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HFWTHTPGHIF@W, KPTIRHDKD X ^ID@R AKT@RHKC D@ TRKBKLI. CHG@FGHKTPRKW
 
; KPTIRHDKD, ^ID@R X AH@DI @F CK @DPGKGHIF EIRAKC GIFWTRPGGHIF X @L@RGHGHI HFWTHTPGHIFKC
^RIE. DR. LIRJ@ @DPKRDI FIRI firilirNg kbc`f`t.gia.kr
>;
@WTKDI D@ WHTPKGHIF
 
Ck ^R@W@FGHK d`c dig`ft` `s ck bks` d` su kutirhdkd. Fi s` trktk s÷ci d` ufk pr`s`fghk eáshgk (ck
`xhj`fghk d` –bu`fk pr`s`fghk‑ qu` kbufdk `f cks ie`rtks ckbirkc`s), shfi d` ufk pr`s`fghk gkrjkdk
d` shjfhehgkdis. @f `c pkskdi ck sick pr`s`fghk, ck kpkrhgh÷f d`c ak`stri, d`c dhr`gthvi i d`c prie`sir r`pr`s`ftkbk ufk s`ûkc gkrjkdk d` shjfhehgkdis qu` s` trkdugák `f r`sp`ti y ib`dh`fghk. @f fu`stris th`apis cks gisks `stëf gkabhkfdi. Ck pr`s`fghk d`c dig`ft` r`quh`r` akyir eu`rzk pkrk d`sp`rtkr `c r`gifighah`fti d` cis kcuafis.
 
@s v`rdkd qu`
 ‗
 th`api ktrës
 ‗
 EHJPRK X ^R@W@FGHK D@ CIW ^KDR@W I D@ CIW @DPGKDIR@W hapifákf shc`fghi, r`sp`ti, kdahrkgh÷f, r`gifighah`fti, ird`f, giftric, guapchah`fti y s` d`sgiftkbk qu` `stkbkf pkrk r`pr`fd`r, dhsghpchfkr, `fs`ûkr. ^`ri k su v`z, `f ck ekahchk s`r pkdr` i s`r akdr` hapchgkbk uf rkfji, ufk gkpkghdkd d` s`r tkc, fi pir a`rk gu`sth÷f d`c kzkr, ksá giai cis ak`stris i cis prie`sir`s `fs`ûkbkf pirqu` skbákf, skbákf augmi aës qu` ci qu` trkfsahtákf, dhspifákf d` uf gu`rpi d` skb`r`s hfdhsguthbc`s y d`akfdkbkf fkturkca`ft`
 ‗
 giai eirak d` r`spu`stk y d` r`sp`ti
 ‗
 `c kpr`fdhzkl` d` cis kcuafis. @s d`ghr qu`
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 `f `c pkskdi, tkfti `f ck ekahchk giai `f ck `sgu`ck
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 ck kutirhdkd eirakbk pkrt` d` ufk mkbhchtkgh÷f fkturkc y gkdk ufi `stkbk `f `c cujkr hfdhgkdi, mkgh`fdi gif r`spifskbhchdkd ci qu` c` girr`spifdák y sh`fdi r`gifighdi giai tkc.
 
Fi pid`ais kehrakr qu` mk d`skpkr`ghdi ck kutirhdkd, qu` yk fi s` r`gifig` k cis dig`ft`s y s` mkf `seuakdi ck ib`dh`fghk y `c r`sp`ti pir pkrt` d` tidis cis `studhkft`s. @s ufk j`f`rkchzkgh÷f qu` pu`d` r`suctkr hflustk. Ci gh`rti `s qu` fh cis dig`ft`s th`f`f ck pr`s`fghk y ck kutirhdkd d`c pkskdi, fh cis fu`vis sul`tis th`f`f ck ahsak pr`dhspishgh÷f k ck ib`dh`fghk qu` `rk mkbhtukc `f itris th`apis. @stk gifstktkgh÷f fi hapchgk uf luhghi d` vkcir, shfi kg`ptkr cis m`gmis pkrk pid`r trkbklkr gif `ccis.
 
Tidis pu`d`f r`girdkr
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 i shapc`a`ft` r`sgktkr `f fua`risis shthis d` Hft`rf`t i `f fithghks d` cis a`dhis
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 jrupis d` kcuafis d` `dkd`s y gifdhghif`s dhv`rsks (mky vkrhis gksis) qu` hjfirkf ck pr`s`fghk d`c dig`ft`, qu` j`f`rkf hfdhsghpchfk y d`sird`f, d`struy`f `c aibhchkrhi y s` kjr`d`f `ftr` sá y
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 `f kcjufis gksis
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 cc`jkf mkstk `c ktkqu` k cis ahsais dig`ft`s. Wif s÷ci kcjufis gksis,
 
HFWTHTPGHIF@W, KPTIRHDKD X ^ID@R AKT@RHKC D@ TRKBKLI. CHG@FGHKTPRKW
 
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p`ri fi `s skcudkbc` v`r bkstkrd`kdi d` akf`rk pübchgk `c `l`rghghi d` fu`strk prie`sh÷f. Gukfdi cis a`dhis d` giaufhgkgh÷f akshvk pif`f `f cks pkftkccks i `f cks pëjhfks `stis gksis y j`f`rkf r`ec`xhif`s bkfkc`s sibr` `c `stkdi d` ck `dugkgh÷f, `stëf sisckykfdi `c trkbkli shc`fghisi d` augmis dig`ft`s qu` cugmk gkdk dák pir l`rkrquhzkr gif su r`spifskbhchdkd ck prie`sh÷f qu` `l`rg`f.
 
R`gird`ais kcjufis gifg`ptis. Ck KPTIRHDKD WH@A^R@ @W WPWTKFTHUI y r`aht` k ufk pis`sh÷f eufdka`ftkc< ci qu` `s i ci qu` s` th`f`. Ck kutirhdkd `s ufk priph`dkd prhairdhkc d` quh`f ck pis``. Ah`ftrks qu` `c pid`r pkrk gifs`rvkrci mky qu` `l`rg`rci, d`aistrkrci, `xmhbhrci, ck kutirhdkd j`fuhfk `s aës kutirhdkd gukfdi a`fis `seu`rzi d` d`aistrkgh÷f `xhj`. ^ir `si tkabhèf `s pishbc` pripif`r gkchehgkthvis y gukchdkd`s k ck kutirhdkd, pr`dhgkr d` `cck, `stkbc`g`r cis gkrkgt`r`s d` su `l`rghghi, ah`ftrks qu` `c pid`r sicka`ft` kdaht` kg`ptkgh÷f i r`gmkzi, ck pishbhchdkd d` pifd`rkrci (pirqu` `xmhb` rksjis qu` fis skthsekg`f) i d` grhthgkrci (pirqu` fis d`skjrkdk, fis ktkgk i fis p`rludhgk).
 
Tidis fisitris gifig`ais i m`ais t`fhdi `xp`rh`fghk d` p`rsifks qu` `l`rg`f `c pid`r y d` p`rsifks qu` th`f`f kutirhdkd. X fi s` trktk d` ci ahsai< k quh`f`s th`f`f pid`r, ufi t`rahfk dëfdic` ck rkz÷f u ib`d`ghèfdicis kuf skbh`fdi qu` `s krbhtrkrhi, qu` fi th`f` s`fthdi, qu` `s uf gkprhgmi i qu` `s hrrkghifkc? quh`f th`f` kutirhdkd fis gifv`fg`, fis giftkjhk gif sus krjua`ftis, pridug` `f fisitris ufk ib`dh`fghk qu` `stë ksighkdk k ck kdm`sh÷f, mkbhchtk ck iphfh÷f y `c dhs`fsi. X `sti pu`d` sug`d`r `f uf pkás, `f ufk sigh`dkd, `f ufk `apr`sk, `f ufk `sgu`ck i `f uf kuck. @c pid`r su`c` j`f`rkr ah`di? ck kutirhdkd, gifvhgghif`s. Ck kutirhdkd mkg` gr`g`r k tidis? `c pid`r f`g`shtk qu` fkdh` gr`zgk, qu` fkdh` s` gifsthtuyk `f ufk pishbc` i `v`ftukc ka`fkzk.
 
Ck kutirhdkd fi `s s÷ci ck d`shjfkgh÷f `f uf gkrji, ck pu`stk `f eufghif`s, shfi qu` `s ck gifstruggh÷f hft`rhir d` `s` cujkr d` tkc akf`rk qu` mky uf r`gifighah`fti p`rsifkc y d` cis d`aës. Ck kutirhdkd `s tkc gukfdi s` ck `sgugmk y kg`ptk fi pirqu` th`f` pid`r, shfi pirqu` `xmhb` ufk pr`s`fghk gkrkgt`rhzkdk pir `c trkbkli, `c `seu`rzi, `c skgrhehghi y `c gifighah`fti, qu` mkg` qu` s` ck r`sp`t` y s` c` pr`st` gifeirahdkd. @c m`gmi d` qu` kcjuh`f pu`dk dkr ÷rd`f`s fi shjfhehgk qu` kcjuh`f cks vkyk k ib`d`g`r. Ck j`ft` ib`d`g` y mkg` bh`f cks gisks, sh gr`` `f `cci, y pkrk `cci f`g`shtk gr``r `f quh`f ci pripif`, shf f`g`shdkd d` hapishghif`s. Fi s` trktk d` jrhtkr, d` mkg`r gkcckr k tidis, d` hap`dhr ck pkrthghpkgh÷f, shfi
 ‗
 pir `c giftrkrhi
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 d` gifv`fg`r, d` gifs`fsukr, d` `sgugmkr, d` gifstruhr `ftr` tidis. ^`fs`ais `f ck eirak g÷ai fis akf`lkais `f `c kuck, `f `c pkthi, kc hft`ftkr giftrickr ufk eirakgh÷f, `f ck dhr`ggh÷f d` ufk `sgu`ck, `f ufk r`ufh÷f d` dig`ft`s i d` pkdr`s. K v`g`s cis gmhgis s` pr`juftkf< ¹pir què ck ak`strk fis jrhtk sh`apr`9 I cis kdic`sg`ft`s< ¹X `st` prie`sir, pir què pkr`g` tkf `filkdi y sh`apr` quh`r` d`aistrkr qu` fis th`f` bkli su giftric9
 
^ir `si, `sp`ghkca`ft` `f `stis th`apis mky gckrk dhe`r`fghk `ftr` CK KPTIRHDKD EIRAKC X CK KPTIRHDKD R@KC< sif cis kcuafis, cis fu`vis sul`tis cis qu` th`f`f ufk ehfk p`rg`pgh÷f kc r`sp`gti. @ccis skb`f gukfdi uf dhr`gtir, uf ak`stri, uf prie`sir mk shdi d`shjfkdi (gif tátucis, gifgursis, hft`rv`fgh÷f d` dhv`rsis irjkfhsais) p`ri fi th`f` kutirhdkd pkrk `l`rg`r `c ric. @s giai `c pkdr` qu` fi pu`d` s`r pkdr`, i ck akdr` qu` fi th`f` gkpkghdkd pkrk d`aistrkrci `f ck `dugkgh÷f d` sus mhlis. ^ir `c giftrkrhi, d`sgubr`f k quh`f`s th`f`f kutirhdkd r`kc< ufk kutirhdkd bkskdk `f su p`rsifkchdkd, `f sus gifvhgghif`s, `f ck s`jurhdkd gif qu` s` akf`lk, `f sus gifighah`ftis y `f `c hft`rès `f cijrkr ci a`lir d` tidis. W` trktk d` ck kutirhdkd airkc, ufk kutirhdkd qu` s` kg`ptk shapc`a`ft` pir ci qu` `s.
 
Kufqu` cis pkdr`s, cis dig`ft`s, cis dhr`gthvis pu`dkf s`r PF CPJKR D@ KPTIRHDKD, `f cis th`apis qu` girr`f, `sis t`rrhtirhis d`b`f s`r GIF[PHWTKDIW, r`ghbh`fdi ck kg`ptkgh÷f pir pkrt` d` cis mhlis, cis kcuafis, cis ah`abris d` ck giaufhdkd. Giai `f tidis cis prig`sis d` gifeirakgh÷f d` cks r`ckghif`s sighkc`s, ck kutirhdkd s` gifstruy` k pkrthr d` ck hft`r-r`ckgh÷f qu`
 
HFWTHTPGHIF@W, KPTIRHDKD X ^ID@R AKT@RHKC D@ TRKBKLI. CHG@FGHKTPRKW
 
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d`s`fgkd`fk< mky ufk gifstruggh÷f subl`thvk tkfti d`c qu` `l`rg` ck kutirhdkd giai d` quh`f`s `stëf k su gkrji. @stis prig`sis hapchgkf `fgu`ftri, r`gifighah`fti, kdkptkgh÷f y gr`ghah`fti `f uf aivhah`fti prijr`shvi y r`gáprigi.
 
Miy mkbckais d`
MKBHCHTKGH×F
, d` gifstruggh÷f d` ck kutirhdkd, tkfti d` cis pkdr`s giai d` cis dig`ft`s, pirqu` cis sul`tis (mhlis y `studhkft`s d` dhv`rsks `dkd`s) vkf mkbhchtkfdi k quh`f`s `stëf gif i er`ft` k `ccis.
Mkbhchtkr vh`f` d` –vicv`r mëbhc‑ ` hapchgk mkg`r kpti i gkpkz pkrk ufk
gisk d`t`rahfkdk. Dkr k kcjuh`f `c gkphtkc f`g`skrhi pkrk qu` pu`dk f`jighkr y d`s`ap`ûkrs` pir sá ahsai< gkpkghtkr, ekguctkr, gifg`d`r, d`c`jkr, kgr`dhtkr.
 
Cis kcuafis mkf tiakdi pir gistuabr`
‑mkbhchtkr‑ k cis dig`ft`s y k cis kductis. Fkdh` `s
r`gifighdi s÷ci pir igupkr uf cujkr i guapchr ufk eufgh÷f. Cis pkdr`s `l`rg`f su ric y eufghifkf
giai tkc`s, sicka`ft` sh sus mhlis –cis mkbhchtkf giai pkdr`s‑ (`ftif
g`s cis `sgugmkf, cis gifsuctkf, cis th`f`f `f gu`ftk)? d` ci giftrkrhi cis hjfirkf, cis d`sgifig`f, y k v`g`s, cis sub-`sthakf. X gif cis `dugkdir`s `sgickr`s pksk ci ahsai< `c ak`stri `f `c kuck, `c pr`g`ptir `f `c pkthi i `c dhr`gtir `f ck hfsthtugh÷f s
if –mkbhchtkdis‑ giai kutirhdkd, r`gifighdis giai tkc`s. @f `stis gksis, cis kcuafis cis `studhkf, ahd`f sus gifighah`ftis, sus gukchdkd`s, su gkpkghdkd d` r`ckgh÷f… y, sh ci gr``f ipirtufi, –cis mkbhchtkf‑ pkrk kt`fd`rcis, ib`d`g`rcis, r`jhstrkr sus akfdk
tis, `studhkr y kpr`fd`r. @f `st` s`fthdi, tidis pid`ais r`girdkr cks vkrhkdks `xp`rh`fghks qu` m`ais dhserutkdi i pkd`ghdi gukfdi hfjr`skais pir prha`rk v`z `f uf gursi, `f dhv`rsis aia`ftis d`c kûi (prhfghpkca`ft` kc hfhghkrs` `c kûi `sgickr).
 
@c dig`ft` mkbhchtkdi `s quh`f r`ghb` hapcághtka`ft` ck kpribkgh÷f d`c jrupi, d` cis hft`rcigutir`s<
–skb`, pu`d` `fs`ûkrfis, s`jurka`ft` pidr`ais kpr`fd`r gif èc‑.
 Fufgk s` trktk d` dhsgursis i d` prigckaks, shfi d` hapcághtis qu` `a`rj`f pir gkfkc`s hfeirakc`s. @c ak`stri (i `c prie`sir) mkbhchtkdi `s `c qu` cijrkrë d`s`fgkd`fkr v`rdkd`ris kpr`fdhzkl`s. X ci cijrkrë aës sh dhspif` d` uf r`p`rtirhi d` `strkt`jhks pkrk gifs`juhr cis ehf`s `stkbc`ghdis.
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CK KPTIRHDKD D@ PF DIG@FT@
 
Gukfdi ufi `l`rg` giai dig`ft` skb` qu` ufk gifdhgh÷f bëshgk `s t`f`r "kutirhdkd" er`ft` k sus
kcuafis. Fi `s ci ahsai qu` –t`f`r pid`r‑ sibr` `ccis. Mky dis gkahfis pkrk gifquhstkr ck
kutirhdkd< (;) d`aistrkr qu` s` dhspif` d` uf WKB@R auy sup`rhir kc qu` th`f`f y akf`lkf cis kcuafis.(2) pif`r `c kg`fti `f `c `fs`ûkr y d`s`fgkd`fkr, kgiapkûkr cis kpr`fdhzkl`s d` tidis cis `studhkft`s. Wif dis gkahfis dhe`r`ft`s, pirqu` kabis th`f`f sus rh`sjis< `f `c prha`r gksi, qu` `c dig`ft` fi s`pk ci qu` supif` skb`r, qu` fi s`pk tidi ci qu` mky qu` skb`r, qu` ph`fs` qu` skb` y `f r`kchdkd fi s`pk, i qu` `xmhbk `s` skb`r g÷ai ufk eirak d` pid`r, ufk akf`rk d` iprhahr y a`fisgkbkr k cis kcuafis< `f `c s`jufdi gksi qu` `f `c keëf pir cijrkr kpr`fdhzkl`s d` tidis t`rahf` f`jighkfdi cis gifighah`ftis y cis skb`r`s, trhvhkchzëfdicis d`akshkdi.
 
@s uf d`chgkdi `quhchbrhi `c qu` mky qu` cijrkr - pksi k pksi, giai `f cis bu`fis gkap`ifktis - `ftr` uf skb`r (qu` fi s` `xmhb`, fh s` prigckak pkrk `stkbc`g`r dhstkfghk) y ck gkpkghdkd d` kgiapkûkr cis kpr`fdhzkl`s d` tidis i d` ck akyirák. X kccá, ck kutirhdkd britk sick...@c pid`r, `f gkabhi, au`strk tátucis y p`rjkahfis, ka`fkzk, s` hapif`, d`jrkdk, a`fispr`ghk, th`f` f`g`shdkd d` aistrkrs` sup`rhir, hfkcgkfzkbc`, tidipid`risi. X cis dig`f`s
 ‗
 gukfdi pu`d`f y cis d`lkf
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 su`c`f s`r ufk au`strk d` `stk akf`rk d` kgtukr.
 
Gukfdi uf dig`ft` `fs`ûk y `fs`ûk `f s`rhi (s` d`s-vhv` pir `fs`ûkr) y cijrk qu` sus kcuafis kpr`fdkf (fi s÷ci qu` `studh`f i qu` guapckf i qu` kpru`b`f), kccá pif` `f kgti tidi su skb`r,

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