Evaluaciones de Georiesgos para Proyectos de Plantas Nucleares: Integrando las Lecciones Aprendidas del Incidente de Fukushima, Japn

David Sackett Gerente, Servicios Geotecnicos Fugro Interra S.A. (Santiago, Chile)
Jeffrey L. Bachhuber, C.E.G. Senior V.P. , Servicios Nucleares Fugro Consultants, Inc. (California)

25 de Junio, 2013 Conferencia de Energia y Mineria Santiago de Chile

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TOPICS FOR THE PRESENTATION

Heightened Concern About Geologic Hazards Regulatory Guidance & Changing Standard of Practice Review of Geohazard Types Integrated Site Investigations & Case Study Examples
Diablo Canyon NPP, California
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HEIGHTENED CONCERN ABOUT GEOHAZARDS

Various Recent Events Affecting NPPs Have Increased Awareness of Geohazards:
1988 Spitak M~6.8 Earthquake Temporary Closure Oktemberyou/Medzamor NPP in Armenia, Europe (1970s-era, Soviet built facility) 2011 Missouri River Flood Impact on U.S. Fort Calhoun NPP
2011 Mineral (Virginia) M5.8 Earthquake Event - Shutdown of U.S. North Anna NPP 2011 Tohoku M9.0 Earthquake & Tsunami Extensive Damage to Japan Fukushima- Daiichi NPP

Fukushima Response, 2011

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Fukushima-Daiichi NPP, Tohoku M9.0 Earthquake

NPP Survived Earthquake Shaking with Controlled ShutdownHowever Earthquake Exceeded Design Basis Major Tsunami (not historically unprecedented) was the Triggering Event Characteristics of Offshore Fault and Nearshore Seabed Morphology for Accurate Analyses Complicated By Adjacent Deep Offshore Setting
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Fort Calhoun NPP, Neb. - 2011 Missouri River Flood

Plant was flooded for extended period due to high river levels
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Coastal Nuclear Power Plants & Plate Boundary Faults

Japan NPPs Coastal, Proximal to Faults (analogous to Chile) Many NPPs & New Sites Worldwide are Coastal Tsunami & Offshore Faults Safety Focus New NPPs planned Near Active Plate Boundaries

Japan NPPs

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REGULATORY GUIDANCE & CHANGING STANDARD OF PRACTICE Key IAEA References for Site/Hazard Investigation
IAEA Safety Guides - GSG-4 External Experts (2013) - NS-G-1.5 External Events Excluding Earthquakes (2003) - NS-G-1.6 Seismic Design & Qualification (2003) - NS-G-2.13 Seismic Safety Existing Installations (2009) - NS-G-3.6 Geotechnical Site Evaluation (2005) IAEA Specific Safety Guides - SSG-3/4 Level 1&2 Probabilistic Safety Assessment (2010) - SSG-9 Seismic Hazard Site Evaluation (2010) - SSG-18 Meteorological & Hydrological Hazards - SSG-21 Volcanic Hazards (2012) IAEA Guides Under Development - DS433/DPP423 Safety Aspects in Siting Training Workshops IAEA International Seismic Safety Centre

Chile has been a member nation of IAEA since 1960

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REGULATORY GUIDANCE & CHANGING STANDARD OF PRACTICE Key USNRC References for Site/Hazard Investigation
Regulatory Guides
- NUREG/CR 6372 Uncertainty & Use of Experts (SSHAC; 1997) - NUREG/CR 5503 Techniques Identifying Faults & Origins (1999) - NUREG/CR 5562 Dating & Earthquakes, Geochronology (1998) - nureg/cr 6622 Probabilistic Liquefaction Analysis (1999) - RG 1.132 Site Investigations for Foundations (1979) - RG 1.165 Identification & Characterization Seismic Sources (1997) - RG 1.208 Performance-Based Approach Earthquake Motions (2006) - RG 1.159 Design Basis Floods (1977) - Draft RG 1105 Procedures & Criteria Assessment Liquefaction (2001)

Draft Interim Staff Guidelines Japan Lessons Learned

- JLD-ISG-12-04 Seismic Margin Assessment - JLD-ISG-12-05 Integrated Assessment Flooding - JLD-ISG-12-06 Tsunami, Surge, Seiche Hazard Assessment

US Geological Survey/Dept. Interior (NRC Sponsored)

- OFR 2009-1093 Implementation of SSHAC Guidelines (2009)

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REVIEW OF GEOHAZARD TYPES

Seismic Shaking/ Structural Damage
Fault Surface Rupture & Deformation Volcanoes Landslides/ Slope Failure

Liquefaction

Floods

Tsunami

Karst Sinkholes/ Subsidence

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Seismic Studies & Source Models - Chile

Fugro Source Model, Chile

M8.8 Maule

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Strong Groundshaking Structural Damage

Modern Plants Exhibit Robust Seismic Margin
2011 M9.0 Fukushima-Daiichi NPP, Japan: Tohoku-Taiheiyou Earthquake 2011 M5.8 North Anna NPP, Virginia, U.S.A 2007 M6.8 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP, Japan: Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake at 24 km 2005 M7.2 Miyagi Earthquake, Japan 1999 M7.6 Chi Chi Earthquake, Taiwan
Acceleration (g)

1995 M7.2 Kobe Earthquake, Japan

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 0

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 0 10 20 Time (sec)

Acceleration (g)

Filtered Acceleration (g )

10 Time (sec)

15

20

Scaled Acceleration

30

40

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Seismic Design PSHA Studies advancing

Seismic Design Spectra (Site Licenses & Vendor DCD) Site Dynamic Model & Site Response

1
ELEMENTS REAL NUM NOV 20 2005 11:59:44

2020 4984
Z Y X

PRA Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)

Vs vs. depth

FRS nodes at Elev 135'

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Primary Surface Fault Rupture & Deformation

Reverse Fault Rupture, 1999 ChiChi Earthquake, Taiwan

Detailed Geologic Mapping Typically in 40 km Radius, Higher Definition in 10 km Radius Advanced Geomorphic Analyses Greatly Aided by LiDAR Topographic Studies

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Faults Encountered During Foundation Excavations

Fault in Final Excavation Grade

Detailed Geologic Map U.S.A. V.C. Summer NPP

Onshore Splays Geologic Context Correlation with Current Stress Field Cross Cutting Relationships to Establish History Age Dating of Fault Products (e.g., gouge) Age Dating of Unfaulted Covering Layers Capability Assessed by Length & Style

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Tsunami Source Model Development

Fugro Tsunami Source Model, Southwestern Pacific Ocean

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Submarine Landslide Tsunami Source

AUV Sidescan Sonar Image, Mozambique, East Africa

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Seismic Imaging to Define Landslide Dimension

3D Volume Deep Boomer Seismic Reflection

GIS-Developed Volume Estimate for Tsunami Size Determination

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Liquefaction, Coastline Lateral Spreads

Haiti, 2010 GEER field trip

~90% Occurrence Restricted to Holocene Geologic Deposits & Artificial Fill NPP Foundations constructed in older layers
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Plant Vogtle (Georgia), U.S.A.

To mitigate the potential for lateral spreading, Foundation Bearing Excavation was made to Competent Blue Bluff Marl Below Potentially Liquefiable Sediments

Foundations under construction , circa 2010

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Volcanic Hazard: Plate Boundaries & Hot Spots

Mt. Natib Volcano Bataan NPP Phillipines

Aragats Volcano Armenia Medzamor NPP

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Site Selection Methodology

EPRI Siting Guide, March 2002
Month 1 Month 6

Desktop Study
REGION OF INTEREST

Field Reviews

Ranking Analyses Modeling

Candidate Areas

15-25 Potential Sites

5-10 Alternate Sites

4-5 Preferred Sites

SELECTED SITE

Initial Exclusionary Criteria: Active Faults Seismic Ground Motion Volcanic Centers Water Availability/Coast Transmission Corridor Population Areas Topography International Boundaries Military Facilities

Suitability/Ranking: Geotechnical Conditions Sand Migration Tsunami Flooding Environmental Sensitivity Hazardous Land Use Cultural Features Wetlands Demography

Additional Evaluation: General Criteria 40+ Criteria) Additional Detailed Site Information

Evaluation: General Criteria (40+ Criteria) Detailed Analysis Possible Activities Site Surveillance Flyover Fatal Flaw Borings

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GeoHazard Maps Prepared in GIS Platform

Typical 25 to 50 km Setback

Idaho Ntnl. Lab

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Flood Hydrologic, Rainfall, and Paleoflood Approaches

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Mississippi USA - Digital Elevation Models/LIDAR

INTEGRATED SITE INVESTIGATIONS & CASE STUDIES

Site Investigations include boreholes, CPTs, surface and subsurface geophysics, geological mapping
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Initial Screening Geophysical Investigations

LiDAR/InSAR Flood Watershed Model Faults

Onshore MultiMethod
Site Velocity Profile Foundation Conditions
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Offshore Multi-Sensor
Tsunami Models & Sources Intake/Discharge Pipelines Offshore Faults

Multiple Borehole Testing Methods

Vertical & Angle Borings (Karst)

Borehole Optical Televiewer

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Integrated Geologic/Geotechnical Model

Results in a more detailed geological model with discrete geotech properties assigned per layer

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Diablo Canyon NPP, California Offshore Fault Study

Plant has been active since 1985 and is designed for M7.5 event within 6km of the site, with bedrock ground motions to approx 0.6g+. Plants can be designed and built in high seismic risk areas.

February 1, 2012
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Continuing Offshore & Onshore Geophysical Campaign at Diablo Canyon NPP, 2013
Nuclear QA Program Control SSHAC Level 3 Process (3-yr)

Fault Locations, and their Interdependence (Mmax)

Offshore Tsunami Sources & Runup Low & High Energy Survey Sources Seamless Integration Deep & Shallow Water Detailed Structural & Geomorphic Interpretation California Public Utility Commission Contract valued at ~$20M to $40M Resulted in Newly Discovered Shoreline faults!
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Closing Thank You!

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