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Rye bread replaced barley bread relatively late in Estonia, most likely at the beginning of the second millennium, when rye cultivation started to develop. Since then Estonian bread has been black bread rye bread. Rye turned out to be the most persistent and stable grain for the local climate, therefore rye cultivation increased from the 11th century onward. It is no wonder that during the following centuries, rye became the main grain culture and bread grain in Estonia. Rye was grown in the home fields; wheat grain was imported from Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. For most of the Finno-Ugric peoples and the Slavs, the word bread has common roots. Linguists consider the Estonian word leib, the Finnish leip, Carelian leib, Vepsan leib, Livonian lba, and Votic leip to be Germanic loans. The word was also lent to Slavic languages (Russian xe, Polish chleb). The Lithuanian kliepas and Latvian klaips are considered to belong to the same word group. Even in Baltic German, a loaf of bread is Klaipe (Brotlaib). Rye bread has fed Estonians for ten centuries; therefore it truly deserves to be called our national food. Yet often when we talk about national food, we unjustifiably forget the rye bread.
et rukis on kohalikus kliimas kige vastupidavam ja stabiilsem teravili, mistttu rukkikasvatus hakkas 11. sajandist edasi kasvama. Ei ole ime, et jrgnevate sajandite jooksul sai rukkist Eestis olulisim teravili ja peamine leivavili. Rukist kasvatati kodustel pldudel, nisu toodi sisse Venemaalt, Ukrainast ja Kasahstanist. Enamuse soome-ugri ja slaavi rahvaste keeltes on snal leib hised juured. Keeleteadlased arvavad, et eesti sna leib, soome leip, karjala leib, vepsa leib, liivi lba javodja leip on laen germaani keeltest. Sama sna on judnud ka slaavi keeltesse (vene xe, poola chleb). Leedu kliepas ja Lti klaips arvatakse kuuluvat samasse grupi. Isegi baltisaksa vljend leivaptsi kohta on Klaipe (Brotlaib). Rukkileib on toitnud eestlasi 10 sajandit, seega on ta teliselt ra teeninud meie rahvusliku toidu nimetuse. Siiski unustame me oma sageli oma rahvustoidust rkides ebaiglaselt rukkileiva.