ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

UNIT 2: VOLUME

OUTLINE

ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS

VOCABULARY

1. VOLUME PRESENTE CONTINUO 2. COMPACT VOLUME PRESENTE CONTINUO METHODS OF WORKING: CON VALOR DE ADDITION: FUTURO. SOFT MATERIALS: CLAY VERBOS MODALES : SUBTRACTION: SABER, PODER (CAN / CANT) HARD MATERIALS: STONE, WOOD. PHO ETICS 3. MIXED MATERIALS: FROM FLUID TO SOLID. 4. HOLLOW VOLUME. ENCLOSED / :/ / / /u:/ ESPACE. 5. VOLUME AS AN OPEN STRUCTURE /u/ / :/ / /

ACHIEVE ADDITION ALABASTER ARMATURE ASSEMBLE BLEND BLOCK BRONZE CLAY COMPACT COPPER

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

1. VOLUME Volume is the space occupied by an object. That object can be made of different materials. Third dimension means volume and thus three dimensions: width, length and depth. Any material has its own characteristics and they decide the technique that should be to used when making a sculpture. 3D shapes can be solid or compact, completely hollow or with some hollow spaces. A. COMPACT VOLUME This comes in:

Material block: simple mass, simple forms (pyramids, cylinders)

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.colecreativo.com

Modelled block: this has more or less mass by adding or subtracting, respectively. For example forms with hollow spaces and forms that are projected, concave or convex positive and negative spaces.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

Perforated Block: perforated mass (compact and empty space

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com

In art education, sculpture covers three main objectives: 1. Psychomotor development: this is the action by which the stimulus commanded by our brain and the direct realization by our hands are coordinated. 2. Tactile skills: this is achieved through direct contact with a great variety of different textured materials. 3. Spatial skills: this means the conquer of the 3D space, non illusory.

http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,24,m,1455&r=R eP-1760-DETALLE_REPORTAJESABUELO Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

Pertaining to the volume, sculptures can be: -Reliefs: made on a plane or curved bases and historically linked to architecture. (bas- relief, altorrelieve).

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://imagenes.viajeros. com/fotos/x/xl/xlkpwcgc-1238693469bg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.viajeros.com/diarios/luxor/findel-

-Exempt: this is an isolated or group of figures that can be seen from different points of view. It has several names depending on the part of the body represented and on the attitude of the figure or the action which it is shown (bust, upright figure, sedentary figure, reclining figure, equestrian portrait, praying portrait)

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Egypte_louvre_285_scri be.jpg

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

A1. METHODS OF WORKING Pertaining to the method of work, there are two sculptural methods: - By addition: this is the representation of forms that use soft materials such as: clay, play dough or wax. The modelling technique belongs to the additives and it consists of making sculptures by adding material although one can subtract material. - By subtraction: this is the representation of forms that hard materials such us: stone, wood, bone or ivory. The sculpt (stone) or carve (wood) technique belongs to the subtractive and it consists of making sculptures by subtracting material with the help of proper tools.

A1.1. BY ADDITION- SOFT MATERIALS CLAY This is a very versatile material to work with thanks to its plasticity. Clay is a natural material (sedimentary rock) that comes from feldspathic rocks and it is very plentiful all over the world. Primitive man used clay proved by 13.000 years old pottery and sculptures that have been found at the Nile valley. Clay is quite varied in colour, texture, plasticity and resistance. Clay is supposed to be worked by a: -Direct method (terra-cotta) -Non direct method Clay as a soft material must be worked by adding, or by adding little pieces of material and hitting it with a wooden stick or with our very hands. The humidity grade is very important in order to work to work with modelling sticks or with our fingers.

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Egypte_louvre_285_scri be.jpg

CLAY. DIRECT METHOD. After naturally drying clay must be put in fire to get a certain hardness and resistance. To do so the piece must be totally dried, hollowed and not present a shell. Once the piece has been put in fire at 1000C, it becomes known as a terra-cotta.

CLAY. NON DIRECT METHOD. When the size of the sculpture is considerable it is necessary to build a shell (armazn) and this generally is made of wire. Therefore, this structure or shell is covered with clay. These types of sculptures are no longer durable so they need to be reproduced by making a mould.

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

CLAY. NON DIRECT METHOD. HOW TO MAKE A MOULD. FLUID MATERIALS Fluid materials are those that have the ability to change from a fluid state into a solid one, for example wax, plaster, plastic, silicon and metal.

STEP1 Clay sculpture is covered in fluid plaster. Once the plaster has dried out, the mould is ready to be removed. STEP2 This mould must be filled in again with a fluid material (plaster again in this case) and must be left to dry again. After opening the mould we will obtain the definitive. This mould can be used to produce as many sculptures as we needed. We can also use white cement instead of plaster.

A1.2. HARD MATERIALS. BY SUBTRACTION. Hard materials must be worked out by using the subtraction method. Among others hard materials, we can include: stones, wood, bones, ivory, plaster

STONE Stone is considered a noble material because of its resistance and durability. Despite this aspect, stone can still be ductile and very fragile. Stone is supposed to offer all the textures and qualities of nature. In this case it is worth talking about Bernini, the Italian baroque sculptor who led the sculptural technique of stone (marble) to its maxim and extremes possibilities. It is also worth talking about Michelangelo who at the end of the Renaissance period achieved a great sphere of influence on the portrayal of the human body.

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

http://www.artecreha.com/El_muSeO_creha/sala-9-bernini-qapolo-ydafneq.html

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fotos .org/galeria/data/524/3Miguel-Angel-David.jpg

TYPES OF STONES (according to its origins) IGNEAS These are very hard and durable and allow for a very fine polishing. They come from the solidification of melted materials. SEDIMENTARY These come from the blended particles by natural adhesives. They generally tent to be white stones. For example there is sandstone and limestone. STONES BY METAMORPHOSIS These are originated by pressure, heat or chemical agents. For example alabaster, marble and black slate although this last one is not very easy to sculpt.

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

WORKING PROCESS ON STONE When working on stone block it is very important to seek for the first planes and thereby get the shape and the details last. 1. Smoothing down. This is removing big parts from the block of stone in order to start getting the shape. 2. Modelling. This is to define the shape and volume in the block. 3. Polishing. This is to get a shiny surface although some sculptors leave the textures derived from the use of the different tools (file, rasp). These phases are what constitute the traditional method. Michelangelo was an exception to this because he used to smooth down, model and polish at the same time. The sand stone, porphyry, basalt and marble are the most used in sculpture.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://lh6.ggpht.com

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

WOOD Wood is easier and more fragile to work than the stone. The specific weight is an important characteristic of wood and can vary depending on whether the wood has dried out or not or even if wood is green or if it has been cured. Normally dry wood is the most used. The most used in sculpture are walnut, cypress, holm oak (ilex) and the pear tree.

WORKING PROCESS ON WOOD. CARVING 1. Preparation -This is the removal of the bark and thus the insects that live in between. -Slow dry it in open air until wood stop contractions. 2. Assemble -To assemble is to combine wood blocks with glue and apply pressure to them if necessary. 2. Carving - After getting basic planes by using a handsaw, you begin the smoothing down by using tools called gouges. It is necessary to carve trying to follow the streak directions. 3. Finishing -The finishing phase includes polishing by using files and sandpaper.

http://monkeyzen.com/2010/03/gehard-demetz-esculturas-de-maderaexpresionistas

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

10

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

A1.3. MIXED MATERIALS (FROM FLUID TO SOLID)

Some materials are able to pass from a fluid state to a solid one, such as wax, plaster, cement, plastic sylicon, metals (iron, copper, silver and bronze). To do so, it is necessary to built a wire armature. Steps involve in molding in plaster

http://www.philippefaraut.com/ Author/Artist Philippe Faraut Sculpts an art critic.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.plazadelosmartires.com

B. HOLLOW VOLUME. ENCLOSED SPACE

When we close a space using surfaces like walls we can get a shape with a hollow interior. We find this type of volume in many common objects for example tubes, boxes, buildings etc Those type of shapes let us perceive and even use its inner space throughout holes on its walls and surfaces. Different contemporary sculptors have shown their interest in these types of shapes where it is possible to connect inner and outer space. Another possibility to build these type of shapes is to use fine and long materials such us wire, bars, stripsto try creating objects similar to cages, baskets or different structures for example the Eiffel Tower or a simple sculptural armature.
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invertirenarte.es /mercadodearte/imagenes/Octubre%252013/sothebys_oteiza.jpg

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

11

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

C. VOLUME AS AN OPEN STRUCTURE In an open structure it is not possible to differentiate between inner and outer space as it occurs in a hollow volume. These kinds of sculptures are not supposed to create or to demonstrate an inner space in front of an outer space. We will never affirm that something is inside of one of these figures because we are talking about types of open structures.

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.artespain.com/wpcontent/uploads/calder.jpg

http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.abso lutmadrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/julio-gonzalez.jpg

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

12

ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

1. VOCABULARY Vocabulary
A Achieve Addition Alabaster Architecture Armature Assemble Attitude B Bar Barroque Blend (to blend) Block Bronze Bust C Cage Cement Clay Compact Concave Conquer Copper Cure (to cure) Cylinder Cypress D Depth Despite Development Domain Dry Ductile E Empty
Carmen Castillo

Pronunciation
/ 't i:v/ / 'd n/ /'l bst r / /' :k tekt (r)/ / 'semb l/ /'t tju:d/ /b :(r)/ /blend/ /bl k/ /br nz/

Translation
Lograr Adicin Alabastro Arquitectura Armazn Ensamblar Actitud Barra Barroco Mezclar Bloque bronce Busto Jaula Cemento Arcilla Compacto Concavo Conquistar Cobre Curar Cilindro Ciprs Profundidad A pesar de Desarrollo Dominio Seco Dctil Vaco

/ 'b st/ / ke d /
/s 'ment/ /kle / /k m'pkt/ /'k ke v/ /'k k (r)/ /'k p (r)/ /'kj (r)/ /'s l nd (r)/ /'sa pr s/ /dep/ /d 'spa t/ /d 'vel pm nt/ /d 'me n/ /dra / /'d kta l/ /'empti/

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

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ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

Equestrian Exempt F Fluid Fragile H Handsaw Hard Hit Holm Hollow Humidity I Illusory Inner Isolated Ivory L Length Limestone M Marble Mass Melt Model (to model) Mould P Plaster Plasticity Plasticine Plentiful Polish Portrait Praying Protruding Psycomotor Pyramid R Reclining Renaissance Relief
Carmen Castillo

/ 'kwestri n/ adjetivo / g'zempt/ verbo /'flu: d/ /'frd a l/ /hnds :/ /h :d/ /h t/ /'h l /

Ecuestre Exento Fluido Fragil Sierra de mano Duro Golpear Hueco Humedad Ilusorio Interior Aislado Marfil Longitud

/hju:'m d ti/ / 'lu:s ri/ /' n (r)/ /'a s le t d/ /'a v ri/ /le/ /'la mst n/

Piedra caliza Marmol Masa Fundir Modelar Molde Escayola Plasticidad Plastilina

/'m :b l/ /melt/ /'m d / /m ld/

/'pl :st (r)/

/'plent f l/ /'p l / /'p :tre t/

[pr 'tr :d ]

Abundante Pulir Retrato Orante Saliente, prominente Psicomotor Pirmide Tumbado Renacimiento

/'p r m d/
[r 'kla n ]

/r 'ne s ns/ /r 'li:f/

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

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ART & DRAWING UNIT 2: VOLUME.

S Sandstone Sculpture Sedimentary Shell Silver Skill Slate Smooth down Stick Stimulus Strip Stone Subtraction T Terra-cotta U Upright V Versatile Volume W Wallnut Wax Width Wood /w :ln t/ /wks/ /w d/ /w d/ Nogal Cera Anchura Madera /'v :s ta l/ /'v lju:m/ sustantivo Verstil Volumen /' pra t/ Vertical, erguido / ter 'k t / Terracota /snd st n/ Arenisca Escultura sedimentario Concha Plata Habilidad Pizarra Alisar Palo,vara Estmulo Tira Piedra Sustraccin

/'sk lpt (r)/ / sed 'ment ri/ / el/ /'s lv (r)/ /sk l/ /sle t/ /smu:da n/ /st k/ /'st mj l s/ /str p/ /st n/ /s b'trk n/

Carmen Castillo

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE

A.N.L.: ART& DRAWING

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