress ( 1995). ilil)rin8, 1. ( l95J), .'l lte Dechxnisl ()l (iepressi(xr,. cn I). (irccnxcrc (c1DI). ). -,1/f,.1tt, /.o/ir: Nueva \i)rk. InrrDa(i(nlltl Ihri|crsilles ])rcss. llion. \f. ( 1959), "Attecks irn ln1king,. cn SI)illius. t.t.8. \cottrgt.). ,llcltttt,Klt,itt 'lirkr,_ Dat cbpn(Dls i tha(r'.J, dD p)Ltctao. t\l l. ,llaDl-t ll)a())'. l_((lrcs. 'lrvi s)ck/l.loutlc(lge ( l9lJJ ). Ili(nl, \. (1962). ,A theorl. of thinkinf.i,. rn Sl)illirs, I.l.ll. ((.(rl).), ,tf . t iL, Kla 'lba] . I)ctvk)pnto tts it t thc()t)' 4kl ptttctic.t. t,ol t : j.fo it t l-)' tbat rl. l_( rl(lrcs, 'fxvist( )ck/rll( )Lrtledge ( l9t'lll). ltlett. S..J. ( I97,1). .l-evcls ()f ()l)ject t.cl)l!scn(11(i()n in anaclit,c :tn(l inta()jrctivc (lepresstot\', l)stclx).tt.tl.)tc Stttd) of tll( (hi1.1. 29. prigs. l0] 151. lllull. S..J.. lleltrcn(ls, R. S. ( 19ti7). ,,1ttcrnilizuli(rt, Sel)auti()n Inclir idtruti<n. :rncl tilc Nrttrrr-e <rl 'l'lreftl1rrcutic At.J<tn,, ]lttcrtttktt!l.k)t!ntol ()J p\..),cl1r) /,rl)ls/.i 6tj, p;igs
lt)t!t
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Ill(i.hmxr.\.(l98S).,l'r(r)lenlusel)istcn)l)l()g)(()scrtllc()l-i:tl)sic()n.liticll,,/\1.{r/ tlisis. R! istt r[( l4 Ast)c4ci(i]t 1'siLott(!lili(4 tfu l)ttLrtos Aies. Piigs. S;() ;l'il lll('(lrn1rr. i'i. Il.. l.crl)cnnrn clr Illtirhnrru. (i. ( l9lJ9). lil l)5cadlt(1[i\r th'sltt.s ,1, I:t'L,tttl.'l tttra ) r////l(1. trli'\i(\). Iil('irr lilil(rrc. lJl(i(l 1rxr. S. { 1986). /r'rl 11/. r,/ iq c1lr tl std() psiluiLo. t)L'l tnih) t ltt hisfr'l. llu( llr)\
,{ilas. Annrl'()I1tr. lll(irlrnrlrr.S. ll99J). 1..! l't t tldc
t !;t t (lL' la il td) ts.cttt'. l)<\litk)\i?pttlsitil.(h'slilt)sthl s/4?/o. ltrcn()s Aircs. AIll()rr(nttr. IllLID. ll. l). ( 1991 ). ,s(l()dlrls( ).llisnl in tl]c l)s\'( ll( )xnrll]1i(. l)r()( css. \\'ilhin nnrl lrt ] r l llr( l)lc:rsure l)rincilrr: I)is(lr5si(nt . .k !rtttl t)l ,lttto t) I's.\'ahod)t.tl.)'lL .t:stt< tt
lt)t. lt) l2).l)iii.as. IJI 150. li()(kner. (;. \l<)t)l). ll;()dt s('l i) \lu'kl)'l)st'chnlJa,z4rt, \ttc\'11 York. Inlcrnxli(n)irl
Il[ltr,
S..J
ancl sclf-cliticl (lel)rcssi(,, (]ittictl Ps.l'chologicdl l?at,iau.l). ligs. .i7 91. Illrttt. S..1.. I\fetoutltrs. C ( 1992). "C()n\crllenccs lrrrrong Psydtoenelyric ;rnrl rgnitivc he, lvirrrl tlrerdes of clepr-ession". Pstcl\)tulttic ])s)'chotoR|. t)2 (.. pargs. li7-190.
. lIonu,]n, Il. (1992). .l)arenr-cllil(l inleracri(m in thc eriol()g].of (lcf)cn(lcnt
lll.ll.
S. 1.. Qrinhn. l). M.. Clier.xn. Ij. S.. N{cl)onxl(I, C.. Zurotl. l). ( I9ti2), ,l)ctntl(rrt r' :rncl selt:c|ili islll: l)s) clxr()gicl rlintensions of rlcrressit)n,..Jot!nttl t ai)t stltlt.ta rttkl (.'litctl Ps.J.cl)ob!! , 50. p:igs. l1-l-12.i. lll.Ur. S I ZUr()ll. l). (1992),,lnterl)crs(ll rcltc(lness n(l seli-(lrflniti(mr t\\.o rypcs ,,1 ,l, lrrlssr,,r - (.:li)ti<dl l)st.hok)gicdl Rct (,u,. l),. pligs 52f562.
I niversitics l)rcss ln,llrrs. (1. ( l9lJl). 7'l)( Sl(klt) (l lltL'()b?( l):itcl)),/lttlt'ss (l thc ['1ll.x)ttlhl A)|t t1. l-((lrrs. Irrer Ass()(i:llkn li(x)ks. I-l(1. lnllrrs. C. ( I9S9). lirtL\ t)l t161tt.).l.(nr(lrcs. lrrcc Ass(JCi:iti(r-r. lk)\\ll)\, (1t)6t).). Atktcllttutf t lss, l: lllt(tal.)t?tt. \tte!x Y()rk, Ilxsit li(x)lis (trlr(1. '. clst.: ll t'tt(tb tt/(lt\). Ilelcclr'tlt. I'xi(la)s. 1993). lk^\ll))'..1. ( I9l-3). .1/1tchnotl t1d h)\s. It: .$l)drttion. Nue!1Y()rk. llrsi( lJ(x)ks(lr(I
cltst.: L4 s(!)d|dcit )u
/./lrtr, Ilxrcrl(n)ll.
l')rLi(k)s, 1993).
ln^vll)\'..1. ( l9s0). l.oss.S(klltcas.!tdI)cpt?ssiu-Atlttbnt()tI41dlt)s5-\'tl.3. l.rlrlI,s. I k)g:Lrtlr l)ress (tm(i. tt\s\.: l.a! pt tlia alL'( liL.!: t1\lezd l .lr|resi(i/1. Ilitrccll rit. l'.ri clr'rs. l99J).
AVAN(iliS 1N PSl.() f!!RAptA pS.()ANA_Il CA
(irrnrlrIir lgr'. \\. tr{l'l I']rrss llr(rrij(/. S ((r)rrrl).) I l(rSr l/n,//ttt/ (f \ll\ i.i \(lcr:r Y0rL. ril(..nilIio iti I ni\crsit c\ Pr('\s. ItrrrLr.ck. l:. l.ll.)t)l)-.\tlt(tttL !tt ///n .\i,. \(\r \(,ri. tlr( (i(liik)|'(l l,r(.s. Il^\. (j \\' (l9r)l) l'l)irl( nri()lr)si..rl \rU(1i(s (f (lrl)r(ssiLr ilerrt.ssi<, illrLl (.Ls(.tin rlirr rrr.J. llccl..( r f \ liltirrrrr.rrr,rorrrl,: : t,ttLlt'.,t)(ktl ,tj/\\t\t)/'l)t.i)t.1,.;sttrt. llillsrl:rL \rrtr:r.lt.rse\'. l-.r\rrn.,, Iirll)itll. ljl$\\11.(; \\ . il:rlri\. l'().((()r)jf).)(1,)|j,r,. t.t/i /.:t{,rtt! tkl tllttt\:i NrL(\i( \()k.(;((il1i rtl l'r'c.s. lltr(hrrirrr.5. li.. (;(ll r.1lr. r\.5 (19",S]. /;'ttt,ttrt.ll)ttk.tt(,/l if l':lct',,tt)t,titlt,.|lK r rr \irrl,. 'l llc (lLrillirrrl l'rcss. jlLr$li l: (l19l). S(nll(. .l1ltlri.quili!. iri litr-rll,.,tllrxl ,rl il((..1s\()(iittr()n:tn(l lll\.ir illll)llairli()rrs li)r' 1(lrni(lL.,. .lot )t(rl (l tl)( ,1ttd-iLttt l).\'L'l)()ltttl.tt( ,.lsst\ iltlt. ,tZ.
(lrsnr-.,. Pr )'.1)o./, l/ \'t it ttt lItl lh((,ltil;. rrigr. -)6.1-..1i-i5. IlKnr)cr. (l {l9s()). 1l)( nl:r\,xl}r(ti( (lri:(rrt. (;(.1(,s15:rx, t,(:li(nI.. c I,ilz)iri(.k llrrnl\. \1.,{.. lssrtttilll lltl)!ts t))t .lktst)chist. Nrve Yr.k, \r\\ \ir.k lliv(,rsit_y l)t(ss ( I(r')5). t).ig. i(r js2. ll cnnt.r'. (1. i lt)E2l. 'l h" -llit I (.?)/lfli. 1. \( r I \'( n.k_ intcl lllti(ntul I ni\'ersities l)i(ss. Ilr(sn:r!r. .J r((,rrrlr ) { l,)rll) /1,<' llt,Ittl /.)(aLrtkuii (l t;itt)tllkttl krk!titt,r_
li('rinliri. \1. { lr);f). ()r I(.ir\il)il:lnd I)t,iDg lclr\11 iln(l l)( in)lr(r)l )l rt)rr..rl llt:s,)
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l,r\ url(,. II \lt)$O) L )1,)c!1]t! !1.)c, un.()tt:ct()1t\. (llri(lursrrr, l()llll \\ rl('\ I lr,, ltl(.i.lrrr:ll. l]. (l9ai). l /rli,/.ii() aslr11tl!t) th, lt lltit(rkt l,slttlit) (h'lt)\ lttr t, 'Dr)i ( t'L isstls c Lt lL' i t itl,nl. Nl(l (1. sigl( ) \\1. lrt,, lJl(i(l\rnur. Ia. (198-). I:rnlini(lll(l l)rinr;rri \'sccu (hriil. l)os pokrs (l(l rrirr( ir'is rLrrr. in (i. S. Allrrrt() [sPirl ((()rrll).r. l'(')\1'('(tt(ts r']1 I)sit)(t)ti/!\is l:.tlt-ttlttti\ l'rrlo litL'. Psict)-sis ) li nttitId. ILr(lri(1. l:trD(lllnrtnl()s. trr,)l!l(,i(lrirr. lf.(11)()l). 1l,),(,r l.li'l)rri (,1)tk(r'11,,:tk,:!('tt'\isk!1tf1tk1t.1\.r
I l,l( )..t)(flnitr(nl rlinrrul' cltr rnxsl,(lri5r('n\, 11" lltt/l.litt,h l.l.\\r kt It,JI l''\'r11(ittlll(lt!!(h, l;i!ttc(. I l).'rgs 3 Jl
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lirrrln-klgc. N1.\, Xll'l l']rcss. ll:rrr1. A. (197r). .l.e sens (lu (lscslx)ir. l{ilPp{)rl XXXVIc (i)ngra (lc l)svth;rnultslcs rlt l.rrngrrrJs Iionrr)cs,. l?d ( :kt)\'tis( (l( I's.t\ l.)d ) t(! l.l's( l-2. prig. lS6.
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KcrlrlxrS. (). (1988). ,(llini(xl (liirlensi()ns ()f nr.rsr)(hisrn,. .knu'tldl
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lir\ nitl. /\. (97). D(i)/r,sslr,,/ ('l Lt\itlt,tl. I.a sa)s (l1t ds(ix)it. L\( (isurir. I ( l()-tj). .SiurLlllu nc( )us inul\sis ()f'l)urel)t il (l r'llikl,, cn.l. (;l(,nn (c()nll) (.1,Ll .lt(tltss (Dt(l Tlr(rz4)r \(nthvulc. \l..lrs()n Ar(s(rr ( l99l).
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tht,(nt(tl)l( Asst)(idti()t.
).
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i( \ l\ ( l9ir)). ,\?//rl)stJ a/,kl llu)dt (;)1)ull). Nuc\lr \i)rk. \()11(nl. ll,,r(,\\rr,, \l . \l.rrrrI[. (].. KIUpnick, .f., 'ilner. \.. K:rltr'.-i(lcr. \, \tr'xlltrslcirl. It. tlt)t:,tr. l\'t'\t,tlttlit) .\l)l(r4)t(l llri4 l'st.cfuht'4ft'. \uc\ \ink. ti.sic li(n)ks. lnc. ll,,r,'\\rrl l\l I rlt)5()) .\l////(.1 (l lcab iqt!c ir l).tDd tia l)s.t\ht(t(4)) \orlltv[. \1. I.r' ,r \r tnv,'r. l''(
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N('rrIlr( rlt. (). ( 1()92). .lqq,(,.$/()// tjt l)L't'-sotLtltt.) l)i\()rct\ dtttl l\,n (/rrrr/r. N(\' ll:r!rn. \ ul [ rr\rrsit\ I)r.ss. Killinglln). 1]. ( 1989). (l(nlllict rn(l (leli( it: Irrrl)li(illi(nrs lirr technicluc,. ltto' (tt I I)!;.) Lh!) ,1tdl -71). |ri1s. 6i--9 Killirrgrrxr. I]. ( 1995). ,Al1il'lll:lti( in l)s\'(hoxnl\'sis . Itk'Dtdtit.t[.]) t)tdl(l l)\t(l)() l,k1l)sr\. -(). P:igs. i01 517.
rl. lrtigs. l.Oo; lO29
Kl(irr. tr1. ( l9-i;). ,^ c(rltrilnr!()ll r() lir(. I)s\(1)()1.i(,rt(sis (f t)lllniuL (lrl)rcssr\(. \t.rtus. 'IhrlYriit,qsr)lMditiaKlat. v()1. I. L(rxlres. II()g.fih l)rcss ( 11)8). Klein. lU. ( l9Jr). "l-()\'e. guih 1ln(l rel)r.tirr", 'll1( ll'rti;.s (l .llalotic KlciD. \'ol. l.
ol
AVANCIS IJN PSICO'I'IJRAPIA PSI(]OANAI-TI(]A
t lt_l()(;(^ trA
l( ).J
l.()r(lr(s. I l()gr[h l'jess (191]5) (ttecl. cast., "Am(r-. culpa )'repitracia)n,. cn Orl-als tt)Dt|(t/:'s ? tclc\tie KleiD. vol. l, I]r.elonx. l'ri(kis. 1990, r:igs. -310-3ii). I\lcin. Nf. ( l9 i0), .lvlorrrnirtg n(l its llchtion Io Nlnic l)eprcssive Stxlcs,. Tibe ltl-/l/3s tl .lt?|.|ti(: Klet, vol. l. L(dres. Hognflh I)ress ( l9U5) (tr(I. cxst.r "El (ltelo v st r(lrrci()n c()n krs estarlos rllllnuco (lcplesi\t)s,. en O/r/?/ c()ttPlcfats .lc .llcltltic \'ol. 1. li:trcekx, l'icl(is. 1990, prigs. J46-i71). ^,//. l.il(irr, \4. (19,i6), .\(res (t S(ne SchiT()i(l Mcchirnisrlls", Tl.t! lYiit!s (1 ,\Iellti.' \r)1. IIL L()D(lres. 1he Hogarth l)ress (trd. cst.: "N(fs s()l)re lgtIt()s n]e^,1,7. L:rrrisrrx)s csquiz()i(ies,. cn O7l. c()rttplclds (lc ,llel.t1i(' Kfui1. \'()l- -1. tlllrccl(tl. llxi(kis. 1990, prigs. 10 33). Klcin. NL ( t95?), .Hr nd frtittt(Ie,. )t'.t .ttLl GtLtlilttLle l1 O//r(r'uir*ri. 1-()n(lrcs. Il()g[h Press n(l the lnslitute of Ps)chonlysis ( 19lt'i) (l(1. cst.: ,]hvi(lilr v Ilr:rtitu(1,,, en Obas co tPlelds c ,14ttic Klc t. \'(r. 3. IlxrcL'l(n111. l)lli(ls. 1988.
I)args. 1u1-2i0). Klcin. Nl. ( 1958 ). .On thc (lcvelopmcnt ()f lenlxl tirncti( )ninft". Tll(' \l i il ls l .vd(t t t i! (/.,,, \'(r. IIL L((lres. The Ilogxrth l)rcs (198+) (trx(I. cxst.i "Stlrre el deslrrlk> (lel funci()nanrient() mentxl". en ()bt'cts c()npl.'lLts (la.ll.!t? Kfuit. \r)1. J. llxr(('_ lonu- l'ri(l)s. 19itt. p1igs. 2.11 250). Krr()l)el. iU. ll()8;. Psicoter.V.l l2l? a. lltren()s Ailes, l'xi(k-)s K()lrt. tl. ( l97l). El dtlsis lclsc'.lluen()s Aircs. AIll(nt1)r1lt. -ll1c ])s)'cl.)()(!t(tl.1lc li()hUt. H. (1972), "'Ilrorrghls ()n flrcisiis n(l nxr(issisti( t.tgc,, Stt!.t'tl thc Cl)il1.27. P:rg. 360 'r(X). l(()lrLrt. ll. (1917). Ld i?stduraci|t ('l s('ll lltlenos Aires. Anl(nf(n'tLr. li( )lrut. I L ( 1979). .Thc turr rnal-vsis ol Mt - /.'. lttl|DtLtt()tctl-k)tt tdl (l l'st cl)()att.tlt sis.
I
l..rrlrrnche..f. l lt)71)), 1'i1.!.t'ntuctlcettpsc()duatliss.llLtru()sAires.All)(n.1.(1u. llr)lnche. .]. (71)A1). I,tobltll.ttilucs ll': l iDcotscie)t (,t le C.!. )'|i5. l)rcsscs i trli\.(.rsi. t:rircs (le Frxncc. l..rrlrrnclre. -f. (7981- ). i\' (,tos.fitltdLtncD[t)s putt cl psico.tnilisis. Ld \a.l c(-) t)t.tet)ttt 7l. IlLlen()s Aires- AtD(r'n1ll L.rpLrnche..1. (1992r). ,Lntel?tetxli(r'r l)elwee detemtinism xncl heeneu(ics: Ilcsl;llrl.:rlrlrnclrc-, ( 1996)
nlcnt ()fllre p)blent". htton.ttk)ttal./ttrrttcrl tl ps-t.l:to A Ml.lriis.1j. I)lif,ls. r29-'t.t(). (1\)921')), It prk)tu\.! cl (tt1) ( psco.uli/t.t:. lluenos Aircs. .T. r(nr()rtu
Irrrlrruche..J. (1992c), "N{lrs()chisr)te sc (i llt)tircl;if, 17. p:gs. -J-18.

l.rrrlenclre. .f. ( 191)j ). ,I-e
rt
rhorie (lc
s(lLrcti()n gnertlis". l,sl,cl1 ttl_t-
fi)ul\ oierent biol( )!{isxnr (le.l sexrulit[. , pst ch.t t1l.l,sc . l.t , ,/i1crxftr. ltj. pigs. .3-36. L.rurcnt. Il. (7981). ai)tc?pcioltcs a L! ctt).4 ot p.\ict)t//ilr.\l.t lllen()s Aires. Edici()ncs ;\lnntial.
l.r\. It. |. (l9S9). ,lllle

prigs.
nxrcissis(ic investDlent in l)llll)l()!aicl chrectcr-taits:rnl tlrc nxlCissisli( (lel)rcssi(ti s(l1e inrplicilti(nts li)r lrcutntett,. Iltt. -1. I,s.),cho0)Ltl.. 7o.
til
90.
(l).
l.r1x)\'ici. S. (199+). .Fltrpitllie ct cnt(ttrlenl (l!ns lc tr:tulil ([e c()ntre-tmnsir1,_ R,,//r, l ftt t.tisL, (lc I'stchdtlrll:i,. I-Vlll ( n11)l.() espccixl (lcl (i)ngres( )). prgs. 1.551 I .5() I l.cl)()ox,.J. Ii. (199i), "ljtr()ti()n, ntenroLl.ancl the l)min,..!il A11(,1-ic.!t t. 270, pgs. 50 51. L(' (iucn. (j. ( 199;). I-c princil)c (lt r:tlite f)sYclljqre,. Retttc Ftttlatisc tlL,],st,(l.rt ////tr(. l.l\. t,.rg. .,.1i l.( (;en, C. \'(nr()s (19U6). J.c refi[lcntent (lcs rlli,nses),. I?t.tr,];rdt(ls(,( I)st,
estn talr,1.l lIrn()s Aires. l.lu(iel)x ( l96iJ). I-(\'in, l]. NI.. (rclltt() (1990), ,Sx(lislll r)(l nlls()cltisol in ncut.()sis ancl svnt lirr.
patgs. J-21.
(
li( )l)ul, Il. 191]0). .lleflections ()r :i(h xnccs in sclf l)s) cholola) ,. en A. (;()l(11)erg ( c(n111). ). Allr'otces tt ScU l>s.)chorqtl \ucva \i)rli, lntelnxti(rtrl I lnivclsilies l)fcss. li()lrut. Il. ( l9tl.i), (, 1t) ct.4 el dt(.ih:rr\1 llLrcnos Aires. l)ui(kis (19,96). l.irc:ro..1. (19;tt). L o8t1'ssit it a| ps.lclttt,tlv:L' i.tnt: l'.r\ l)Lr $tril Il0lrr)) l.x.n,.J. ( li)53 51). Lc S nkit'., lt rc I: 1.c:; cLrit. lc.hti41tcs a l:R\t(1.l)x.is. I)Lr Setril ( 1975) (urr(1. crst.i ,rrs (cr-ltor /i. ti(os Ll( F'r'ttd- l,l .\etttilt(trio. trrro /, Ilxrcel()nx.
l.r|i
,l,,lt,tlr..1.. I r)-. I l-t1i Sr1rLrss. (1. ( l9i9), "l-t eflccia sitnlxili(:t,. .:n Atttx)p()l(I:o
,,
I;r(xn, .f. ( 1951-1955). Le sD)ditr, lit''t: ll: La )1o drts la ll.t'iL' dc l:t:tttl tt tltts lt t'1.)tk\e L'l.t pitchdlr.\1,. l)ilris. l)lr SeLril ( l1)fJ) (trlr(|. (rsl.: lll .)$ cl kt lcori! (b lir:trrl l ot kr l<icttittr psi(()(t)tdlilicLt- ],l Sr,/)1ttdrk). t()1() 2- Iitr(cl(ntit. l'>xi(kis. l916). l.ircr. .J. ( 1966). l].,-11s, l)uris, l(lili()r1s (lu Seuil. l.xcun,.l. (19(lr)). l)'Llllc qLresli( l)rlinrinlli|c :i t()tt (11itcll]eni l)()ssible (lc lr I)sy ch()se. en /iil-lls. l':rris. l(lili()ns (lr SeLril. Lc.r. l. ( 1967-6i). Ldcle ps.l'cl.)(uult t itlltL'- S1itti)t'()7'6ti. L\1rr. scl nlxns ( l1)lJ2). it s;lnrclttrae l(! l'().t)t11(tliki I-:rg:rclrr. l). (1960). "Situli()n clc lugressitit". ^!res:;it l)resscs I lni\'('rsilxires (lc l"r:lnce ct /t!l)?s li-tu.ttr (Ettt jl:s Il'l9i() /9a)2. l)xris. .ilgchc. l). (1961).,l.rr ts1th:rrr:rlt'sc ct Ll stt-uctLtlc (lc l pcrs()nn:rlil,. ;.q/('.\'.\'.rl'k'. \11tcfup .b l.t p(1!(lttalit L'| ttlts 'li-att'4t!)i. (li!t t,A. '()/ 1ll l)xris: l)rcsses I ni versilrir( s (L l"r:r(c ( l()ti2). I-1riki. Nl.. vinst()n, r\.. \lcCrrlk[rglt. I-. (l()91), ,lntensive Sli()rt-1rl.lr l)-vn:lnri( l'sy ch()tlrcrxp\., tt1 Htutdb()()k r)/ sllt) terDt l.llLtttc Ps.t'cltrthe rup., \lre\'lt Y(r-k, llllsic lkxks.
I':i(l(-)s 19iJ6).
t1\ll)n'..lntDttl (l',1n1r'ricd)t l)s.t-ih,attttt/t,tt. A\\t'Lttttittt.3i rJr l).rg\ 7Sr) S(Il. l.cvirr(. II 11.(199i). 1l'ltc xnlhsts pufii(.ipxri{rr in thc enelrtic r,rrcss,. t]tt..l. I,:i),(-fu) ,1,rrl 75. prigs. 66J-676 l.(\\is. lI. Il. ( 1987), .Shxtu(' an(l lllc irxrcissistt(. I)e()nrlit\". etr l). L. Niltltans(n) lcoi\P.). 7'l1c ,11/l).t' ltdcat (l'.\lxuta, Nucvll y(n-k, 't lte Glrilii.(l l)ress. Li( lrtcnberg. l. (.()rl).) (19J.l). lirl2rtl))t Ilillsdulc. NI, I.trll)xunl Li( lrtcnl)erg. .l l). (.lt)P,t)t. Pst'cl1o. t(.tl.t.ss d.1 ut(ttLttir. Hillsclle. NJ: Thc Analytic
k,ns. Ti)ttvr (t 7btr.'o/ 1,s1'cl.tot tt!l.t,tic tc(l)ilt!c. illsdele. \1, ,fhc Anulyric l)rcss Livesly. \\7. .J. (c(r)tl) ) (lt)t)a), lh? t).\,V-Jl I,erit)t4litt /_)r.so7,/.-. Nrerx \1xk Thc
r,.rl(lrl,frl
l,r
c\\.
l-()e\!enslein. ]t. NL (1951). ,A ((rtril)uti(l
('hisI,. en Iritzptlick Ilxol). VLA r(,ntrP.r. /.iv,,1rri1
k) the psvch()nxll,1ic thc(n1. ()f ots()
L(r1rs, 1'j. ( 19i7). ')l)? litits d iitol?rtr)//, I_onch.cs, P(rnguin. LLrlrrsky. 1.. (198tr). I,t.ittcpla:; (l ['st'(hodt!l.tt. pstcl.)otlJo.apt,. . ,l!tt.tl.for Sttp_ Porit'( llrptasstc Tia'.ttta)tt. \Uc\,:l y(l(. IJitsic I,(x)ks. Inc.
ru \i)rk, Ne\\' 'I(r.k Ihi!,et.sit,v l,rcss ( 1995).
/tr(,\,,//
!//\r,.,/rl.Jr/. Nre-
l-rgs.
-15
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AvAN.lts liN psl(:(rl'l]RAptA rrsl(i()ANAl-il tcA

lJtl]t-t(xi RAllA
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N{uhkr. }{. (1981), ",\ggrcsir)n in thc scrvicc of srl)xrxti(rr indivi(luirti(xr. Cx\e stu(l}' .)f nn)ihc,-(luughrer clxti()nship.. I'stclttLtttl Q, I-. prigs. 625 638
S.. l'jnc. lr.. llcrHnr:rn, A (1(r-i) 7h( J)11,t)qiLrtl llfl1) t)l ltt'itlt!tfk'tt. Nlrc\ il \irk. Ililsi( ll,l()ks. f!tt Sl t))l)t'sis
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ti
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l'.rrliin. A (1960). ()n ntes()Chis(ic cntllrrl tct)t. A c(nIril)lrti()n t() tlle stud\, (r.r))rnll 0rJs()(lrisnl". l)tt(ntdt()l.l)nttl tl'I's.l.l}A l\,.ris 6l (--l). l).lgs. j --ll ll r('./ Srin(h(,z. 1.. { ilIrrrc. It ( l9s7). .l)si((,r\):rf)ix l!c$ psi((,il;}iriti(l ii. tixrli,/rt tit)t\.. Ijt/)rDtut(i)n(s psil triLds. loi. l)tigs. 1J9 l;0. It i\()r1. li s. \ K.. H. (l()91). ,llslxl)lishing lrLrtrx: rhe Lliflicrrltl clisringuislrrng lx,rr., ('n r)rcr(xics rr)(l i:tntltsics ../. t?r. plt.al1t)it(// ,.!\]r,/. .il. piigs l ll55_l Oril l', \ li \ Ii1lli.h.J.. \,\l.rcrlrr I-(r ^ lr,)r)r).t)sic()tcrirl)i.rhcrtl I.fi).ll rlcslr cl lrD l() (lc \istx I)i((i titliti(1r, cn r'il;r lisr11. A.. r l,(rlt r JlLrlliclt,.l. (c(nl).). .l//
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tc t n P( ) t-l t1 l's.t c h ( )(, trllrs^. 29 Nrclll. S. ( ]965). l.?.ll1lst,r'h5ut(
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J9-- l l i. / iJ. rrr. Irilrp.rlrick llnl\. ;\'1.A. (c(rrl).). /..c,1r1 I\tp(ts tr ,ll(.ts()(hisu /. N|lcrl Yr)r'k- \e\\ Yi)rk I ni\crsit\ l)r(ss ( ]9r;). \:rlr.ursrirr. l) I r l98rr. 'lhL,tttrrtty /ittt's o/:hlr/(,. \Lrevir \irk.'lhc (lrrillicl l'tus\. \i)(lr. ( l1);). ldi,ll),'t,i,t t'/ sL'u1,,!r(j. lndi:rniitx,lis. In(lixnx i nivtrir(\' l'rc\i. Ntick..l.. $)\ick. K. K. 11991). "S(nrlc c()rrllrents (n I]l:ls(xlrisltr 1rn(l tlt (lelLrsi(rr ()f (rrmil)()lr)(r trrrnr :r <ler,ckrprrt nlxl l)crsl)rcivc,. .lt)tnktl (l l11t,.,lt)t?trL(tt l)st'
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( 1990). ,()ntcnls of tlrc t.lilrit.ul lnitl\is ()l .tn\i(,tv itrl (lcl)rcssi\1. irlli.(.1.. l,itLl)t\r)ttl. ettrt . LlX.l):i,ts 126 jtt. lir, lr.r(l l'. (lt){t)) It:\(l\l)1?[]i< tlt's rlLl|t,ssiotts ttt . 1r//k. lr.uis. l,rcsses ( i\(,r
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.hr).ttrtltti( ,lssoLialit)1t. J9 (l). l).rgs Jol'JJl \rrirk. K. K \rnick..l (l'/ii-).;llrc(s(,,((,)l i rs()clrinr.l):tLl),ttitttl.tt(.\ttttlt l tl)c (.:htLl. . pgs. -r: i Jti r ()s(len.'l'. tl t lt)32), l\1)tr\ lit'( kletl/i(dtk 4t I\\'< l)r nl)L tltPut liL 7Li l, i (lue. Nrcr\r(rls()rl. Iir(. ()M:{lr),.,jr. (.ll:lOiiztstt)t1n)st)trll(tl.,r)'(lcl(\t1lx}tlLu)11t1ttt .t' l )t t l l: l \ t t't ! t' l r l i A/l/iJ/l.r). N1:r(lri(1. \'1r(hr( )f
! rr .J(rrsr\. .Lon
t t .
lr,f)lrIr.i.trl ( lt)liS]. llrt lt(lll)tirlt\(,sillnrli(.llr(.(.(f (l(.stllt(.ti\ln(.ii in Ir(.tso nJl!(:, l) Dktl t)/ ..1t(t.111u l,s.)\.1.)tx! fl.)tic-Asst)(.ktti()t.36 f..if. Pr.imrtrr( rr-,-, lig. li,,,s(.S I) r(;licli. It A ( 1995 ). .^n\icr). ls \ tl)r()nn(l Sigftll,,. Hilis(lalc. Nr(\:r l(.r ,r \Il.rl\ ll( l'.i.. li.,,r'rllc . 1. {ltX,l) r)n (lte p,!(ll()l).t(ltoiogr r1 n.r<rrsis tr .l (lit1i(l .lf)l)l():(i1.. I'str.l\'t( .tt trs .1 l)st.l)rr tal.t ti( tlllr?)k.l)_ t.(rt(lrcs. Nlur(.shel(ls lleprints ( tr)S t) li,)\( nl('l(l Il. (19();) /!.lnr \tdtas. ..1 l,s.\,.1)t ) tdl_t t i. . V)p ).tc 11. I_ontL es. ogrrlrlr
j
\LIilll(,s (lc li:tn(.(,. l(r,,,,rrt(). \ r\1. ( l()91). .Sllirnc ir lsrclx[litl\sis] tlrc fn.ti(nt ()i rc(s(.i()us Iullit .r( \. /,/i../ l'.t)Lht)l)tttl.lt 19--il-.
I).is
I,r (
\s
l)L,iLnl)Lit)t1!\t/ttt(t1s
l)s.t ch(
l);ni:rgur. (1. i 1995).,())nrnr(nl gr()Lr(1. unc(nIrlr()n rrleth()(is,. 1l../ l)ligs. Jil tr l.
lt41..:6,
li,,\( r)lr'lrl ll tlt)S-\. ltlxNr(lj(l ltt?ry)rL,t.tttt)t. \Lltr:r )rrk. li(1llrlgc l{ (1r)9) .l-lt ttrtil I)\r( h( )l( )!1. tlts rr-.r.erstr, ct lt tritrrsitL();n.llil(,. /i(,/,/r., Ij'(ttI\'(ts(,(l? Ps] L l)d,/r//)sr, l_l-\. p;igs. I Jl;,1.5I9. lirrl,)llrr. ) (l9lJl). in llicsrnirc<f rhe Ligo un(l lllc Sclf,../o1l/1/r// ry' //,,, ^ggrrssion . lttt'rit t Pi L bt'( t(t lJ t iL,1:! ( i(t it t. l() ( 3) pjgs Sr)_;r9
li,,rLssrll.rr.
t ) ))
lO()
AVAN(]ES IJN PSI(JO't'IiRAPIA PSICOANA],iI'ICA N{dri(1.
DII]I-IOGRAI.-IA
107
Ituir \'1rrg]s..J. If. (199.i). l,at t)tctlt()rid btDdid:.fuicit.f (rrrarl7?,

Sircl(s. Nf.
Stcperrskl. l'., Golcll)elg, A. (19u{). -(o/rll
-.s
l(gdc.\- Ltrtrbltids
Sc
Pi.J'c hobgt.
Hills(lllle. NJ.
Stern. I). N.
Pr-ess'l-.I\\'rcnct: F:rlbunr.
fl., (rclator')
1991 ). "Sx(lisDr
rn(l nlasocllisDr in charrcter (lis()r(ler
1n(l resis-
\ice". -krt ttl of Anericdit ?s.l,cl1()ldl.lfic Associttiul. J9 ( 1). pl'rgs. 215 226 sro(llcr,.J. (1987). [i()1 Sdft.t to.9uPc7-c,gr). Londres. Kxrn.l. ll(x)ks. S:tllc.r..f. ( 1t)8<)), Pft\'ec(kit. dotliL(tct. rlettifictcit p)oj'c./r?/, Nf:rdd(I.'lcc nif )lrblic:Lci()nes. S.A. Srrrller..l . Ik)l(ler. A.. Meers. l). (196.3). .The ego iclcel n(l thc i(lcrl sclf,. P-r'tt lror t.!1. St d.J CllilLl. 18, pigs. 139 158 Srrrrlltr-. -1.. -loffe. \'. (;. (1965). ,N<tes rl ltilclh<xcl clrpression,. It?t']t.tt-.J- Ps.)'Lho
,,1ria1..
S(
^nal,vtic l.lt)qii. Tl)c litupelaital \hrkl ([the hlftilt- A l'eu .l'oDt P'cbo.t\ctl]sis dtd lfu|ebpitkitll Psfal)(./l].ql,. \Lleve Y()rk. flxsic ll(x)ks. (Ira(i. c^st.: El 11!tt.lo intcryc^(t.tl .lcl iift,ft,. l).ri(kis. []ren()s Aires, 1991). SrkIoru. ll. l). (1975), ,Tlle nxrcissistic tirnction <l ms()chisnl (an(l sx(lisot),. 1rlcrlttlkt.!l_k)lt-tt.tl (t Pst'cbt).t..t\s.56. prigs. ,i+1-.i,il,}. Stol<rr<n', l{. l)., Lchmrnn, F'. N{. ( 19110). I'stcli()attltsis of Dd'ck)p tcitt!l Ai'trsts. Thc()r.t ttt1.l Tt?.tt e,7 Nue\! Y()rk. lntcrnti(l llnive$ities Press. St()lor(). It. l). (198.1). .Agliressi()n in thc psychrunrlytic siu.tion". ai) tetnPo4t1
.i6. pgs. ttli {)6.
l':r h,\|t,tlr\i. lll p.ilt\ r'r.1.1,<l

l).. llrunclchfl.
lr(l-S()nrers (lt)82). Sd(k)111ts()chsnt: Etidt)Rt' ra ta"//r?(r/. Nuevr \i)rk. llLlnrxn Scicnccs l'rcss. 5r'lrrrt]. l). Ii., Sclr.rfi..,. 1198r-i, Obcct )1,ktti01s.fit tlt th(,tltpt,. Noll ult. NLrrvl.lrrsc\': .Js()n Ar(xrs()n. s( l)'xbcr. Ij. A. ( 1990). ,Ltery)re(iti()n xn(l lhe lherxpeLrlic lrcti()n ()f pslclx)n:rlvsis'. lttl(rtdfi(t(tl.k)t!Dttl of l's.)'ch()(Dt l.)'sis.7i. l)rigs 229 2 i0. Silrrruhcr. ll. A. ( 1992), ,I)svcl)( )inirlrtic llre(nl'irnd its rellrli( t() cljni.:ll \!()rk,../r)/r/ttll (t' lhe ,lntc,rica t t Ps.tcll()aIta!l.tlt<: 11ss()cLtt)t.1f\.l)lif.{s. 1.O-11)-1.057 S.lr\\'xl)er. li. A. ( 199). "The ps1,lrlrnlrll,st s llrin(l listening t() i,rlcr-pl'rluli()nl -fi(r ;r cliniclrl rcp()rt,,. I ttertlit)ndl -k)u D t l ()f l's.t'(l)().,,ttltss.7(r. l-rgs 271-2It1. Slrcr. l\'1. K.. C()oper. A. NL, Klem n. (; I-.. lfusclr, I:. N.. Sllxl)iI.(). '1. ( I99J). .A ps) (ln)(linnric l]xrlcl of penic dis{)r(ler,. /1r(riarl -l()lnutl of l's.)'(hi4l)1. 150. palgs.
rJ59-rJ66.
Sr()lor(xr'. R.
I
1]., At\\'(x)(1. (1. l-:.
l9i7i l\cbo.rt.tl.\,tic Ti?dtndtt- Ail
t.,tr,l bec ti r( A?p11)/.1). Ilills(lxlc. \1. Analytic Pless. Sk)lle.. R. ( t9t'l,i). ,l,x pe'e$ion et le (lsir (le l'air-e rnel,. rt/1e. /?,r . Ps.tcll.utdl.t'sc. 29. pgs. f-i7-171. S)ller, R. (1991).,1)lnel cle Ia Arllericen l'syclx)rnirlltic Ass()(iiti()ni Su(l()urxsochisu in the pen ersi(nrs". .lot! nttl () tl.)c' ,1Dt.,ri(d I l's.t,cl1t)djt!l.J tc A.\l\oaafrl. --i9. pigs.
r il-755.
St()nc. I-. ( l916). "l)svch()xn:Llvti( Ol)sel\ ti()ns (l thr l)lrtllrlogy of I)epr-essivc Illncss:
Sclccte(l Sphcfcs ()l Arrrhi.{uil\ ()r I)isxll-crnlcn'../- ADrr l's.),cl)oat.tl Ass1t.. a1 (2). I)gs. 329 J62. Slrx('ltc\'..J. ( l9J{). "Thc Nattrrr of tltc -l'ltelel)eu1ic A.1i(11 of l'svch()xnalvsis,. 1,fc,'rlr-
loDal.k)t!itLtl
tl
l'stcho,4)tdl.)sis. l5: 127-l9. Ileill)lcs() tt-\ l)tltiDtdtiutdl.l(nt'
5lr!'nfl()l(1. l-. l-. ( 1979 ). .Chil(l xl)use !n(l (lel).ivirti()nr soLrl rrtrrrltr,. ./rrr,ri4l t)f tht'Att( ricut I's.) chocti t.tl.tl c,4ss()c t k, . 27. prilas. 53J-5d). 5lr()rc. N. (19t)a). Alct t?glkttio| a]d he t)t ist rf tllc s.ll. Ih? tuu(hit)b(t' ()/' ^.ioid l det'?k )Pnt?//. llills(lle. \1. lrrll)xru) Ass()cirtcs. (,i)()l Silnr()s. I). F.. (19t)2), Shul tcjDt .t)t.ril.t pt-()t\)ki /S l)stch(l1c't-atp)'. /1 ttcdtDtcul t)t4lai NLle\' York. llasic li<xrks. Slil)l). S. {l9U9). Th lc'ch)tqtrc ott(l prrcticr'(i r)b.,c1 t'tlbis fitnil.\'tlro.tP.l. N<)r\lt\'le, Ntrevll.Je$ey. .las() Ar()ns()n. Snrillr llenjlurlin, 1.. 1199a). Llu?ctrottl l)(ryDosis d d'li'ellt., l t)/ l'ct1i()tdlil.t'1)i
tArd lt s.s 50r ( 1969). pligs 27-292 Strrnllcr. (1. (lt)t)l). lSdu r(tt hrnn.,nc' lits.fi(l scioa(-,,1) tssd.t ol tllr? cpi:;taD l()flt o/ ps.'chrtottrl.l'ss- \Ue|x Y()rk. Inlernirti()nxl (rniversilirs I)rcss. Sr.UlIucIs. I.. ( 1996). ,i.l-\istcntixI guilt: lrn ()l)je(r rehli(ts c()rccl)l,,. (,'()tt(tlttnrd\ Ps)'
r.!l ol
l':i.t cl)(
tu nt
)I
Ttsrlalc..[. l).. l]xrnru(1. P..J. (199-l). 1lllii(1. c(Eniiot tDtd <:hutt1|a. Rt-ntotltlll< lt' Pcssit c, tl\)ttll.)l- IIills(l:rlc. L\ucr)cr Il l)iIrni As()ciutes. llxn1rii. ll.. Klichclc. Il. \lr)A<)).'li\)rid I l7i(lit:4 tl.l l)si(()4lisis. I lu ddDtc)ttos.
'tlr(nnii, H.. Kriclrelr. H. ( lt)t)ll). 7i\)td.\ pt-liclict! (ful Psc()djt.ilsis- II ll:iutlio:i cl c)s. Iir(cl(. I lcr(lcr ( 1990). 'li)ll)in, l'. tl. ( 198J). ,A cl)rngc in thc stll: thc (lcvel()l)nlent lrncl tLlrr'rsfirllr1etirn of en klcrlizinil trxnslcrcntc . It .l l)i,cl.)t)4til..6-i, pargs .i6l ij3. tilul)r), I-. ( 199r). .l-e trxvril (lc (t)nr(,':rnstil.r,. R(, tc )rttfctk Llc Pstcha tltsc. l-Vllf (nrcro esreci:rl clel C()ngrcs()). l)tils 1.271-1.-ll2 Vxilllnl. (i. E. ( 1992). lir.o tnt'tltanists o/ dt/i'tse: 4 ,qui( f)t'cliltcito\ 4tt(l s?t!t' r)(,/s. \1, shing . rericn I)s) chiutri( l)rcs. Inc. \rxlcnitein. 1\. I_. (19r-3)..()n llttl(hnlcnl to pei|lrrl li.elings uncl the ncsetivc ther l)ct(i( rex(ti(n'r,. Ps)(ho.ott!l_)li. St Llt tl tl)1, (;L)k|.28. pitgs. j65-J92. \r) I)iik. 'l A. ( l98Ou). listntct,/tts.t'.fiDtcioncs tl dsc i\o.lu\ic(). Sigl() XXL \n l)iik. -1. A. ( 1980b). .llLtct-t)sntcllls. Au tt(,t1lt\clliDdt :;tu.J ol pkl)!l str'1tctu,ts l/1.14(rr1,'.\.. i lct dtt i()n .u t.l c()gt /lor, tlillsclle. NLrevx Iursc_\'. I-:t\\ rcllce F.l-lt
l)'sis. J2. I)lis. t3-J
Ilur(cl()nu. I lcr(lcr.
rrril,.\.
Nue\'11
Ycr'k.'l'lie Guilfi)r(l I)ress.
s()cirridcs. C. (195l). "Thc firnctkr of nrorl us()chisDl: \\ith spccilrl rctcrcncc t() It( (lefi-nse I)r()ccsscs,. htc1tli)tdl.L)ttnttl o/ l)a.)(ho(!tttl)'sit. J9. I)gs. )i7 5()l S(,lrrls. ,U. ( 1996). ,il()w:lr(ls xn An)n))' ()f llte [:n(r)ns( i()us,. .rl/'// tl tl L'liiL:tl Ps.t I ltrxtttul.)sis. i, pri4s. -3-31--167. Sl)cncc. l). l'. l7t)82). ,\itt-t..ttitc''li1ttl1 .utd Itisturic.tl 'l' tl): ]Ie.Dti)tl tDtd ltletprddli() it Pst'c11().11/lllsA. \Lrr\':r Y()rk. N()rt()n. Slxzzn(),(-,(19t)3).Al/\'littl's.\,ch(n.Dttl.)'sis.Acli?l.d/s-)rtlr(,s.r. llills(ile. NI. Anxl\-
lic I)rrss.
Sl)ilz, l{. ().
Sl),1ri(
t
I
( 19 i(r
). .ADr( liti(' (lepressi()n,,. I's.t.bot.tl.tfi< Sntdy of tb( C:l)ld.
).
pigs.
Jl.JJrl.
ll.
\\
\'
( I9()3). ,,1)etemrin
t!I I I
sis ir) Il)( nri(lst ()f

t t
isti( cha()s xn(l thc s(iences of c()nrrle-ritv: ps\'.h()xnrl)'al gcncrxl scientiflc re\,()lLllion . -kntntal ol the A lerut .ts.l'
t.,i 1. pags. J-1
1.
i t,.lsst )( i t | (
l)1ttllL Vign.rUx. (1.
(lt)]6).
/. A
tgl tctlt0l
i())
lissdt d
ttt( kBq1lc dsc
tsit,.,. Gincl)r.t.
l)roz.
l(
)l"i
AvAN(itis liN pst.(lftiltAptA pst( ()ANAI-'l't.A
Ii (199). l'i!l(rtctd clnictt c l:tt:u. lll nto(h.f1'tti(t() ((rt1o stt!(t t i,t ('.\/)(,t )totl4l. SLncll. A,lrar I](li('i()nes. \\'r< ltrl. t). 1.. t.lt)9i). ,,1ctu)r (!n / //r1q/r \Lrcr:r \'(nl(. 'l he (irilli)r(l l'r'css. \\ itligcr. '1 . A.. Srn(ler s()n. C..J. ( 1995 ). .li)\\ r(l (lirensi( )nl oro(lel ( )f pe()nilil\' (li s(r-(lcr's". cn Il)c l)S.ll Il Pct\r)ttdlit.l Disr)ftfut5. \\'..J. I-i\csl\ (c(Dl) ). \re\'1r Y(r-k.
\ill.!rrirrz(). P
'l
lr. (iLrilf()r(l
l)ress.
( 19)).
\\ inrric()tl. I).
ttal
\\.
lildtt! L't ir /rcl. I-(xr(lles. 'l llc I l()!lxrtll I)r ess ( I9lJ7). \\inni((fl. l). . (l9(r5). 'lhc.ll(ttu.!t())tal l)t1)(!:sjs (ot lh( l:(tLill!litg l:tti)t)tl ,1.,/11. I-()n(lres. H()!,luItl) I)ess ( l9ti]). Ninrri(rnl. t). \\. ( l9iJr). l1(ltlitt,t: L t(l lDlL|l)t'L,lt!lt)n. I-t1t!<)tc)tl (l L0t tt)tol.tts. Lotl
rtct'sscs
,llrc theorl of tlre Purent iniunt rclti()nshil),,, 'lhc

ftL
tLtltur.!li()
attd tht'
\\'in()sr:l(l, Ii. ( l9A-l). .1.xs r(lll(i(r(s (nlr( [rs r'onr't'plos srtPr:r'\1) ( i(l(ll (l('l \(). I)ers l)e(1ivxs crr le llnir'tlacirilr lraic()-clir]icil,. l?t\ istt (lt, l'!;iat).ttt.i/a. \l-. I);ils. 505-
(lrcs. K:lmlrc ll(x)ks.
t2.
\\iunnscr, L. ( 19il ). .Shlullr: llr('vriic(l .r)nll)xr'rion rfrllrcissis,. (n I). I-. \lhrrr)s(l ( (r )nrl). ). 7ir)(, .1,fl/?t litL$ r,/'.\l)dtk'- \rrv] \ (r'k, 'l hc tlrrilf r|rl l'rtss
Frente a concepciones consideradas reduccionis.
tas, tanto en la descripcin del psquismo com( en la teora de la cura, el autor toma partido po
Psicologa
u iatra Psicoterapa 168
el denominado paradigma de la compleiidad, qur
Psiq
aparece en el horizonte epistemolgico actua como una importante va para la produccin d' modelos integrativos en distintas disciplinas d las ciencias del hombre. Desde esta perspectiv el presente libro examina diferentes condicione
psicopatolgicas -depresn, agresvdad, trastor
nos narcisistas, masogusmo, patologa del sr

pery, etc.-, considerndolas como el resultad de mltiples procesos de articulacin entre vark
sistemas motivaci0nales, con l0s consguentr deseos, angustas y modalidades defensvas qr

ponen en marcha, ascomo del inleriuego reve beranle entre lo infapsquico y lo ntersubjetiv
entre la fantasa nconscente y la realidad.

objetivo es el desarrollo de una pscoterapia pl
coanaltica que permta superar el empleo de u
tcnca monocorde para proponer, en camb

intervenciones especficas en funcin de la estrr tura de prsonalidad y del cuadro psicopatolgir
Hug0 Bechmar, psiquiatra y psicoanalista,
profesor de la Unversidad Pontfica Comil (Madrid) y presdente de la Sociedad Forum

Psicoterapia Psicoanaltica. Adems, es autor La depresin. Un estudio psicoanaltico, El na
sismo, lntrcduccin al estudio de las perversior
El Edipo en Freud y Lacan, y Angustia y fantast
Matrices inconscientes en el ms all del princ

del placer.
ISBN 84-493-0394-X
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l3.l .19.-{).r94 X l)t pisito [rArl: It .1.941/1998

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IttlPttso crr lrslrarir l,rintctl in Spain

fll scntiricnl() cle inr<ltenciu/clesesperlnzl para la rexliz.lci(-)n clel

titilitlucl th'l nr()t{cl() nn)([l.lr cle.fiiculej(ir] (le

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