MATHS UNIT1.

FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS

U IT 1: FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS
Fractions
A fraction represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts.

A fraction is a couple of integer numbers given in a order determinated:

a , which are called numerator b

and denominator respectively. The numerator representing a number of equal parts and the denominator telling how many of those parts make up a whole. An example is 34, in which the numerator, 3, tells us that the fraction represents 3 equal parts, and the denominator, 4, tells us that 4 parts make up a whole.

Equivalent fractions
Multiplying the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same (non-zero) number, the results of the new fraction is said to be equivalent to the original fraction. The word equivalent means that the two fractions have the same value. Dividing the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same non-zero number will also yield an equivalent fraction. This is called reducing or simplifying the fraction. A fraction in which the numerator and denominator are coprime [this means they have no factors in common (other than 1)] is said to be irreducible. Any fraction can be fully reduced to its lowest terms by dividing both the numerator and denominator by their greatest common divisor. For example, the greatest common divisor of 63 and 462 is 21, therefore, the fraction can be fully reduced by dividing the numerator and denominator by 21:

The set of all numbers which can be expressed as a fraction mn, where m and n are integers and n is not zero, is called the set of rational numbers. This set is represented by the symbol Q

Arithmetic with fractions Comparing fractions

Comparing fractions with the same denominator only requires comparing the numerators. because 3>2.
Mara Virtudes Muoz

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

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MATHS UNIT1. FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS

One way to compare fractions with different denominators is to find a common denominator. To compare and , these are converted to can be compared. and . Then bd is a common denominator and the numerators ad and bc

? gives Addition and Subtraction

The first rule of addition and subtraction is that only like quantities can be added and subtracted; for example

Adding unlike quantities

To add fractions containing unlike quantities (e.g. quarters and thirds), it is necessary to convert all amounts to like quantities, using the least common multiple of denominators. For example:

We proced in the same way for subtraction

Multiplication
To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. Thus:

Division
Division by a fraction is done by multiplying the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor, in accordance with the identity

Converting repeating decimals to fractions

For repeating patterns where the repeating pattern begins immediately after the decimal point, a simple division of the pattern by the same number of nines as numbers it has will suffice. For example: 0.555555555555 = 5/9 0.626262626262 = 62/99

In case a non-repeating set of decimals precede the pattern (such as 0.1523987987987), we must add the same number of zeros as non-repeated set of decimal there have.

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I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

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MATHS UNIT1. FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS

Percentage A percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, %. For example, 45% (read as forty-five percent) is equal to 45/100, or 0.45. Percentages are used to express how large/small one quantity is, relative to another quantity. The first quantity usually represents a part of, or a change in, the second quantity, which should be greater than zero. For example, an increase of $ 0.15 on a price of $ 2.50 is an increase by a fraction of 0.15/2.50 = 0.06. Expressed as a percentage, this is therefore a 6% increase. Here are other example: 1. What is 200% of 30? Answer:

Percentage increase and decrease For example, if an item is initially priced at $200 and the price rises 10% (an increase of $20), the new price will be $220. Note that this final price is 110% of the initial price (100% + 10% = 110%) Some other examples of percent changes:

An increase of 100% in a quantity means that the final amount is 200% of the initial amount (100% of initial + 100% of increase = 200% of initial); in other words, the quantity has doubled. A decrease of 60% means the final amount is 40% of the original (100% 60% = 40%).

In general, a change of x percent in a quantity results in a final amount that is 100 the original amount (equivalently, 1 + 0.01x times the original amount).

+ x percent of

If applied sequentially. For example, if the 10% increase in price considered earlier (on the $200 item, raising its price to $220) is followed by a 10% decrease in the price (a decrease of $22), the final price will be $198, not the original price of $200. The reason for the apparent discrepancy is that the two percent changes (+10% and 10%) are measured relative to different quantities ($200 and $220, respectively), and thus do not "cancel out".

Mara Virtudes Muoz

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS

MATHS UNIT1. FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS

In general, if an increase of x percent is followed by a decrease of x percent, and the initial 2 amount was p, the final amount is p((1 + 0.01x)(1 0.01x)) = p(1 (0.01x)

Exercises:

1) 60% of all university students are female. There are 2400 female students. How many students are in the university?

2) Solve and simplify:

3) There are 300 cats in the village, and 75 of them are black. What is the percentage of black cats in
that village?

4) The prize of a freezer is increased by 5%. In a sale, the prize is then reduced by 30% to 345.45.
What was the original price of the freezer?

5) The number of students at the university increased to 4620, compared to last

year's 4125, an absolute increase of 495 students. What is the percentual increase?

6) A baker bought 577 bags of flour on Monday. He used 3/8 of the bags on Tuesday and 4/6 of bags on Wednesday. How many bags are left with him at the end of the day? 7) Hester has to complete 32 maths questions for her homework. She has done 24. of the work has she completed?
how much will be taken off this price?
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What percentage

8) The price of a computer is to be reduced by 20%. If the computer costs 800 before the reduction,

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MATHS UNIT1. FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS

9) A tennis racket costs 45. In a sale its price is reduced by 30%. What is the sale price?

Problems with fracttions:

1) On Monday there were 3000 litres in a tank. On Tuesday

1 of the tank was used. On Wednesday 6

1250 litres were taken out. What is the fraction of the tank that remains ? 2) A ball loses, in each bounce,

2 of the height that it reached in the prior bounce. What fraction of 5

the initial height , from which it fell, will it reach four bounce later?

3) A gardener waters

2 of a garden per day. How many days will it take him to water all the garden? 5

How much will he earn if his salary is 50 a day? 4) A company sells

2 2 of a vacant lot. After, it sells of the rest. The town council expropriates the 3 3

remaining 3200 m2 to build a car park. What is the area of the vacant lot?

5) A family is on a holiday for ten days. They stay at a hotel whose cost represents wasting holiday?

3 of their budget, 5

2 of the rest in leisure. If they return home with 640, what was their budget for the 3

6) Marta buys a computer on hire purchase. At the beginning she pays receives the computer at home she pays

2 of the total prize. When she 7

2 of the rest. A month later, she pays 190 and thus she 3

completes the total payment. How much did the computer cost? How much did she pay each time?

Mara Virtudes Muoz

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS

MATHS UNIT1. FRACTIO S A D DECIMALS

7) A village had 25000 inhabitants. After a year its population increased by 18% and a year later it increased by 25%. How many inhabitants are there in the village now? 8) A capital experienced the following changes after a year: first of all it increased by 15%, it reduced by 20% later and finally it increased by 12%. Whats the percentual variation?

9) An investor put 24000 in a bank at 48% a year for five years. How much will he earn at the end of this period of time? How much would he earn if the periods of capitalization were monthly? 10) Ignacio paid 63 for a shirt whose prize was reduced by 10%. How much did it cost before the reduction?

Mara Virtudes Muoz

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: MATHS